INTRODUCTION

  1. 1. Lankester 1896, 2: 4391–4392.
  2. 2. A. Gray to C. R. Darwin, 1 September 1863, DCP-LETT-4288; Correspondence 11: 614.
  3. 3. Litchfield 1915, 1: 51.
  4. 4. J. M. Rodwell to F. Darwin, 8 July 1882 (DAR 112: 94v); Correspondence 1: 125, n2.
  5. 5. C. R. Darwin to R. W. Darwin, 31 August 1831, DCP-LETT-110; Correspondence 1: 132.
  6. 6. C. R. Darwin, Galápagos Notebook, p. 30b; Chancellor and van Wyhe 2009, p. 418.
  7. 7. C. R. Darwin, 1845 (Journal of Researches), p. 392.
  8. 8. C. R. Darwin to J. D. Hooker, 12 December 1843, DCP-LETT-722; Correspondence 2: 419; J. D. Hooker to C. R. Darwin, [12 December 1843–11 January 1844], DCP-LETT-723; Correspondence 2: 421.
  9. 9. C. R. Darwin to J. D. Hooker, 5 June 1855, DCP-LETT-1693; Correspondence 5: 343.
  10. 10. Darwin 1862 [Orchids], pp. 1-2.
  11. 11. C. R. Darwin to J. D. Hooker, 19 June 1860, DCP-LETT-3290; Correspondence 13: 427.
  12. 12. C. R. Darwin to A. Gray, 23–24 July 1862, DCP-LETT-3662; Correspondence 10: 330.
  13. 13. L. Darwin 1929, p. 118.
  14. 14. M. S. Wedgwood to C. R. Darwin, [before 4 August 1862], DCP-LETT-3681; Correspondence 10: 351; C. R. Darwin to K. E. S. Wedgwood, L. C. Wedgwood, and M. S. Wedgwood, 4 August 1862, DCP-LETT-4373; Correspondence 10: 355. See also Wedgwood 1868.
  15. 15. C. R. Darwin to A. Gray, 28 October 1876, DCP-LETT-10656; Correspondence 24: 325.
  16. 16. Edens-Meir and Bernhardt 2014 for the authoritative treatment of Darwin’s orchid research and orchid biology
  17. 17. Nora Barlow (ed.). 1958. The Autobiography of Charles Darwin 1809-1882. London: Collins, p. 134.
  18. 18. C. R. Darwin to J. D. Hooker, 14 July 1863, DCP-LETT-4241, Correspondence 11: 533; C. R. Darwin to D. Oliver, 18 July 1863, DCP-LETT-4244, Correspondence 11: 543; C. R. Darwin to A. Gray, 4 August 1863, DCP-LETT-4262, Correspondence 11: 581
  19. 19. Isnard and Silk 2009 give a concise overview of research on climbers from Darwin to the present day.
  20. 20. Darwin 1875 [Insectivorous Plants], p. 286
  21. 21. Darwin 1880 [Movement], pp. 572, 573.

CHAPTER 1—ANGRAECUM

  1. 22. C. R. Darwin to J. D. Hooker, 25 [and 26] January 1862, DCP-LETT-3411; Correspondence 10: 47–49.
  2. 23. Wallace 1867, p. 488. This paper includes an illustration of the predicted moth pollinating A. sesquipedale. See also Arditti et al. 2012 and Kritsky 1991 for interesting treatments of the comet orchid pollinator story.

CHAPTER 2—ARACHIS

  1. 24. C. R. Darwin to J. D. Hooker, 25 March 1878, DCP-LETT-11443; Correspondence 26: 138–139.

CHAPTER 3—BIGNONIA

  1. 25. Darwin 1875 [Climbing Plants] pp. 98–99.
  2. 26. C. R. Darwin to A. Gray, 28 May 1864, DCP-LETT-4511; Correspondence 12: 211–214.

CHAPTER 4—CARDIOSPERMUM

  1. 27. For accounts of Soapberry bug biology and research, see entomologist Scott Carroll’s informative website on Soapberry Bugs of the World (soapberrybug.org) and Caroll and Loye 2012.
  2. 28. C. R. Darwin to J. D. Hooker, 31 May 1864, DCP-LETT-4516; Correspondence 12: 224–225.

