The following abbreviation is used in the notes:
DAF: The Diary of Anne Frank: The Revised Critical Edition. Prepared by the Netherlands State Institute for War Documentation. Edited by David Barnouw and Gerrold van der Stroom, translated by Arnold J. Pomerans and B. M. Mooyaart-Doubleday (New York: Doubleday, 2003).
CHAPTER 1 The Book, The Life, The Afterlife
“Anne would…” Interview with Hanneli Pick-Goslar on Scholastic Web site, www.scholastic.com.
“If I haven’t any talent…” DAF, April 4, 1944.
“I saw that Anne was writing…” Miep Gies, Anne Frank Remembered, with Alison Leslie Gold (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1987), 186.
“whether Anne Frank has had any serious readers…” John Berryman, The Freedom of the Poet (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux) 92.
“One thing is certain…” G. B. Stern, “Introduction to Tales from the House Behind, Kingswood, England, 1952. Harry Mulisch, “Death and the Maiden,” in Anne Frank: Reflections on her Life and Legacy, eds. Hyman A. Enzer and Sandra Solatoroff-Enzer (Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2000), 81.
“A child’s diary…” Harold Bloom, A Scholarly Look at the Diary of Anne Frank (New York: Chelsea House, 1999), 1.
“The work by this child…” Reprinted in Enzer, Anne Frank: Reflections on Her Life and Legacy, 96.
“I do not mean…” Robert Alter, “The View from the Attic: An Obsession with Anne Frank,” the New Republic, December 4, 1995, 58.
“Of course…” DAF, March 29, 1944.
“kept her company…” Philip Roth, The Ghost Writer (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1979), 136.
“Just imagine…” DAF, March 29, 1944.
“I must work…” DAF, April 4, 1944.
“Everything here…” DAF, April 14, 1944.
“Whether these leanings…” DAF, May 11, 1944.
“At long last…” DAF, May 20, 1944.
“The Diary of a Young Girl is not…” Mirjam Pressler, Anne Frank: A Hidden Life (New York: Puffin Books, 2000), 15.
“That ingenuous title…” Judith Thurman, “Not Even a Nice Girl,” Cleopatra’s Nose: 39 Varieties of Desire (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2007), 101.
“if we take…” H. J. J. Hardy, “Documents Examination and Handwriting Identification of the Text Known as the Diary of Anne Frank: Summary of Findings,” DAF, The Revised Critical Edition, 166.
“I am the best…” DAF, April 4, 1944.
“What a comparison…” Thurman, “Not Even a Nice Girl,” 99.
“Otherwise, it would have seemed…” Interview with David Barnouw, December 2007.
She was the first to note…Laureen Nussbaum, “Anne Frank,” in Enzer, Anne Frank: Reflections, 21–31.
“Five Precious Pages…” Ralph Blumenthal, “Five Precious Pages Renew Wrangling Over Anne Frank,” New York Times, September 10, 1998, A6.
CHAPTER 2 The Life
“I don’t want to set down…” DAF, June 20, 1942.
“Miep had ten drinks…” DAF, May 8, 1944.
“Miep made our mouths…” DAF, May 8, 1944.
“as we are Jewish…” DAF, June 20, 1942.
“God knows…” Melissa Müller, Anne Frank, The Biography, trans. Rita and Robert Kimber (New York: Henry Holt, 1988), 132.
“From then on…” Interview with Hanneli Pick-Goslar on Scholastic Web site, www. scholastic.com.
“always fussing” Willi Lindwer, The Last Seven Months of Anne Frank (New York: Random House, 1991), 16.
“Once, when Mutti…” Eva Schloss with Evelyn Julia Kent, Eva’s Story (Great Britain: W. H. Allen and Co., 1988), 32.
“When Anne…” Ernst Schnabel, Anne Frank, A Portrait in Courage (New York: Harcourt, 1958), 49.
“knew her only from Anne’s girlhood days…” Schnabel, 58.
“The rest of our family”…DAF, June 20, 1942.
“All the correspondents…” Geert Mak, Amsterdam, trans. Philip Blom (London: The Harvill Press, 1999), 249.
