All scenes, incidents, and conversations contained in these pages occurred as described. In most cases, I was there to witness and record them. If I was not, they are re-created from the recollections of those who were, as well as from documented accounts.
As I wrote in the prologue, I had no idea anyone other than scientists and perhaps a few Park rangers lived in the Galápagos until my good friend David Black, who is also my literary agent, returned in the summer of 1996 from a week-long visit to the islands with his wife, Melissa. David came home with a strong sense that there was a story to be found among the Galápagos people—maybe even a book—and he challenged me to go find it. For that I can never thank him enough.
I first visited the islands in January of 1999 for a one-week scouting trip of sorts. It was during this visit that I met a number of people who would become invaluable resources for the writing of this book. They included Jack Nelson and Romy Hartmann, Christy and José-Luis Gallardo, Jason Gallardo, Roz Cameron, Gayle Davis, Godfrey Merlen, Eliecer Cruz, Steve Divine, and Daniel and Tina Fitter. During this initial visit and during my subsequent stays on the islands, these people not only provided me with their personal experiences shared through hours of interviews, but they also invited me into their homes and lives, putting into my hands various journals, diaries, notes, photographs and letters written over the years by both themselves and loved ones. I will always be grateful for their generosity and trust.
Several of these people, in their professional capacities, were able to provide or point me in the direction of reliable documentation and research materials: books, magazine and newspaper articles, government reports, scientific studies, photographs, and other valuable sources of information. Most notably, Gayle Davis gave me access to the rich holdings of the Charles Darwin Research Station library; Roz Cameron provided reams of material on the Station, on the Charles Darwin Foundation, and on the Galápagos National Park; Eliecer Cruz and his staff were most cooperative in sharing Park Service records and documents; and Christy Gallardo and Jack Nelson were more than generous with the contents of their personal collections of Galápagos-related material.
In November of 1999, just prior to my second trip to the islands, I visited Johannah Barry at her Charles Darwin Foundation office in northern Virginia, where she graciously shared even more information about the Foundation and its work. I then returned to the Galápagos in late December of 1999 and stayed for three months, through the end of March 2000. During that time, I lived in the town of Puerto Ayora on the island of Santa Cruz. I also visited the Galápagos’ three other principal communities: Puerto Baquerizo Moreno on San Cristobal; Puerto Villamil on Isabela; and Puerto Velasco Ibarra on Floreana. Besides the journeys on the Symbol and on the Galápagos Explorer II described in the book, I made several trips among the islands aboard cargo ships (a common and inexpensive way for many Galápagans to get from one island to another) and by small airplanes. A little more than a year after that three-month stay, I returned to the islands, in June of 2001, to do additional reporting, then made one final trip at the end of that year.
Besides those individuals whose names appear in the text, I must thank a number of people for their advice, assistance, and encouragement. They include my editor at HarperCollins, Megan Newman, along with Greg Chaput and Megan’s assistant, Matthew Benjamin; Gary Morris, Susan Raihofer, Joy Tutella, and Carmen Rey at the David Black Literary Agency; Dave Addis, Don Naden, Erika Reif, Earl Swift, Lawrence Jackson, Bill Tiernan, and Bob Voros at the Virginian-Pilot; John Hutchinson, Joel Martin, and Hospital Corpsman First Class (and retired Baltra veteran) John H. Peck in Norfolk; Bill Morris in Brooklyn; Wil Haygood at the Boston Globe; Chris Lamb at the College of Charleston; Dr. Andrew Spencer and Dr. Theresa Longo at the College of William and Mary; Dr. J. Hamilton Brown at Old Dominion University; Barry Boyce of Galápagos Travel in San Juan Batista; Doris Welch of the Galápagos Network, Inc., in Miami; Don Causey of The Hunting Report in Miami; Odette Morillo, Joel Rivera, and Eduardo Borja of PromoTravelSouth in Quito; and in the Galápagos, Henri Schaeffer, Fabio Peñafiel, Elena Alvarado, Edgar Muñoz, Desirée Cruz, Marta Romo Leroux, Carlos Acosta, Monica Plaza Mejia, Paola Luqué, Bitinia Espinoza, Yvonne Baskin, Richard Polatty, Silvana Martinez, Anita Salcedo, Jim Anderson, Alfredo Guggenheim, Fiddi Angermeyer, Fernando Grodsinsky, Danny Torres Sarmiento, Manuel Soriano Echevema, Isabel Romero Holst, Julio Gallo Cabrero, Juan Berrera, Ramiro Tomála, Juan Manuel Quinchiguango, Antonio and Rosa Angrango, Kleber “Pony” Hida, and Dora Werder.
Finally, a variety of books, magazine articles, institutional reports and studies, newspaper articles, and Internet publications provided insight and information about the Galápagos, Ecuador, and related subjects. They are listed below.
Books
Angermeyer, Johanna. My Father’s Island. New York: Viking Press, 1990. Beebe, William. Galápagos: World’s End. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1924.
Black, Juan, and G. T. Corley Smith. The Path of Conservation, pt. 1 and 2. London: Pergamon Press, 1984.
Boyce, Barry. A Traveler’s Guide to the Galápagos Islands. San Juan Bautista: Galápagos Travel, 1994.
Bowlby, John. Charles Darwin: A New Life. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1990.
Brockman, Walter, with Dore Strauch. Satan Came to Eden. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1936.
Buchanan, Chris T., and Cesar Franco. Independent Traveler: Galápagos Handbook. Guayaquil: Flying Fish Publications, 2000.
Conway, Ainslie and Frances. The Enchanted Islands. New York: J. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1947.
Darwin, Charles. On the Origin of Species. New York: Random House, 1979.