CHAPTER 5—CATASETUM

  1. 29. See Romero-Gonzalez 2018 for an in-depth account of Darwin’s interest in these orchids.
  2. 30. Hooker 1825, p. 91.
  3. 31. C. R. Darwin to J. D. Hooker, 11 October 1861, DCP-LETT-328; Correspondence 9: 301.
  4. 32. Darwin 1877 [Orchids] p. 178.
  5. 33. Schomburgk 1837, Darwin 1862a
  6. 34. Crüger 1864, p. 127.
  7. 35. C. R. Darwin to W. E. Darwin, 12 October 1861, DCP-LETT-3284; Correspondence 9: 302–304.

CHAPTER 6—CLEMATIS

  1. 36. C. R. Darwin to J. D. Hooker, 8 February 1864, DCP-LETT-4403; Correspondence 12: 41–42.
  2. 37. C. R. Darwin to J. D. Hooker, 5 April 1864, DCP-LETT-4450; Correspondence 12: 119–121.

CHAPTER 7—COBAEA SCANDENS

  1. 38. J. D. Hooker to C. R. Darwin, 21 July 1863, DCP-LETT-4225; Correspondence 11: 554–555.
  2. 39. DAR 157.2 (Climbing Plants, Experimental notes, 1863–1864), p. 5.

CHAPTER 8—CORYANTHES

  1. 40. See Ramírez 2009.
  2. 41. C. R. Darwin to A. Gray, 25 February 1864, DCP-LETT-4415; Correspondence 12: 60–61.
  3. 42. H. Crüger to C. R. Darwin, 21 January 1864, DCP-LETT-4394; Correspondence 12: 23–27; Crüger 1864.
  4. 43. Darwin 1866 [Origin] p. 229.

CHAPTER 10—CYPRIPEDIUM

  1. 44. C. R. Darwin to A. Gray, 5 June 1861, DCP-LETT-3176; Correspondence 9: 162–164.
  2. 45. A. Gray to C. R. Darwin, 9 December 1862, DCP-LETT-3850; Correspondence 10: 591–592.
  3. 46. C. R. Darwin to R. Trimen, 27 August 1863, DCP-LETT-4279; Correspondence 11: 605–607.
  4. 47. C. R. Darwin to A. Rawson, 2 April 1863, DCP-LETT-4072F; Correspondence 24: 458–459.
  5. 48. C. R. Darwin to A. Rawson, 6 June 1863, DCP-LETT-5563; Correspondence 18: 395.

CHAPTER 11—DIANTHUS

  1. 49. Focke 1913, Leapman 2001.
  2. 50. E. Darwin, The Loves of the Plants, notes to “Canto IV” (see Darwin 1806, p. 217).
  3. 51. Darwin 1876 [Cross and Self Fertilisation] p. 9.

CHAPTER 12—DIGITALIS

  1. 52. Littler 2019.
  2. 53. See Costa 2017, chapter 6 for an account of this and other experiments in cross-pollination by Darwin.

CHAPTER 13—DIONAEA

  1. 54. T. Slaughter, ed., Bartram: Travels and Other Writings (New York: Library of America, 1996), p. 17. The quotation is found on pp. xx–xxi in the original 1791 edition of Bartram’s Travels. An electronic transcription of the 1791 text can be found in the Documenting the American South collection of the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill Libraries (docsouth.unc.edu).
  2. 55. C. R. Darwin to D. Oliver, 29 September 1860, DCP-LETT-2941; Correspondence 8: 398.
  3. 56. Insectivorous Plants (1875), p. 286. See chapter 8 in Darwin’s Backyard (Costa 2017) for more on Darwin’s adventures with Venus’s fly-trap and other carnivorous plants, and Forterre et al. 2005 for an innovative study of trap closure using high-speed video and microscopy.

CHAPTER 14—DROSERA

  1. 57. C. R. Darwin to J. D. Hooker, 11 September 1862, DCP-LETT-3721; Correspondence 10: 401–404.
  2. 58. Litchfield 1915, 2: 177.
  3. 59. C. R. Darwin to A. Gray, 26 September 1860, DCP-LETT-2930; Correspondence 8: 388–391.
  4. 60. C. R. Darwin to D. Oliver, 15 September 1860, DCP-LETT-2917; Correspondence 8: 357–358.
  5. 61. C. R. Darwin to A. Gray, 4 August 1863, DCP-LETT-4262; Correspondence 11: 581–584.

