INDEX
Page numbers refer to the print edition but are hyperlinked to the appropriate location in the e-book.
ABC of the War (Brecht), 84
accent pointu (northern accent), 36
acclamation, 68, 69
adjective + people, 24. See also national adjective + people
adjective pairs, system of, 36
Adorno, Theodor, 69, 83
aesthetic, 65, 79, 80–81
Agamben, Giorgio, 71
Agee, James, 82, 84, 85, 86
Aisthesis (Rancière), 82
Alexanderplatz (Döblin), 83
Althusser, Louis, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10–11, 13, 20
Althusser’s Lesson (Rancière), 11
anarchist energy, 51, 113, 114, 115
anthropological effectiveness of relics, 72
anthropology, 2, 78, 81, 120
anti-austerity demonstrations (Europe), 124
antiphrasis, 139n17
Arab Spring, 26, 124
Aragon, Louis, 83
Arendt, Hannah, 50, 60, 65, 74, 124
aristocratism, 29, 38, 40
Aristotle, 29
Assad, Bachar, 80
assembly, 24, 25, 49–64, 113, 114, 116, 122, 123, 130
Auschwitz, 19
Austin, J. L., 54
 
Badiou, Alain, 11, 14, 21–31, 80, 108, 109, 111, 112, 113, 118, 119, 123
Bailly, Jean-Christophe, 83
Balibar, Étienne, 134n13
Bataille, Georges, 72, 78, 82, 83, 118
Battleship Potemkin (film), 80
Bauche, Henri, 37, 137–138n9
Being and Time (Heidegger), 16, 17
Benjamin, Walter, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 76, 78, 80, 82, 83, 84, 115, 117
Berlin Wall, 131
Berlusconi, Silvio, 102
Binswanger, Ludwig, 81
Black Notebooks (Heidegger), 18
Blanchot, Maurice, 16, 85, 117, 118
Bloch, Ernst, 69, 82
Bloch, Marc, 77
bodily acts, linguistic speech as linked to, 57
bodily life, 60, 61, 63
body/bodies: as activated by history and as acting upon it, 77; as affectively in the world, 77–78; mobility as right of, 63; as more than active agents of resistance, 62–63; plurality of, 59–60, 61; reasons for assembly of, 63; as set of relations, 61; techniques of, 81; as vulnerable, 64
body politic, 6, 9, 57, 64
Boiffard, Jacques-André, 83
Bourdieu, Pierre, 4, 32–48, 108, 109–12, 113, 118, 119
Brecht, Bertolt, 84
Breton, André, 83
Burckhardt, Jacob, 74, 77
Butler, Judith, 3, 14, 49–64, 108, 112–17, 119, 121–22, 123, 130
 
Carné, Marcel, 34
Carnets d’enquêtes (Zola), 78
Castoriadis, Cornelius, 118
Cendrars, Blaise, 83
censorship, 43, 44
Certeau, Michel de, 74, 117
Chávez, Hugo, 15, 101
citizenship, 64, 89, 92, 95, 104
classes: dominant classes, 72, 89; middle class, 29, 30, 109; popular classes, 33–35; subordinate classes, 89, 95, 97; working classes, 33–35, 44, 95, 100
classification, 111, 118, 119, 139n16
class racism, 138n13
class struggle, 10, 11, 73, 89
coinages, 35
collective cultural rights, 99
collective identity, 120, 121, 126, 127, 129
collective political action, 112, 113
collectivity: action as helping to constitute intersubjective, normative basis of reality in, 130; creation of as having normative character, 127; forms of, 107; fragile, fleeting nature of the people as, 122; notions of, 118; as passive or active, 112; as political agent, 111–12; subnational collectivities, 124; symbolic elements in formation of, 119; unsettlement and controversy over composition of, 126
colonialism: history of, 126; unworking of, 124
colonized within, 97
commonly used, 33
communist politics, 31, 109
condition of life, 60
Confessions (Rousseau), 11
confused representations, network of as engendered by social subjects, 35
conscious intervention, 36
constituent power, 123
constructive principle (konstructiv Prinzip), 73, 74
contingent hegemonic articulation, 14
contract, Rousseau’s notion of, 8
contract model, 6
contractual exchange, Rousseau’s formula of, 6, 7, 8
Contributions to Philosophy (Of the Event) (Heidegger), 17, 18
Coyer, Gabriel-François, 110, 111, 118, 125
crowds, 107, 123, 124
cultural law, 42
cultural legitimacy, principles of, 43
 
