Page numbers beginning with 273 refer to endnotes.
Abbey of Loc-Dieu, 242
Accademia di Belle Arti, 165
Adda River, 188
Adoration of the Magi (Ghirlandaio), 115
Adoration of the Magi (Leonardo), 241
Adrian VI, Pope, 215
Alberti, Leon Battista, 46, 55, 75, 130
Albiera Amadori da Vinci, 45
Alessandra e Lucrezia (Bianchini), 90
Alexander VI, Pope, 103, 135, 138, 149, 155, 160, 271
Alfonso II, King of Naples, 66, 76, 102–3
American Revolution, 232
Annunciation (Leonardo), 241
Antico Setificio Fiorentino, 84–85
Apollinaire, Guillaume, 238
Archive of the State of Florence, 16–17, 74
Arno River, 2, 17–18, 21, 49, 65, 72, 84, 136, 212, 222, 225, 257
attempt to change course of, 6, 140, 163, 171–72, 271
Arno Valley, 54
Arrabbiati, 134–35
Asmus, John, 254
Bandini, Bartolomeo, 38
Bandini, Dianora Gherardini, 28, 269
Baptism of Christ (Verrocchio), 53
Baptistry of St. John, 71–74, 120
Ghiberti bronze doors of, 4
Bargello, xv, xviii, 4, 28, 45, 65, 82, 120
Baroncelli, Bernardo di Bandino, 64, 65–66, 76–77
Bartolomeo, Iacopo “Giocondo,” di, 47, 48, 113, 183, 193, 205, 270
Basilica of San Lorenzo, 204, 208
Basilica of San Miniato, 18, 212
Basilica of Santa Croce, 6, 82, 219
Basilica of Santa Maria del Fiore (Il Duomo), 64, 72, 99, 110, 120, 134, 206
Christmas Mass at, 136
Basilica of Santa Maria Novella, 20, 43
Basilica of Santissima Annunziata, xv, 5, 143–45, 205, 248
Leonardo’s residence in, 144–48
Leonardo’s unfinished altarpiece for, 144–45, 147–48, 164, 177
Martyrs Chapel of, 222–23, 225
Battle of Anghiari, The (Leonardo), 169, 171, 226, 266
Bell, Rudolph, 129
Bella Lingua, La (Hales), 1
Bell’s palsy, 249
Bembo, Bernardo, 59–60
Benci, Ginevra de’, Leonardo’s portrait of, 59–61, 87–88, 159, 210
Bernardino da Siena, 121
Bianchini, Angela, 89–91
Bible, 45
Bindo di Sasso, Bindo di, 27
Bindo di Sasso, Cece di, 26–27
Bindo di Sasso, Cione “Il Pelliccia” di, 26–27
Blaker, Hugh, 251–52
Blois, 209
Bocconi University, 10
Bologna, 207
Bonaparte, Élisa, 233–34
Book of the Courtier (Castiglione), 208
Borgia, Cesare “Il Valentino,” 138, 149–52, 163
bloodthirsty violence of, 149–50, 152, 200
death of, 155
Leonardo hired as military engineer by, 6, 7, 78, 86, 103, 149, 150–52, 155, 156, 266, 271
Borgia, Lucrezia, 160
Borgia, Rodrigo, see Alexander VI, Pope
Botticelli, Sandro, 6, 54, 66, 78, 108, 167–68
Bramante, Donato, 197
Brandano, Pacifica, 201
Brandolini d’Adda, Contessa Simonetta, 163
Brownlow, Earl, 251–52
Brunelleschi, Filippo, 6, 52, 115
Burckhardt, Jacob, 123
Caesar, Gaius Julius, 18
Capponi, Piero, 108
Caravaggio, Michelangelo da, 249
Cascina, Battle of, 172
Castello di Monna Lisa wine, 28
Castello Sforzesco, 87, 103, 137–38
Castiglione, Baldassare, 197, 208, 238
Caterina (Leonardo’s mother), 9, 45, 104, 166
Cavalcanti (Cavallereschi) family, 26
Cavallo, Il (Leonardo), 103, 136, 139, 144, 149, 168, 170, 226
Centre de Recherche et de Restauration des Musées de France, 245
Centro Militare di Medicina Legale, 186
Charles I, King of England, 231
Charles V, King of Spain, 187–88, 217, 219
Charles VIII, King of France, 102–3, 106–8, 136, 138, 150, 266, 272
chiaroscuro, 176
see also Roman Catholic Church
Churchill, Winston, 9
Church of Saint-Florentin, 212–13
Cianchi, Marco, 165–66
Cicero, Marcus Tullius, 164
Clement VI, Pope, 32
Clement VII, Pope, 215, 217, 219, 220, 267, 270
Clos Lucé, 208
Codex Trivulzianus (Leonardo), 86
Colle di Val d’Elsa, 75–76
Columbus, Christopher, 101, 243, 265
Commune of Florence, 19, 20, 22–24, 27–28, 39, 58–59, 183, 190
Compagnia di San Luca, 54
Conservers of the Morality of Monasteries, 61
Convent of San Domenico di Cafaggio, 5, 185–87, 188–89, 210–11, 287
Córdoba, 51
Corsini, Principessa Giorgiana, 178–79
Corsini family, 178–79
Corte Vecchia, 86
Cortine, 216
Cosimo and Damian, Saints, 192
d’Amboise, Comte Charles, 181, 182
Dante Alighieri, 20, 24, 45, 73, 77, 81, 168
