Abele, A. E., 180
Adaptation, as instrument choice in research, 260–63
Adaptive indigenization approach, 107–8
Adjustment situation, 318
Administration bias, 255
Adoption, as instrument choice in research, 260
Aesthetics, 63
Africa: indigenous personality in, 143–44; ubuntu, 144
Agence de coopération culturelle et technique (ACCT), 77
Aggregate-level personality traits, 238–39
Agreeableness: as dimension of FFM, 48; and interpersonal circumplex, 51; and lexical studies, 178–79; and state-level relationships, 237
Ahadi, S., 294
Ah Q mentality, 112
Akamine, T. X., 109
Almagor, M., 172
Alternative Five-Factor Model (AFFM), 73
Alternative hypotheses, 295–96
Alvarez, J. M., 285
Amae, 106
Andersen, S. M., 316
Anderson-Harumi, C. A., 285
Angleitner, A., 174
Anxiety, 63
Ashton, M. C., 12, 109, 163–65
Assembly, as instrument choice in research, 260
Assertiveness, 52
Attitudes, and trait validity, 292–93
Attribute nouns, 174
Austin, J. L., 165
Axioms, 24
Ayçiçegi, A., 93
Aycock, W., 55
Baddeley, A., 262
Baird, B. M., 283
Bantu languages, 140
Barnouw, V., 7
Barrett, L. F., 317
Baryla, W., 180
Basic Traits Inventory (BTI), 142
Baudin, N., 203
Behavioral attributions, 21
Behavioral signatures, 283
Behavior(s): daily, 293–94; interpersonal, 21; social, 113–15
Beliefs, 22–25; and trait validity, 292–93
Berry, J. W., 9
Bias: construct, 253–54; and cross-cultural personality research, 253–56; dealing with, 257–65; item, 255–56; method, 254–55
Biculturalism, 27
Big Five Inventory (BFI), 50, 54, 73, 87, 210
Biological perspectives, and human nature, 28–30
Biswas, D., 107
Biswas-Diener, R., 283
Bock, P. K., 7
Boer, D., 292
Boiger, M., 317
Bond, M. H., 48, 52, 113, 114, 290, 297, 313, 317–18
Borg, I., 254
Borkenau, P., 48
Boucher, H. C., 284
Brokken, F. B., 173
Bunyard, B., 312
Cabrera, H. F., 293
Caldwell-Harris, C. L., 93
California Adult Q-Set, 58
California Psychological Inventory, 12
Campbell, D. T., 259
Canadian ethos, 64
Career Decision Self-Efficacy Scale scores (CDSE-SF), 118
Chang, C., 116
Chang, F., 116
Characteristic adaptations, 75
Chattopadhyay, P. K., 107
Chen, E., 236
Chen, S. X., 114
Cheong, 106
Cheung, F. M., 54, 105, 114, 122, 124, 126, 165
Chi, S. S., 116
Chinese Personality Scale (QZPS), 109
Chinese Value Survey (CVS), 23
Ching, C. M., 285
Choi, S., 290
Christakis, N. A., 231
Christal, R. E., 48
Chua, A., 311
Church, A. T., 109, 285–87, 293, 318
Claim of universality: etic and emic factors, 54–56; FFM, 50–56; issues of substance, 54; measurement issues, 53–54; statistical issues, 50–53
Cloninger, C. R., 199
Coan, R. W., 172
Cognitive-Affective Personality System (CAPS), 316
Coker, S., 286
Collectivistic culture, 80, 88
Colovic, P., 175
Combined emic-etic approach, 110–12
Comrey Personality Scales, 12
Concept-driven adaptation, 260–61
Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), 51–52, 264–65; configural invariance model, 264; intercept invariance model, 264; measurement weights model, 264
Confucian cultures, 105
Confucian Work Dynamism, 23
Conscientiousness: aggregated, 237; conceptualization of, 239; as dimension of FFM, 48; and health-promoting behaviors, 236; and lexical studies, 178–79
Consensual trait structure, 164–65
Construct equivalence, 256
Convergent correlations, 203; culture-level and personality, 209–11; profile agreement, 212
Costa, P. T., 49, 52, 73, 163, 172, 199
Criterion variables, 203; and culture-level correlations, 212–14
Cross-cultural anxiety, 10
Cross-cultural differences, in personality, 197
Cross-Cultural (Chinese) Personality Assessment Inventory (CPAI-2), 111, 139; and career development, 117–18; and congruence coefficients, 125–27; and mental health, 124–25
Cross-Cultural (Chinese) Personality Inventory (CPAI), 16; and career development, 117; and congruence coefficients, 125–27; emic scales, 115–17; indigenously derived personality scales of, 112–13; and mental health, 122–25