Da-sein, 16–17, 19
declaration of powerlessness, 85, 86
“Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen” (Marx), 9
delinquent culture, 42
democratic rule, 51
Derrida, Jacques, 10, 55, 115, 130
detachment, 27–28, 123
deviances, history of, 74
dialectical/dialectic, 69–74, 79, 80, 82, 83; emotions, 86; idea, 84; images, 69, 70, 71, 84, 86, 117; of the symptom, 85
Didi-Huberman, Georges, 15, 16, 65–86, 108, 117–19, 120, 121, 122, 123, 131
Disagreement: Philosophy and Politics (Rancière), 11–12
Discourse on Inequality (Rousseau), 10
discrimination, 40, 90–91, 98, 103
dispositions, hierarchy of, 41
Dissertation sur la nature du peuple (Coyer), 110
Döblin, Alfred, 83
Documentaires (Cendrars), 83
documentary montage, 83
Documents (Bataille), 83
dominant classes, 72, 89
dominant culture, 96
dominant markets, 39, 41, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48
dominant oppositions, 37
the dominated, 37, 38, 39, 42, 43, 44, 47, 48
dream image, 70, 72
dualistic mode of thought, 39
dualist taxonomies, 37
 
Effusion et tourment (Farge), 76–77
Egyptian people, 26
Ehrenburg, Ilya, 83
Einstein, Carl, 69, 81
Eisenstein, Sergei, 72, 80
elected regime, 50, 51
Émile (Rousseau), 7
emotion-people, 68, 69
enunciation, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 115
equality, embodiment of in practices of assembly, 59
Evans, Walker, 84, 85, 86
event-people, 68
Éwanjé-Épée, Félix Boggio, 96
exclusion, 2, 3, 4, 68, 96, 111, 119, 126, 128
expression, scholastic norms of, 42
extra-parliamentary power, 51
 
false people, 29, 109
Farge, Arlette, 76, 117
fascism, 69, 124
faubourien (Paris working-class accent), 36
Faure, Alain, 78
Felman, Shoshana, 57
Filmer, Robert, 116
First Contact (documentary), 66
FN (Front national), 94
For Marx (Althusser), 10, 11, 13
Foucault, Michel, 74, 75, 76, 115, 117
France, masking of racial hierarchies in, 92
Frank, Jason, 130
freedom of assembly, 49–64, 113
freedom of association, 50
free markets, 39, 43, 44, 46, 48
Frei, Hans Wilhelm, 37
French, how to be French without being French, 97–100
French culture, 99
French history, 99
French nation, 93
French nationalism, 94
French people, 22, 23, 24, 26, 87, 92, 93, 94, 97, 109, 126
French state, 93, 98
French stock, 91, 93, 97, 126
frequencies, 35, 43
Freud, Sigmund, 70, 72, 73
Front national (FN), 94
Führertum, 67
 
gathering, 54, 56, 123
Gemeinschaft, 16
gender, effect of, 41, 46–48
generation, effect of, 41
Gleichschaltung, 53
group distinction, mechanisms of, 110
group psychology, 2
 
Habermas, Jürgen, 114
Haraway, Donna, 61
Hardt, Michael, 15
Hegel, G. W. F., 8–9, 68, 69, 74
Heidegger, Art, and Politics (Lacoue-Labarthe), 18
Heidegger, Martin, 16–19
heterotopias, 74–80
history of deviances, 74
history of solitudes, 74
Hobbes, Thomas, 14, 116
Hollande, François, 25
Hong Kong pro-democracy protests, 124
Honig, Bonnie, 130
 
illocutionary act, 56
images: dialectical, 69, 70, 71, 84, 86, 117; dream, 70, 72; implacable, 84
imaginary peoples, 65, 68, 69
imagined sovereignty, 108, 122–31
immigrants, 28, 34, 42, 95, 96, 98, 105
implicit definitions, 34
insurgencies, 124, 126
International Labor Organization, 50
invisible peoples, 118
 