CHAPTER 15—ECHINOCYSTIS

  1. 62. Gray 1858, p. 98.
  2. 63. A. Gray to C. R. Darwin, 24 November 1862, DCP-LETT-3823; Correspondence 10: 553–555.
  3. 64. C. R. Darwin to J. D. Hooker, 25 June 1863, DCP-LETT-4221; Correspondence 11: 506–507.
  4. 65. C. R. Darwin to J. D. Hooker, 25 June 1863, DCP-LETT-4221; Correspondence 11: 506–507.
  5. 66. Darwin 1862 [Climbing Plants] p. 133

CHAPTER 16—EPIPACTIS

  1. 67. C. R. Darwin to A. G. More, 9 August 1860, DCP-LETT-2894; Correspondence 8: 316–317.
  2. 68. Darwin 1862 [Orchids] p. 39.
  3. 69. Darwin 1863a (van Wyhe 2009, p. 338).
  4. 70. Darwin 1877 [Orchids] pp. 101–102.
  5. 71. Jakubska et al. 2005.

CHAPTER 17—FRAGARIA

  1. 72. Darwin 1862b (van Wyhe 2009, pp. 322–323); see also Correspondence 10: 559.
  2. 73. For more on Darwin’s experimental technique tracing movement see David Kohn’s article in Darwin’s Garden: An Evolutionary Adventure (Kohn 2008), and Mea Allen’s Darwin and His Flowers (Allen 1977), p. 279.

CHAPTER 18—GLORIOSA

  1. 74. See Janet Browne’s “Botany for gentlemen” (1989) for an interesting analysis.
  2. 75. Darwin 1877 [Forms of Flowers] pp. 146–147.
  3. 76. C. R. Darwin to J. D. Hooker, 14 July 1863, DCP-LETT 4241; Correspondence 11: 533–535.
  4. 77. DAR 157.1: 121.
  5. 78. Darwin 1882 [Climbing Plants] p. 194.

CHAPTER 19—HUMULUS

  1. 79. See Almaguer et al. 2014 for an overview of brewing with hops.

CHAPTER 20—IPOMOEA

  1. 80. See The Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom (1878), pp. 15–18; C. R. Darwin to F. Galton, 13 January 1876, DCP-LETT-10357; Correspondence 24: 14–16.
  2. 81. Darwin 1878 [Cross and Self Fertilisation] p. 439.

CHAPTER 21—LATHYRUS

  1. 82. F. Darwin to C. R. Darwin, 14 August 1873, DCP-LETT-9009F; Correspondence 21: 329–330; C. R. Darwin to F. Darwin, 15 August 1873, DCP-LETT-9014; Correspondence 21: 334–336; F. Darwin to C. R. Darwin, 25 August 1873, DCP-LETT-9016; Correspondence 21: 348–349.
  2. 83. Hooker 1844, 1: 260–261.
  3. 84. C. R. Darwin to F. Delpino, 1 May 1873, DCP-LETT-8892; Correspondence 21: 198–199; F. Delpino to C. R. Darwin, 18 June 1873, DCP-LETT-8945; Correspondence 21: 258–260; C. R. Darwin to F. Delpino, 25 June 1873, DCP-LETT-8951; Correspondence 21: 264.

CHAPTER 22—LINARIA

  1. 85. Jachuła et al. 2018.
  2. 86. Darwin 1841 (van Wyhe 2009, pp. 134–137).
  3. 87. Leonard et al. 2013.

CHAPTER 23—LINUM

  1. 88. Darwin 1863b.
  2. 89. Darwin 1877 [Forms of Flowers] p. 90.

CHAPTER 24—LUPINUS

  1. 90. Darwin’s lupine pollination observations are found in the “Torn-apart notebook,” entries T103, 104, and 111; see Barrett et al. 1987, p. 457.
  2. 91. C. R. Darwin to J. D. Hooker, 22 August 1862, DCP-LETT-3696; Correspondence 10: 376–378.
  3. 92. Darwin 1880 [Power of Movement] p. 343.

CHAPTER 25—MAURANDYA

  1. 93. Darwin 1875 [Climbing Plants] p. 198.
  2. 94. A. Gray to C. R. Darwin, 28 December 1875, DCP-LETT-10329; Correspondence 23: 515–516; C. R. Darwin to A. Gray, 28 January 1876, DCP-LETT-10370; Correspondence 24: 31–32.