“Our North Sea…” Dick Van Galen Last and Rolf Wolfswinkel, Anne Frank and After: Dutch Holocaust Literature in a Historical Perspective (Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 1996), 43.
“three marvelous days” Gies, Anne Frank Remembered, 68.
“The school…” Anne Frank, Tales from the Secret Annex, trans. Susan Masotty (New York: Bantam Books, 2003), 52.
One teacher…Dr. J. Presser, The Destruction of the Dutch Jews (New York: E.P. Dutton & Co., 1969), 127.
“So we could not do…” DAF, June 20, 1942.
“Under proper guidance…” Heydrich, Minutes of Wannsee Conference.
“At the end…” Last and Wolfswinkel, Anne Frank and After: Dutch Holocaust Literature in a Historical Perspective, 54.
“Often one made…” Last and Wolfswinkel, 45.
“Everybody had a family…” Last and Wolfswinkel, 69.
“were a pleasure…” Last and Wolfswinkel, 10.
“very blond young woman” Gies, Anne Frank Remembered, 44.
“Jews were such an established part…” Gies, 29.
“There is a look…” Gies, 88.
“We would be going…” DAF, July 9, 1942.
“A few days later…” Schnabel, Anne Frank, A Portrait in Courage, 103.
“Primarily, however…” www. Annefrank.org.
“The whole day…” DAF, July 10, 1942.
“In the evenings…” DAF, November 19, 1942.
“Another thing…” DAF, Sept 16, 1943.
“concrete results” Harry Paape, “The Betrayal,” in Revised Critical Edition. p. 40.
“Will the boy…” Etty Hillesum, An Interrupted Life (New York: Henry Holt, 1996), 208.
“That was very messy…” Lindwer, The Last Seven Months of Anne Frank, 1988, 52.
“‘Anne, who was already sick…” Schnabel afterword to Diary of a Young Girl, 281.
“had little squabbles…” Lindwer, The Last Seven Months of Anne Frank, 104.
“Anne stood in front of me…” Lindwer, 74.
CHAPTER 3 The Book, Part I
“as though he might…” Schnabel, Anne Frank, A Portrait in Courage, 133.
“…zero was Anne Frank.” Simon Wiesenthal, The Murderers Among Us (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1967), 171–183.
“I am not…” Gies, Anne Frank Remembered, 11.
“Never have we heard…” DAF, January 28, 1944.
“You can see…” DAF, May 8, 1944.
“He stood on the porch and rang…” Jon Blair, Director, Anne Frank Remembered, Sony Pictures, 1995.
“I could tell…” Gies, Anne Frank Remembered, 235.
“If we bear…” DAF, April 11, 1944.
“the most moving…” Gerrold van der Stroom, “The Diaries, Het Achterhuis and the Translations,” DAF, 64.
“witless barbarity”…“When I had finished…” Van der Stroom, DAF, 67.
“diary of a normal child…” Romein, introduction, Het Achterhuis (Amsterdam: Contact, 1947), trans. Mark Schaevers.
“A book intended…” Van der Stroom, DAF, 73.
“It is an interesting document…” Letter to Otto Frank in Anne Frank archive.
“One day…” Judith Jones, The Tenth Muse, My Life in Food (New York: Knopf, 2007), 46.
“Let me say again…” Letter to Otto Frank in Anne Frank archive.
“I love the book…” Letter to Otto Frank in Anne Frank archive.
“Jewish Joan of Arc” Ian Buruma, “The Afterlife of Anne Frank,” the New York Review of Books, February 19, 1998, 4.
“What she has left behind…” Antonia White, review of The Diary of a Young Girl, by Anne Frank, The New Statesman, May 1953.
“very charming” Letter from Donald Elder to Otto Frank in Anne Frank archive.
“This is a remarkable…” DAF, introduction.
“…jocular…away from the Jews.” Geoffrey Ward, A First-Class Temperament (New York: HarperCollins, 1992), 251, 661.
“Reading your introduction…” Letter from Otto Frank to Eleanor Roosevelt in Anne Frank archive.
