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Page numbers in bold refer to illustrations; page numbers in italics refer to information contained within tables.
Aberdeen, 58, 77-8
Aberdeenshire, 147
Abernethy, 119-22, 164, 288, 329, 406-7, 410
Aboyne, 138
afforestation, 113, 118-22, 391, 400, 405-6
Alaska, 1, 31-3, 39, 43, 68-9, 76-82, 86-8, 174, 184, 197-9, 204, 206, 210, 215, 231, 250-1, 257, 300, 304-5, 365, 381
Eagle Creek, 91-3, 95, 98, 194, 196, 209
Porcupine Creek, 37, 225, 233
alder, Alnus glutinosa, 113, 267, 270
Aleutian Islands, 32-3, 68, 76-7, 80, 82-3, 99, 222, 240-3, 320
Alps, 33, 67, 82, 109, 412
Bavarian, 108, 163-4, 167
French, 385-6
Italian, 91
Swiss, 87-9, 91, 95, 224
altitude, 39, 80-1, 90-1, 95
America, 31, 77, 79, 87-8, 134, 174, 260, 381
North, 1, 4, 8-11, 56, 65, 78, 303, 373, 384, 407
Angus, 398
Argyll, 110, 131, 148
Argyllshire, 147
Arran, 77, 277
Asia, 146, 303, 305
aspen, Populus tremula, 157, 148, 270, 308, 409
Atholl estate, 124, 125
Austria, 147
Avalonia, 259
avens, mountain, Dryas octopetala, 84
azalea, mountain, Loiseleuria procumbens, 81
Baffin Island, 33, 81, 87, 243, 266-7
Balkans, 146
Ballochbuie, 151, 407
Balmoral, 147
Baltica, 259
Baltic States, 32, 49
Banchory, 409
Bear Island, 77
beck, 20, 176, 212, 221-2, 384
effect on soil fertility, 46-8, 91, 261, 262, 272, 350
bedstraw, heath, Galium saxatile, 309
beech, Fagus sylvatica, 113, 155
Belgium, 33
Ben Lomond, 77
Beringia, 1, 2, 4, 8, 146
Bering Island, 76
bilberry, see blaeberry
bill, 253
Biodiversity Action Plan, 131
birch, Betula, 265-7, 276-7, 398, 399, 406, 409
habitat, 38, 89, 148, 270
in diet, 11, 83-4, 94, 113-4, 287, 291, 303-5, 308
bistort, Alpine, Polygonum viviparum, 84, 88, 94, 99, 183
blackcock, see grouse, black
blackgame, see grouse, black
blaeberry, Vaccinium myrtillus, 95, 110-13, 116, 119, 149, 151-4, 172, 304, 413-14
habitat, 81, 164, 270, 281, 288, 377-8, 410
in diet, 10, 38-9, 83-4, 86, 113, 115, 148, 155-6, 291, 300, 301-2, 305, 312
influence of bedrock and soil on, 261, 277, 284-6, 407
Blelack, 410
blueberry, Vaccinium (in North America), 39-40
Bohemia, 333
bracken, Pteridium aquilinum, 156, 396, 397, 407, 414
Braemar, 350
Brecon, 109
Bristol Channel, 269
Buccleuch estate, 124, 125
Buchan, 147
Bulgaria, 76
bursa of Fabricius, 237
buzzard, Buteo buteo, 66, 322, 324, 325, 332
Bylot Island, 87
Cabrach, 77
Cairn Gorm, 98, 100, 119, 201, 218, 318, 368, 406, 412
Cairngorms, 33, 44, 52, 54, 78, 81, 87, 89, 91, 95, 190, 203, 211, 240-1, 277, 311, 318, 320, 345, 350, 353-4
National Park, 154, 402
Cairnwell, 50, 52, 83-4, 87, 90, 91-5, 98-9, 205, 216, 221, 228, 240, 285, 311, 345, 350-5, 372, 384, 411
Caithness, 77, 267, 270, 281
Caledonian mountains, 260
Caledonian pinewood, 148, 149, 151, 168, 259, 377, 406-7, 408, 414
camouflage, 28, 74, 96, 100, 196, 238-40, 317