CHAPTER 26—MIMOSA

  1. 95. E. Darwin 1791 (The Loves of the Plants, “Canto I,” lines 301–302).
  2. 96. C. R. Darwin to J. D. Hooker, 12 September 1873, DCP-LETT-9052; Correspondence 21: 378–379.
  3. 97. Darwin 1880 [Power of Movement] p. 395.

CHAPTER 27—MITCHELLA

  1. 98. Bell 1997, pp. 138-148.
  2. 99. A. Gray to C. R. Darwin, 11 October 1861, DCP-LETT-3282; Correspondence 9: 298–301.
  3. 100. C. R. Darwin to A. Gray, 2 January 1863, DCP-LETT-3897; Correspondence 11: 1–4.
  4. 101. Meehan 1868.
  5. 102. Darwin 1877 [Forms of Flowers] pp. 285, 287.
  6. 103. Hicks et al. 1985.

CHAPTER 28—OPHRYS

  1. 104. Ayasse 2009, Schiestl 2005.
  2. 105. C. R. Darwin to J. T. Moggridge, 13 October 1865, DCP-LETT-4914; Correspondence 13: 269–270.
  3. 106. C. R. Darwin to A. G. More, 17 July 1861, DCP-LETT-3211; Correspondence 9: 206–207.

CHAPTER 29—ORCHIS

  1. 107. Darwin 1877 [Orchids] p. 284.
  2. 108. C. R. Darwin to A. Gray, 23–24 July 1862, DCP-LETT-3662; Correspondence 10: 330–334.
  3. 109. C. R. Darwin to J. D. Hooker, 5 June 1860, DCP-LETT-2821; Correspondence 8: 237–240.
  4. 110. C. R. Darwin to A. G. More, 5 September 1860, DCP-LETT-2906; Correspondence 8: 343–345.

CHAPTER 30—OXALIS

  1. 111. G. Bentham to C. R. Darwin, 29 November 1861, DCP-LETT-3332; Correspondence 9: 353–354.
  2. 112. C. R. Darwin to J. D. Hooker, 25 March 1878, DCP-LETT-11443; Correspondence 26: 138–139.

CHAPTER 31—PASSIFLORA

  1. 113. C. R. Darwin to J. D. Hooker, 14 July 1863, DCP-LETT 4241; Correspondence 11: 533–535.
  2. 114. C. R. Darwin to D. Oliver, 11 March 1864, DCP-LETT-4424; Correspondence 12: 68–70.
  3. 115. C. R. Darwin to D. Oliver, 4 May 1864, DCP-LETT-4481; Correspondence 12: 165–166.
  4. 116. T. H. Farrer to C. R. Darwin, 29 June 1870, DCP-LETT-7254; Correspondence 18: 188–189.

CHAPTER 32—PHASEOLUS

  1. 117. Darwin 1841 (van Wyhe 2009, p. 136).
  2. 118. Darwin 1857, 1858 (van Wyhe 2009, pp. 267–268, 272–277).
  3. 119. Darwin 1858 (van Wyhe 2009, pp. 272–277).

CHAPTER 33—PINGUICULA

  1. 120. C. R. Darwin to A. Gray, 3 June 1874, DCP-LETT-9480; Correspondence 22: 275–276.
  2. 121. C. R. Darwin to W. T. Thiselton-Dyer, 23 June 1874, DCP-LETT-9508; Correspondence 22: 308–309.
  3. 122. Darwin 1888 [Insectivorous Plants] p. 315.

CHAPTER 34—PISUM

  1. 123. Bateson and Janeway 2008, pp. 94–95.
  2. 124. See “Questions for William Herbert,” 1 April 1839, DCP-LETT-502; Correspondence 2: 179–182; and Herbert’s reply: W. Herbert to J. S. Henslow, 5 April 1839, DCP-LETT-503; Correspondence 2: 182–185.
  3. 125. See Barrett et al. 1987, Q&E 11 and T151 (pp. 501, 469). See also Abberley & R. Darwin to C. R. Darwin, 18 October 1841, DCP-LETT-610; Correspondence 2: 306.

CHAPTER 35—PRIMULA

  1. 126. Origin, pp. 49–50; see also Costa 2009 for additional explanatory notes on this passage.
  2. 127. Huxley 1870, p. 402.
  3. 128. Autobiography (Barlow 1958), p. 134.

CHAPTER 36—PULMONARIA

  1. 129. Darwin 1862c, 1863b
  2. 130. C. R. Darwin to A. Gray, 19 Oct 1865, DCP-LETT-4919; Correspondence 13: 274–277.

