Index

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Abdulmutallab, Umar 546

Aberdeen, Rudolf Steiner School 423

Abse, Leo 175–6

Abu Ghraib prison 290

Abwehr (German military intelligence) 135, 144, 290, 297, 310, 375, 432, 461

Abyssinia 27, 42, 64

accuracy vs. secrecy of intelligence information, views on 55–6, 114

Acton, Sir Harold 218

Admiralty: Naval Intelligence Division 43, 58–9, 72, 476–7, 479; intelligence gathering during First World War 48, 60–61; Room 40 (code-breaking) 60–62; Fleet Orders on homosexuality 470; Vassall spy case 475–8

Aeroflot (airline) 508

Afghanistan 39, 40, 42

Africa, colonial expansion 41, 42–3

Agabekov, Georges 24, 124–5, 145, 373

agents provocateurs, use of 12, 36, 290, 384

agnosticism 182

AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) 527, 539, 541

Air Ministry 59, 470

aircraft manufacture 156, 272, 289, 506

Akhmerov, Iskhak 281, 284, 286

Alanbrooke, Alan Brooke, 1st Viscount 76, 121, 287

Albania 198, 206, 252, 253, 302, 378–9, 413, 522

alcohol see drink and drunkenness

Aldershot 154, 155; barracks 103, 160

Aldrich, Richard, The Black Door 533

Alexander I, King of Yugoslavia 80

Alexander II, Tsar of Russia 3

Alexander III, Tsar of Russia 4

Alexander of Hillsborough, A.V. Alexander, 1st Earl 451, 452

All Souls College, Oxford 218, 264–7, 273, 310, 313, 397, 405, 472, 474, 521, 523, 540; Fellows of see Amery, Leo; Beckett, Sir Eric; Berlin, Sir Isaiah; Dawson, Geoffrey; Drury, John; Foster, Sir John; Halifax, Edward Wood, 1st Earl of; Hampshire, Sir Stuart; Henson, Herbert Hensley; Lang, Cosmo; Makins, Sir Roger; O’Neill, Sir Con; O’Reilly, Sir Patrick; Rees, Goronwy; Rowse, A.L.; Salter, Sir Arthur; Simon, Sir John; Somervell, Sir Donald; Thomas, Sir Keith; Waldegrave, William; Zaehner, R.C.

Allen, Albert see Lakey, Arthur

Allen, Carleton 211

Allen of Hurtwood, Clifford Allen, 1st Baron 266

Allenby, Edmund Allenby, 1st Viscount 388

American Refrigerator Company 242

American Relief Administration 13

American security services see ASA; CIA; COI; FBI; Military Intelligence Division; Office of Naval Intelligence; OSS

Amery, Julian (later Baron Amery of Lustleigh) 173

Amery, Leo 173, 234, 266

Amies, Sir Hardy 287, 461

Amman 493

Andrew, Sir Christopher 25, 515, 516, 534, 535

Andrews, Kenneth 188

Angell, Sir Norman 266

Angelov, Pavel 334, 335

Anglesey Abbey, Cambridgeshire 214

Angleton, James: character 458, 497, 513; chief of counter-espionage in Rome 372; head of CIA’s Office of Special Operations in Washington 379–80; relations with Kim Philby 380, 387; and Philby’s defection 497, 513; and Golitsyn’s defection 513

Anglo-American loan (1946) 363

Anglo-German Fellowship 246

Anglo-Iranian Oil Company 522

Anglo-Russian Three Ply and Veneer Company 89, 110

Anglo-Soviet treaty (1942) 275, 295–7, 301, 313

Anglocentrism 42, 79–82, 117, 188, 296, 353, 392, 448, 490, 507–8, 549

Ankara, British embassy 142, 371

Annan, Noël (later Baron Annan) 416, 479, 535, 536, 537

Anschluss (Nazi annexation of Austria; 1938) 213, 238–9, 260

anti-American sentiment 349, 363, 489, 522

anti-British sentiment 359

anti-colonialism 188, 209, 359

anti-German sentiment 44, 288

anti-semitism 12–13, 30, 95, 102, 275, 277–8, 494

Anti-Socialist Union 66, 107

anti-war organizations 152, 159, 211, 224–5; see also pacifism

Antrobus, George 117–20, 123, 126, 130, 131, 145, 146

Antwerp 35

Apostles (Cambridge University society) 397, 531, 536–7, 538–9

appeasement 59, 170, 260, 265, 266, 267–8

Aragon, Louis 222

Archer, John 287

Archer, Kathleen ‘Jane’ (née Sissmore) 24, 64–5, 105–6, 113, 124, 142, 145, 340; debriefing of Walter Krivitsky 142–4, 162, 170, 248, 323

ARCOS (All Russian Co-operative Society) 86, 93, 98; police raid (1927) 49, 98, 103–5, 536; repercussions of raid 60, 62, 94, 104–5, 125, 150, 158, 166, 355

Ardagh, Sir John 39, 41

Argonne National Laboratory, Illinois 335

armaments manufacture 11, 126, 147–54, 157–8, 160, 164, 230; propaganda against 152–3, 220; see also Vickers; Woolwich, Royal Ordnance Factories

Armenia 125, 374

Armistice Day protest (1933) 224–5

Armstrong, Sir Robert (later Baron Armstrong of Ilminster) 533, 540–41

Armstrong & Co Ltd (engineering and shipbuilding company) 147

Army Education Department 302

Army and Navy Club 380

Army Security Agency (United States; ASA) 346

Arsenal football club 180

ASA (US Army Security Agency) 346

Ascherson, Neal 529–30

Ascona, Switzerland 400

Ashanti wars 41, 42

Ashton, Henry 227

Ashwick, Ernest 417

Asquith, H.H., 1st Earl of Oxford and Asquith 48, 215, 240

Asquith, Margot, Countess of Oxford and Asquith 214

Associated Press (press agency) 241

Association of Scientific Workers 354

Astor, David 417, 440, 495

Astor, Nancy, Viscountess 214, 263

Astor, Waldorf, 2nd Viscount 87, 277

Astor of Hever, John Jacob Astor, 1st Baron 440

atheism and atheists 8–9, 49, 71, 249, 380

Athenaeum (club) 65, 251, 292, 293, 298

Athens 136, 360, 382

Athlone, Alexander Cambridge, 1st Earl of 331

Athlone, Princess Alice, Countess of 331

atomic energy, development of 344–5, 347, 506

atomic and nuclear weapons: development 297, 327–8, 333–6, 340, 342, 349, 350–51, 432; testing and deployment 335, 342–3, 351–2, 370, 393; see also nuclear disarmament campaigns

atomic spies 73, 263, 300, 328, 330–52, 370, 505; see also Fuchs, Klaus; Mann, Wilfrid; May, Trevor Nunn; Norwood, Melita; Pontecorvo, Bruno; Rosenberg, Julius and Ethel

Attlee, Clement Attlee, 1st Earl: at Oxford 215; as demobbed soldier 47; addresses Red Army anniversary celebration 298; Prime Minister 331, 343, 355, 445; and Soviet espionage 331; and atomic weapons development 343; and appointment of Sillitoe as Director General of MI5 355; and withdrawal of British forces from Greece 360–61; and Zionist terrorism 362, 363; and Anglo-American Special Relationship 364; and vetting of Whitehall staff 369, 370; and Korean war 393; at Philip Jordan’s memorial service 409; and Hector McNeil 414