Canada, 32-3, 35, 50, 54, 62, 67, 78, 88-9, 91, 93, 95, 98, 100, 184, 192, 194-5, 234, 238, 247, 260, 277, 320, 337 Baffin Island, 33, 81, 87, 243, 266-7
Bathurst Island, 222
British Columbia, 39, 76-7, 82, 257
Chilkat Pass, 43, 49, 53, 57-8, 202, 208, 213, 215, 224, 227-8, 231, 233
Bylot Island, 87
Churchill, 196
Ellesmere Island, 86
Hudson Bay, 269
Labrador, 76-7, 87, 413
Newfoundland, 31, 39, 57, 77, 187, 209, 224, 239, 365-6, 384
Brunette Island, 49-50, 53
Northwest Territories, 88, 93, 242, 413
Ungava Peninsula, 81, 87, 94, 213, 216, 242, 413
Cantabrian mountains, 146, 148
capercaillie, Tetrao urogallus, 6, 16, 134-7, 290
behaviour, 137-8, 139-43, 144-5, 314
calls, 138, 175
feeding, 182-4, 303
parental care, 191-3
preening, 184, 187
resting, 187
roosting, 188-9
in snow, 198-9, 203-4, 207-8
social, 189-90
territorial, 173-4
diet, 44, 155-7, 291, 307-10, 313, 315
distribution, 147-8, 157
enemies, 152, 153, 168, 169-71, 318-46, 400, 409, 413-14
growth, 157
habitat, 120, 122, 148, 149-51, 152, 154, 172, 287-8, 410
fragmentation, 165-7, 376-7, 379
improvement, 407
metabolism, 157
moult, 158
movements, 162-5
plumage, 136, 235-7
population:
decline, 134, 166-8, 169-1, 331-2
density, 120, 122, 133-4, 145-6, 147, 166-8, 319
fluctuation, 52-4, 165, 372
size, 147-8
reproduction:
breeding success, 163, 168, 172, 313-5, 335
chicks, 144, 152, 154-7, 161, 163, 168, 180, 181, 191-6
eggs, 26, 159, 161
lek, 108, 137-8, 139-46, 151-2
nests, 153, 159-60
shooting, 133-4, 333, 385-6
size, 135-7, 157, 314
survival, 157-8, 161, 314
weight, 135
capercaillie, black-billed, Tetrao parvirostris, 2, 8, 10
caterpillar, 129, 156, 161, 164, 313, 315, 319, 396
Catterick, 363
cedar, Cedrus, 202
Channel Islands, 269
Chapman, Abel, 384
chickweed, Stellaria, 38, 84
China, 384
claws, 253-4
climate, 9, 12, 21, 91, 148, 167, 277-9, 289, 354
change, 11, 55, 66, 100-1, 132, 154, 202, 283-4, 345-6, 413-14
effect on egg development, 58, 95
effect on habitat, 34, 46, 79, 80, 263-5, 266-7, 268-70, 276, 288
effect on parasites, 336, 345-6
effect on plumage , 238-9, 247, 258
Coilacriech, 164
combs, 255-8
compensation, 385-7
Corndavon, 53
Cornwall, 109
cotton-grass, Eriophorum, 281, 307
effect on breeding success, 60, 64, 94, 99, 155-6, 312
hare’s-tail, E. vaginatum, 38-9
in diet, 34, 48, 57, 84, 114, 164, 183, 287, 308-9
Cowal Peninsula, 147
cowberry, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, 82-3
cranberry, Vaccinium oxycoccus, 407
crow (carrion, Corvus corone; hooded, C cornix), 65, 100, 119, 324, 325, 329, 368-9, 412
(Note: Taxonomists have long considered the carrion and hooded crow as varieties of one species, but recently decided that there were two. Because the two interbreed in much of Asia and Europe including Scotland, and produce many hybrids of varying colour from black birds typical of carrion crows to grey ones typical of hooded or grey crows, we refer in the text simply to crows.)