_______. Voyage of the Beagle. New York: Penguin Books, 1989.
De Roy, Tui. Galápagos: Islands Born of Fire. Toronto: Warwick, 1998.
_______. Galápagos: Islands Lost in Time. New York: Viking Press, 1980.
De Soto, Hernando. The Other Path: The Invisible Revolution in the ThirdWorld. New York: Harper & Row, 1989.
De Witt, Meredith. Voyages of the Velero III. La Crosse, Wisc.: BrookhavenPress, 1939.
Glantz, Michael H. Currents of Change: El Niño’s Impact on Climate and Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
Gordilló, Jacinto. Guide to Villamil, Isabela, Galápagos. Puerto Villamil, Ecuador: Municipal Council of Puerto Villamil, 1995.
Gould, Stephen Jay. Ever Since Darwin. New York: W. W. Norton, 1977.
Hickman, John. The Enchanted Islands: The Galápagos Discovered. Shropshire, U.K.: Anthony Nelson, 1991.
Hurtado, Gustavo Vasconez. Isle of the Black Cats (Galápagos). Quito, Ecuador: Libri Mundi, 1993.
Jackson, Michael H. Galápagos: A Natural History. Calgary, Canada: University of Calgary Press, 1993.
Kane, Joe. Savages. New York: Vintage Books, 1996.
Lopez, Barry. About This Life: Journeys on the Threshold of Memory. Westminster: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1998.
Melville, Herman. Great Short Works of Herman Melville. New York: Perennial Library, 1969.
Moorehead, Alan. Darwin and the Beagle. New York: Penguin Books, 1969.
Merlen, Godfrey. Field Guide to the Fishes of the Galápagos. London: Wilmot Books, 1988.
Pearson, David, and David Middleton. The New Key to Ecuador and the Galápagos. Berkeley, Calif.: Ulysses Press, 1996.
Philbrick, Nathaniel. In the Heart of the Sea: The Tragedy of the Whale-ship Essex. New York: Viking, 2000.
Perry, R., ed. Key Environments: Galápagos. London: Pergamon Press, 1984.
Porter, David. Journal of a Cruise. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: The Gregg Press, 1970.
Porter, Eliot. Galápagos: The Flow of Wildness, vols. 1 and 2. New York: Sierra Club/Ballantine Books, 1970.
Quammen, David. The Flight of the Iguana: A Sidelong View of Science and Nature. Westport, Conn.: Touchstone, 1998.
_______. The Song of the Dodo: Island Biogeography in an Age of Extinctions. Westport, Conn.: Touchstone, 1997.
Robinson, William Albert. Voyage to Galápagos. San Diego: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1936.
Schofield, Eileen K. Plants of the Galápagos Islands. New York: Universe Books, 1984.
Steadman, David W., and Steven Zousmer. Galápagos: Discovery on Darwin’s Islands. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1988.
Treherne, John. The Galápagos Affair. New York: Penguin, 2001.
Weiner, Jonathan. The Beak of the Finch. New York: Random House, 1995.
Wittmer, Margaret. Floreana. Shropshire, U.K.: Anthony Nelson, 1989.
_______. What Happened on Galápagos? The Truth of the Galápagos Affair As Told by a Lady from Cologne. Abridged and translated from the German Was Ging Auf Galápagos Vor? by Sydney Skamser. Los Angeles: Archives of the Allan Hancock Foundation, 1936.
Magazine Articles
“Back to Nature: Mild Life in the Raw in Two Retreats.” Time, October 6, 1934.
“Beachhead on the Moon.” Time, July 15, 1946.
Benchley, Peter. “Galápagos: Paradise in Peril.” National Geographic, April 1999.
Bensted-Smith, Robert. “A Pig-Free Santiago: Is It a Dream or on the Horizon?” Noticias de Galápagos, April 1998.
_______. “The War Against Aliens in Galápagos.” World Conservation, April 1997.
Carlton, James T. “Bioinvaders in the Sea: Reducing the Flow of BallastWater.” World Conservation, April 1997.
Cash, William. “Shell Game.” The New Republic, May 30, 1994.
Causey, Don. “Two More Reports on Galápagos Islands Hunt.” The Hunting Report, May 2000.
R. S. Chase and J. P. Hailman. “Two Views on Conservation in the Galápagos.” Bulletin of the Philadelphia Herpetological Society, July-December 1963.
Coblentz, Bruce E. “Strangers in Paradise: Invasive Mammals on Islands.” World Conservation, April 1997.
Davies, David. “Kill a Pinta Goat a Day.” Nature, June 28, 1974.
de Groot, R. S. “Tourism and Conservation in the Galápagos Islands.” Biological Conservation, December 1983.
Dillard, Annie. “Innocence in the Galápagos.” Harper’s, May 1975.
Eliasson, Uno. “An Incident with Feral Dogs on Volcan Cerro Azul, Isabela.” Noticias de Galápagos, April 1982.
Emory, Jerry. “Galápagos: What Price Success?” Pacific Discovery, Winter 1990.
_______. “Managing Another Galápagos Species—Man.” National Geographic, January 1988.
_______. “Tourism and Tension in the Galápagos.” The World & I, February 1989.
Faris, Robert E. L., William R. Catton, Jr., and Otto N. Larsen. “The Galápagos Expedition: Failure in the Pursuit of a Contemporary Secular Utopia.” Pacific Sociological Review, April 1963.
"Fernandina: Flank Eruption Slows but Was Continuing on March 19.”
Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network, February 1995.
"Fernandina: Lava Escapes on SW Flank and Flows 5 km to Enter the Ocean.” Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network, January 1995.