Attlee, Violet, Countess 409

Auden, W.H. 197, 218, 388, 397, 406

Australia 361, 437–8, 533; Royal Commission on Espionage (1954–5) 437, 438

Austria: 18th and 19th centuries 35, 37; ‘Red Vienna’ (1918–34) 14, 22, 155, 229–31; civil war and rise of fascism 231–4, 238; Anschluss (1938) 213, 238–9, 260; Soviet zone of occupation 302; see also Austro-Hungarian empire; Salzburg; Vienna

Austrian Intelligence Bureau 69

Austro-Hungarian empire 49, 69; end of 48

Austro-Prussian war (1866) 41

aviation spies 154–7, 277, 344, 424–5

Ayer, Sir A.J. ‘Freddie’ 191, 474

Babington, Anthony 34

Baldwin, Calvin 285

Baldwin of Bewdley, Stanley Baldwin, 1st Earl 63, 103, 153, 182, 215, 243

Balfour, Arthur Balfour, 1st Earl of 215

Balfour, Sir John ‘Jock’ 3, 317–18, 359, 388, 460

Ball, Sir Joseph 99

Balliol College, Oxford 173, 215, 217, 325

Balogh, Thomas (later Baron Balogh) 325

Balzac, Honoré de 227

Bankhead, Tallulah 183

BARBAROSSA, Operation (Nazi invasion of Soviet Union; 1941) 284, 294–5

Barclay, Sir Roderick 464

Barker, Sir William 504

Barros, James 541

Bartlett, Vernon 145

Bassett, Evelyn ‘Eve’ (earlier Burgess) 189, 191, 385, 396, 414, 484, 486

Bassett, John 191, 414–15

battleships, construction of 164

Bauer, Péter 203

Bazarov, Basil 126, 127, 129, 130, 131, 145

Bazna, Elyesa 142

BBC 113, 280, 302, 431, 526; Guy Burgess works for 252, 253, 263, 270, 318, 319, 320

Beauchamp, Kathleen ‘Kay’ 216

Beauclerk, Charles (later 13th Duke of St Albans) 493–4

Beaulieu, Hampshire 309–310

Beaumarchais, Jacques Delarüe-Caron de 428

Beaumarchais, Pierre-Augustin Caron de 428

Beaver, William 38

Beaverbrook, Max Aitken, 1st Baron: Minister of Aircraft Production 286–7, 293, 298, 327; press baron 406–7, 430–32, 434, 468, 469, 471; see also Daily Express; Evening Standard; Sunday Express

Beckett, Sir Eric 266

Beech, Richard 159

Beethoven, Ludwig van 180, 206

Begin, Menachem 362

Beirut 492–3, 495–6

Belfast 540

Belgrade 252–3, 391, 471; Danube River conference (1948) 479

Bell, Julian 206, 225, 256

Bell, Quentin 397

Bellecroft House, Isle of Wight 89, 90

Beloff, Nora 417, 456, 486, 488

Belorussia 9

Benckendorff, Count Alexander 4

Beneš, Edvard 266, 300, 320

Bennett, Gill 104–5, 149, 255

Bénouville, Pierre de 166

Benson, A.C. 218

Bentley, Elizabeth 283–6, 307–8, 346, 364–5, 394, 405, 435, 458, 518

Benyaminov, Alexander 505

Beria, Lavrentiy 29–30, 294, 351–2, 437; execution 31

Berle, Adolf 139, 140

Berlin 221, 339, 375, 431, 448; British embassy 27, 58; Ruhleben internment camp 460; SIS station 400, 448

Berlin blockade (1948–9) 363

Berlin, Sir Isaiah 264; and Herbert and Jenifer Hart 213, 274, 518; and Donald Maclean 318; and Guy Burgess 319, 416, 530; and Andrew Boyle’s The Climate of Treason 530; Views on: British journalism 518; Stuart Hampshire 521; Karl Mundt 366; Gerald Nye 153; Goronwy Rees 474; Robin Zaehner 413, 521

Bernal, J.D. 72–3, 249, 250

Berne 400

Bertie of Thame, Francis Bertie, 1st Viscount 73, 192

Bessarabia 9

Bessedovsky, Gregori 18, 19, 123–4, 125, 137, 373

Bethlen, Count István 303–4

Betterton, Sir Henry (later 1st Baron Rushcliffe) 109–110

Beveridge, William Beveridge, 1st Baron 76

Beves, Donald 518

Bevin, Ernest 304, 331, 357, 358, 361, 382, 398, 506

Bialoguski, Michael 437, 438

Bidault, Georges 32

Bigham, Clive (later 2nd Viscount Mersey) 41–2

Bingham, David 509

Bingham, John see Clanmorris, John Bingham, 7th Baron

Bint et Sambain (detective agency) 86

Birch, Frank 518

Birch, Sir Noel 148

Birkenhead, F.E. Smith, 1st Earl of 63, 104, 214, 297

Birkett, Norman Birkett, 1st Baron 288–9

Birley, Sir Robert 397

Birmingham 151, 220

Birmingham Small Arms Company 150

Bishop’s Stortford College, Hertfordshire 516

Blackett, Sir Patrick (later Baron Blackett) 220, 336

Blackshirts (British Union of Fascists) 156, 288, 344

Blair, Tony 215, 526

Blake, Anthony 226

Blake, George xxviii, 357–8, 448–53, 493, 495, 496, 546

Bland, Sir Nevile 464

Blenheim Palace, Oxfordshire 214

Bletchley Park (GC&CS wartime headquarters) 270, 314, 328, 444, 528

Blitz: Cambridge 333; Coventry 145; London 273, 290, 291–2, 294, 324, 325

Blockade, Ministry of 48

Bloomsbury set 197

Blunt, (Sir) Anthony: family background 188, 191, 322; birth 191; upbringing and schooling 173–6, 188, 191–5; friendship with Louis MacNeice 194; undergraduate at Cambridge 205–6, 218–19, 225, 227, 274, 536–7; early sexual relations and love affairs 206, 218–19, 222; politicization 227, 256; postgraduate studies and research fellowship 256; career as art historian 256, 374, 414, 520, 528–9; visits Soviet Union 383, 478; recruited as Soviet agent 177, 256, 266; acts as talent-spotter for Arnold Deutsch 256, 257, 421, 514; running of sub-agents 294, 324, 385; materials passed to Soviets 106, 144, 306, 322–4, 347, 385; Soviet handlers’ treatment of 305–7, 322–3; appointment to MI5 270, 271, 321–4; wartime life in London 292, 324–6; and Peter Smolka 312; and Burgess’s recruitment to MI5 319; leaves MI5 374; Surveyor of King’s/Queen’s Pictures 374; Director of Courtauld Institute 374, 414, 513, 520; post-war espionage activities 374, 385; mounting fear of exposure 378; and Burgess and Maclean defections 397, 398, 399, 400–401, 416; refuses to defect 398–9, 414; acts as liaison for security services following defections 267, 401, 414, 486; implicated as suspect 412–13, 414, 474, 530–31; investigated and questioned by security services following defections 410, 414, 447; and Vladimir Petrov’s defection 437; further questioning by MI5 following Philby defection 513; confession to Arthur Martin 513–14, 515; granted immunity from prosecution in return for cooperation 514, 517, 546; information provided to security services 514; retirement as Surveyor of Queen’s Pictures 514; identification by security services as Fourth Man 517; public exposure 526; reactions to exposure 526–9, 535–6, 540, 542, 545–6