crowberry, Empetrum, 82-6, 85, 115, 265-7, 281, 285-6, 291, 304-5, 312, 414
Cumbria, 283
Czechoslovakia, 412-13
Dartmoor, 33, 48
Deeside, 52, 127, 138, 167, 187, 240, 280, 287, 332, 407-10
deforestation, 34, 268-9, 277-9, 281-2, 284, 288, 344, 376
Denmark, 147
Derbyshire, 109
Derry Cairngorm, 78, 91-100, 223, 233, 240, 310
Deveronside, 409
Devon, 109, 265
diet, 154, 158-9, 300, 302, 304-5, 308-9, 312, 314, 316
digestion, 292-303, 293, 295-6, 301-2, 316
disease:
grouse, see threadworm, caecal louping ill, 342-6, 374-5, 379, 398, 400
dispersal, 4, 44-5, 88, 123, 152, 162-7, 227, 367
distraction display, 144, 191-2, 194-6
distribution, 8, 11-12
disturbance, 100, 108, 152, 193-4, 221, 315, 410
Donegal, 77
Donside, 167
Dorset, 109
dropping, 38, 187-8, 199, 221, 292, 294, 296
caecal, 292, 294, 296
clocker, 20, 60, 294, 297
Dumfries and Galloway, 131
Dunkeld, 147
Durham, 336
eagle, golden, Aquila chrysaëtos, 99-100, 191, 322, 324, 326, 330, 378,
white-tailed, Haliaeëtus albicilla, 322
Easter Ross, 167
economics, 403, 404-5
Edinburgh, 265
Edinglassie, 363
Ellesmere Island, 86
elm, Ulmus, 266-7
Eurasia, 1, 4, 31, 36, 49-50, 61, 65, 109, 187
Europe, 133, 147, 152, 166, 260, 269, 277, 317, 333, 336, 348, 385, 412-13
evolution, 1, 2-3, 4, 8, 9, 12, 315, 344
Exmoor, 33, 48
extinction, 11, 147, 172
Faeroes, 33, 77
falcon, peregrine, Falco peregrinus, 99, 322, 325, 328, 402
felling, 133, 147, 154, 168
fences, 117-18, 152-3, 158, 168, 169, 171, 407, 409
Fennoscandia, 32, 166, 305, 319, 333, 368, 373, 376, 385
Finland, 33, 49, 52-4, 76, 111, 147, 165, 190, 198, 204-9, 270, 333-5, 372-3, 376
fir, 10
Douglas, Pseudotsuga menziesii, 155
Firth of Clyde, 265
flight, 28, 187
forest grouse, 2-3, 4, 8, 10, 137, 372
forestry, 113, 148, 154, 409
Forestry Commission, 133, 409-10
Forvie, 53, 366
fox, Arctic, Alopex lagopus, 99, 320
red, Vulpes vulpes, 41, 42, 59, 65, 99-100, 158, 170, 178, 192, 202, 209, 282, 318, 319, 320, 321, 324, 325, 329, 332-4, 378
France, 279, 381
Franz Josef Land, 77
Freuchen, Peter, 381
Galloway, 267-8, 282
Gannochy, 398
geological processes, 259, 260-1, 262, 270-7, 271-3, 274-5
Germany, 33
glaciation, 9, 265-6, 276
Glas-choille, 57, 218-20, 227, 233
Glen Affric, 269
Glenamoy, 29, 46, 60, 64, 175, 218, 222, 232-3, 278
Glen Clunie, 395
Glen Derry, 262
Glen Dye, 189, 363
Glen Esk, 39, 43, 56-62, 195, 217-19, 226-33, 229, 279, 338-40, 374, 383, 390, 395-6
Glen Feshie, 278
Glen Gairn, 399
Glen Livet, 77
Glen More, 406, 410
Glen Tanar, 126-30, 157, 162-4, 171, 230, 233, 359, 407, 410
glutton (wolverine), Gulo gulo, 320, 321
Golspie, 147
Goshawk, Accipiter gentilis, 318, 322, 324, 329
Grampian, 110, 262
grazing, 388-9, 405
effects on grouse populations, 66, 119, 120
effects on food availability, 60, 64, 78, 84, 94, 99, 152, 231, 307, 316
effects on habitat, 50, 100, 112, 115, 121, 126, 132-3, 151, 154, 277-8, 282-4, 286-8, 308, 330, 376-7, 393, 394, 395-6, 404, 407, 408, 414