"Fernandina: Now-Cooling Lava and the Eruption’s Impact on Plants and Animals.” Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network, August 1995.
Fitter, Julian. “Darwin’s Islands” (letter to the editor). New Scientist, October 1995.
Freeman, R. B. “Darwin in the Galápagos.” Noticias de Galápagos, No. 42, 1985.
“Galápagonistics.” Time, May 25, 1936. “Galápagos: Mystery and Death Come to a Tropical Paradise.” Time, December 15, 1934.
Golden, Frederic. “Visit to the Enchanted Isles.” Time, June 26, 1978.
“Good-Neighborly Bases.” Time, September 2, 1942.
Gould, Stephen Jay. “Dorothy, It’s Really Oz.” Time, August 23, 1999.
"Guagua Pichincha: Magmatic Outbursts; Unprecedented Seismicity; Explosions Up 2-fold.” Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network, September 1999.
Heyerdahl, Thor. “Archaeology in the Galápagos Islands.” California Academy of Sciences, September 1961.
"In Darwin’s Footsteps.” Newsweek, January 20, 1964. Jameson, Kenneth P. “Crisis in Ecuador: Who’s in Charge Here?” Common Weal, April 11, 1997.
Jenkins, Peter. “Re-Joining the Continents.” World Conservation, April 1997.
Jervis, Maria Helena, Jose Rodriguez Rojas, Carlos De Paco, and Jim Thorsell. “Galápagos Goldrush.” IUCN Bulletin, July–September 1994.
Johnson, Irving, and Electa Irving. “Lost World of the Galápagos.” National Geographic, May 1959.
Kane, Joe. “Moi Goes To Washington.” The New Yorker, May 2, 1994.
Kennedy, Robert F., Jr. “Amazon Cruder.” The Amicus Journal, Spring 1991
Kingett, Robert P. “Chess Run to Galápagos.” Motor Boating, July 1956.
Kramer, Peter. “The Galápagos: Islands Under Siege.” Ambio, Vol. 12, No. 3-t, 1983.
_______. “Wildlife Conservation in the Galápagos Islands.” Nature and Resources, October/December 1973.
Laurie, Andrew. “Santa Fé in an El Niño Year.” Noticias de Galápagos, December 1999.
Lewin, Roger. “Galápagos: The Endangered Islands.” New Scientist, July 1978.
Lundh, J. P. “A Brief Account of Some Early Inhabitants of Santa Cruz Island.” Noticias de Galápagos, July 1995.
McGirk, Tim. “A Carpet of Cocaine.” Time, August 9, 1999.
Matthiessen, Peter. “In the Dragon Islands.” Audubon, September 1973.
Mauchamp, Andre, and Maria Luisa Munoz. “A Kudzu Alert in the Galápagos: The Urgent Need for Quarantine.” Noticias de Galápagos, August 1996.
Mendez, Sixto, Jennifer Parnell, and Robert Wasserstrom. “Petroleum and Indigenous Peoples in Ecuador’s Amazon.” Environment, June 1998.
Merlen, Godfrey. “A Dawn of Despair: Journey to Alcedo.” Noticias de Galápagos, July 1992.
_______. “Use and Misuse of the Seas Around the Galápagos Archipelago.” Oryx, April 1995.
Meyer, Richard. “First-Hand Report on Galápagos Island Hunt.” The Hunting Report, May 1999.
Moore, Alan W. “Tour Guides as a Factor in National Park Management.” Parks, April/May 1981.
Pearce, Fred. “Galápagos Tortoises Under Siege.” New Scientist, September 1995.
Peterson, Roger Tory. “The Galápagos: Eerie Cradle of New Species.” National Geographic, April 1967.
Pinson, Jim. “Electronic Mail Comes to the Galápagos.” Noticias de Galápagos, July 1995
"RFC in the Galápagos.” Newsweek, August 4, 1941.
Robertson, George. “Schooling Hammerheads of the Galápagos: Threatened Natural Treasure of the World.” Ocean Realm, June 1994.
Rosenberg, Tina. “The Great Cocaine Quagmire.” Rolling Stone, April 12, 2001.
Schimpff, J. F. “Floreana Island.” American Weekly, 1932.
Schofield, Eileen K. “Hope for the Galápagos.” Garden, January/February 1981.
Smith, G. T. Corley. “A Brief History of the Charles Darwin Foundation for the Galápagos Islands.” Noticias de Galápagos, June 1990.
Snell, Howard, and Solanda Rea. “The 1997-98 El Nino in Galápagos: Can 34 Years of Data Estimate 120 Years of Pattern?” Noticias de Galápagos, December 1999.
Stoppard, Tom. “This Other Eden.” Noticias de Galápagos, No. 34, 1981.
Sulloway, Frank J. “Darwin’s ‘Dogged’ Genius: His Galápagos Visit in Retrospect.” Noticias de Galápagos, No. 42, 1985.
“Taps at Galápagos.” Newsweek, July 15, 1946.
"Tortoise Isles.” Newsweek, September 21, 1942.
"Tungurahua: Elevated Seismicity and SO2 Fluxes Led to an Eruption on 5 October.” Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network, September 1999.
Wetterer, James K. “Alien Ants: Spreading Like Wildfire.” World Conservation, April 1997.
Wingo, Walter. “A Fragile Land Where Man Is Greatest Enemy.” U.S. News & World Report, April 27, 1981.
Woram, John. “Who Killed the Iguanas?” Noticias de Galápagos, No. 50, 1991.
Reports and Studies
Bensted-Smith, Robert, Eliecer Cruz, and F. Valverde. “The Strategy for Conservation of Terrestrial Biodiversity in Galápagos.” April 1998.