Jew as Pariah, The (Arendt), 74
 
Kant, Immanuel, 8–9
Kehre, 17
Khiari, Sadri, 14, 15, 87–100, 126, 127
Kodak (documentaire) (Cendrars), 83
Kracauer, Siegfried, 69
Krull, Germaine, 83
 
Laclau, Ernesto, 4, 14, 114
Lacoue-Labarthe, Philippe, 16, 18, 19
La Nouvelle Héloise (Rousseau), 11
La Nuit des prolétaires (Rancière), 78
La Parole ouvrière (Faure and Rancière), 78
Le Bon, Gustave, 103
Lefort, Claude, 79
Left Front, 94, 96
left-wing populism, 15
legibility: crystals of (Lesbarkeit), 69; of history, 84, 86; power of, 84
legitimate language, 33, 35, 36, 41, 42, 110
Le Paysan de Paris (Aragon), 83
Le Pen, Marine, 21, 104, 105
Le Peuple introuvable (Rosanvallon), 66
Le scandale du corps parlant, 57
Les Révoltes Logiques (journal), 12, 121
Les Scènes du peuple (Rancière), 13–14
le tiers peuple, 14
liberation: national liberation, 23, 24, 25–26, 27, 31, 89, 109; and use of term “people,” 22–23
liberation movements, 89
life, condition of, 60
linguistic counter-legitimacy, 42
linguistic habitus, 39
linguistic law, 42
linguistic speech, 57
Lissitzky, El, 83
Lotar, Eli, 83
lowlife, 34, 41, 43
lumpenproletariat, 34
 
Magliani-Belkacem, Stella, 96
Malcolm X, 97–98
mandate, 66, 67, 70, 71
Man Ray, 83
Mao Zedong, 28
marginalized peoples, 112, 118
marseillais (Marseilles accent), 36
Marx, Karl, 5, 9, 11, 14, 23, 27, 76, 78, 79, 111
Marxism, 11, 12, 15
masses, 2, 28, 29, 68, 69, 103, 105, 107, 121, 123, 124
mass psychology, 2
material dispossession, 112
Mauss, Marcel, 81, 82
Mayakovsky, Vladimir, 83
Mélenchon, Jean-Luc, 21, 94–95, 96, 97
Merleau-Ponty, Maurice, 78, 79, 82
methodical observation, program of, 44
Michelet, Jules, 74, 78
middle class, 29, 30, 109
minority detachment, 27–28, 123
minority peoples, 89
Moholy-Nagy, László, 83
Mon Paris (Ehrenburg), 83
Morales, Evo, 15
 
Nadja (Breton), 83
nameless of history, 73
naming, 25, 52, 110, 119
Nancy, Jean-Luc, 16, 19, 118
nation, concept of, 89
national adjective + people, 23, 26, 109
National Front, 104
national identity, 30, 93, 99, 104
nationalism, 94, 95, 124
national liberation, 23, 24, 25–26, 27, 31, 89, 109
National Socialism, 124
national sovereignty, 89, 94, 95
national union, 89
national wars, 89
nation-people, 68
Nazi Germany/Nazism, 16, 19, 21, 92, 104
Negri, Antonio, 15
neo-liberalism, 95, 111
neo-populists, 16
new people, 27, 30, 31
Nietzsche, Friedrich, 68, 77
nonconventional French dictionaries, 33, 35
nonconventional language, 33
nonexistent mass, 28
nonexistent state, 30, 109
normativity, 128, 129, 130
normatization, 127, 128, 129
 
Occupy movement, 52, 59
official people, 28, 29, 30, 31, 109
Of Grammatology (Derrida), 10
Of Ideology (Badiou), 11
Olson, Kevin, 107–31
On Populist Reason (Laclau), 4
“On the Jewish Question” (Marx), 9
opinion-people, 68
opposition: dominant oppositions, 37; between masculine and feminine, 138n10, 140n21
oppressed. See tradition of the
oppressed (Tradition der Unterdrückten)
others, 103
 