management, 116-17
Greenland, 25, 33, 43, 67, 76-8, 81-9, 183, 187, 196, 203-4, 208, 210, 243, 260
greyhen, see grouse, black
grit, 183-4, 292, 295
grouse:
black, Lyrurus tetrix, 7, 114, 165, 254-5, 310
behaviour, 314
calls, 104, 175
feeding, 182-4, 303
parental care, 191-3
preening, 184, 187
resting, 187
roosting, 188-9, 206
in snow, 198-9, 202, 204, 207-S, 209
social, 189-90
territorial, 173-4, 178, 211
diet, 44, 113-15, 129, 155, 291, 307-9
distribution, 109-10
enemies, 126, 131, 318-46, 400, 413-14
growth, 314
habitat, 101, 110-13, 111-12, 115-18, 120, 123, 132, 259, 270, 286-8, 376-9, 387, 409-10
improvement, 115-8, 121, 122
movements, 122-4, 162
plumage, 101-3, 235-7, 248-9, 258
population:
decline, 124-27, 125
density, 52-4, 119-24, 120, 123, 126, 348-9, 381
fluctuation, 124, 125, 372
size, 110
reproduction:
breeding success, 119, 122, 123, 127, 128-9, 130, 314
chicks, 102, 114, 128, 129-31, 157, 287
eggs, 26, 129
lek, 103-7, 108-9, 120, 123, 196
nests, 128-9, 255, 287
shooting, 385-6
size, 314
survival, 129-31, 130, 157, 314
weight, 101-2
blue, Dendragapus obscurus, 3, 8, 11, 162, 174, 303
Caucasian black, Lyrurus mlokosiewiczi, 2, 8, 9, 11-12, 109
Chinese, Bonasa sewerzowi, 2, 4, 8, 9, 12
dusky, Dendragapus obscurus, 3, 8
Gunnison sage, Centrocercus minimus, 3, 8, 12
hazel, Bonasa bonasia, 52-3, 165, 187, 207-8, 270, 321-4, 372, 385
red, Lagopus lagopus scoticus, 5, 30, 39, 44, 177, 289, 291, 328, 390
behaviour, 21, 28, 31, 41, 314
calls, 174-9, 175, 211-12, 218-22, 226
feeding, 180-3, 184-5
parental care, 191-6
predator avoidance, 190
preening, 184, 186
resting, 187
roosting, 181, 188-9
in snow, 197-210, 198, 205, 207-8
sexual, 179-80
social, 178, 180, 189-90
territorial, 173-8, 211-16, 214, 220-7, 232-4, 244, 342
effects on population density, 358-9, 360, 363, 364-5
kinship, 361, 362, 364-6, 371, 373, 375
diet, 38-40, 44, 291, 300-3, 301-2, 305, 307-10, 313
distribution, 32, 33
enemies, 65, 66, 190-1, 318-46, 368, 374, 378, 400, 412-14
growth, 27, 29, 314
habitat, 34, 35-7, 36, 46-8, 47, 52, 280-4, 377, 379, 394-6, 403, 406
metabolism, 40-2, 41, 292
movements, 43-6, 367
plumage, 21, 23, 31, 59, 235-7, 243—7, 248-9, 250, 256
population:
decline, 233, 339-41, 346
density, 36, 46-8, 51, 52-4, 55, 212-13, 222-4, 226, 342, 346, 348, 349, 381
fluctuations, 339-41, 346, 350-3, 351-2, 355, 366, 367-74, 370, 379, 385-7
size, 33
reproduction:
breeding success, 62-4, 63, 195, 230-2, 336, 348, 366
chicks, 27-8, 42, 226
eggs, 26, 27, 58-60, 61, 309
incubation, 41, 42, 58-9, 194-5, 226, 244, 250
nests, 58, 59
sex ratio in spring, 57
shooting, 55, 56, 62, 193, 329-30, 368, 381-7, 382-3, 397-8, 403, 414
size, 23, 314
survival, 56, 57, 340, 366, 387
territory, 211-12, 216-17, 218, 220, 223-4, 226-8, 230-2, 234, 367
weight, 23
ruffed, Bonasa umbellus, 2, 4, 8, 52, 137, 162, 174, 202, 207, 308, 337, 385
sage, Centrocercus urophasianus, 3, 8