Character & characteristics: anti-colonialism 188; appearance 193, 194, 205, 322; art connoisseurship 206, 256, 486, 520, 528–9; attraction to Marxism 8–9, 227, 249–50, 256; charm 322; club membership 251, 414; compartmentalization of life 486; dress and bathing habits 193, 205; drinking 378, 458; effeminacy 256; intellect 256, 529–30; language skills 206, 321; rejection of English nationalism 188; relations with colleagues 322; schoolboy nickname 193; self-control 256; sense of humour 206; sexuality 218–19, 325, 528, 541; shyness 205; unsporty 193; views on commerce and consumers 250

Blunt, Hilda 176, 191–2

Blunt, Stanley 176, 191–2

Blunt, Wilfrid 541–2

Blunt, Wilfrid Scawen 50, 188, 388; Diaries 1888–1914 187–8

BMA (British Medical Association) 474–5

Board of Economic Warfare (United States) 284–5

boarding-schools, and character formation 173–4, 179, 186–7, 188–9, 189–90, 194–5, 254

Boase, T.S.R. 218

Boddington, Herbert ‘Con’ 130, 255

Bodkin, Sir Archibald 98–9

Boetzelaer van Oosterhout, Carel Godfried ‘Pim’, Baron van 428

Bofors (armaments company) 148

Bohr, Niels 335, 336

Boky, Gleb 25

Bolshevik revolution (1917) 3, 5, 6–8, 10, 16, 48, 49, 88–9, 90, 301–2

bomb-disposal 274

‘Bond, James’ (fictional character) 475, 498, 499, 500

Bonham Carter, Sir Charles 166–7

Bonham Carter, Lady Violet (later Baroness Asquith of Yarnbury) 417

Boodle’s (club) 292, 313

Booker, Mary (later Burn) 384

Boorstin, Daniel 212

Boothby, Sir Robert (later Baron Boothby) 440–41

Boris III, King of Bulgaria 80

Born, Max 340

Borovik, Genrikh 236, 246

Borovoy, Mary 163, 164–5

Borovoy, Mikhail 163, 164, 165, 166

Bosnia 206

Bournemouth 81, 105, 106–7, 191

Bowen, Elizabeth 264

Bower, Tom, The Perfect English Spy 255

Bowle, John 181

Bowra, Sir Maurice 218, 264, 269

Boxer rebellion (1899–1901) 41

Boxshall, Edwin ‘Eddy’ 148, 253, 360

Boyd, Helen 365

Boyle, Andrew 465, 499, 529; The Climate of Treason 175, 264, 271, 398, 409, 464, 526, 529–31, 544

Brandt, Willy 510

Brasenose College, Oxford 218

Bratislava Declaration (1968) 504

Brest-Litovsk, treaty of (1918) 7, 181

Breuer, Marcel 163

Brewer, Eleanor (later Philby) 493

Brexit (British exit from European Union) xxv, 426, 548

Brickendonbury Hall, Hertfordshire, SOE training camp 275, 319

Bridge, Charles 57–8

Brighton 478

Brimelow, Sir Thomas (later Baron Brimelow) 506

Brinton, Crane 211, 269, 353, 392

Bristol 83, 95, 158, 339

Bristol Aeroplane Company 506

British American Tobacco Company 515

British Colonial Club 362

British Council 57–8

British Empire Union 56

British Fascists 161

British Medical Association (BMA) 474–5

British Non-Ferrous Metals Research Association 163, 164

British School of Telegraphy 434

British Union of Fascists (Blackshirts) 156, 288, 344

Brittain, Sir Harry 277

Brittain-Jones, Joyce 360

Broadway Buildings, London, SIS headquarters 55, 364

Brockway, Fenner Brockway, Baron 152, 157, 159

Brook, Norman see Normanbrook, Norman Brook, 1st Baron

Brooke, Sir Alan (later 1st Viscount Alanbrooke) 76, 121, 287

Brooke, Christopher 537

Brooke, Henry (later Baron Brooke of Cumnor) 480

Brookner, Anita 520

Brooks, Collin 66, 74

Brooks’s (club) 292, 293

Brooman-White, Richard ‘Dick’ 273, 278, 310, 416, 444

Browder, Earl 259, 281, 282, 283, 286, 350, 365

Brown, Anthony Cave 499, 534, 537–8

Brown, George (later Baron George-Brown) 441, 451, 452, 482, 548

Brown, Sophie (née Levene; later Lady George-Brown) 452

Brown, W.J. ‘Bill’ 427, 440–41

Browne, Coral 487

Browne, H. Loftus 276

Broxbourne, Derek Walker-Smith, Baron 174

Bruce, David 280

Bruce Lockhart, Sir Robert 25, 58–9, 299

Brüning, Heinrich 266

Bucharest 22

Budapest 126, 206, 232

Buenos Aires, British embassy 441

Bukharin, Nikolai 33, 213

Bulganin, Nikolai 471, 482

Bulgaria 14–15, 22, 80, 302, 504

Bullard, Sir Julian 493, 506

Bullard, Margaret, Lady 493

Bullard, Sir Reader 14, 20, 116–17, 178, 184

Bullitt, William 28

Burbridge, A.F. 423–4

Burgess, Evelyn ‘Eve’ see Bassett, Evelyn ‘Eve’

Burgess, Guy: family background 189; birth 189; upbringing and schooling 173–6, 188, 189–91, 194–5, 254; early sexual encounters 190–91; at Cambridge 202, 205, 207, 225, 274, 306, 529, 531, 536–7, 538; politicization 202, 209, 427; converts Blunt to communism 227; recruited as Soviet agent 177, 246–8, 252; personal secretary to Tory MP 252; BBC talks producer 252, 253, 263, 270, 318, 319, 320; works for SIS 253–4, 255, 263, 270, 318–19, 473–4; and recruitment of Blunt and Cairncross as Soviet agents 256, 257, 264, 265–6, 421; materials passed to Soviets 263, 267, 306–7, 312–13, 319, 321, 323, 384; Soviet handlers’ treatment of 305–7; recruitment of Goronwy Rees as informant 264, 265–6, 266–7, 320; response to Nazi-Soviet pact and Drax’s mission to Moscow 266–7; works at Ministry of Information 318–19; training of SOE operatives 319, 426; wartime life in London 291–2, 320, 324–6, 530; and Philby’s recruitment to SIS 308, 318–19; and Peter Smolka 312–13, 318; dismissed from SIS 319; returns to BBC 319, 320; recruited as MI5 agent 319–20; offers to murder Rees 320; admission to Foreign Office 270, 271, 320; placement in News Department 320–21, 428; and Volkov affair 372; personal assistant to Hector McNeil 382–3; post-war espionage activities 374, 382–3, 384, 395; increasingly wild behaviour 383, 384–5, 386, 387–8, 396; brief secondment to FO Information Research Department 383–4; employed in Far Eastern Department 384, 428, 530; holiday in Tangier and Gibraltar 385–6; warned by Philby of VENONA evidence 347, 386; mounting fear of exposure 378, 386; posting to Washington embassy 386–8, 396, 419; recalled to London in disgrace 396; last days in England 396–9; defection 399–401; arrival in Soviet Union 401; life in Kuibishev 401–2; reactions to defection 76–7, 174, 309, 354, 357, 370, 401, 405–418, 425–6, 442, 464–7, 471–2, 545–6; security services’ interviewing of family and associates 412, 414–15, 463–4, 480–81; and Vladimir Petrov’s defection and revelations 438–9, 440, 471, 483; disappearance first discussed on British television 440–41; government publishes white paper on 443; parliamentary debate on disappearance 445–6, 447; circulation of MI5 discussion paper on disappearance 446–7; re-emergence in Moscow 472, 482; reaction to the re-emergence 472–4, 483; publication of views in Sunday Express 483; visited by mother 483; visited by Tom Driberg 483–4; publication of Driberg’s Guy Burgess: A Portrait with Background 484–6; life in Moscow 486–7, 488–9, 491; relations with Maclean 486–7, 489; response to Radcliffe report on security procedures 452–3; and Vassall spy case 477–8; views on EEC 507; death 498