da Parma, Enea Irpino, 202
Dati, Gregorio, 83
Datini, Francesco di Marco, 28–44, 111
adultery and illegitimate children of, 36–37, 39–42, 126, 189
character and personality of, 31, 32, 36–42
death of, 42
as “merchant of Prato,” 28, 31–35, 41
Datini, Ginevra, 39–40, 41–42, 126
Datini, Margherita di Domenico Bandini, 28–44, 133, 154, 180, 206, 269, 276
birth of, 28
character and personality of, 31–32, 35–41, 60, 126, 214
childhood of, 33
correspondence of, 29, 30–31, 35–38, 39, 41
as mistress of Casa Datini, 34–36, 41
religious devotion of, 42
self-taught writing of, 37–38, 86
Datini family, 30–44
David (Michelangelo), 162–63, 271
damage and repair of, 217
placement of, 167–68, 169–70, 266
de Beatis, Antonio, 209
de Gaulle, Charles, 243
del Balzo, Costanza d’Avalos, 202
del Caccia family, 102
del Giocondo, Amadio, 46
del Giocondo, Andrea (son), 148, 153, 154, 156, 180, 266
del Giocondo, Antonio, 46
del Giocondo, Bartolomeo (cousin of Francesco), 134
del Giocondo, Bartolomeo (father of Francesco), 46, 47–48, 101, 270
del Giocondo, Bartolomeo (son of Francesco), 101, 222–24, 230, 265
business pursuits of, 184
childhood and adolescence of, 109, 121, 126, 153, 156, 157, 170, 180, 183–94
legal troubles of, 183–84
marriage and family of, 184
del Giocondo, Camilla (daughter), 138, 147, 154, 156, 180, 266
religious vows of, 185–87, 210–11
del Giocondo, Camilla di Mariotto Rucellai, 58, 98–99, 101–2, 113, 126, 265, 266
del Giocondo, Francesco di Bartolomeo di Zanobi (husband), xvii, 2, 31, 33, 48, 88, 107, 109, 177, 265
art patronage of, 203, 205, 230
business pursuits of, 3, 4, 9, 72, 83, 97–98, 101, 127, 146–47, 153, 179, 180, 183–84, 192–93, 206, 220–21
character and personality of, 3, 31, 38, 48, 98, 101, 110, 116, 126–27, 153, 157, 184
childhood and adolescence of, 58, 72
fatherhood of, 101, 109, 121, 126, 133–34, 147, 153–54, 156, 179–81, 185–86, 205, 220, 270
final will of, 110–11, 118, 127, 222, 289
first marriage of, 98–99, 101–2, 113, 265
generosity of, 38, 41, 126–27, 156, 205–6
Giuliano de’ Medici and, 101, 198, 208, 210, 270
government service of, 83, 138, 193, 199, 215, 220, 267, 270
legal difficulties of, 183–84
political life of, 184, 185, 190, 191, 192–93, 203, 210, 215, 287
property of, 4, 5, 111, 127, 183, 216, 218
relationship of Lisa and, 126–27, 134, 216, 222
religious duties of, 143, 146, 205
usury charged to, 41, 184, 221
wealth of, 98, 111, 148, 203, 205–6, 218, 220–21
del Giocondo, Giocondo (son), 180–81, 183, 266
del Giocondo, Giovangualberto, 46
del Giocondo, Guaspari, 224–25
del Giocondo, Marietta (daughter), 147, 154, 156, 180, 205, 266
as Suor Ludovico, 213–14, 222–23, 225, 267
del Giocondo, Mona Lisa Gherardini, xvii–xviii, 1–5, 29, 31, 88
birth of, 2–3, 25, 43, 59, 90, 100, 197, 207, 224, 265
burial of, 5–6, 43, 223, 247–48, 267
campaign to identify skeleton of, 5, 247–49, 290
childhood and adolescence of, 2, 79–83, 89, 90, 92, 95, 100–101, 102, 108, 113, 147, 157, 198, 236, 243
children of, 3, 4, 9, 60, 92, 133–34, 138, 147, 148, 153, 154, 156, 157, 179–80, 185–87, 206, 210–14, 218, 220, 226
courtship and marriage of, xiii, 4–5, 33, 41, 48, 92, 110–22, 133, 156, 266, 269
death of, 3, 9, 223–24, 226, 230, 267
descendants of, 9–11
domestic and social married life of, 123–34, 179–81, 198, 218
education of, 80–81
family tree of, xiii
Leonardo’s first meeting with, 156–57, 161
noble ancestry of, 3, 4, 8, 10–11, 13–29, 157
no dowry provided for, 66–67, 95, 99, 112–13
physical appearance of, 4, 97, 101, 112, 147
pregnancies and childbirths of, 131–34, 138, 147, 148–49, 154, 156, 180–81, 198
reaction to scandal by, 37, 184, 189
as real woman (“una donna vera”), 1–2, 3, 4, 8, 11, 63, 74, 157, 160, 161, 166, 176, 236, 256, 257
sexual life of, 127–31
del Giocondo, Piera (daughter), 138, 154, 156, 266