CHAPTER 37—SALVIA

  1. 131. Darwin 1876 [Cross and Self Fertilisation] p. 5
  2. 132. F. Hildebrand to C. R. Darwin, 21 June 1864, DCP-LETT-4542; Correspondence 12: 254–255; C. R. Darwin to F. Hildebrand, 25 June 1864, DCP-LETT-4545; Correspondence 12: 256–257. Hildebrand published the results of this research in volume 4 of the Jahrbücher für wissenschaftliche Botanik (Hildebrand 1866).

CHAPTER 38—SOLANUM

  1. 133. Darwin 1845, p. 285.
  2. 134. See Global Plants biography of Carlos Ochoa (plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.person.bm000025683).
  3. 135. Darwin 1875 [Variation] 1: 350.
  4. 136. Bateson and Janeway 2008, pp. 96–97.

CHAPTER 39—SPIRANTHES

  1. 137. C. R. Darwin to A. Gray, 31 October 1860, DCP-LETT-2969; Correspondence 8: 451–454; A. Gray to C. R. Darwin, 5 September 1862, DCP-LETT-3712; Correspondence 10: 394–395.

CHAPTER 40—TRIFOLIUM

  1. 138. C. R. Darwin to J. D. Hooker, 11 September 1859, DCP-LETT-2490; Correspondence 7: 332. The results of this experiment are also given in Darwin’s Experimental notebook (DAR 157a), pp. 46–47.
  2. 139. Carreck et al. 2009.
  3. 140. For additional explanatory notes on these passages, see Costa 2009.
  4. 141. C. Hardy to C. R. Darwin, 23 July 1860, DCP-LETT-2877; Correspondence 8: 300–301; C. R. Darwin to C. Hardy, 27 July 1860, DCP-LETT-2879; Correspondence 8: 301.
  5. 142. C. R. Darwin to J. Lubbock, 2 September 1862, DCP-LETT-3708; Correspondence 10: 387–388 and 3 September 1862, DCP-LETT-3705; Correspondence 10: 392.
  6. 143. C. R. Darwin to F. Darwin, 25 July 1878, DCP-LETT- 11631; Correspondence 26: 320–322.

CHAPTER 41—TROPAEOLUM

  1. 144. Elisabet Christina Linnaea’s paper “Om Indianska Krassens Blickande” (“On the twinkling of Indian Cress”) was published in volume 23 of Kongl. Vetenskaps Academiens Handlingar (Acts of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences), 1763, 23: 284–286, along with commentary by physicist Johan Carl Wilcke on electrical phenomena (1763, 23: 286–287).
  2. 145. E. Darwin: The Loves of the Plants, “Canto IV,” lines 43–51 (see E. Darwin 1806, pp. 191–192).
  3. 146. S. T. Coleridge, “Lines Written At Shurton Bars, Near Bridgewater, September, 1795, In Answer To A Letter From Bristol,” published in Poems on Various Subjects (Coleridge 1796).
  4. 147. See Blick 2017 and references therein.

CHAPTER 42—VICIA FABA

  1. 148. Darwin 1888 [Power of Movement] p. 573.
  2. 149. Brenner et al. 2006, Baluška et al. 2009.

CHAPTER 43—VINCA

  1. 150. C. R. Darwin to D. Oliver, 27 May 1861, DCP-LETT-3161; Correspondence 9: 145–146.
  2. 151. Darwin 1861 (van Wyhe 2009, pp. 311–312).
  3. 152. Crocker 1861, p. 699.

CHAPTER 44—VIOLA

  1. 153. Darwin 1859 [Origin] p. 33; see also Costa 2009.
  2. 154. Darwin 1868 [Variation] 1: 368.
  3. 155. C. R. Darwin to J. D. Hooker, 30 May 1862, DCP-LETT-3575; Correspondence 10: 226–227.

CHAPTER 45—VITIS

  1. 156. C. R. Darwin to J. D. Hooker, 27 January 1864, DCP-LETT-4398; Correspondence 12: 31–33.
  2. 157. C. R. Darwin to D. Oliver, 11 March 1864, DCP-LETT-4424; Correspondence 12: 68–70; D. Oliver to C. R. Darwin, 12 March 1864, DCP-LETT-4425; Correspondence 12: 71–73.
  3. 158. Darwin 1877 [Climbing Plants] pp. 110–111.
  4. 159. Sousa-Baena et al. 2018.