sharp-tailed, Tympanuchus phasianellus, 3, 8
Siberian, Falcipennis falcipennis, 2, 8, 10, 12
sooty, Dendragapus fuliginosus, 3, 8
spruce, Falcipennis canadensis, 2, 4, 8, 10, 162, 184
white, see ptarmigan, Lagopus
willow, see willow ptarmigan, Lagopus lagopus
wood, see capercaillie, Tetrao
growth, 29, 42, 236, 312, 315
gyrfalcon, Falco rusticolus, 93, 94, 242, 319, 322, 373
habitat, 9-11, 276, 414
effect of climate on, 263-5, 266-8, 270
effect on grouse, 261
fragmentation, 10, 50, 66, 147, 319, 333, 347, 368-9
improvement, 168, 170
management, 55, 387-400, 388-9, 390-2, 392-3, 394-7, 399, 403-10, 414
man’s effect on, 268-9, 277, 278-80, 387, 388-9, 390-2, 398, 400, 409-14
Hampshire, 109
handicap principle, 241-2
hare, mountain, Lepus timidus, 66, 318, 400
hare, snowshoe, Lepus americanus, 54
harrier, hen, Circus cyaneus, 323, 324, 325, 327, 329, 330, 368, 401
Harris, 77
hawthorn, Crataegus monogyna, 115
hazel, Corylus avellana, 267, 270, 277
heath, cross-leaved, Erica tetralix, 310
heather, Calluna vulgaris, 22, 23, 39, 276-7, 290, 412-13
beetle, 308, 330, 396, 414
bell, Erica cinerea, 310
browning, 38, 62, 228, 308, 339-40
check, 154
habitat, 82, 119, 188-9, 285, 287, 318, 330, 358
in diet, 10, 38-40, 83-4, 113-5, 156, 230-1, 291, 289, 294-5, 297-8, 312
moorland, 9-11, 21, 39-40, 48, 50, 51, 64, 66, 109-15, 229, 280, 281-2, 284, 287-8, 359
management, 34, 38, 47, 118-19, 126, 282, 377, 387-406, 388, 390-2, 392-3, 394-7, 399
nutritive value, 39, 184, 228, 230, 261, 289, 300-3, 301-2, 305, 310
heath hen, Tympanuchus cupido cupido, 11
Hebrides, Inner, 78, 110, 245
Outer, 31, 54, 77-8, 110, 222, 245, 270
hedgehog, Erinaceus europaeus, 66
Herefordshire, 109
Highlands, Scottish, 78, 260, 262, 265, 267-8, 332, 336, 396, 403
holly, Ilex aquilifolium, 10, 270
hormones:
effect on behaviour, 230, 233
effect on plumage, 247-50, 248-9, 257-8
horsetail, Equisetum, 83-4, 156
Hungary, 269
hybrid, 31, 58, 164, 165
Iberia, 146
Ice Age, 8-9, 167, 263, 269-70, 276, 279, 284, 288
Iceland, 33, 49-50, 69, 76, 78, 81, 83, 87-9, 91, 182, 187, 222, 250, 304, 319-20, 365, 373
Hrisey, 49-50, 82, 84, 88, 93-4, 98-9, 196, 228, 242-3
Husavik, 93
inbreeding, 44, 108, 152
Indian, American, 381
Inshriach, 150
insulation, 252
introductions, 33, 77, 99, 320, 331
Inuit, 253, 380
Invercauld, 52, 160-1
Inverness, 402
invertebrates, 88, 312-16
Italy, 97, 269
Japan, 37, 69, 76, 82, 92, 384
juniper, Juniperus communis, 113, 149, 152, 182, 265-6, 278, 398, 407, 410
Jura, 77, 278
Kazakhstan, 23, 31-2, 38, 49-50, 61, 66, 77, 111, 239
Kent, 109
Kerloch, 27, 39, 43-6, 50-3, 56-60, 189, 195, 216-19, 222, 226-33, 364, 394-7
Kielder, 54
Kintyre, 277
Kinveachy, 332
kite, black, Milvus migrans, 322, 324
Kola, 76, 208
Kuriles, 80
Labrador, 76-7, 87, 413
Lake District, 77, 265
Lammermuirs, 279
Langholm, 329-30, 368, 378, 401
larch, Larix, 10, 114, 154-7, 183, 309, 310, 377
Laurentia, 259