Character & characteristics: adventurer 247–8; anti-Americanism 250, 489; anti-colonialism 188, 209; appearance and dress 252, 321, 384, 387; attraction to Marxism 8–9, 191, 202, 248, 249–50, 267, 427; caricaturist 388; club memberships 251, 384, 393; drinking 251, 321, 378, 384, 387, 388, 458; frivolity 485–6; irresponsibility 321, 384, 386; language skills 252; letter-writing 399; love of intrigue 384; mendacity 326; name-dropping 320, 386, 387; punctuality 190; recklessness 384–5, 386; rejection of English nationalism 188; relations with colleagues 116, 387; sexuality 247, 321, 325, 326, 387, 465, 467, 488, 529, 541–2; sleaziness 247, 251–2, 320, 384, 386; slovenliness 321, 384; smoking 387; unsporty 535; violent outbursts 320, 396

Burgess, Malcolm 189, 190

Burgess, Nigel 405

Burhop, Eric 407

Burlingham, Russell 528

Burma 42, 271, 272, 360, 361

Burn, Mary (earlier Booker) 384

Burn, Michael ‘Micky’ 202, 384–5

Burnaby, John 209

Burns, Emile, What is Marxism? 435

Burrows, Sir Bernard 387

Burt, Leonard 337, 464

by-elections: West Ham North (1911) 87; Edge Hill (1923) 109; Northampton (1928) 53; Oxford City (1938) 217; Greenock (1941) 382; Arundel and Shoreham (1954) 471

Bystrolyotov, Dimitri 125–6, 143, 145; and Ernest Oldham 125, 126–7, 128, 129, 130, 131; and Raymond Oake 132, 133; and John King 133

Cabinet Office 354, 503, 533; Central Policy Review Staff 274; Joint Intelligence Staff 479

Caccia, Harold (later Baron Caccia) 356

Cadogan, Sir Alexander: background and early life 428–9; PUS of Foreign Office 28, 60, 62, 66, 79, 82, 261, 371; and embassy security breaches 28; and Communications Department spies 140–41; and atomic spies 337; and post-war re-organization of security services 355, 357, 358; Permanent Representative to United Nations 392, 429; report on FO security arrangements following Burgess and Maclean defections 464–8, 478; Views on: Claude Dansey 60; Foreign Office tolerance of eccentricity 392; Francis Noel-Baker 382; St John Philby 184; state of post-war Britain 429

Cadogan, George Cadogan, 5th Earl 428–9

Caillard, Sir Vincent 40–41, 57, 240–41

Cairncross, John: family background and upbringing 176–7, 257; character and appearance 116, 177, 250, 257–8, 326, 377, 458, 517; at Cambridge 205, 227, 257; politicization 227, 249–50, 257; works for Foreign Office 257, 258; recruited as Soviet agent 176, 177, 257–8, 421; transferred to Treasury 258, 270; materials passed to Soviets 258, 306, 327–8, 331–2, 385, 421; Soviet handlers’ treatment of 305–7, 328, 332; private secretary to Lord Hankey 326–8, 382; wartime work at GC&CS 328; transferred to SIS political branch 328; returns to Treasury after war 331, 385; and Gouzenko defection 331–2; post-war espionage activities 40, 385, 401, 421; transferred to Ministry of Supply 421; primed by handler for counter-intelligence interrogations 421; identified as source of leaked documents 401, 421; under surveillance by security services 421; interrogated by MI5 421–2; leaves civil service 422; academic career in US 513; further questioned by MI5 following Philby defection 513; confession to Arthur Martin 513, 515; immunity from prosecution 546; identification as Fifth Man 328, 517, 544

Cairns, David Cairns, 5th Earl 387

Cairo 356, 375, 388; British embassy 388–9; Swedish embassy 518

Caldecote, Thomas Inskip, 1st Viscount 169

Calvert, Edward 155

Camberley, Surrey 178

Cambridge 214, 333, 397

Cambridge Anti-War Council 224

Cambridge Left (magazine) 72, 222, 225, 249

Cambridge Review (magazine) 234

Cambridge Union debating society 215, 478

Cambridge University xxiii, 180, 237; admission of women 65, 202–3; compared to Oxford 203–4, 214–19; emigré dons 203; homosexuality at 218–19, 535, 537; security services’ investigations of 517–18, 535; undergraduates and communism 196–7, 199–202, 204–5, 208–9, 219–28, 518, 538; Workers’ Education Association scholarships 199, 206; see also Apostles; Cavendish Laboratory; Clare College; Corpus Christi College; Hawks’ Club; King’s College; Magdalene College; Newnham College; Pembroke College; Peterhouse; Pitt Club; Trinity College; Trinity Hall

Cambridge University Labour Club 207, 216

Cambridge University Socialist Club 207

Cambridge University Solidarity Committee 226

Cambridgeshire (parliamentary constituency) 207

Cameron, David 215

Cameron, James 455

Camp 020 (wartime interrogation centre) 290

Campbell, John Ross 98–100, 294

Campbell, Sir Ronald 388–9, 390, 391, 392

Campbell-Bannerman, Sir Henry 215

Canada 143, 158, 331, 334–5, 361, 518; Department of External Affairs 223, 518; Royal Canadian Mounted Police 331, 518; Royal Commission to Investigate Agents of a Foreign Power (1946) 332, 437; see also Montreal; Ottawa; Quebec

Canaris, Wilhelm 432

Canberra 438

Cardiff 185, 298

Cardiff High School 264

Carey-Foster, George 356–7, 386, 392, 395, 401, 410, 416, 418, 464, 467, 529

Carol II, King of Romania 81

Carr, E.H. 215, 296, 363, 493

Carter, Miranda, Anthony Blunt: His Lives 176, 256, 414, 486

cartography 38, 39, 41

Casement, Sir Roger 387

Castle, Barbara (later Baroness Castle of Blackburn) 479

Castle, John 36

Castro, Fidel 490

cataloguing and indexing of intelligence information 39, 46

Catherine II ‘the Great’, Empress of Russia 3

Catholicism 34, 202, 529, 538

Cato Street conspiracy (1820) 36

Cave Brown, Anthony see Brown, Anthony Cave

Cavendish, Anthony 400, 461, 543

Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge 203, 333, 340

Cavendish-Bentinck, Victor ‘Bill’ (later 9th Duke of Portland) 303, 357, 416

Cecil, Lord David 203

Cecil, Kathleen 389

Cecil, Robert 226, 389, 414, 468; A Divided Life: A Biography of Donald Maclean 176, 226