del Giocondo, Piero Zanobi (son), 133, 153, 154, 156, 170, 180, 183, 222–24, 230, 248, 266
del Giocondo, Zanobi, 47
del Giocondo family, xiii, 5, 43, 46–48, 72, 121–22, 185, 203, 211
government service of, 83, 138, 193, 199, 265
Medici family and, 97
silk business of, 84–85, 97, 98, 101, 102, 111, 118, 153, 159, 180, 192, 224
del Sarto, Andrea, 199
d’Este, Beatrice, Duchess of Milan, 87, 103, 105, 137–38, 139
d’Este, Cardinal Ippolito, 182
d’Este, Ercole, Duke of Ferrara, 87
d’Este, Isabella, Marchioness of Mantua, 139, 148, 182
di Credi, Lorenzo, 150
Divine Comedy, The (Dante), 24, 45, 81
Dodici Buonuomini (Twelve Good Men), 20, 138
Donatello, 52
Donati, Lucrezia, 49
Doni, Maddalena Strozzi, Raphael’s portrait of, 173–74
dowries, 66–67, 94–95, 111–13, 116–17, 122, 153, 185, 205, 206, 216, 222, 278
Duchamp, Marcel, 242
Duomo, see Basilica of Santa Maria del Fiore
Egypt, ancient, 169
Epistulae ad Familiares (Cicero), 164
Erasmus, Desiderius, 217
Evans, Ray, 242
Eyre, John, 252
Feast of the Annunciation, xviii, 143
Feast of St. John the Baptist, 162–63
Feast of San Lorenzo, 82
Félibien des Avaux, André, 231
Ferdinand I, King of Naples, 66, 76, 102
Ferrucci, Francesco, 219
Ficino, Marsilio, 89
Fiesole, 17–18
Figaro (Paris), 238
Filiberta, Duchess of Savoy, 203
Fiorino (Roman captain), 17–18
Fivizzano fortress, 106
Florence, xvii–xviii, 1–7, 105–9
artistic stars of, 6, 52–53, 78, 144, 167
banking and commerce in, 3, 19, 21, 35, 44–48, 51, 55, 58–59, 75, 83–85
blight and graffiti in, 2–3, 5–6, 218
Borgo San Jacopo, 71
Canto de’ Tornaquinci, 75
Carnevale in, 134–35
centro district of, 82
civic buildings of, xvii, 18, 23, 43
common people (popolani) of, 19, 21, 23, 26, 27, 44
Costa San Giorgio, 129
drainage system of, 2–3
fearsome magnates of, 19–27, 44, 55, 95, 222
fortress towers in, 19–20, 21, 24, 43, 44, 222
founding of, 18
French capture and occupation of, 106–8, 138
heraldic emblem of, xviii
images of Mona Lisa in, 256–57
law and order in, 23–24, 61–62
Lungarno della Zecca Vecchi, 49
map of, xiv–xv
Medici influence in, 27, 39, 43–44, 49–51, 56–57
Mona Lisa in, 240–41
new people (nuova gente) in, 47
ousting of Medici from, 107–8, 179, 197, 217–18, 266
Piazza Beccaria, 16
Piazza della Passera, 256
Piazza della Signoria, 22, 24, 51, 107, 112, 134, 135, 168, 191, 199, 220, 266
Piazza La Nunziata, 143
Piazza San Felice, 207
Piazza San Lorenzo, 47
Piazza Santa Croce, 49–50, 219, 221
Piazza Savanarola, 127
Piazza Spinelli, 221
politics and government in, 20–24
Ponte Vecchio, 71–72
population of, 18
Por Santa Maria, 22, 46, 72, 111
processions and festivals in, 21, 49–50, 51, 82–83, 206–7, 218–19
return of Leonardo to, 140, 143–46, 266
return of Medici rule to, 184, 190–92, 219–22, 267
as richest city in Europe, 43–44
roaming animals in, 51
Sant’Ambrogio market, 16
shortages and hunger in, 218–20
Spanish and German assault on, 217–20
trade guilds of, 19, 20, 22, 54, 115
Vasari Corridor, 221–22
Via Borgo Ognissanti, 238
Via de’ Buonfanti (Via de’ Pepi), 102, 114
Via dei Malcontenti, 82
Via dei Tornabuoni, 203
Via dei Vecchietti, 47
Via della Stufa, 5, 47–48, 101, 107, 133–34, 153, 216, 217, 223, 247
Via del Leone, 58
Via del Parione, 178
Via del Purgatorio (Parione Vecchio), 44
Via Ghibellina, 1, 4, 61, 82, 114, 144, 147, 224
Via Largo (Via Cavour), 45, 191
Via Sguazza, 2–3, 64, 71, 247, 256
war and unrest in, 3, 17–21, 24, 66, 95, 217–20, 265, 267
White Lion district of, 20
wool and silk industries in, 3, 4, 19, 21, 44, 46, 47, 58–59, 66, 71, 72, 75, 84–85, 97–98, 101, 111, 115, 280
see also specific churches, buildings, and institutions
Fontainebleau Royal Palace, 148, 229–31
Forlì, 149–50
Foscari, Marco, 58–59
Italian invasions by, 7, 106–8, 136, 138–39, 149, 150, 266
Leonardo’s life in, 208–9, 234, 242, 267, 272
Loire Valley, 139
Mona Lisa in, 1, 8, 10, 229–36, 241–43
Francesca Lanfredini da Vinci, 45