Bustamante, R., K. J. Collins, and R. Bensted-Smith. “Biodiversity Conservation in the Galápagos Marine Reserve.” April 1998.
CDF Task Force. “Charles Darwin Foundation Task Force.” Evaluation. 1998.
Fundacion Natura and World Wildlife Fund. “Galápagos Report: 1998/1999.” 1999.
MacDonald, Theodore. “Conflict in the Galápagos Islands: Analysis and Recommendations for Management.” Prepared for the Charles Darwin Foundation, January 1997.
MacFarland, Craig. “Case Study: Biodiversity Conservation and Huma Population Impacts in the Galápagos Islands, Ecuador.” Charles Darwin Research Center, 1995.
National Ecuadorian Police Report. “Putumayo: Sacrifice and Courage.” Authored by Fausto A. Fuentes Garcia. Report on violence along the Putumayo River border of Colombia, 1993.
"Operation Plan of the Charles Darwin Research Station,” 1999.
U.S. Army Report. “Report of Searching Expedition on Pinzon Island, 30 October, 1943.”
Documents the search for wreckage of U.S. bomber that crashed on Galápagos’ Pinzon Island on July 30, 1942.
Newspaper Articles
“Accord in Ecuador Can’t Hide Woes,” New York Times, March 21, 1999.
"AIDS in Latin America—A Special Report: In Deception and Denial, an Epidemic Looms,” New York Times, January 25, 1993.
"A Luxury Resort in Pristine Galápagos,” New York Times, December 30, 2001.
“Andean Countries Face Painful Financial Reconstruction,” Financial Times (London), June 30, 1999.
"Angry Ecuadorians Clash with Army Looters: Residents Forced to Flee Rumbling Volcano,” The Ottawa Citizen, January 4, 2000.
"'A Pirate? Of Course I Am,’” The Daily Telegraph (London), April 19, 2001.
Associated Press report on discovery of wreckage and bodies of IMAX film crew, July 1, 1998.
Associated Press report on missing IMAX film crew, June 26, 1998.
Associated Press report on search for IMAX film crew, June 29, 1998.
"As U.S. Military Settles In, Some in Ecuador Have Doubts,” New York Times, December 31, 2000.
"A World Apart,” by Tui de Roy, The Press-Enterprise, June 6, 1999.
"Banks in Ecuador Reopen After Week’s Closing, but Taxi Strike Aggravates Tensions,” New York Times, March 16, 1999.
"Bitter Indians Let Ecuador Know Fight Isn’t Over,” New York Times, January 27, 2000.
"Black Death Threatens the Unique Beauty of Galápagos ‘Laboratory,’” The Irish Times, January 25, 2001.
"Board for Kansas Deletes Evolution from Curriculum,” New York Times, August 10, 1999.
“Can Paradise Be Pulled from the Brink?” The Ottawa Citizen, April 4, 1999.
“Causes for Concern in Latin America,” The San Diego Tribune, July 16, 1999.
“Clashes with Protesters, Police Leave 19 Injured in Ecuador,” Associated Press report, March 11, 1999.
“Colombia Is Reeling, Hurt by Rebels and Economy,” New York Times, July 18, 1999.
“Colombian Rebels Quitting Safe Haven As Peace Talks Fail,” New York Times, January 14, 2002.
“Colombia’s Drug War Spills into Ecuador,” The Chicago Tribune, February 13, 2001.
“Corruption Charges Swirl Around Ecuador’s President,” Miami Herald, March 9, 1998.
“Corruption, Substandard Tanker Fleet of Ecuador Exposed,” The Business Times (Singapore), April 3, 2001.
“Could-Be Inmates Run for Asylum: Sanctuary for the Deposed Is an Old Tradition Honored in Panama,” The Houston Chronicle, August 31, 1997.
“Coup Is Over, but Ecuador’s Indians Aren’t Going Away,” The Christian Science Monitor, January 26, 2000.
“Critics Call for Mahuad to Quit As Currency Hits Record Low,” Financial Times (London), January 7, 2000.
“Damage Is Limited in Galápagos Fuel Spill,” New York Times, February 25, 2001.
“Darwin vs. Design: Evolutionists’ New Battle,” New York Times, April 8, 2001.
“Day of Rebellion Ends with Ouster of Ecuador Leader,” New York Times, January 22, 2000.
“Death Is Better Than Tyranny, Ecuador’s Indians Say,” The Scotsman, January 13, 2000.
“Dollar Policy Is Praised,” The Miami Herald, November 13, 2001.
“Ecuador Afraid As a Drug War Heads Its Way,” New York Times, January 8, 2001.
Ecuador Battles to Perserve Spell of the ‘Enchanted Isles,’” Financial Times (London), August 9, 2001.
“Ecuador Chief Issues Decree to Limit Crisis,” New York Times, March 10, 1999.
“Ecuador Chief, the Populist, Is Anything but Popular,” New York Times, January 11, 1997.
“Ecuador Coach Shot after Not Selecting Player,” Associated Press, May 10, 2001.
“Ecuador Congress Votes to Oust President for ‘Mental Incapacity,’” New York Times, February 7, 1997.
“Ecuador: Darwin’s Family and Other Animals,” Independent on Sunday (London), May 13, 2001.
“Ecuador Declares State of Emergency,” The Gazette (Montreal), January 7, 2000.
“Ecuador Ends Emergency After Accord With Indians,” New York Times, July 19, 1999.
“Ecuador Hopes Volcano Is Only Letting Off Steam,” Reuters, October 2, 1999.
“Ecuadorian Centrist Claims Win: Quito Mayor Appears to Be Next President,” Chicago Tribune, July 13, 1998.