parliamentary forms of power, 51
Partage du sensible (Rancière), 80
particularity, 126
Parti socialiste (PS), 93
Pasolini, Pier Paolo, 72
Passagenwerk (Benjamin), 70, 78
pathos, formulas of, 70, 80, 81, 86
patois, 36
people: abstract humanist notion of, 90; acting like a people, 130; against whom are they constituted, 88–90; as category constituted on basis of exclusion, 2; as category of the right of state, 24; claiming to be part of, 87; complex, discursivematerial character of, 113; composition and fragility of, 108; as designating something singular, 26; as designating subject of a political process, 27; imaginary character of, 118; as imaginary entity, 121; as imagined collectivity that bears an imagined sovereignty, 131; material elements of, 88; meaning and significance of, 107; as more general normative category, 123; as name for political process that produces its own subject, 20; negative senses of term, 30; as neutral term, 21; no people as such, 120, 121; normative character of, 108; as not a progressive noun, 21; as not existing, 66, 102; as not to be found, 70; the people’s people, 28; as political category, 1, 3, 4, 13, 20, 31; as political collectivity with special normative status, 120; as political notion, 89; positive senses of term, 30–31; as privileged term for articulating sphere of modern politics, 2–3; racial dimension of notion of, 90; as rendered sensible, 80–86, 117, 118, 119, 120, 122, 131; as result of process of political becoming, 5; revalorization of category of, 15; social ontology of, 121; and socioeconomic order, 90; as standing for new forms of decentralized, democratized epistemology, 125; strategic dimension of, 89; as taking on normative value, 129; talking about in the plural, 2; as term of art in ancien régime, 125; use of term when accompanied by an adjective, 22, 23–24; virtualization of in contemporary politics, 114. See also specific groups of people
people-nation, 89, 90
peoples, as having powers, 131
performative enactments, 53, 54–55, 58, 113, 114
performativity, 108, 112–17, 122, 129, 130
permanent revolution, 115
Plato, 19, 29, 69, 80, 84
plural action, 52, 55
plural body/plural bodies, 60, 63
plurality: of bodies, 59, 61; condition of, 58
political action: background assumptions about, 123; collective political action, 112, 113; crux of, 14
political becoming, process of, 5
political depoliticization and exclusion, 111
political effectiveness of relics, 72
political imaginaries, 108, 120, 122, 130
political plurality, 63
political sociality, 56
political sovereignty, 116
Political Theology (Schmitt), 67
political theory, role/text of, 3, 4
politics: communist politics, 31, 109; final aim of, 62; of power, 95; progressive politics, 30; of the street, 59, 113; survival as precondition of, 60; of the truth, 80
popular, 4, 22, 25, 32–48, 109–10; art, 33, 35; classes, 33–35; language, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 44, 47; medicine, 35; realism, 40; religion, 33, 35; will, 50, 61
popular sovereignty, 49, 50–52, 53, 54, 55, 89, 94, 95, 98, 99, 123
populism, 15, 21, 66, 101–5
populist celebration, 68
post-Marxist, 16, 111
power: extra-parliamentary power, 51; of legibility, 84; parliamentary forms of, 51; of the people, 12, 53, 66, 115, 123, 124, 125, 127, 129, 130; politics of, 95; tradition of, 73
powerlessness, declaration of, 85, 86
power relationships, 88, 90, 92, 93
practical knowledge, 36
private exchanges, 43
privilege, 90, 91
problematization, 117, 118, 122
program of methodical observation, 44
progressive politics, 30
Proletarian Nights (Rancière), 12
proletariat, 14, 15, 16, 20, 23, 34
protests/uprisings, 3, 124
PS. See Parti socialiste
public exchanges, 43, 44–46
Puerta del Sol (Spain), 3, 59
 
race: concept of, 90–93; as principal way of not having a part in contemporary societies, 127
racial minorities, 98
racism, 102, 103. See also class racism
radical left, national inflexion of, 93–97
Rancière, Jacques, 11, 13, 14, 15, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 101–5, 118, 121
Reading Capital (Althusser), 10, 11
real real men, 138n11
refoulement, 73
remontage, 83
Repräsentation, 67
representation: according to Schmitt, 67; forms of, 51, 119; of the people/the peoples, 65–69, 71, 78, 117; of powers, 71; question of, 66; and Rosanvallon’s emotion-people, 68; work of, 38
répression, 73
resistance: bodies as capable of, 63; networks of, 62; to official norms, 40; reasons for, 62
Reznikoff, Charles, 83
right of assembly (or association), 50
rights of collective bargaining, 50
rips, 69
Rocha, Glauber, 72
Rosanvallon, Pierre, 66–67, 68, 69, 71
Rouch, Jean, 72
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 4–5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 14, 20, 24
Roussel, Raymond, 74
royal sovereignty, 125, 126
Russian people, 109
 