Centrosoyus (Central Union of Consumers’ Co-operative Societies) 158

Ceylon 360

Chadwick, Sir James 333–4, 335, 340–41, 358

Chain, Sir Ernst 203

Chamberlain, Sir Austen 119–20

Chamberlain, Neville 59, 104, 166, 182, 267–8, 301, 327, 424, 499; Munich agreement (1938) 170, 258, 260, 340, 361

Chambers, Whittaker 139–40, 237–8, 279, 286, 346–7, 364, 365–6, 394, 405

Chan, Michael (later Baron Chan) 543

Chapman-Andrews, Sir Edwin 391–2

Charleston, South Carolina 396

Charlton, Northamptonshire 214

Charterhouse (school) 179

Charteris, Leslie, Prelude to War 152

Chatham 83, 91, 160

Cheka (Soviet intelligence agency) 11–13, 20–21, 23–4, 50, 86, 90; executions 13, 19, 24

Cheltenham, GCHQ (Government Communications Headquarters) 358, 387, 413, 524, 533

Cheltenham College 167

Cheltenham Grammar School 450

Chesham House, London (Soviet legation) 92, 150

Chicago Tribune 408

Chicherin, Georgy 52

Chidson, Montagu ‘Monty’ 263–4, 267

China 14, 22, 26; Boxer rebellion 41; communist revolution xxviii, 103; Sino-Japanese war 355; under Mao 341, 359–60, 370, 483, 502; and Korean war 393; Sino-Soviet split 513

China Aid Council (US aid agency) 282

China Campaign Committee (British communist organization) 359

Christ Church, Oxford 31, 68, 202, 254, 282, 314

Christian Science Monitor 366

Christiansen, Arthur 471

Christie, Dame Agatha 163

Church of England 182–3, 221

Churchill, Mary (later Baroness Soames) 320

Churchill, Randolph 291, 429

Churchill, Sir Winston: character and beliefs 63, 66–7, 72, 316; Home Secretary 84; and Syme case 84; Secretary of State for War 53; Chancellor of the Exchequer 63, 72; speech to Anti-Socialist Union (1933) 66–7; visits All Souls 266; First Lord of the Admiralty 293; wartime Prime Minister 77, 269, 270, 274, 291, 297, 299, 300, 301, 327, 335, 410; and security services 269, 270, 289; visits Moscow (1942) 316; Yalta and Potsdam conferences 300–301, 302; peacetime Prime Minister 170, 370, 382, 438; and Daily Express and Sefton Delmer 433, 434; retirement 438

CIA (Central Intelligence Agency): replaces OSS 377; and VENONA project 346, 377; London liaison office 363–4; Philby as SIS liaison 377, 380; joint operation with SIS in Albania 378–9, 413, 522; and Philby’s defection 497

Cimperman, John 468

cipher systems see cryptography

circulating file, use of 17, 78–9

circuses 271, 272

City of London Police 84–5, 104, 106

Clanmorris, John Bingham, 7th Baron 525–6

Clanmorris, Madeleine, Lady 543

Clarac, Louise and Madeleine 149

Clare College, Cambridge 450

Clark, Kenneth Clark, Baron 72, 195, 197

Clark Kerr, Sir Archibald see Inverchapel, Archibald Clark Kerr, 1st Baron

Clarke, Sir Ashley 464

classical education, of Foreign Office staff 78

Clement-Scott, Joan (Jane Footman) 252

Cleveland, Ohio, Western Reserve University 513

Clifton Hampden, Oxfordshire 212

CLIMBER, Operation (infiltration of Soviet Georgia; 1948) 374

Cliveden House, Buckinghamshire 87, 214

clubs and clubland (London) 65, 251, 291, 292–3, 313; see also Army and Navy Club; Athenaeum; British Colonial Club; Brooks’s; Garrick Club; Lansdowne Club; Reform Club; Royal Automobile Club; St James’s Club; Travellers Club; United Services Club; White’s

Clutterbuck, Sir Peter 332

Coates, Wells 163

Coblenz, Rhineland High Commission 133

code-breaking see cryptography

Codrington, William 141–2, 356

Cohen, Sir Andrew 211, 519, 520

Cohen, Rose 93, 105, 112

Cohen, Stanley 420, 425

COI (US Office of Co-ordination of Information) 280, 281, 284

Cole, G.D.H. 87, 217–18

Collard, Dudley 167–8, 169, 212, 275, 276–7, 282

collectivization, agricultural 17, 208, 228

Collier, John 118

Cologne 433

Colville, Sir John ‘Jock’ 401, 421, 433

Colvin, Ian 432–3

Comber, Co. Down 540

Comey, James xxv–xxvi

Comintern (Third Communist International) 15–16, 21, 49, 94, 157, 209, 249, 293, 295

Committee of Imperial Defence 70, 244, 258, 326; industrial intelligence sub-committee (FCI) 149

Commonwealth of England 35, 214, 298

Communications Department see Foreign Office Communications Department

Communications Electronic Security Group (GCHQ) 358

Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB): foundation 18, 49, 88; and Bolshevik revolution 18–19, 52–3; and Comintern 15; meetings and rallies 52–3, 99; security services’ burglary and bugging of offices 56, 73, 322; MI5’s sources in 484; and Ewer–Hayes spy network 93, 94; and Glading spy network 158, 166, 167, 168; and Oxford and Cambridge universities 199, 204–5, 210, 215–16, 224, 517, 538; and Second World War 288, 289, 293–4, 295, 322; and atomic spies 333, 334, 344; and Cold War 356, 369; and suppression of Hungarian uprising 485

Communist Party of the USA (CPUSA) 212, 259, 279–86, 307

compartmentalization (character trait) 310–311, 343–4, 486

Concorde (jet aircraft) 506

Connaught, Prince Arthur, Duke of 338

Connolly, Cyril 175, 176, 189, 197, 374; on Burgess and Maclean 175, 245–6, 393–4