“Ecuadorian Coup Shifts Control to No. 2 Man,” New York Times, January 23, 2000.
“Ecuadorian Indians Flex Political Biceps,” The Christian Science Monitor, January 24, 2000.
“Ecuadorian Indians Fuel Uprising,” Chicago Tribune, January 22, 2000.
“Ecuadorian Journalist Injured by Mail Bomb,” The Orlando Sentinel, February 17, 2000.
“Ecuadorian Leader Won’t Step Down,” The Ottawa Citizen, January 22, 2000.
“Ecuadorian Police Fight Protesters in 3 Cities,” The Washington Post, January 7, 2000.
“Ecuadorian President Told to Step Down; Army Backs Indian Protesters,” The Washington Post, January 22, 2000.
“Ecuadorian Protesters Tear-Gassed,” The Washington post, January 18, 2000.
“Ecuadorian Protests Swell,” The Gazette (Montreal), January 21, 2000.
“Ecuadorian Rebels Sent Home As U.S. Sways Army,” The Times (London), January 24, 2000.
“Ecuadorian Revolution Has Been Bloodless—So Far; but Indians Warn of Violence If Demands Aren’t Met,” The Dallas Morning News, January 30, 2000.
“Ecuadorians Rally in Drive to Oust President,” New York Times, February 6, 1997.
“Ecuadorians See New President as Same Old Story: Little Hope Poverty, Corruption Will End,” Associated Press, January 24, 2000.
“Ecuador in Crisis: A Risky Bargain,” The Plain Dealer, April 11, 1999.
“Ecuador Indians Give New Leader 6 Months’ Grace: Ecuador’s New President Battles Economic Woes,” The Guardian (London), January 27, 2000.
“Ecuador: Indians Break Off Talks,” New York Times, April 13, 2001.
“Ecuador Indians Fight for Forests,” The Christian Science Monitor, June 16, 1993.
“Ecuador in Turmoil As Mobs Storm Congress,” The Independent (London), January 22, 2000.
“Ecuador Names a New President, Ending Crisis,” Los Angeles Times, January 23, 2000.
“Ecuador Oil Crew Taken in Ambush, Flown to Colombia,” The Washington Post, October 13, 2000.
“Ecuador on the Verge of Anarchy As Indians Revolt,” The Independent (London), January 14, 2000.
“Ecuador Pays Heavy Price for Strikes,” Financial Times (London), July 20, 1999.
“Ecuador: Pilot Tries to Land at Wrong Airport,” The Gazette (Montreal), June 25, 1999.
“Ecuador Prepares for Indian Protests,” New York Times, January 15, 2000.
“Ecuador President Pegs Currency to Dollar,” New York Times, January 10, 2000.
“Ecuador President Resists Army Coup,” The Times (London), January 22, 2000.
“Ecuador President Won’t Seek Re-Election in 2002,” Los Angeles Times, December 20, 2001.
“Ecuador Qualifier for First World Cup,” The Miami Herald, November 8, 2001.
“Ecuador Rallies for Coach,” Associated Press, May 11, 2001.
“Ecuador Reluctantly Joins U.S. War on Cocaine,” St. Petersburg Times, February 21, 2001.
“Ecuador Sentences Tanker’s Captain,” Associated Press, May 3, 2001.
“Ecuador’s 3 Top Central Bankers Quit over Dollarization,” New York Times, January 12, 2000.
“Ecuador’s Armed Forces Deny Rumors of a Coup,” The Orlando Sentinel, January 9, 2000.
“Ecuador’s ‘Crazy One’ Plans Comeback: Ousted President Faces Treason Charges on Return,” The Toronto Star, September 21, 1997
“Ecuador’s Currency Falls As the Government Examines Its Options,” New York Times, January 5, 2000.
“Ecuador’s Desperation,” The Christian Science Monitor, January 27, 2000.
“Ecuador’s Military Says ‘Junta’ Is in Charge,” Los Angeles Times, January 22, 2000.
“Ecuador’s Richest Man is Wild Card in Presidential Race,” Associated Press, May 27, 1998.
“Ecuador, Swept by Inflation and Unrest, Brakes the Economy,” New York Times, March 13, 1999.
“Ecuador’s Troubles Seen as Threat to Drug War; Poor Indians Bid for Social Reform,” Chicago Tribune, February 26, 2001.
“Ecuador Taxi Strike Causes Emergency,” Associated Press, July 5, 1999.
“Ecuador: Volcano Rumbles,” New York Times, September 29, 1999.
“Ecuador Worries About ‘Wild West’ Northern Border,” Financial Times (London), July 6, 2001.
“El Loco Dodged Hotel Bill,” The Guardian (London), May 17, 1997.
“El Loco Still Calls the Shots from Outside Ecuador: Ousted President Highly Influential in Sunday’s Vote,” The Ottawa Citizen, May 28, 1998.
“El Niño Gives Darwin’s Finches a Breeding Frenzy,” Chicago Tribune, September 17, 1998.
“El Niño Lands Reefs in Hot Water,” The Daily Telegraph (London), September 26, 1998.
“El Niño’s Victims Teeter on Edge of Disaster in Ecuador,” Associated Press, March 12, 1998.
“Eruption over Ecuador Volcano,” The Boston Globe, February 3, 2000.
“Europe Dominates Survey’s Top 10 Least-Corrupt Countries,” New York Times, October 4, 1998.
“‘Fishing’ for Ransom, Colombian Rebels Cast Net Wide,” New York Times, June 3, 1999.
“For Humanity, Save the Galápagos from Humanity,” Los Angeles Times, January 24, 2001.
“Fragile Islands Under Pressure from Nature-Loving Travelers,” The Christian Science Monitor, August 19, 1991.