Leonardo as heir of, 182
Francis, Saint, 205
Francis I, King of France, 207–8, 212, 216–17, 267, 271, 272, 288
Mona Lisa acquired by, 216, 229, 289
Franklin, Benjamin, 232
French army, 106–8, 138, 139, 144, 184, 189–90, 266
French Resistance, 242
French Revolution, 231–32, 233
French Senate, 233
Friends of Florence, 163
Gallerani, Cecilia, Leonardo’s portrait of, 86–88, 105, 202
Galleria dell’Accademia, Virtù d’ Amore exhibit in, 114
Gautier, Théophile, 235–36
Genoa, 39
Geri, Alfredo, 238–39
Gherardini, Alessandra (sister), 80, 185
Gherardini, Andrea, 179, 218, 220, 221
Gherardini, Antonio, 218
Gherardini, Antonmaria di Noldo (father), 1, 2, 44, 54–55, 57–58, 63–67, 88, 126, 139, 153, 185, 189, 265, 269
death of, 216
fatherhood of, 71–75, 80, 94, 99, 107, 108, 111–13, 115, 122
financial problems of, 102, 205–6
marriages of, 55, 57, 64, 98, 100, 102, 265
property and livestock of, 75, 80, 95, 122, 205–6, 216
Gherardini, Camilla (sister), 80, 185, 189, 266, 269
Gherardini, Caterina di Mariotto Rucellai, 55, 57–58, 98–99, 100, 102
Gherardini, Cavaliere Gherarduccio, 25
Gherardini, Cece da’, 22–23
Gherardini, Dianora, 28–29, 33, 38
Gherardini, Don Niccolò, 17
Gherardini, Francesco, 54
Gherardini, Francesco (brother), 80
Gherardini, Ginevra (sister), 80, 206
Gherardini, Giovangualberto, 80
Gherardini, Lisa, see del Giocondo, Mona Lisa Gherardini
Gherardini, Lisa (grandmother), 44, 73
Gherardini, Lisa di Giovanni Filippo de’ Carducci, 55
Gherardini, Lucrezia del Caccia (mother), 1, 42, 64, 66, 71, 75, 79–82, 115, 116, 265
Gherardini, Naldo, 17, 24, 269
Gherardini, Noldo (brother), 80
Gherardini, Noldo di Antonio (grandfather), 43–44, 113, 218
Gherardini, Piero, 43–44
Gherardini da Vignamaggio, Amidio, 28–29
Gherardini da Vignamaggio, Pelliccia, 27–28, 29, 33, 43–44, 269
Gherardini family, xiii, 4, 8, 10–11, 13–30, 32–33, 36–39, 43–44, 48, 91, 98–99, 113–16, 122, 157, 179, 203
coat of arms of, 25
descendants of, 233
Florentine exile of, 23, 24–25
fortresses of, 19–20
history of, 16–29
infighting in, 26–27
landed gentry among, 19, 25, 54–55, 64
pride, envy, and avarice of, 20, 26
pro-papal politics of, 20, 21, 23
scandal and tragedy in, 5, 17, 23–28
warring and conquest by, 17, 18–23, 27
Ghiberti, Lorenzo, 4
Ghirlandaio, Domenico, 115
Giovanni delle Bande Nere, 221
Giusto (convent manager), 188–89
Goethe, Johan Wolfgang von, 15, 176
Great Hall of the Council (Sala Grande del Consiglio), 164, 167, 169, 172–73, 175, 191
Guadagni, Teresa, 233–34
Guicciardini, Francesco, 9, 94, 100, 215
Guicciardini family, 9–11
Guicciardini Strozzi, Irina, 9–10
Guicciardini Strozzi, Natalia, 9–10
Guicciardini Strozzi, Principe Girolamo, 11
Guicciardini Strozzi family, 9–11
Hatfield, Rab, 164
Haute-Savoie, 240
Henry II, King of England, 18
Holbein, Hans (the Younger), 231
Holy Family (Raphael), 235
How to Do It (Bell), 129
humanists, 54–55, 59, 62, 75, 77–78, 80, 88–89, 99, 112, 127, 130, 164
Ibiza, 51
Institut Élisa, 234
Instituto Geografico Militare of Florence, 145
Ireland, 18–19
Isleworth Mona Lisa, 252–54
Italian army, 240
Italian language, xviii, 1–2, 17, 18, 26, 45, 50, 86, 94, 110, 144, 211, 222, 230
Italy, 18–29
Chianti region, 4, 18–20, 24–25, 27–29, 64, 75–76, 80, 95, 113, 116, 179, 183
childbirth death in, 55, 57–58
French invasions of, 7, 106–8, 136, 138–39, 149, 150, 266
importance of ancestry and lineage in, 15–16, 54, 178–79
Latium region, 15
social hierarchy of, 18
Tuscany region, 9–10, 15–16, 18–19, 29, 33, 39–40, 44–46, 49–51, 56, 66–67, 76, 116, 120, 179, 190
James, Saint, 137
Jesus Christ, 79, 107, 117, 147
baptism of, 207
betrayal of, 136–37
birth of, 143
passion and resurrection of, 187
true cross of, 73
John the Apostle, Saint, 137
John the Baptist, Saint, 21, 91, 192, 209
Josephine, Empress of France, 234
Judas, 137
Julius II, Pope, 173, 188, 190, 199