Cross-cultural personality research, 198–99, 251–71; anthropological model, 198; and bias, 253–56; data analysis, 263–65; design stage, 257–63; and equivalence, 256–57; implementation, 263; missionary model, 198; multilevel models, 265–68
Cross-observer agreement, 289–91
Cross-situational consistency, 282–83
Cui, H., 109
Cultural-contextual biases, 169–70
Cultural looseness, 281
Cultural psychology studies, 22
Cultural syndromes, 10
Cultural tightness, 281
Culture-and-personality studies, 6–8
Culture-level correlations, and criterion variables, 212–14
Culture(s): defined, 30; ecological contexts and dimensions of, 30–34; limited focus on personality across, 8–12; as personality writ large, 6; and psychological autonomy, 22; situation assessments across, 316–28; in South Africa, 139–40; subjective, 10; trait consistency, 19–20, 279–91; trait validity, 19–20, 291–98
Dahourou, D., 81
Darwin, Charles, 198
Democracy Index, 215
De Raad, B., 178–79, 181, 314–15
DeYoung, C. G., 180
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed. DSM-5), 90
Dialectical Self Scale (DSS), 281
Dialecticism, 281
Diaz-Guerrero, R., 10
Differential Item Functioning (DIF) analysis, 265. See also Item bias
Digman, J. M., 48
Distal culture, 310
Distal perspective, in situation assessment, 311
Draguns, J. G., 10
Duckitt, J., 293
Dunkel, C. S., 284
Durkheim, Émil, 196
Dzokoto, V., 294
Economic indicators, and regional personality differences, 235–36
Elazar, D. J., 233
Emic factors, 54–56; and cross-cultural personality research, 268–70; and personality structure, 74; and psycholexical approach, 162–63
Emic personality measures, 106; career development, 117–22; contributions, 113–25; mental health, 122–25; organizational performance, 115–17; social behaviors, 113–15
Emotions, 21
Enduring-order societies, 32
Enriquez, V. G., 107
Equivalence: construct, 256; and cross-cultural personality research, 256–57; metric, 256; scalar, 257
Esteves, F., 294
Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 166
Ethos: Canadian, 64; and mean assessed traits, 62; and national character stereotypes, 62; rating for cultures, 60–61; structure and FFM, 58–64
Ethos, 7
Etic factors, 54–56; and cross-cultural personality research, 268–70; and personality structure, 74; and psycholexical approach, 163–64
Etic personality measures, 106
Evolutionary perspectives, and human nature, 28–30
Evolving-order societies, 32–33
Exploratory factor analysis (EFA), 264
The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (Darwin), 198
Extraversion: conceptualization of, 238–39; as dimension of FFM, 48; and individualism, 86; and interpersonal circumplex, 51; and lexical studies, 178–79; and state-level relationships, 237
Extreme response bias, 320
Eysenck, H. J., 11–12, 48, 254
Eysenck, S. B. G., 48, 85–86, 254
Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ), 48–49, 142, 199, 209
Fennig, C. D., 166
Festinger, L., 201
Fifteen Factor Questionnaire Plus (15FQ+), 142
Fischer, R., 292
Five-Factor Model (FFM), 47–48, 73, 163; and Big Five Inventory, 50; claim of universality, 50–56; defined, 48; dimensions of, 48; discovery of, 49; and structure of ethos, 58–64; as a structure of stereotypes, 57–58; universal properties of, 56–57
Five Factor Personality Questionnaire (FFPQ), 107
Five-Factor Theory (FFT), 75
Florida, R., 235
Forsterling, F., 293
Fowler, J. H., 231
Francophonie, 77
French-speaking Africa, 76–78; described, 76; mental illnesses, 80; personality assessment in, 94–95; personality disorders in, 90–94; personality models, 78–80; personality structure in, 81–85; personality trait research, 80–90; schools of, 77
Fu, H., 114
Fukushima, O., 284