“Futility on the Front Lines of a Drug War,” The Boston Globe, March 12, 2000.
“Galápagos Islands Face New Peril As More Oil Spills from Tanker,” New York Times, January 25, 2001.
“Galápagos Islands: Out of the Frying Pan, into the Fire,” The Jerusalem Post, July 22, 2001.
“Galápagos Looks Beyond the Spill,” The Guardian (London), January 27, 2001.
“Galápagos Sea Lions Butchered,” The Scotsman, July 19, 2001.
“Galápagos Turmoil: Tortoises Dragged into Fishing War,” The Guardian (London), December 30, 2000.
“GOP Plans Funding Boost for Military, Drug War,” The Washington Post, March 8, 2000.
“Governments vs. Journalists: Latin News Media, Hard-Pressed,” New York Times, October 5. 1997.
“Guagua Pichincha Report,” El Comercio, February 18, 1999.
“Harvard-Educated Mayor Fails to Win Majority in Ecuador Election,” Associated Press, June 1, 1998.
“Health Alert Issued As Ecuadorian Volcano Spews Huge Ash Cloud,” The Ottawa Citizen, October 8, 1999.
“Here Are the Latest Foreign Office Warnings,” The Herald (Glasgow), July 3, 1999.
“How Could We Allow Black Tide to Threaten World’s Fragile Eden?” The Scotsman, January 24, 2001.
“Human Intrusion Bodes Ill for Galápagos Creatures,” New York Times, February 13, 2001.
“Indians, Farmers Seek Share of Oil Profits,” Associated Press, November 24, 2999.
“IMF Loans 95 Million to Ecuador with Warning,” The Miami Herald, December 12, 2001.
“In Ecuador, No Money, No Soup,” The Gazette (Montreal), January 12, 2000.
“In the Shadow of a Volcano,” The Irish Times, February 19, 2000.
“Isles Rich in Species Are Origin of Much Tension,” New York Times, January 27, 2001.
“It’s a Fact: Faith and Theory Collide over Evolution,” New York Times, August 15, 1999.
“It’s My Fault, Says Oil Spill Captain,” The Times (London), January 26, 2001.
“Kidnapped American’s Body Found in Ecuador,” The Miami Herald, February 2, 2001.
“Kidnappers Are Blamed for Bombings in Ecuador,” The Miami Herald, January 30, 2001.
“Latin America’s Contagion: Where Taxes Aren’t So Certain,” New York Times, March 21, 1999.
“Latin America Scrambles to Prepare for Year 2000,” New York Times, April 19, 1999.
“Leader Defies Ecuador Army Call to Quit,” The Scotsman, January 22, 2000.
“Life after the Oil Spill in the Real Jurassic Park,” The Observer (London), February 25, 2001.
“Local Sailor Dies at Sea Near Galápagos Islands,” The San Diego Tribune, February 11, 2000.
“Lonesome Beast,” Daily News, November 29, 1998.
“Losing Battle to Contain Galápagos Spill,” The Scotsman, January 23, 2001.
“Military Installs New President,” The Boston Globe, January 23, 2000.
“Neighbors Fear Fallout of Aid to Colombians,” New York Times, August 25, 2000.
“New Horizons in Ecuador, but Paralysis Sets in Early,” New York Times, April 3, 1997.
“New Leader in Ecuador Promises Jobs, Homes,” New York Times, August 11, 1998.
“No Peace for Pirates,” Sunday Times (London), April 1, 2001.
“Oil Danger Gone, Grounded Ship to Become New Galápagos Reef,” Chicago Tribune, January 29, 2001.
“Oil in Troubled Waters,” The Guardian (London), January 24, 2001.
“Oil Spill Endangers Wildlife,” Associated Press, January 23, 2001.
“Oil Spill Highlights Hazards of Galápagos Isles’ Growth,” The Washington Post, January 27, 2001.
“Oil Spill Moves to Center of Galápagos Ecosystem,” New York Times, January 23, 2001.
“Oil Spill’s Shift in Course Aids Galápagos Mop-Up,” New York Times, January 24, 2001.
“Oil Tanker Spillage Threatens Wildlife on Galápagos Islands,” The Daily Telegraph (London), January 22, 2001.
“Oil Threatens Galápagos,” Associated Press, July 2, 1999.
“Oil Threat to Darwin’s Isles,” The Observer (London), January 21, 2001.
“Oil Workers Are Freed in Ecuador; Kidnappers Grab Ransom,” The Miami Herald, March 2, 2001.
“100,000 Goats to Die for Island’s Giant Tortoises,” Sunday Telegraph (London), July 16, 2000.
“On Patrol in Jungle ‘Danger Zone,’” Sun-Sentinel (Fort Lauderdale), October 4, 2001.
“Panama Cools Its Welcome for Exiles,” The Philadelphia Inquirer, October 28, 2001.
“Peru and Ecuador Agree to Put Border Dispute in Outsiders’ Hands,” New York Times, October 18, 1998.
“Peru and Ecuador Leaders Seal Border Treaty,” New York Times, May 14, 1999.
“Peru’s Drug Successes Erode As Traffickers Adapt,” New York Times, August 19, 1999.
“Petty Politics Muddies Ecuador’s Democracy, Image,” Associated Press, May 7, 1998.
“Pirate Patrol: Illegal Fishing Threatens the Galápagos,” The Guardian (London), September 19, 2001.
“Political Madness in Ecuador,” New York Times, February 11, 1997.
“Populist’s Victory in Ecuador Worries the Elite,” New York Times, July 22, 1996.
“Protests Mount as Ecuador Teeters on Brink of Collapse,” The Scotsman, January 10, 2000.