Leadhills, 397
Leicestershire, 109
lek, 20, 174, 237, 287, 385, 412
lime, Tilia, 266-7
Loch Laggan, 406
Loch Lomond, 167
Lochnagar, 33, 81, 221
Mala, 381
marten, pine, Martes martes, 318, 319, 320, 321, 324, 331, 333
and capercaillie, 331-4
meadowsweet, Filipendula ulmaria, 38
Meall Odhar, 91, 94, 98-9
metapopulation, 167
Midlands, 277
migration, 42-6, 87-8, 164, 174, 225
Minnesota, 33, 202
Misty Law, 64, 401
Molophilus ater (crane-fly), 313
Monaco, 269
Mongolia, 32, 77
Montgomery, 109
Moorhouse, 283, 363
Moran effect, 371
Moray, 77, 167, 384
moult, 158, 211, 235-49, 258
mouse-ear, Cerastium, 84, 309
movements, 42-6, 87-8, 122-4, 1-62-5, 367, 386
muirburn, 282, 285
effects on grouse densities, 46, 49, 64, 375
effects on habitats, 282-3, 376, 389, 392, 394
Mull, 46, 77, 218, 221, 245, 396, 403
myrtle, bog, Myrica gale, 129, 274
names, origins of, 13-20, 18-19
Nearctic (New World), 1-4, 2-3, 8, 12, 162
Netherlands, 412
North Atlantic Oscillation, 124, 147, 347-8, 349, 353
North Pole, 77
North York Moors, 48
Norway, 31, 33, 38, 52, 54-5, 57-60, 69, 76, 82, 86, 89, 147, 163, 174, 182, 195, 224, 234, 238-9, 251, 257, 263, 278, 288, 313, 324, 334, 343-4, 365, 376, 378, 384, 387
Dovrefjell, 49, 213, 221-2, 227-8, 231, 233
Hitra, 238-9
Karlsøy, 62, 336
Tranøy, 49-50, 52-3, 57-8, 62, 64, 313
Varaldskogen, 152, 164
Nottinghamshire, 109 nutrition, 289-316
effect on breeding success, 308, 311, 312-16
oak, Quercus, 157, 266-7, 277
oat, Avena, 157, 270
Orkney, 77-8, 277, 324
owl, short-eared, Asio flammeus, 66
Palearctic (Old World), 1-4, 2-3, 8, 162, 334
parasites, 330, 341, 367
effects on breeding success, 62, 64, 336, 340, 374-5
roundworm, Ascaridia compar, 334
tapeworms, Hymenolepis microps & Paroniella urogalli, 334, 336-7
threadworm, caecal, Trichostrongylus tenuis, 42, 66, 195, 257, 336-9, 338, 340, 364, 373-5
tick, sheep, Ixodes ricinus, 66, 100, 342-6, 343, 400, 414
peat, 48, 60, 268-75, 273, 278-81, 284, 288
pectinations, 254
Pennines, 48, 110, 113, 124, 131, 281
Perthshire, 118, 143-4, 147, 156, 167
pheasant, Phasianus colchicus, 8, 126, 188, 344
Philaenus spumarius (spittle bug), 313
philopatry, 45, 108
Pinega, 138
pine, Pinus, 10-11, 266-70, 276-7, 308, 377, 398, 407, 409
Arolla, P. cembra, 155
lodgepole, P. contorta latifolia, 118, 154, 377
Scots, P. sylvestris, 187, 267
habitat, 119, 148, 278, 287-8, 399, 407, 414
in diet, 113, 155-6, 291, 303
pollution, 65, 100, 412-14
Polytrichum (moss), 156
population, 349, 355, 358, 369, 376, 386-7, 414
decline, 11, 361-3, 374-5, 379, 384-5, 398
density, 308, 382-7, 395-7
fluctuations, 12, 347-79, 351-2, 362
breeding success during, 365, 366
causes of, 371-5
effects of habitat on, 375-8
effects of spatial organisation, 366-8
effects of weather on, 350, 353, 354, 355, 378-9
Portugal, 32
prairie-chicken, Attwater’s, Tympanuchus cupido attwateri, 11
greater, Tympanuchus cupido, 3, 8
lesser, Tympanuchus pallidicinctus, 3, 8