Fuller, R. C., 292
Gage, E., 286
Galinha, I. C., 294
Galton, F., 170
Gene-culture interactions, 22
General Factor of Personality (GFP), 179
Goldberg, L. R., 48, 51, 109, 162, 165–66, 172–73, 179, 254
Gosling-Potter Internet Personality Project, 228
Graciousness, 112
Grob, A., 294
Haddock, G., 293
Hall, E. T., 63
Hansenne, M., 203
Harrington, J. R., 281
Health indicators, and regional personality differences, 236–37
Hero, R. F., 233
Ho, M. Y., 124
Honesty-Humility dimension (HEXACO model), 109, 176–78, 182
Hosoe, T., 284
Howard, R., 126
Hrebíckova, M., 179
Hu, H., 116
Hui, E. K. P., 114
Humboldt, Wilhelm, 5
Imposed etic, 55
Indigenous personality: in Africa, 143–44; traits, 194–95
Indigenous psychology: approaches, 108–10; challenges for, 127–28; measures, developing, 106–12; movement in Asia, 105–6; and personality assessment, 138–39
Individual approach, in situation assessment, 311–12
Individualism, and extraversion, 86
Individual modernity, 8
Influence situation, 318
Influence Tactics Profile (ITP), 114–15
Inglehart, R., 215
Innovating personality, 8
Instrument bias, 254
Intercultural competence, 27
Interpersonal behavior, 21
Interpersonal circumplex, 51
Interpersonal harmony, 116
Interpersonal Relatedness (IR) model, 139
Jackson, D. N., 173
Jobson, L., 286
John, Oliver P., 211
Jokela, M., 229
Judgements, of personality researchers, 195–96
Junior Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (JEPQ), 81
Kapur, M., 107
Kapwa, 106
Kardiner, A., 6
Katigbak, M. S., 109–10, 285, 293, 318
Keinonen, M., 293
Kiers, H. A. L., 179
Kitayama, S., 13, 20, 280, 318
Klages, L., 170
Ko, Y. H., 107
Ködding, C., 288
Konstabel, K., 210
Ko’s Mental Health Questionnaire (KMHQ), 107
Krug, S. E., 227
Kulas, J. T., 256
Kulhavy, R. W., 227
Lachman, M. E., 227
Lamb, M. E., 229
Lang, F. R., 114
Language(s): and mentality, 5; and psycholexical studies, 166–69; in South Africa, 139–40
Leong, F. T. L., 105
Les structures anthropologiques de la folie en Afrique Noire (Sow), 78
LeVine, R. A., 143
Levine, R. V., 213
Lewin, K., 312
Lewis, M. P., 166
Lexical source, 183
Lexical studies, 54, 108; cross-cultural comparisons of, 178–79
Leximancer, 270
Lim, Y.-H., 126
Linguistics-driven adaptations, 262
Linnamägi, K., 319
Linton, R., 76
Locus of control (LOC) structure, 81–82
Lönnqvist, J.-E., 210
Lucas, R. E., 294
Malda, M., 262
Malloy, T. E., 290
Markus, H. R., 13, 20, 227, 280
Martin, T., 11
Matsumoto, D., 75
McCann, S. J. H., 234
McCrae, R. R., 49, 52, 58–59, 62, 73, 81, 89, 163, 172, 199, 289
Meiring, D., 142
Mesquita, B., 317
Metric equivalence, 256
Migration, selective, 230
Miller, G. A., 165
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI/MMPI-2), 12, 107
Miramontes, L. G., 293
Mirowsky, J., 320
Mitrovic, D., 175
Miyamoto, Y., 318
Moral character, 196
Morizot, J., 203
Morling, B., 318
Mõttus, R., 290
Multidimensional Chinese Personality Inventory (MCPI), 109
Multilanguage Seven (ML7) model, of personality structure, 183
Multilevel models: CFA testing, 267–68; cross-cultural personality research, 265–68; and data aggregation, 267; mixed models/hierarchical linear models, 266–67
Muthén, B. O., 267
My Vocational Situation Scale (MVS), 119
Naïve dialecticism, 31
National character of people, 7
National character stereotypes, 57; and ethos, 62. See also Stereotypes
National Character Survey (NCS), 57, 211
Nature, and personality, 76
Naumann, L. P., 211
Nave, C. S., 294
Negative Valence, 108, 172, 175–77, 182
Nel, J.A., 270
Neuroticism: conceptualization of, 238; as dimension of FFM, 48; and lexical studies, 178; and masculinity, 86; and uncertainty avoidance, 86
Ng, S. K., 165
Nisbett, R. E., 281
Norenzayan, A., 213
Norm-driven adaptations, 262
Objective biography, 89
Occupational Personality Questionnaire (OPQ32), 210