Connolly, James 159

Conquest, Robert 210, 305–6

Conrad, Joseph, The Secret Agent 46

Constantini, Francesco 26, 124, 362

Cooke, William Hinchley 67

Cooper, Duff (later 1st Viscount Norwich) 79–80, 459–60

Copenhagen 89, 242, 244

Copa-Mic & Cugir (steel and armaments company) 148

Cormac, Rory, The Black Door 533

Cornford, John 223–4, 227, 250, 518, 538, 541

Cornforth, Kitty (née Klugmann) 207–8, 219

Cornforth, Maurice 202, 207–8, 221, 226

Cornwell, David see le Carré, John

Corpus Christi College, Cambridge 271, 450

Costello, John 178, 243, 325, 499, 534, 535–7, 544

Costley-White, Harold 180, 181

Cotesworth, Ralph 120, 146

Courcel, Baron Alphonse Chodron de 428

Courcel, Baron Geoffroy Chodron de 428

Courcel, Martine Chodron de 452

Courtauld Institute of Art, London 256, 374, 414, 513, 520

Couve de Murville, Jacqueline 452

Coward, Sir Noël 341

Cowgill, Felix 144, 311, 314

Cowley, Henry Wellesley, 1st Baron 37

Cowley, Malcolm 139, 145

Cowley, Oxford: car plant 216; steel works 212, 216

CPGB see Communist Party of Great Britain

CPUSA see Communist Party of the USA

Crabb, Lionel ‘Buster’ 483

Crankshaw, Edward 485, 488–9

Cranston, Maurice 204

Crawford, David Lindsay, 27th Earl of 56, 104, 119

Crawford, Joan 183

Cremet, Jean 149, 157

Crewe, Robert Crewe-Milnes, 1st Marquess of 238

Crimean war (1853–6) 38

Cripps, Sir Stafford 294, 296, 298, 362–3

Croatia 206

Cromer, Evelyn Baring, 1st Earl of 202, 388

Crompton, Jimmy 539, 543

Cromwell, Oliver 35; New Model Army 298

Cronin, A.J., The Citadel 259

Crossman, Richard: Oxford don 215; Oxford city councillor 217; Member of Parliament 445; newspaper columnist 445, 454; Views on: Burgess and Maclean 445–6; the Establishment 445, 454; the Foreign Office 446, 548; Oxford and Cambridge universities 215

Crowborough, Sussex 491, 492

Crowe, Sir Eyre 13, 60, 62, 78, 82, 100

Crowther, Geoffrey Crowther, Baron 507–8

Cruttwell, C.R.M.F. 218

cryptography: American 346; British 46, 60–62, 118–19, 121, 245, 314, 328, 346, 444, 514; Soviet 25, 61–2, 245, 346, 430; see also Bletchley Park; GC&CS; VENONA project

Cuba 490

Cudlipp, Hugh (later Baron Cudlipp) 471

Culford Park, Suffolk 428–9

Culme-Seymour, Mark 390, 392, 393, 417

Cumming, Malcolm 254

Cumming, Sir Mansfield 46, 55, 103, 255

Cumming-Bruce, Francis (later 8th Baron Thurlow) 220–21

Cumming-Bruce, Sir Roualeyn ‘Spider’ 220–21, 226–7

Curran, Charles 431

Currie, Lauchlin 285

Curry, John ‘Jack’ 319–20

Curzon of Kedleston, George Curzon, 1st Marquess 53, 61, 119, 120–21, 297; ‘Curzon Note’ (1923) 62

Cuxhaven raid (1914) 52

Czechoslovakia 125–6, 266; Sudeten Germans 238, 253; communist era 300, 302, 363, 484, 504; execution of Rudolf Slánský 494; Soviet invasion (1968) 491; intelligence informants in London 175–6, 484, 510–511; see also Prague

D-Day landings (Normandy; 1944) 324

D-notice (press censorship system) 430, 442

D’Abernon, Edgar Vincent, 1st Viscount 12–13, 25, 51, 62

Daily Express 211, 286, 308, 430, 468, 471, 472, 541; and Burgess and Maclean defections and aftermath 399, 406–8, 416–17, 431, 433, 484; Sefton Delmer’s stories for 416–17, 431–4, 438, 483; Chapman Pincher’s stories for 441, 452, 508; serialization of From Russia with Love 499; and exposure of Anthony Blunt 527

Daily Herald 87, 88, 94, 96, 97, 101, 124, 270, 426, 439, 491, 498; Soviet subsidy 61, 89–90; publication of Pravda forgery 90–91; bought by Odhams Press 112

Daily Mail 44, 112, 161, 408, 462, 471, 543; ‘Zinoviev letter’ forgery 98–101, 110, 220, 354, 355, 505; reporting on Cambridge spies 190, 412, 485, 527

Daily Mirror 308, 409, 439, 497–8; Buck Ryan cartoon 121; Cassandra column 297

Daily Star 539

Daily Telegraph 233, 537, 542, 543

Daily Worker 112, 154, 164, 168, 208, 216; closed by government 294

Daladier, Édouard 260

Dale, Walter 86, 92, 101, 105, 107–8, 114

Dalton, Ernest 135

Dalton, Hugh (later Baron Dalton) 111, 152, 292, 426–7

Dansey, Sir Claude 41, 60, 141

Danube River conference (1948) 479

D’Arcy, Martin 202

Dartington Hall School 256

Dartmouth Naval College 190

Darwen, Lancashire 479, 480

Darwin, Charles xxi, 182

Dashwood, Sir John 142, 356, 460

Daube, David 203

David, Villiers 74

Davies, Joseph 28; Mission to Moscow 298

Davison, Boris 370

Dawes, Harry 206, 207

Dawson, Geoffrey 265, 266

Dawson, Sir Trevor 147

de Forest, Baron Maurice 87

Deacon, Richard see McCormick, Donald

Deakin, Sir F.W. 474

debriefing and interrogation techniques: American 138–9, 142; British 107, 142–3, 290, 338, 348

Declaration of the Rights of Man (1789) 529

decolonization 359, 360, 361–2, 500, 507, 545

decryption see cryptography

Defence of the Realm Act (1914) 49, 392

Defence Regulation 18B (1939) 288–9

Deighton, Len 500; The Ipcress File 498–9

Dekanozov, Vladimir 294

Delmer, Sefton ‘Tom’ 416–17, 431–4, 438, 462–3, 483

denial, as human characteristic 420

Denniston, Alastair 61

Denny, Dorothy 141

Desborough, Ethel ‘Ettie’, Baroness 214

Deutsch, Arnold: background, character and early life 162, 163; ‘Great Illegal’ in London 162–3, 213; and Glading network 162, 164, 165, 166; and Cambridge spy ring 176–7, 236–7, 240, 241–3, 245, 247–8, 256–7, 258, 514; identified by Krivitsky 162

Deutsch, Julius 233

Devonport 189

Dewey Decimal system 39

Dewhurst, Claude 462

dialectical materialism 202, 209, 221

Diana, Princess of Wales 526

Dictionary of National Biography 444

Dies, Martin 142; Dies Committee see HUAC

Dinshaw, Minoo, Outlandish Knight: The Byzantine Life of Steven Runciman 222

Diplomatic Wireless Service 434

Dobb, Maurice 19–20, 196–7, 199–201, 227, 232, 235; his communist cell at Cambridge 19, 199, 201, 202, 208, 210–211, 221–2, 224, 250

Dobbs, Frank 189, 190

Dodd, Martha 153

Dodd, William 153

Dodd, William Jr 153

Dollfuss, Engelbert 230–32, 233, 234; assassination 155, 238

Dolmatova (Soviet freighter) 496

domestic staff, reduction in numbers of 429

Donlan, Yolande 479–80

Donovan, William ‘Bill’ 280–83

Double-Cross System (XX) 273, 354, 503, 504

Douglas, Norman 198

Douglas-Home, Sir Alec (later Baron Home of the Hirsel) 215, 504–5, 506–7, 508–9, 514