prairie grouse, 2, 3, 4, 8, 10
predators, 308, 312, 321-3, 324-35, 333, 346, 358, 367-9, 372-3, 378-9, 400, 412
control of, 55, 64-5, 319, 324, 329-32, 346, 375-6, 378, 400, 401-3, 402
effect on breeding success, 329, 333-4, 335, 368
pine marten, Martes martes, 331, 332-6, 333, 335
predator-prey relationships, 317-20, 372-3
raptors, 318-24, 322-3, 326-8, 332, 373, 403, 414
gyrfalcon, Falco rusticolus, 93-4, 97, 242, 318-19, 373
persecution, 329-30, 368, 378, 400, 401-2
Priestlaw, 64
ptarmigan, Lagopus, 2, 4, 8, 10, 13
rock, Lagopus mutus, 6, 15, 293, 326, 327, 411
behaviour, 68-9, 74, 91, 314
calls, 174, 175, 176-9, 218-22, 226
feeding, 180-3, 304, 308, 310
parental care, 191-2, 193-4, 196
predator avoidance, 190
preening, 184
resting, 187
roosting, 188-9
in snow, 197-210, 199, 205, 207-8
sexual, 179, 180
social, 178, 180, 189-90
territorial, 173-7, 178, 213-16, 221, 222-7, 223, 232-4, 244
diet, 83-6, 85, 98, 291, 300, 304, 307, 309
distribution, 33, 67, 76-80,
enemies, 93-4, 99-100, 190-1, 318-46, 368-9, 373-4, 412
growth, 314
habitat, 36, 37, 79-80, 81, 82-3, 90, 259-61, 269, 284-8, 285, 377-9
metabolism, 86-7
movements, 87-9
plumage, 68-9, 70-3, 235-44, 246-50, 248-9, 251, 253, 254-5, 258
population:
density, 36, 88-9, 91, 92, 212-5, 222-4, 242, 348-9, 355
fluctuations, 91, 350-4, 352-3, 365-9, 366, 372-3, 379
size, 78
reproduction:
breeding success, 98-9, 230-2, 311, 354, 365, 366, 368
chicks, 74, 75, 79, 86-8, 99, 181, 226, 284, 294
incubation, 86, 191, 194-6, 226, 242, 250, 257
nests, 85, 96
sex ratio in spring, 93-5
shooting, 99, 233, 381, 384
size, 68-9, 314
survival, 91-3, 92, 311, 366, 387
territory, 93-4, 211-12, 216-17, 218, 220, 223-34
weight, 24-6, 68-9, 86
white-tailed, Lagopus leucurus
behaviour, 78, 86, 199, 203
evolution, 2, 8, 9-10
habitat, 78-9
plumage, 237-8, 246, 254
size, 69, 158
willow, Lagopus lagopus
behaviour, 31, 40, 41
calls, 174-9, 175, 218-22, 226
feeding, 180-3, 303-7, 312-13
parental care, 191-6
predator avoidance, 190
preening, 184
resting, 187
roosting, 188-9
in snow, 197-210, 198, 205, 207-8
sexual, 179-80
social, 178, 180, 189-90
territorial, 173-8, 211-16, 220-7, 232-4, 244
diet, 38-40, 303-7, 312-13
distribution, 31-3, 32, 269
enemies, 64-6, 190-1, 318-46, 374, 413
growth, 27, 29, 42
habitat, 34-8, 35, 36, 37, 67, 269-70, 287
metabolism, 40, 41, 251
movements, 42-4
plumage, 21, 22, 31, 235-9, 244, 246-58, 248-9
population:
decline, 54, 55
density, 36, 49-50, 212-13
fluctuations, 52-3, 365, 378
size, 33
reproduction:
breeding success, 63 64, 195, 230-2, 365
chicks, 27, 40, 42, 74, 226
eggs, 27, 58-60, 61
incubation, 41, 42, 59, 194-5, 226, 250
nesting, 58-9, 62
sex ratio in spring, 57
shooting, 55, 56, 381, 384
size, 68
survival, 42, 56, 57, 366, 387
territory, 57, 211-12, 216-17, 218-20, 223-4, 226-8, 230-2, 234
weight, 23, 24-6, 62, 68
Pyrenees, 82, 89, 146, 163-4, 385, 412
Rannoch Moor, 265, 268