“Pullout from Panama Hampering Drug War,” Los Angeles Times, February 5, 2000.
“Quito: Life under the Volcano,” The Toronto Star, October 12, 1999.
“Real Lives: Birthplace of the Evolution,” The Guardian (London), January 23, 2001.
“Rugged, Ragged and Richly Rewarding,” The Irish Times, July 17, 1999.
“Rumble in the Jungle,” Sunday Telegraph, April 8, 2001.
“Runoff to Decide Ecuadorian Race,” Associated Press, June 1, 1998.
“Rusting Oil Tanker Was ‘Stand-In’ on Galápagos Route,” The Independent (London), January 26, 2001.
“Ruthless Crooks Raise Risks for Oil Workers,” Rocky Mountain News, February 6, 2001.
“Saving the Galápagos,” The Christian Science Monitor, November 28, 1972.
“Saving the Islands,” Daily News, November 29, 1998.
“Sea Shepherd off to Galápagos Islands,” Seattle Post-Intelligencer, November 26, 2000.
“77 Die in Crash of Cuban Jet in Ecuador,” New York Times, August 30, 1998.
“Ship Carrying Elderly Americans Sinks off Galápagos Islands,” Associated Press, June 12, 1998.
“Shooting Takes On a New Meaning in Ecuador’s Football,” Financial Times (London), May 12, 2001.
“Short-Lived Junta Yields Reins to Vice President in Ecuador,” The Houston Chronicle, January 23, 2000.
“Singapore Resort Heads to Galápagos,” The Straits Times (Singapore), August 4, 2001.
“So This Is What We Call Evolution,” The Scotsman, January 24, 2001.
“Spill from Oil Tanker Imperils Rare Wildlife in the Galápagos,” New York Times, January 21, 2001.
“Spills and Thrills,” The Daily Telegraph (London), April 7, 2001.
“State of Emergency Is Back in Force in Ecuador,” The Orlando Sentinel, July 15, 1999.
“Surfing the Net: Tech-Wary Board Riders Find the Web Isn’t All Wet,” San Francisco Chronicle, August 26, 2000.
“Survival on the Galápagos: It’s Tourism vs. Tortoises,” The Christian Science Monitor, April 14, 1982.
“Tanker Captain Called ‘Not Stable,’” Associated Press, January 26, 2001.
“Tanker Wreck in Galápagos Will Be a Habitat for Marine Life,” The New York Times, January 29, 2001.
“Terrorist Threats Move U.S. to Close Embassy Indefinitely,” New York Times, December 18, 1999.
“Texaco and Ecuador,” New York Times, February 19, 1999.
“‘This President Is Killing Us’: ‘Dollarized’ Economy Offered No Hope to Millions of Poor Ecuadorians,” The Gazette (Montreal), January 23, 2000.
“Three U.S. Embassies in South America Temporarily Closed,” The Miami Herald, April 18, 2001.
“To Colombians, Drug War Is Toxic Foe,” New York Times, May 1, 2000.
“Top Military Leaders Say Nation’s Future in Doubt,” The Orlando Sentinel, November 21, 1999.
“Tortoises Held Hostage As Lobster War Turns Nasty,” The Independent (London), November 18, 2000.
“Tourist Ship Sinks Off Galápagos; 1 Dead and 3 Missing,” Associated Press, June 12, 1998.
“Tourist Ship Sinks Off Galápagos Islands,” Associated Press, June 11, 1998.
“Travel: On the Crater’s Edge,” The Independent (London), July 24, 1999.
“Travel: The Lure of Lava,” The Daily Telegraph (London), February 5, 2000.
“Troubled President Tries to Win Back Ecuadorians’ Hearts,” Associated Press, April 20, 1999.
“Turtle Rescue: Evacuation Defies Natural Selection,” The Guardian (London), October 2, 1998.
“U.N. Foundation Awards $21 Million to 11 Projects,” The Atlanta Journal and Constitution, May 20, 1999.
“Unions Strike in Ecuador As President Declares Emergency,” Associated Press, March 10, 1999.
“Unnatural Selection: Rampaging Galápagos Fishermen Put Islands and Creatures at Risk,” San Francisco Chronicle, December 10, 2000.
“Upheaval in Ecuador Shows Clout of Indians,” The Washington Post, January 27, 2000.
“U.S. Defends Aid to Wage Drug War in Embattled Colombia,” Chicago Tribune, July 27, 1999.
“U.S. Drug Chief, in Colombia, Speaks of ‘Regional Crisis,’” New York Times, July 27, 1999.
“U.S. Plans Big Aid Package to Rally a Reeling Colombia,” New York Times, September 15, 1999.
“U.S. Seeking New Bases to Offset Panama Loss,” New York Times, December 2, 1998.
“U.S. Team Gets Ready to Clean Up an Oil Spill in Galápagos Islands,” Associated Press, January 21, 2001.
“Vacationing Attorney Didn’t Return From Scuba Dive: Others Searched Near Galápagos Islands for Hours,” The Courier-Journal, April 28, 2001.
“Volcano Ash Kills One Man in Ecuador, Injures Four Others,” Associated Press, October 6, 1999.
“Volcano Covers Quito in White Ash,” The Guardian (London), November 27, 1999.
“Warning over Galápagos Fish Protests,” Financial Times (London), December 13, 2000.
“Weave of Drugs and Strife in Colombia,” New York Times, April 21, 2000.
“Where Darwin Mused, Strife over Ecosystem,” New York Times, December 27, 2000.
“Where the Wildlife Is Free to Flourish,” The Times (London), March 31, 2001.