“mission in publishing…” Letter from OF to ER in Anne Frank archive.
“For little Anne Frank….” Meyer Levin, “The Child Behind the Secret Door,” the New York Times Book Review, June 15, 1952, 1.
“one of the most moving…” Time magazine, June 16, 1952.
“extraordinary…” Commonweal Volume 6, no. 12, June, 1952.
“ANNE…” Letter from Barbara Zimmerman to Otto Frank in Anne Frank archive.
CHAPTER 4 The Book, Part II
Pressler, Anne Frank: A Hidden Life, 31.
“I twist…” DAF, August 1, 1944.
“I have one outstanding…” DAF, July 15, 1944.
“Then a certain person…” DAF, August 4, 1943.
“I see the eight of us…” DAF, November 8, 1943.
“Harry visited us yesterday…” DAF, July 3, 1942.
“We ping-pongers…” DAF, June 20, 1942.
“She was vivacious…” Berryman, The Freedom of the Poet, 95.
“Although it is fairly warm…” DAF, May 18, 1943.
“If the conversation…” DAF, January 28, 1944.
“daily timetable” DAF, August 9, 1943.
“Following Daddy’s good example…” DAF, October 29, 1942.
“She talks so unfeelingly…” Masotty, Tales from the Secret Annex, 162.
“It isn’t sentimental nonsense…” DAF, May 11, 1944.
“When he complained…” DAF, March 10, 1943.
“Just as I shrink…” Van der Stroom, DAF, p. 77.
“Presumably man…” DAF, June 15, 1944.
“I was very unhappy again…”DAF DAF, December 29, 1943.
“If I think…” DAF, March 7, 1944.
“She quarrels…” DAF, June 16, 1944.
“a very uncomplicated person…If anyone…” Schnabel, Anne Frank, A Portrait in Courage, 106.
“way to express…” Gies, Anne Frank Remembered, 173.
“The yells and screams…” DAF, October 29, 1943.
“Mrs. Van Daan, the fatalist…” DAF, March 10, 1943.
“It gave me a queer feeling…” DAF, January 6, 1944.
“Otto and Edith’s decision…” Müller, Anne Frank, The Biography, 188.
“sharing out…” DAF, May 6, 1944.
“When he has ended…” DAF, December 22, 1942.
“Not only did his hair…” DAF, December 22, 1943.
“most hoity-toity…” DAF, February 14, 1944.
“Dussel thinks…” DAF, July 23, 1943.
“I think it’s so rotten…” DAF, March 20, 1944.
“I don’t want to be in the least…” DAF, February 5, 1943.
“The only things that go down…” DAF, August 9, 1943.
“I would want to have the feeling…” DAF, March 20, 1944.
“Just because…” DAF, November 7, 1942.
“I have seldom…” Berryman, The Freedom of the Poet, 95.
“like a little island…” DAF, November 9, 1942.
“Mrs. Van Daan sat bolt upright…” DAF, May 18, 1943.
“The room was in a glorious…” DAF, December 10, 1942.
“I wasn’t quite my usual…” DAF, January 24, 1944.
“…Rauter…” DAF, March 27, 1943.
“Oh, Kitty…” DAF, June 6, 1944.
CHAPTER 5 The Book, Part III
“From Mummy and Daddy…” DAF, June 14, 1942.
“Miss J. always has…” DAF, June 15, 1942.
“We went to oasis…” DAF, June 30, 1942.
“ But, Daddy…” DAF, July 5, 1942.
“Anne, putting herself…” Nussbaum, “Anne Frank,” in Enzer, Anne Frank: Reflections, 26.
“I couldn’t refrain….” DAF, January 6, 1944.
“From early in the morning…” DAF, February 27, 1944.
“Peter has touched…” DAF, April 28, 1944.
“When revising…” Nussbaum, “Anne Frank,” in Enzer, Anne Frank: Reflections, 28.
“how the houses…” DAF, March 29, 1944.
“One Sunday morning…” DAF, September 28, 1942.
“In this first book…” Sylvia P. Iskander, “Anne Frank’s Reading: A Retrospective,” in Enzer, Anne Frank: Reflections, 103.