Doyle, Sir Arthur Conan, ‘The Adventure of the Bruce-Partington Plans’ 147

Dr No (film; 1962) 499

Drake, Reginald 67

Drax, Sir Reginald 267

Dresden 350

Driberg, Tom (later Baron Bradwell): character 215, 541; MI5 agent 215, 323; expulsion from CPGB 323; Member of Parliament 354, 360, 510; journalism 452–3, 483–4; and Guy Burgess 452–3, 483–6, 498; KGB and Czech informant 484, 510, 541; Guy Burgess: A Portrait with Background 484–6

drink and drunkenness 121, 458–9, 478; Anthony Blunt 378, 458; Guy Burgess 251, 321, 378, 384, 387, 388, 458; Wilfred Macartney 150; Donald Maclean 317, 378, 388, 389, 390, 392–3, 458; Theodore Maly 128, 163; Ernest Oldham 124, 127, 128, 129, 458; Kim Philby 374, 378, 379–80, 381, 458, 491, 514–15; Goronwy Rees 458, 472

Drozdov, Vladimir 505

Drummond, Sir Eric (later 16th Earl of Perth) 27

Drury, John 78

du Maurier, George, Trilby 87

Duff, William 128

Dufferin and Ava, Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Marquess of 39, 42

Duggan, Laurence 365–7, 457

Dulles, Allen 283

Dunderdale, Wilfred ‘Biffy’ 123, 137, 331–2

Dunkirk evacuation (1940) 288, 291, 298, 315

Dunlop, Teddy 386

Durbin, Evan 325

Durham, John Lambton, 3rd Earl of 51

Dutt, Clemens Palme 202

Dutt, Rajani Palme 18, 111, 202, 293, 294

DYNAMO, Operation (Dunkirk evacuation; 1940) 288, 291, 298, 315

Dzerzhinsky, Felix 90

Eade, Charles 463

Eagle Grove, Iowa 317

Earle, George 231

East Asia News Service 355

East Germany 350, 375, 448, 504

East Woodhay, Berkshire 191

Easton, Sir James ‘Jack’ 380–81, 418, 492

Eastwood, Harold 120, 129, 146

Eccles, David Eccles, 1st Viscount 316

Eccles, James 186, 187

Economist (newspaper) 492

EDC see European Defence Community

Eden, Anthony (later 1st Earl of Avon): at Oxford 215; pre-war Foreign Secretary 27; ‘The German Danger’ memorandum 27; wartime Foreign Secretary 295, 298; shadow Foreign Secretary 363; post-war Foreign Secretary 434, 438, 441; Prime Minister 438, 442, 482; and Cambridge spies 77, 442, 443, 444, 482; Suez crisis 82, 448

Eden, Clarissa (later Countess of Avon) 442

Edinburgh University 340

Edward VIII, King (later Duke of Windsor) 57, 168; abdication 169

Edwardes, Rose 92, 101, 105, 108

Edwards, George 36

EEC see European Economic Community

Egypt 41, 361; see also Cairo; Ismailia

Eisenhower, Dwight D. 302, 355

elections see by-elections; general elections

electoral reform 54, 63–4, 110, 370

Elgar, Sir Edward 194

Eliav, Yaacov 363

Eliot, T.S. 406

Elizabeth I, Queen 34, 47

Elizabeth II, Queen 482, 514

Elland, Percy 407

Ellen Hunt employment agency 323

Elliott, Nicholas 414, 444, 492, 495–6

Elsfield, Oxfordshire 214

embassies, British, characteristics of 122; see also embassies under Ankara; Berlin; Buenos Aires; Cairo; Moscow; Paris; Rome; Vienna; Washington

encryption and decryption see cryptography

Encyclopedia Britannica 414

English civil wars (1642–51) 35, 214, 298

Enigma decrypts 328

Ernst, Karl 46

Erroll, Victor Hay, 21st Earl of 133

Essex, George Capell, 7th Earl of 449

‘Establishment, the’, coinage and popularization of term 440

Estonia 9–10, 267; naval yards 11; Soviet takeover 302

Eton College 116, 173, 179, 186, 189–90, 190–91, 247, 254

European Defence Community (EDC) 432, 434

European Economic Community (EEC) 432, 507–8; British admission 507–8, 511

European Union (EU), British exit xxv, 426, 548

Evans-Pritchard, Sir Edward xxiii, xxiv

Evening Standard 407, 431, 528

Ewart, Gavin 256

Ewer, Denis ‘Jakes’ 207

Ewer, (William) Norman: background, character and early life 87–8, 458; family 207; career at Daily Herald 87, 88, 89, 112; membership of CPGB 88, 111, 198; Labour Monthly articles 18–19, 111, 426; formation of espionage network 91–8, 108–9, 111–12; and Zinoviev letter 98, 99, 101; surveillance by MI5 101–2; ending of spy network 105; disillusionment with Marxism and expulsion from CPGB 111, 112–13; later career 112–13; questioned by Maxwell Knight 91, 113–14; awarded CBE and special pass to FO 114; on Burgess and Maclean 439, 498; see also Ewer–Hayes spy network

Ewer–Hayes spy network 86, 91–8, 105, 108–9, 111–12, 150, 250, 354, 545, 546; security services’ surveillance and investigations 98, 101–2, 105–115, 151

exceptionalism, English, concept of 42, 79–82, 117, 188, 296, 353, 392, 448, 490, 507–8, 549; see also racism and condescension to foreigners

expulsion of Soviet agents from London (Operation FOOT; 1971) 508–511, 545

Fagg, Gordon 212

Fairhaven, Urban Broughton, 1st Baron 214

Fairlie, Henry 440

Falaise (ship) 399

Farnborough, Royal Aircraft Establishment (RAE) 154, 155–7, 344

Farnell, Lewis 198

Farnham, Surrey 154–5

FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation): intelligence role xxv–xxvi, 138, 139–40, 279, 285–6; harassment and entrapment programmes 56; and Krivitsky defection 138–9, 142; and Whittaker Chambers 139, 279, 364, 365–6; and Peter Rhodes 280; and Lee and Bentley spy rings 139, 282, 283, 284, 285, 307–8, 364–6; and VENONA project 346; rivalry with other security agencies 346; and atomic spies 351; London liaison office 363–4; and Laurence Duggan 365–6; vetting of government staff 370; and Cambridge spies 396, 398, 444, 468–9, 517; purging of homosexuals 468–9, 478

Featherstone Typewriting Bureau 108

Federal Employee Loyalty Program (United States) 370

Federated Press Agency of America (FPA) 94, 101, 103, 105, 108, 113

Feklissov, Alexander 343, 344

Feldman, Armand (Iosif Volodarsky) 158

Fetterlein, Ernst 61

fiction, spy 44, 103, 152, 246, 311, 390, 475, 480, 498–500, 525–6

Finland 14; Soviet invasion and takeover 9, 211, 214, 302

First World War: predicted 44; outbreak 45, 46; internment of British subjects in Germany 460; detention of German agents in Britain 46; intelligence operations 46, 48; code-breaking 60–61; air warfare 52, 263; trench warfare 121; armaments supply 147; mobilization of civilian populations 49; conscientious objectors 87; and Bolshevik revolution 7, 49, 88; and Church of England 182; Armistice and demobilization 46, 54