Kabbalah, 249
Kelly-Gadol, Joan, 89
Kennedy, John Fitzgerald, 19, 243–44
King, Margaret, 223–24
Lady with an Ermine (Leonardo), 202
Landucci, Luca, 75–76, 83, 136, 169–70, 190–92, 206
Langenmantel, Ludwig von, 108
Last Supper, The (Leonardo), 7, 136–37, 138–39, 149, 271
as “the keystone of European art,” 137
Latin language, 5, 18, 46, 54, 59, 78, 80, 86, 87, 110–11, 164, 222, 225
La Vacca (bell), 24, 107, 191, 220
Leicester Galleries (Isleworth), 252–53
Le Oblate convent, 110
Leonardo da Vinci, xvii, 85–88, 136–40, 225–26
aging of, 202–3
amiable personality and kindness of, 51, 162
appeal of nature to, 46
artistic training of, 4, 7, 46, 50, 52–54, 59, 165
art of sculpting dismissed by, 170
baptism of, 45
celebrity of, 3, 8, 144, 147, 181, 197
charm and discretion of, 87, 177
childhood and adolescence of, 7, 45–46, 50–54, 165, 166
childlessness of, 62–63
clothing of, 145
creative process of, 136–37, 157–59, 160–61, 165, 170, 174–76, 201
disputes with half-brothers of, 182
on “divine character of painting,” 146
engineering job of, 1, 6, 7, 78, 86, 103, 149, 150–52, 155, 156, 172, 234, 266, 271
entourage of, 9, 86, 104, 139, 140, 182, 200
fastidious grooming of, 162
first portrait by, 59–61
fondness for animals of, 103, 140
formal education lacking in, 63, 86
genius of, 6, 7, 51, 88, 144, 148, 152, 167, 197, 203, 207–8, 234, 289
humor and playfulness of, 52, 162, 201
ideal human proportions calculated by, 103, 157–58, 163
illegitimate birth of, 7, 9, 45, 52, 63, 171, 265, 271
last drawings of, 209
last will of, 212–13
left-handedness of, 46
as master of “knowing how to see (saper vedere),” 8, 104
melodious voice of, 157
mixing of paints by, 158, 174–75
multiple talents of, 6, 7, 51, 78–79, 86
musicality and singing of, 51, 78
mythic reputation of, 144, 161
notebooks of, 53, 76–77, 85, 86, 104, 139, 150, 151, 159, 167, 169, 173, 174, 182, 188, 200, 203, 209, 212, 216, 226
personal library of, 85–86
physical appearance of, 6, 51, 77, 144, 182
problems and failures of, 7, 171–72, 174–75, 179, 182
procrastination and missed deadlines of, 77, 147, 167, 172
scientific knowledge of, 46, 53, 86, 104, 140, 144, 146, 148, 158, 188, 201, 234
self-caricature of, 188
self-education of, 45–46, 63, 86, 140, 146, 150
on sex and procreation, 63, 130
sexual life of, 62–63
social isolation of, 62–63
theatrical spectacles of, 7, 103, 181, 209
three-quarter position pose in portraits by, 61, 87, 105, 159, 173, 174
unfinished works of, 147–48, 164, 175, 177, 234
unsigned and undated works of, xviii
on value of life, 152
verses and essays of, 51–52
writing and “mirror script” of, 6, 234
youthful drawings of, 46
see also specific works
Leonardo da Vinci e La Gioconda, 236–37
Leo X, Pope, 100, 107, 184–85, 191–92, 197–98, 199–201, 203, 206–8, 215, 267, 270
Libro del Cortegiano, Il (Castiglione), 197
Little Book of Our Lady, 80
Lives of the Most Excellent Italian Architects, Painters, and Scuptors, The (Le Vite) (Vasari), 52, 175–76, 230
Livingston, Jay, 242
Lomazzo, Giovanni Paolo, 251
Lorenzo and Giovanna (van der Sman), ix
Louis IV, King of France, 231
Louis XII, King of France, 138–39, 149, 181, 182, 187–88, 272
Louis XIII, King of France, 231
Louis XVI, King of France, 232
Mona Lisa in, 1, 8, 10, 233, 234–35, 241–42, 245–46, 250–54
theft of Mona Lisa from, 237–40
Lucia (slave), 39
Luigi, Cardinal of Aragon, 209
Luke, Saint, 54
Lumiere Technology, 245
Machiavelli, Marietta, 165
Machiavelli, Niccolò, 9, 107, 108, 151–52, 190
arrest and imprisonment of, 198
exile of, 199–200
Leonardo and, 6, 7, 152, 163, 164–65, 167, 169, 171–72, 198, 200, 271
as Second Chancellor of the Florentine Republic, 151, 164–65
Madonna della Cintola (Prato patron saint), 36
Madonna of the Yarnwinder (Leonardo), 147
Malatesta, Leonardo, 203
Malraux, André, 243
Mantua, 139
Margaret, Saint, 133