rape, Brassica napus, 157
recreation, 410-12
reintroduction, 9, 133, 147, 172, 324, 332
return rates, 56, 91-3, 92
rhododendron, Rhododendron ponticum, 110
Rickarton Moor, 52, 59, 195, 218-19, 222, 224, 227, 308, 366, 370, 372, 387, 398
rodents, 52-4, 318, 320, 330, 332-5, 333, 368
roost, 188-9, 197-210, 303
rowan, Sorbus aucuparia, 115, 398
Rum, 77, 277
Russia, 23, 27, 32-3, 43, 54, 58-60 67, 76, 78, 81, 87, 99, 147, 190, 201, 254, 286, 320, 337, 381, 384-5, 407
Ilexa basin, 138, 307, 319, 324, 332-3
Lake Ilmen, 324
Pechora-Illych reserve, 163, 332
Pinega, 138
Timansk, 39-40
Urals, 76, 113, 147-8, 163, 168
saxifrage, purple, Saxifiaga oppositifolia, 84, 223
Scandinavia, 57, 109, 146-7, 151, 260, 263, 286, 336, 413
Scarba, 77
sex ratio, 94-5, 314
Sgribhis Bheinn, 33
Shetland, 278
Shropshire, 109
Siberia, 1, 8, 23, 29-32, 40, 53, 67, 69, 76-7, 109, 147, 197, 203, 206, 208, 252
Sinkiang, 77
size, 68, 135-6, 157-8, 314
ski development, 100, 318, 320, 368, 369, 410-12
Slovenia, 110
snares, 65, 170-1, 384, 400
snow, 24, 43, 59, 220, 224-6, 286, 355
effect on plumage, 239-40, 246
feeding in, 10, 38, 182-4, 308
roosts, 1, 40, 69, 197-210, 198-200, 205, 207-8, 252, 315
shoes, 253
Snowdonia, 265
soil, 57, 94, 112, 270-81, 271, 284-8, 311, 377, 410
Somerset, 109
sorrel, sheep’s, Rumex acetosella, 38, 309
Southern Uplands, 77-8, 110, 260
Spain, 146, 148
sparrowhawk, Accipiter nisus, 66, 190, 319, 322, 325, 332
Special Protection Area (SPA), 145-6
Speyside, 154, 167, 332, 345, 396
spruce, Picea, 10, 113
Norway, P. abies, 148, 155, 187, 189, 303
Sitka, P. sitchensis, 113, 114-5, 118, 154-6, 159, 291, 377-8, 391, 409, 410
Spyhill, 59, 183, 188
Staffordshire, 109
status, 11-12
Stirling, 147
stoat (short-tailed weasel), Mustela erminea, 99, 131, 321, 325, 334
Strathavon, 164
Strathmore, 60
study areas, xi, xii
subspecies, 31, 76, 109, 146, 222
Surrey, 109
survival, 314-16
Sussex, 109
Sutherland, 77, 81, 147, 267, 281
Svalbard, 33, 41, 67-8, 76-7, 86, 88, 91-2, 95, 97-9, 196, 201, 228, 231-4, 242, 251, 260, 308
Sweden, 33, 49, 52-3, 63-4, 76, 78, 110, 113, 147, 165, 287, 312, 333-4, 373, 376, 384
systematics, 31, 76, 109, 146
Taymouth, 147
temperature, 162-3, 207, 353, 354, 355
territory, 137, 164, 241, 339-40, 358-66, 360, 370, 374-5, 390
Thames, 269
toxins, plant, 300-4
Tweed Valley, 148
Uist, North, 270
South, 277
Unimak, 32
Urals, 76, 113, 147-8, 163, 168
Virginia, 269
Wales, 23, 31, 33, 48, 78, 100, 108-10, 116, 131, 245, 260, 267, 281-2, 287-8, 324, 342-3, 377, 396
weasel, Mustela nivalis, 99, 131, 324, 325
whortleberry, bog, Vaccinium uliginosum, 312, 407
willow, Salix:
effect of grazing, 94, 99
habitat, 38, 82, 265, 267, 270, 398
in diet, 38-40, 57, 83-4, 88-9, 113-14, 303-7, 306
Wiltshire, 109
wires, 65, 152, 410-12, 411
woodland grouse, Bonasa, 2, 4, 8, 154, 162, 174
Worcestershire, 109
Yakutia, 25
Yew, Taxus baccata, 270
Yorkshire, 277, 281