“After he’d been working…” DAF, October 20, 1942.
“Mr. van Pels repeated…” DAF, August 14, 1942.
“Prospectus and Guide…” DAF, November 17, 1942.
“on November 27, 1943, Anne writes…” Pressler, Anne Frank: A Hidden Life, 140.
“The little hole underneath is so terribly small…” DAF, March 24, 1944.
“Otto Frank had picked…” Nussbaum, “Anne Frank,” in Enzer, Anne Frank: Reflections, 24.
“A reader…” Nussbaum, 30–31.
“When I look over…” DAF, January 22, 1944.
CHAPTER 6 The House
“The moment…” Interview with author Mariela Chyrikins, Amsterdam, February 14, 2008.
“If you’re surprised…” Interview with Norbert Hinterleitner, Amsterdam, February 14, 2008.
“True, the ending happens…” Bruno Bettleheim, “The Ignored Lesson of Anne Frank,” in Enzer, Anne Frank: Reflections, 189.
“kitsch…” Ian Buruma, “The Afterlife of Anne Frank,” the New York Review of Books, February 19, 1998, 4.
“The line…” Lawrence Langer, “The Americanization of the Holocaust on Stage and Screen,” in Enzer, Anne Frank: Reflections, 201–2.
“Anyone who claims…” DAF, July 15, 1944.
“been torn…” Cynthia Ozick, “Who Owns Anne Frank?,” The New Yorker, October 6, 1997, 78.
“not gruesome enough” Sem Dresden, Persecution, Extermination, Literature, trans. Henry G. Shogt (Toronto: University of Texas Press, 1995), 198.
“The diary is taken to be…” Ozick, “Who Owns Anne Frank?,” 78.
“A girl’s journal…” Alter, “The View from the Attic: An Obsession with Anne Frank,” the New Republic, December 4, 1995, 58.
“Statistics don’t bleed…” Arthur Koestler, The Yogi and the Commissar and other essays (London: Hutchinson & co., 1985), 97.
“One single Anne Frank…” Primo Levi, The Drowned and the Saved (New York: Random House, 1988), 145.
“If Anne Frank’s diary…” Ludwig Lewisohn, review of The Diary of A Young Girl, by Anne Frank, the Saturday Review, July 1952, p. 20.
“Such identification…” Buruma, “The Afterlife of Anne Frank,” NYRB, 4.
“Despite…” Ozick, “Who Owns Anne Frank?”, 79.
“The unabashed…” Ozick, 80.
“deeply truth-telling…” Ozick, 78.
CHAPTER 7 The Play
“from amongst…” Meyer Levin, The Obsession (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1974), 28.
“he made just one…” Judith Jones, The Tenth Muse, 46.
“In the middle of life…” Levin, The Obsession, 7.
“Levin has the hallucination…” Levin, 37.
“Agreed, it was an obsession…” Levin, 13.
“ringed by eternal fire…” Levin, 39.
“You have been my Hitler” Levin, 40.
“Again and again…” Levin, 31.
“Anne Frank’s diary…” Meyer Levin, The New York Times Book Review, “Life in the Secret Annex,” June 15, 1952.
“agenting the tome…” Variety, June 18, 1952.
“screwing up…” Letter from Barbara Zimmerman to Frank Price, quoted in Ralph Melnick, The Stolen Legacy of Anne Frank: Meyer Levin, Lillian Hellman, and the Staging of the Diary (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997), 22.
“impossible…play,” Barbara Zimmerman letter, quoted in Lawrence Graver, An Obsession with Anne Frank: Meyer Levin and the Diary (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997), 72.
“If he writes the play…” Letter from Meyer Levin to Otto Frank, quoted in Melnick, The Stolen Legacy, 24–5.
“I always said…” Letter from OF to ML, quoted in Graver, An Obsession with Anne Frank, 54.
“castrating homosexual” Letter from ML to OF, quoted in Graver, 50.
“The only way…” David L. Goodrich, The Real Nick and Nora: Frances Goodrich and Albert Hackett, Writers of Stage and Screen Classics (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2004), 207.