Margherita Giulli da Vinci, 61
Marie Antoinette, Queen of France, 232, 233
Marie-Louise, Empress of France, 234
Mariotti, Josephine Rogers, 191–92, 203–4, 205, 210, 288
Martelli, Piero di Braccio, 182–83
Martinella bell, 22
Marzoccheschi militia, 218
Masaccio, 52
Maspero, Luc, 235
mathematics, 6, 7, 8, 59, 144, 148, 157–58
Matthews-Grieco, Sara, 127, 128, 180
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, 103
Mazzei, Ser Lapo, 34, 36, 40, 42
Mazzieri, Antonio di Donnino, 205
Medici, Alessandro de’, 215, 220–21
Medici, Bartolomeo de’, 27
Medici, Carlo de’, Bishop of Prato, 39
Medici, Contessina de’, 80
Medici, Cosimo de’, 39, 49, 59
Florence ruled by, 43–44, 78, 221–22
Medici, Giovanni de’, see Leo X, Pope
Medici, Giuliano de’ (brother of Lorenzo), 64, 76
Medici, Giuliano de’ (son of Lorenzo), 80, 100–101, 184–85, 191, 192, 206–8, 238
Francesco del Giocondo and, 101, 198, 208, 210, 270
Leonardo and, 101, 197, 198, 200–203, 206–8, 209–10, 267, 270
Medici, Giulio de’, see Clement VII, Pope
Medici, Ippolito de’, 201, 215
Medici, Lorenzino, 221
Medici, Lorenzo de’ “Il Magnifico,” 6, 7, 49–51, 56–57, 60, 62–66, 83, 99–102, 106–7, 126, 191, 192, 207, 222, 265
assassination plot against, 63–65, 76, 265
charismatic charm of, 100
Florence ruled by, 51, 265, 270
illness and death of, 92, 99–100, 102, 265
Leonardo commissioned by, 78–79
physical appearance of, 50
Pope Sixtus IV and, 63, 66, 75, 78
Medici, Lorenzo di Piero de’, 207
Medici, Luisa de’, 80
Medici, Maddalena de’, 80
Medici, Piero de’ (father of Lorenzo), 49, 51, 144
Medici, Piero de’ (son of Lorenzo), 80, 100, 103, 106–8, 184, 265, 266, 270
Medici, Piero di Cosimo de’, 57
Medici, Salvestro de’, 27
Medici family, 5, 27, 39, 43, 47, 56–57, 76
art commissions of, 66, 78–79, 201
financial and political power of, 43, 59, 63, 66, 76, 92, 97, 102
Il Libro diamond of, 50
literary circle of, 59
Vatican connections of, 63
Melzi, Francesco, 182, 188, 200, 213, 216, 271
Merchant of Prato, The (Origo), 31
Merejkowski, Dmitri, 237
Metropolitan Museum of Art, 244
Michelangelo Buonarotti, 233
fame of, 170
physical appearance of, 162
rivalry of Leonardo and, 167–68, 172–73, 201, 271
Sistine Chapel ceiling painted by, 176, 188, 215
wealth of, 170
see also David
Michelet, Jules, 236
Ambrosiana Library in, 234
Brera Gallery in, 241
French capture of, 7, 138–39, 149, 179, 197, 266
Leonardo in, 7, 78–79, 85–88, 103–5, 136–39, 144–46, 176–77, 179, 181, 197, 200, 208, 226, 265
population of, 78
retreat of French from, 188
Sforza court in, 7, 86–88, 188
Tuscany invaded by, 41
Minias (Christian preacher), 18
Miscellanea Storica della Valdelsa (Historic Miscellany of the Elsa Valley), 21–22
Modern Eden Gallery (San Francisco), 255
Mona Lisa (Leonardo), xvii, xviii, 7–9, 125, 189, 200, 201, 208
attacks on, 242–43
beneath-the-surface scans of, 159, 160, 285
bodily features, hair and clothing in, 159–60, 174, 176, 183, 202, 231, 235, 237
bulletproof glass protection of, 243, 246
computer-generated relief map of, 176
copies and reproductions of, 1, 8, 174, 176, 232, 235, 236, 240, 244, 250–57
efforts at restoration of, 230–31
enigmatic smile and gaze in, 3, 9, 10, 11, 165–67, 176, 183, 235, 237, 238, 240, 241, 246, 249–50, 257
fantastical landscape background of, 158
Francis I’s purchase of, 216, 229
glazes and lacquers on, 175, 231
as La Gioconda, 2, 10, 231, 235–42
Lisa del Giocondo as model for, 3, 7–10, 25, 30, 59, 63, 91, 92, 156–62, 174, 198, 202, 207, 209–10, 216, 226, 237, 249–50, 266
popular response to, 166–67, 235–36
sfumato technique used in, 61
speculations on other models for, 8–9, 150, 201–2, 203, 285
technical examinations of, 159, 160, 245–46, 249, 253
theory of a “second” Leonardo version of, 251–54
time and attention of many years spent on, 7, 140, 156, 163–67, 175–76, 177, 202, 207, 210
touring of, 243–44
undercoating of, 158