“Why Lonesome George Needs a Mate,” The Financial Times (London), May 8, 1999.
“Will Science Come to Aid of Galápagos Bachelor? Tune In,” New York Times, November 9, 1999.
“Winds Dispel Fuel, Ease Fears of Disaster in Galápagos Islands,” The Washington Post, January 25, 2001.
“With Each Year, Galápagos Faces New Perils; Oil Spill Only the Latest of the Islands’ Woes,” Chicago Tribune, January 30, 2001.
Internet Publications
“A Narrative of Four Voyages,” by Captain Benjamin Morrell, 1823, www.galapagos.to, July 4, 2000.
“Australian Ladybug Released in Galápagos to Control Invasive Insect,” www.darwinfoundation.org, January 25, 2002.
“Canela II Decision Delayed,” www.seashepherd.org, October 23, 2001.
“Canine Distemper Virus Threatens Wildlife of Galápagos,” www.darwinfoundation.org, March 15, 2001.
“CDRS Suffers Vandalism and Threats of Violence at the Hands of Local Fishermen,” www.darwinfoundation.org, November 17, 2000.
“Census Data Complete for Galápagos,” www.naturalist.net, April 25, 1999.
Charles Darwin Foundation press release about Research Station takeover and tortoise abduction, www.naturalist.net, November 15, 2000.
“Costa Rican Vessel Detained by Sirenian,” www.galapagos.to, March 22, 2001.
“Ecos del Oriente,” by Nick Drake, www.qsl.net, 1998.
“Ecuador Concedes to Fishermen’s Demands,” www.galapagos.to, November 16, 2000.
“Ecuadorian Presidential Visit to Galápagos,” www.darwinfoundation.org, November 28, 2001.
“Fishermen Harass Tourists,” www.galapagos.to, November 28, 2000.
“Galápagos Corruption Reaches a New Level,” www.galapagos.to, March 17, 2001.
“Galápagos Fishermen Demand Quota Increase,” www.galapagos.to, November 17, 2000.
“Galápagos Fishermen on the Attack,” www.galapagos.to, November 17, 2000.
“Galápagos Fishermen Smash Up Conservation Offices,” www.galapagos.to, November 22, 2000.
“Galápagos National Park Director Takes On an Admiral,” www.galapagos.to, March 20, 2001.
“Galápagos National Park Wardens Association Sends Ultimatum to President,” www.naturalist.net, November 27, 2000.
“Galápagos Oil Spill,” www.galapagos.to, January 17–20, 2001.
“Galápagos Oil Spill—A Preliminary Overview of the Impacts on the Ecosystem,” www.darwinfoundation.org, January 23, 2001.
“Galápagos Update,” www.naturalist.net, November 27, 2000.
International press release—Committee of Concerned Galápagos Citizens, www.naturalist.net, November 21, 2000.
“Intimidation of Children and Teachers by Government Authorities,” www.galapagos.to, November 16, 2000.
“Margaret Wittmer Dies,” www.naturalist.net, March 21, 2000.
“Merchant Marine Orders Another Illegal Fishing Boat to Be Released,” www.galapagos.to, March 18, 2001.
“Message from Elicecer Cruz,” www.darwinfoundation.org, March 21, 2001.
“New Protests and Violence by Galápagos Fishermen—Government Backs Down Again,” www.naturalist.net, November 17, 2000.
“Ocean Warrior Gets Deadline to Leave Galápagos,” www.seashepherd-.org, August 29, 2001.
“Ocean Warrior Held by Ecuador Navy in Galápagos,” www.seashepherd-.org, August 27, 2001.
“Rights Violations in the Ecuadorian Amazon,” The Center for Economic and Social Rights, www.cesr.org, March 1994.
“Sea Shepherd Captures Three More Poachers in the Galápagos,” Charles Darwin Foundation Web site www.darwinfoundation.org, March 16, 2001.
“Sea Shepherd Liaison Officer Sean O’Hearn Giminez Has Been Arrested and Is Being Held by Police in Puerto Ayora, Galápagos,” www.seashepherd.org, August 31, 2001.
“Sea Shepherd Officer Released,” www.seashepherd.org, September 4, 2001.
“Sea Shepherd Patrol Boat Sirenian Confronts Illegal Activity Within Marine Reserve of Galápagos,” www.seashepherd.org, March 8–11, 2001.
“Ship Is Caught Fishing Illegally inside the Galápagos Marine Reserve,” www.darwinfoundation.org, November 25, 1999.
“The Curse of Lago Agrio,” by Jeff Conant, www.narconews.com, September 25, 2000.
“The San Jacinto Wreck,” www.galapagos.to, February 18, 2001.
“Tortoises Held Hostage by Angry Fishermen,” www.naturalist.net, May 31, 2000.
“Urgent Action Needed for the Galápagos,” www.seashepherd.org, March 18, 2001.
Personal Notes, Essays, Journals
Fitter, Mary. “Mum’s Diary.” Diary of 1969 sail from England to the Galápagos.
Gallardo, Christy. “Galápagos Is a Nice Place to Visit, But…” Autobiographical essay, March 1987.
_______. “The old motor-sailer…” Autobiographical essay, February 1987.
_______.” Streets filled up with water…” 1973 calendar notations.
Nelson, Jack. “The Gringo’s Opinion,” Essay, November 1999.
_______. “Guides in the Tourist Market.” Essay, May 2001.
_______. “Holothurans.” Essay, June 1999.
_______. “National Interest and Sovereignty in the Galápagos Islands.” Essay, August 2000.
_______. “I was born in Lockport…” Autobiographical essay, February 1999.
_______. “Many changes are coming soon…” Essay on the Special Law, January 1999.