Saint-Denis, 87
Sander, August, 84
Sarkozy, Nicolas, 99, 102
Sartre, Jean-Paul, 78
Schmitt, Carl, 67, 68, 69, 71, 73, 115
scholastic norms of expression, 42
secularism, 96, 99, 104
self-authorization, 130
self-constitution, 3, 51, 52, 54, 55, 63, 113, 114, 119, 122
self-designation, 52, 54, 113
self-determination, 99
self-direction, 115
self-exclusion, 111
self-formation, 58
self-making, 51, 52, 54
self-silencing, 111
sensible: dialectic as encountering, 83; dialectic of the, 82; events of the, 81; points of contact with dialectical, 79, 80; rendering of, 80–86, 117, 118, 119, 120, 122, 131; truth of, 80; world of the, 65
sensible events, 81, 84
Sieyès, Emmanuel, 128
slang, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 41, 43, 44
social classification, 111
social distinction, 111
social identity, 110, 119
Socialist Party, 95
social plurality, 52
social races, 90, 92
Social Contract, The (Rousseau), 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10
sociolinguistics, 36, 137n8
sociology, 2, 4
solitudes, history of, 74
sovereign people, 14, 28
sovereign performatives/sovereign performativity, 115, 116
sovereignty, 24, 96, 115, 116, 117, 123, 125. See also citizenship; imagined sovereignty; national sovereignty; popular sovereignty; royal sovereignty
Soviets, formation of, 124
space of appearance, 60
speaking in unison, 52, 56
speech act, 49, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 113, 115
spontaneous sociolinguistics, 36, 137n8
Staging the People (Rancière), 12, 15
standard language, 35, 39
Starobinski, Jean, 140–41n24
Stellvertretung, 67
Straus, Erwin, 78
stylistic affectation, 43
subjectivity: notion of, 115; and sovereignty, 116; will to, 20
subnational collectivities, 124
subordinate classes, 89, 95, 97
suburban youth, 103
surging multitudes, 61–62
survival, as precondition of politics, 60
symbolic domination, 37
symbolic figuration, 67
symbolic imposition, 41
syncopes, 68
system of adjective pairs, 36
 
Tahrir Square (Egypt), 3, 26, 49, 59, 124, 131
Taine, Hippolyte, 103
theoretical framework (theoretische Armatur), 73
third people, 14, 87–100
Thomas, Saint, 25
thymic moments, 81
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 71
totalitarian guidances, 67, 68
toughs, 34, 35, 38, 41, 138–39n14, 138n12, 140n21
tradition of power, 73
tradition of the oppressed (Tradition der Unterdrückten), 73, 74, 76
Traumdeutung (Freud), 70
truth of the sensible, 80
“Twenty-Four Notes on the Uses of the Word ‘People’” (Badiou), 108
 
UMP (Union pour un mouvement populaire), 94
universalism, 90, 109, 126
Unterdrückung, 73, 74
upwelling of heterogeneity (surgissement de lhétérogène), 118
usage marks, 33
U.S. Constitution, 53
U.S. Declaration of Independence, 55
utopias, 75
 
Vargas, Getúlio, 101
Verdrängung, 73
Verfassungslehre (Schmitt), 67
Vietnamese people, 22, 25
Volk, 16, 19, 21
Volksgemeinschaft, 16
Voltaire, 110, 125
vulgar language, 38–39
vulnerability, 61, 63, 64
 
Warburg, Aby, 68, 69, 70, 72, 76, 77, 81
“we, the people,” 3, 49, 51–59, 64, 113
Webald, W. G., 83
Westphalian strategy, 129
Willis, Paul E., 40
will to subjectivity, 20
workers’ movement, 103
working classes, 33–35, 44, 95, 100
working people, 26
Work Journals (Brecht), 84
“Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction, The” (Benjamin), 70
work of representation, 38
 
xenophobia, 102, 104
 
Zuccotti Park, 131