“Mona Lisa” (Livingston and Evans), 242
Mona Lisa Foundation, 253–54, 291
Mona Lisa: Inside the Painting, 245
Monastero di Sant’Orsola, 191–92, 203–5, 208, 214, 225
burial of Lisa at, 5–6, 43, 223, 247–48, 267
Monna Lisa: La ‘Gioconda’ del Magnifico Giuliano (Mariotti), 210
Montaperti, Battle of, 23
Monte delle Doti (Dowry Mountain), 94–95, 122, 193
Moses, 84
Murillo, Bartolomé Esteban, 233
Museo della Casa Fiorentina Antica, 153–54
Museo dell’Opera di Santa Maria del Fiore, 161
Museum of Fine Arts (Boston), 252
Napoleon I, Emperor of France, 233–35, 247
National Gallery of Art (Washington, D.C.), 60, 243
Nori, Francesco, 76
Novellara, Fra Pietro da, 148
Nun, The, 233
Nunziante, Gianni, 25
Office of the Night, 61–62
Officina Profumo Farmaceutica, 205
On the Family (Alberti), 75
Opera di Santa Maria del Fiore di Firenze, 74, 98–99
Origo, Iris, 31
Orsanmichele, 6
Ospedale degli Innocenti, 115
Ospedale di Santo Spirito, 203
Ostrogoths, 18
Otis Art Institute, 244
Ottoman Empire, 139
Palazzo Corsini, 178–79
Palazzo Davanzati, 153–54
Palazzo dei Cerchi, 39
Palazzo dei Priori, 24
Biblioteca dell’Instituto Nazionale di Studi sul Rinascimento at, 236–37
Denaro e Bellezza exhibit at, 93, 108
Palazzo Vecchio, xv, xviii, 4, 24, 65, 76, 77, 82, 83, 106, 135, 168, 174–75, 191, 199, 215, 217–18, 222, 266, 271
Salone dei Cinquecento in, 167
Pallanti, Giuseppe, 2, 4, 80, 98, 110–12, 113, 153, 205, 211, 216, 224–25, 273
Palleschi, 221
Paolucci, Antonio, 248
Parenti, Caterina Strozzi, 118
Parenti, Marco, 118
Pater, Walter, 236
Paul, Saint, 192
Pazzi, Francesco de’, 64–65
Pazzi family, 50
Medici assassination plot of, 63–66, 265
Peruggia, Vincenzo, 239–40
Piagnoni, 134–35
Picasso, Pablo, 238
Florentine capture of, 163
Costume Gallery of, 125
Poggi, Giovanni, 239–40
Poggibonsi, 179
Poliziano, 99–100
Pontormo, Jacopo da, 199
pornography, 128–29
Prado Museum, 250
Prato, 30–38, 40–43, 111, 154, 180, 189, 190, 191, 214
Pretsch, Sabine, 84–85
Prince, The (Machiavelli), 152, 200, 271
prostitution, 47, 89, 128, 234
Puligo, Domenico, 205
Pulitzer, Henry F., 252–53, 291
Ramiro de Lorqua, 152
Raphael, 6, 173–74, 197, 201, 235, 238
childbirth deaths in, 55, 57–58
Florence as cradle of, 84
forces of money and beauty in, 93–97
illegitimacy in, 7, 9, 37, 45, 52, 63
importance of ancestry and lineage in, 15–16, 54
poets “alla burchia” of, 51, 94–97
Renaissance, The (Pater), 236
Reynolds, Joshua, 250
Ricasoli family, 204
Ricciardelli, Fabrizio, 39, 221–22, 230
Robbia, Andrea della, 108, 167–68
Roman Catholic Church, 184–88, 212–13
celebration of the Mass in, 136, 211, 214
doctrine of original sin in, 88
Lenten season of, 129
Leonardo’s criticism of, 146
missionaries of, 84
prayers of, 36, 41, 80, 133, 214
sacraments and rites of, 22, 45, 71–75, 98–99, 101, 119–21, 133
sexual taboos of, 129
Romanzo di Leonardo da Vinci, Il (Merejkowski), 237
Rome, 24, 25, 66, 78, 83, 90, 97, 147, 164–65, 173, 184, 188, 199–202, 230, 267
Castel Sant’Angelo in, 150
relocation of papacy to, 33
St. Peter’s Square in, 199
Spanish and German attack on, 217, 267, 270
Royal Academy of Arts, 250
Rucellai, Bernardo, 56–57, 100, 126
Rucellai, Giovanni di Paolo, 56–57, 75
Rucellai, Mariotto di Piero, 57–58, 99, 193
Rucellai, Nannina de’ Medici, 56–57, 100, 126
Rucellai family, 55–58, 75, 98–99, 100, 111, 113
Ruda, Jeffrey, 202
St. John the Baptist (Leonardo), 249
Sala dei Tintori (Hall of the Dyers), 172
Salaì (Gian Giacomo Caprotti da Oreno), 9, 104, 139, 182, 200, 202, 216, 249, 271
Saltarelli, Iacopo, 62
Salviati, Francesco, Archbishop of Pisa, 63, 65–66
San Donato in Poggio, 54
San Gimignano, 9–11
San Marco church and convent, 106
San Miniato, 225–26
campanile of, 147
San Silvestro farm, 122
Santa Maria delle Grazie, 136
Santa Maria Novella, 4, 55, 58, 136, 138, 205, 248
Ghirlandaio frescoes in, 91–92
Rucellai Chapel of, 102