“big-name dramatist…” Levin, The Obsession, 61.
“The very origin…” Levin, 36.
“Quite a triumph…” Meyer Levin, “Anne Frank: A Play,” unpublished ms. in the Dorot Jewish Division, the New York Public Library, 2.
“We must go into hiding…” Levin, “Anne Frank: A Play,” 7.
“Never let a man choose a house” Levin, 17.
(“It’s part of being something…” Levin, 68–69.
197
“I suppose it could be…” Levin, 41.
“When you were at home…that’s God” Anne Frank, Tales from the Secret Annex, 172–3.
“End of the diary” Levin, “Anne Frank: A Play,” 60.
“I think I have never…” Letter from Carson McCullers to Otto Frank, quoted in Graver, An Obsession with Anne Frank, 51–2.
“We have no…” Letter from CM to OF in Anne Frank archive.
“In spite of our…” Letter from CM to OF in Anne Frank archive.
“by the Nazis…” Letter from ML to OF, quoted in Melnick, The Stolen Legacy, 88.
“moments of lovely comedy…” Goodrich and Hackett papers, quoted in Graver, An Obsession with Anne Frank, 78.
“tremendous responsibility” Hackett, “Diary of the Diary of Anne Frank,” New York Times, September 30, 1956, xi.
“A Challenge…” New York Post, January 13, 1954, quoted in Graver, An Obsession with Anne Frank, 80.
“cavalier” Letter from ML to OF, quoted in Melnick, The Stolen Legacy, 104.
“brilliant” Hackett, “Diary of the Diary,” xi.
“embarrassing…” Garson Kanin to Frances and Albert Hackett, quoted in Melnick, The Stolen Legacy, 115.
“I thought I could not cry…” Hackett, “Diary of the Diary,” Arts and Leisure, page xi.
“In all my meetings…crashed down.” Bernard Kalb, “Diary Footnotes,” New York Times, October 2, 1955, 3.
Warsaw ghetto…Letter from ML to OF, quoted in Melnick, The Stolen Legacy, 123.
“flamboyant and dashing” Joseph Schildkraut, My Father and I (New York: Viking Press, 1959), 230.
“uncanny” Hackett, “Diary of the Diary,” xi.
“had first-hand…” The Diary of Anne Frank, directed by George Stevens, 20th Century Fox, 1959, DVD, supplemental material.
“This is not a play…” Hackett, “Diary of the Diary,” xi.
“I told him…” Bernard Kalb, “Diary Footnotes,” New York Times, October 2, 1955, xi.
“Both Kermit…” Hackett, “Diary of the Diary,” xi.
“Mostly, though…” Kalb, “Diary Footnotes,” xi.
“You are the most intolerable…” Goodrich and Hackett, The Diary of Anne Frank and Related Readings (Evanston: McDougall Littell, 1997), 30.
“Some day…” Goodrich and Hackett, 118.
“going through a phase…” Goodrich and Hackett, 118.
“She puts me to shame.” Goodrich and Hackett, 122.
“they have made…” Brooks Atkinson, review of The Diary of Anne Frank, New York Times, October 6, 1955, 24.
“There is only one way…” Brooks Atkinson, “Inspired Theater,” New York Times, October 16, 1955.
“the punch of plain…” Newsweek, October 17, 1955, 103.
“I can think…” The New Yorker, October 15, 1955, 75–6.
“The house lights…” Kenneth Tynan, “At the Theater: Berlin Postcript,” London Observer, November 7, 1956.
“Yes, but that girl…” Adorno, Theodor W., “What Does Coming to Terms with the Past Mean?” in Bitburg in Moral and Political Perspective, ed. Geoffrey H. Hartman (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986) 127.
“I wanted to restore…” Interview with Wendy Kesselman, telephone, summer, 2007.
“To see Natalie…” Ben Brantley, “This Time, Another Anne Confronts Life in the Attic,” New York Times, December 5, 1997, 16.
“Despite the changes,…” Molly Magid Hoagland, “Anne Frank Onstage and Off,” Commentary, March 1998.