Openness to Experience, as dimension of FFM, 48
Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie (OIF), 77
Organizational performance, 115–17
Osborne, D., 293
Ostendorf, F., 179
Panukat ng Mga Katangian ng Personalidad (PKP), 108
Paradoxes, personality traits, 214–15
Paterson, L. Q., 236
Patterns of Culture (Benedict), 6
Paulhus, D. L., 290
Paunonen, S. V., 12, 52, 173, 293
Payne, D. L., 144
Peabody, D., 178
Peng, K., 281
Pereira, C., 294
Person, in Sow’s personality model: in collectivistic culture, 80; existential axis, 79; layers of, 78–79; phylogeny of, 78; sociocultural axis, 78–79
Personality: components, 75; and convergent culture-level correlations, 209–11; cross-cultural differences in, 197; defined, 73; geographical differences in, 229–32; indicators at national level, 196–97; innovating, 8; inventories, 12; large-scale studies of, 204–9; measurement issues, 200–204; and nature, 76; trait research in French-speaking Africa, 80–90; trait structure, 15–17
Personality and National Character (Lynn), 11, 196–97
Personality assessment: in French-speaking Africa, 94–95; tools, 94
Personality disorders: classification of, 90; in French-speaking African culture, 90–94; symptoms, 91
Personality Gene Flow hypothesis, 29
Personality Profiles of Cultures (PPOC) project, 49–50; and NEO-PI-R factor structure study, 53
Personality signatures, 283
Personality structure: and emic factors, 74; and etic factors, 74; in French-speaking Africa, 81–85; psycholexical studies of, 161–86
Personality traits: and context variables, 86; and cultural values, 86; mean level of, 85–90; and national prosperity, 86
Person-culture match hypothesis, 295
Person perception, 56
Perugini, M., 179
Pervin, L. A., 314
Plasticity, 180
Plaut, V. C., 227
Political indicators, and regional personality differences, 233–35
Poseidonus, 5
Positive Valence, 108, 172, 175–77, 182
Pragmatics-driven adaptations, 262–63
Primary institutions, 6
Principal components analysis (PCA) index, 282, 284–85
Profile agreement, 212
Proximal approach, in situation assessment, 311
Psychiatrie dynamique africaine (Sow), 78
Psycholexical pioneers, 170–71
Psycholexical studies: consensual trait structure, 164–65; cross-cultural comparisons of, 178–79; cultural-contextual biases, 169–70; emic orientation, 162–63; etic approach, 163–64; in Europe, 173–74; in Germanic languages, 174–75; and hierarchies of factors, 179–83; in Indo-European languages, 176–77; issues, 183–86; and languages, 166–69; lexical hypothesis, 165–66; in non-Indo-European languages, 177–78; of personality structure, 161–86; psycholexical pioneers, 170–71; in Romance languages, 175–76; in Slavic languages, 175; in the U.S., 172–73
Psychological autonomy, and culture, 22
Psychological differentiation, 9
Psychoticism-Extraversion-Neuroticism (PEN) model, 11–12, 73
Pullmann, H., 290
Putnam, R. D., 235
Radhakrishnan, P., 294
Rammstedt, B., 254
Random (or probability) sampling, 259
Rauthmann, J. F., 294
Realo, A., 319
Reference group effect, 320–21
Regional differences, in personality, 225–43; and Big Five framework, 226–27; causes, 229–32; and economic indicators, 235–36; future directions, 241–43; and health indicators, 236–37; limitations, 241–43; and micro-level outcomes, 239–40; personality domains, 227–28; and political indicators, 233–35; and social indicators, 235–36
Renshaw, K., 290
Rentfrow, P. J., 214, 228, 234, 240
Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R), 49–50, 115, 142; examining, 209; normative structure for, 51; personality trait scores, 197; psycholexical methodology, 172; in Shona, 80
Riverside Behavioral Q-sort (RBQ), 323
Riverside Situational Q-sort (RSQ), 19–20, 321–28
Ross, C. E., 320
Rothmann, S., 142
Sample bias, 254
Sampling, 257–59; convenience, 257–59; random (or probability), 259; systematic, 259