Sala del Papa in, 167
Santa Maria Nuova bank, 139, 155, 170
Santa Maria Nuova Hospital, 43, 44, 80, 183
Sant’ Ambrogio, 53
Sant’ Appiano in Barberino Val d’Elsa, 25
Savini, Domenico, 9
Savonarola, Giovanni Michele, 130–31, 132–33
Savonarola, Girolamo, 6, 130, 134–35
preaching of, 105–6, 107, 108–9, 135
torture and execution of, 135–36, 266
Schlechter, Armin, 164
Sebregondi, Ludovica, 1, 114, 273
Seracini, Maurizio, 175
Ser Agostino di Matteo da Terricciola, 164
Ser Giuliano da Vinci, 182
Ser Piero da Vinci, 44–46, 102, 139, 143–44, 148, 206, 230
character and personality of, 52
final will of, 170–71
legal profession of, 4, 7, 44–45, 146–47
marriages of, 45, 61, 102, 144, 171
relationship of Leonardo and, 52, 61, 62, 77, 143
Servite monks, 143–45, 177, 205, 222–23
Sforza, Caterina, Duchess of Forlì, 149–50
Sforza, Ludovico, Duke of Milan, 78–79, 136–39, 188, 209
Cecilia Gallerani and, 86–88, 202
imprisonment and death of, 139
as patron of Leonardo, 7, 86–88, 103, 136–37, 150, 168, 181, 197, 271
Sforza, Massimiliano, 188
Short History of Renaissance Italy, A (Kaborycha), 16
Signoria, 21, 23, 27, 44, 167, 171, 174, 176–77, 181, 182, 185
service of Florentines on, 83, 138, 193, 215, 220, 265, 267
Silk Guild, 115
Sixteen Gonfaloniere governing committee, 20–21
Sixtus IV, Pope, 63, 66, 75, 78, 265
Società Dante Alighieri, 144
Soderini, Piero, 167, 169, 171–72, 177, 181, 185, 190
Stasiowski, Kristin, 154
Storia de’ Martiri, La (Mazzieri), 205
Strozzi, Alessandra Macinghi, 90, 117–18
Strozzi, Filippo, 117
Strozzi, Marcello, 173
Strozzi, Princess Natalia Guicciardini, 233
Strozzi family, 9–11, 95, 105, 200, 216
Studio Art Centers International (SACI), 5
Sultan of the Grand Turk, 76
sumptuary laws, 118
syphilis, 150
Tecchini, Caterina “Tina,” 41
Tecchini, Francesca, 33, 36, 41
Tecchini, Niccolò dell’Ammannato, 33, 36, 38
Thomas, Saint, 137
Tintoretto, 54
Tokyo, 244
Tornabuoni family, 26, 50, 91, 95, 200
Tornaquinci family, 26
Treasures and Marvels of the Royal Household of Fontainebleau (Dan), 231
Treatise on Painting (Lomazzo), 251
Trent, Council of, 119
Trieste, 234
Tuileries Palace, 233
Ugolino, Luca, 164–65
Urbino, 150, 197, 201, 210, 215
Urbino, Dowager Duchess of, 128
Valerio, Maestro, 215
van der Sman, Gert Jan, ix
van Dyck, Anthony, 233
Vasari, Giorgio, 104, 221–22, 229–30, 288
David repaired by, 217
on Leonardo, 51, 52, 53, 77, 78, 103, 137, 139, 147–48, 161, 162, 169, 172, 175–76, 212, 226, 230
on Mona Lisa, 148, 229–30, 251
Apostolic Palace in, 201
Sistine Chapel in, 78, 176, 188, 215
Vatican Museums, 248
Vecellio, Cesare, 125
Vecellio’s Renaissance Costume Book, 125
Venice, 25, 39, 59, 139, 187–88, 197
Venturi, Adolfo, 202
Vera Identità della Gioconda, La (Pallanti), 2
Verdon, Monsignor Timothy, 161
Vernon, William Henry, 232–33
Veronese, Paolo, 235
Verrocchio, Andrea del, 46, 50, 53, 59, 158
Versailles, Directeur des Batiments in, 231
Vespucci, Amerigo, 164
Victor Emmanuel, King of Italy, 241
Villa Borghese, 241
Villani, Tommasa, 112
Vinceti, Silvano, 5, 247–49, 290
Virgin Mary, 36, 54, 91, 101, 121, 143, 147, 192, 226
Virgin of the Rocks (Leonardo), 235
Visconti family, 138
Vitruvius, 103
Waterloo, Battle of, 234
Where Is the Mona Lisa? (Pulitzer), 252, 291
“Why Dogs Willingly Sniff One Another’s Bottom” (Leonardo), 52
women, Renaissance, 3, 60, 66–67, 81, 88–97, 110–34
beauty standards of, 95–97
clothing and jewelry of, 40, 42, 79, 124–25, 159–60
courtship and marriage of, 110–22, 123, 126, 128, 282–83
domestic and social life of, 34–35, 123–31, 153–54, 180
pregnancy and childbirth of, 55, 57–58, 71, 128, 129, 131–34
private and public comportment of, 125–27, 156–57
religious vows of, 185–87, 204–5, 213–14, 279
restrictions on, 88–91
sexual life of, 127–31
see also dowries
Women of the Renaissance (King), 223–24
World War I, 240
World War II, 242