“earnestly artificial…” Vincent Canby, “A New Anne Frank Still Stuck in the 50’s,” New York Times, December 21,1997, 5.
“At 16…” Natalie Portman, “Thoughts from a Young Actor,” Time magazine, June 14, 1999, 80.
CHAPTER 8 The Film
“I was seventeen…” Anne Frank, Tales from the Secret Annex, 82.
“How many little girls…” The Diary of Anne Frank, directed by George Stevens, 20th Century Fox, 1959, DVD, supplemental material.
“He approved of me…” The Diary of Anne Frank, directed by George Stevens.
“no greater…” The Diary of Anne Frank, directed by George Stevens.
“You have given…” Judith Doneson, The Holocaust in American Film (New York: Syracuse University Press, 2002), 72.
“If it’s that bad…” DAF, October 9, 1942.
“I didn’t understand…” The Diary of Anne Frank, directed by George Stevens.
“accessible…” The Diary of Anne Frank, directed by George Stevens.
“I watched…” Shelley Winters, Shelley II, The Middle of My Century (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1998), 227.
“And so it seems…” The Diary of Anne Frank, directed by George Stevens.
“But Anne…” The Diary of Anne Frank, directed by George Stevens.
CHAPTER 9 Denial
“When a…” Robert Boatman, letter to the Idaho Statesman, July 1998.
“So you are…” Teressa Hendry, the American Mercury, summer 1967.
“the first pedophile…” Ditlieb Felderer, Anne Frank’s Diary, A Hoax (Torrance, CA: Institute for Historical Review, 1979), 64.
“Apparently…” Felderer, 6.
“We never had illusions…” Francis X. Clines, “Anne Frank Again Focus of Challenge,” New York Times, April 21, 1987, section A, page 10.
“symbolically free himself…” German Press Agency, February 26, 2007.
CHAPTER 10 Teaching the Diary
“The Diary is many things…” Dorothea Shefer-Vanson, The Diary of Anne Frank, Cliffs Notes (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Publishing, 1984), 6.
“Perhaps teachers hesitate…” Rebecca Kelch Johnson, “Teaching the Holocaust,” in the English Journal, vol. 69, no. 7, October 1980, 69.
“There’s in people…” DAF, May 5, 1944.
“champions goodness…” Lesley Shore, “Anne Frank in Life and Death: Teaching the Lesson of the Holocaust,” from Proceedings of the 38th Annual Convention of Jewish Libraries, Toronto, June 15–28.
True or false…Michelle Keller, “Remembering the Holocaust,” Education Resources Information Center, teacher classroom guide, 2002.
“Hitler’s ‘final…” Sue Jones Erlenbusch, Projects for Anne Frank: Diary of a Young Girl, 1993, www.teachervision.com.
1. I want my memory…Mari Lu Robbins, A Guide for Using Anne Frank The Diary of a Young Girl in the Classroom (Westminster, CA: Teacher Created Resources, 2007), 12.
“Even when students…” Karen Spector and Stephanie Jones, “Constructing Anne Frank: Critical Literacy and the Holocaust in Eighth-Grade English,” in Journal of Adolescent and Adult Literacy, September 2007, 40.
“ask them to reflect…” Karyn M. Peterson, Cyberhunt Teacher’s Page, May-June 2004, www.scholastic.com.
“what literature is…” Robert Probst, “Literature as Invitation,” in Voices from the Middle, vol. 8, no. 2, December 2000, 8–15.
(“Let us take…” Judith Tydor Baumel, “Teaching the Holocaust through the Diary of Anne Frank,” in Anne Frank in Historical Perspective: A Teaching Guide for Secondary Schools, eds. Alex Grobman and Joel Fishman (Los Angeles: Martyrs Memorial and Museum of the Holocaust of the Jewish Federation Council of Greater Los Angeles, 1995), 49.
At Fowler High School…” National Coalition Against Censorship, www.ncac.org.
“It is this underlying…” Bob Mozert et al. v. Hawkins County Public Schools et al. U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Tennessee, Northeastern Division, 1984.