Saroglou, V., 292
Saucier, G., 87, 143–44, 173, 175, 182–83
Scalar equivalence, 257
Schimmack, U., 294
Schmitt, D. P., 292
Schönbrodt, F., 240
Scollon, C. N., 283
Secondary institutions, 6
Selective migration, 230
Self: cultural models of, 20–21; independent model of, 20
Self-descriptions, 21
Shao, L., 294
Sherman, R. A., 294
Simons, G. F., 166
Simpatía personality concept, 138
Sinha, D., 107
Situational descriptions, 314
Situation assessment: across cultures, 316–28; and cross-cultural research, 320–21; distal perspective, 311; and empirical approach, 314; individual approach, 311–12; and lexical approach, 313–14; and person characteristics, 313–16; proximal approach, 311; Riverside Situational Q-sort, 321–28
Situations of adversity, 315
Situations of amusement, 315
Sixteen Personality Factors (16PF): questionnaire, 12, 142, 227; structure, 81
Smederevac, S., 175
Social Axioms Survey (SAS), 113–14
Social indicators, and regional personality differences, 235–36
Sociocultural motives perspective, 295
Socioeconomic status (SES), 236
Som, B., 107
Soto, C. J., 211
South Africa: cultures in, 139–40; current assessment practices, 142–43; historical and political background, 141–42; languages in, 139–40; legislature, 142–43
South African Personality Inventory (SAPI), 82, 137, 139, 144–53; ongoing research, 152–53; qualitative stage, 145–47; quantitative stage, 150–52; transition stage, 147–50
South African Personality Questionnaire, 141
Spielberger, C. D., 10
Spirrison, C. L., 290
Stability, in Big Two higher-order model, 180
Stachowski, A. A., 256
Standard deviation (SD) index, 283
State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, 10
Stereotypes: FFM as a structure of, 57–58; of personality traits, 56
Structured Interview for the Five-Factor Model (SIFFM), 95
Subjective culture, 10
Subjective well-being (SWB), 294–95
Suicide (Durkheim), 196
Systematic sampling, 259
Szarota, P., 179
Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI), 199
Ten-Item Personality Inventory (TIPI), 228
Terminological/factual-driven adaptations, 262
Terracciano, A., 62
Themerson, S., 165
Theory-driven adaptations, 261–62
Thorpe, J. S., 316
Threat-constraint model, 296
Traditionalism, 112
Trait comparisons, 17–19; vs. typological approach, 26–27
Trait consistency, 19–20, 279–91; and adjustment, 282; and cross-cultural evidence, 283–91; cultural psychology perspectives on, 280–81; trait perspectives on, 280; types and indices of, 282–83
Trait validity, 19–20, 291–98; cross-cultural evidence, 292–96; future research, 298–99; investigations with indigenous measures, 296–98
Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire (TPQ), 199
Triestean five-factor structure, 175–76
Tsai, M., 116
Tsuji, H., 107
Tucker, L. R., 151
Tupes, E. C., 48
Ubuntu, 144
Uchida, Y., 317
Universal personality traits, 194–95
Unpackaging culture, 267
Values, 22–25; cultural, and mean personality traits, 86; and trait validity, 292–93
van de Vijver, F. J. R., 105, 142, 256
van Heck, G. L., 314
van Mechelen, I., 315
Vansteelandt, K., 315
Verkasalo, M., 210
Vernon, P. A., 91
Vocational Exploration and Commitment Subscale (VEC) of the Commitment to Career Choices Scale, 119
Wada, S., 122
Walkowitz, G., 210
Wang, D., 109
Watkins, D., 114
Webster’s New International Dictionary, 171
Welzel, C., 215
White Fathers, 77
Wirtz, D., 294
Witkin, H. A., 9
Wojciszke, B., 180
World Value Survey and European Social Survey, 204
Wundt, Wilhelm, 6
Yeung, D. Y., 114
Yik, M. S. M., 290
Zeitschrift fur Völkerpsychologie und Sprachwissenschaft (Lazarus and Steinthal), 6
Zonderman, A. B., 52
Zuckerman, M., 203
Zuckerman-Kuhlman-Aluja Personality Questionnaire (ZKA-PQ), 85
Zuckerman-Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire (ZKPQ), 88