‘Flapper Vote’ 63–4, 110

Fleming, Ian 499–500; James Bond novels 475, 498, 499, 500

Fletcher, Reginald ‘Rex’ (later 1st Baron Winster) 59, 354

Fletcher-Cooke, Sir Charles 320, 383, 416, 445, 478–81, 494

Floud, Bernard 211, 213, 519–20

FLUENCY (joint SIS–MI5 working party; 1964–5) 516

Foot, Michael 440–41

Foot, M.R.D. 543

FOOT, Operation (expulsion of Soviet agents; 1971) 508–511, 545

Foote, Alexander 249, 375; defection 345, 375

Footman, David: family background 252; character and opinions 250, 252, 253, 330, 474; schooling 174, 184, 192, 193; early life and marriage 252–3; fiction and travel writing 184, 252, 253; SIS officer 253, 306, 471; and Guy Burgess 253–4, 255, 263, 382, 385, 386, 416, 473; and Burgess and Maclean defections 400–401, 405, 453; investigated by security services 410; suspicions and accusations against 413, 414

Footman, Jane (Joan Clement-Scott) 252

Forbes, Alastair, ‘Whitehall in Queer Street’ 463

Ford, Thomas 155–7

Foreign Affairs (journal) 139

Foreign Office: 19th-century intelligence information supply 39; 20th-century organizational culture xxiii, 77–9, 116–21, 243–4, 255, 392, 426–8; and establishment of MI5 and SIS 43; intelligence gathering during First World War 48; supervision of GC&CS 62; responses to Ernest Oldham and John King cases 130–31, 133, 141–2; blamed for failure to avert war 426–7; formation of Security Department 28, 356–7; attacks on following Burgess and Maclean defections 426, 430–31, 438–43, 446, 452, 453–7, 474, 503–4, 547–8; Cadogan report on security arrangements 464–8, 478

Foreign Office American Department 257, 258, 393, 398

Foreign Office Central Department, leakages to Berlin 28, 141

Foreign Office Communications Department 77, 116–21, 141; Room 22 (cryptography) 118–21, 130–1; Soviet spies in see King, John; Oake, Raymond; Oldham, Ernest

Foreign Office Economic Relations Section 64

Foreign Office Far Eastern Department 384, 428, 530

Foreign Office General Department 315–16

Foreign Office Information Research Department (IRD) 112–13, 383–4

Foreign Office News Department 313, 320–21, 428, 438–9

Foreign Office Personnel Department 356–7, 382, 389, 411

Foreign Office Security Department 28, 356–7, 386

Foreign Office Western Department 244–6

Forestier-Walker, Sir George 42

Forster, E.M. 137, 538–9

Foster, Sir John 319

Fourth Department (Soviet military intelligence) 14–15, 21

FPA see Federated Press Agency

Franco, Francesco 59, 64, 144, 253, 261–2, 309, 490

Franco-Soviet treaty of mutual assistance (1935) 153

Frank, Leonhard 208

Franks, Sir Oliver (later Baron Franks) 325, 396, 410, 419

Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor 181

Frederick II ‘the Great’, King of Prussia 37

Free Oxford (magazine) 198

Freedom of Information Act (United States; 1967) 529

French revolutionary wars 36, 529

Freud, Sigmund 198; Thomas Woodrow Wilson: a psychological study 28

Freudianism 162, 174–5, 197, 542

Friedmann, Alice ‘Litzi’ 232, 234, 235, 240, 262–3, 308, 373, 386, 423

Friends of the Soviet Union 155, 161, 164, 339

Frisch, Otto 340–41

front organizations see American Refrigerator Company; Anglo-Russian Three Ply and Veneer Company; ARCOS; Cambridge Anti-War Council; China Campaign Committee; Featherstone Typewriting Bureau; Federated Press Agency of America; London Continental News; Russian Oil Products Ltd; Society for Cultural Relations with the Soviet Union; Universal Barter Company; US Service and Shipping Corporation; World Tourists

Fuchs, Klaus: appearance and character 339, 340, 343–4, 348; background, education and early life 339–40; atomic spy 73, 263, 299–300, 340–44, 347, 349, 386, 421; identification 347; MI5 investigation and questioning 343–4, 347–8; confession 348, 368, 388, 394; arrest and trial 347, 348–9, 465, 546; imprisonment 350; later life 350; aftermath of case 351, 370, 378, 394, 395, 410, 411

Fulford, Sir Roger 278

Furnival Jones, Sir Martin 444, 506, 520

Furse, Aileen see Philby, Aileen

Gagarin, Yuri 490

Gaitskell, Dora (later Baroness Gaitskell) 325

Gaitskell, Hugh 234, 325, 451

Gallacher, Willie 84, 112, 282, 294, 319, 422

Gallarati Scotti, Duca Tommaso 428

Gardiner, Gerald (later Baron Gardiner) 338

Gardner, Meredith 346

Gargoyle Club, Soho 320, 390, 392–3, 394, 417

Garrick Club 292

Gascoigne, Sir Alvary 436

Gathorne-Hardy, Edward 391

Gaudier-Brzeska, Henri 95

Gaulle, Charles de 32, 149

GC&CS (Government Code & Cypher School) 61–2, 89, 104–5, 245, 310, 328, 514; see also Bletchley Park

GCHQ (Government Communications Headquarters) 358, 387, 413, 524, 533; Communications Electronic Security Group 358

Gedye, Eric 233

GEN-183 (Cabinet committee on subversion) 369, 370–71

gender see sex discrimination and inequality

general elections: (1910) 63; (1918) 52, 185, 220; (1922) 53, 109; (1924) 99, 100, 354; (1929) 63–4, 109, 110, 111; (1931) 207, 216; (1935) 217; (1945) 157, 263, 354, 479; (1951) 424, 479; (1964) 455; (1979) 511

General Strike (1926) 54, 73, 103

Geneva 122–3, 126, 132, 249, 417

Genoa Economic and Financial Conference (1922) 97–8

George II, King of the Hellenes 360

George V, King 48, 84, 97, 109, 122, 316

George VI, King 299

Georgia (Soviet Republic) 13, 374

Germany see East Germany; Nazi Germany; West Germany

Gessner (Viennese refugee) 155

Gibb, Ishbel (later Lee) 282, 365

Gibbon, Edward 252, 324

Gibraltar 385, 386

Gide, André 198

Gillies, Donald 316

Gilmour, Sir John 66

Ginhoven, Hubert van 49, 70, 92, 103, 107–8, 109, 110, 114

Glading, Percy: background, character and early life 157, 159, 458; membership of CPGB 157, 159, 166, 257; works at Woolwich Arsenal 157–8; dismissed from Woolwich 158; employee of Russian Oil Products front organization 159; espionage activities 159–60, 163–6, 237, 250, 349, 422; personal life 160–61; handlers allowed to leave country 165, 349, 546; arrest 165, 166; trial 70, 161, 166–70, 348, 436, 465, 477, 546; interviewed by MI5 170; later life 157

Gladstone, Mrs (MI5 wartime operative) 323

Gladstone, Murray 191

Gladwyn, Gladwyn Jebb, 1st Baron 78, 140, 263, 411, 507

Glasgow, CPGB offices 56

Glass, Ann 64, 113

Glassman, Hannah ‘Annie’ 89

Glees, Anthony 297

Glock, Sir William 325

Gloucester, Blue Coat School 428

Gold, Harry 342, 347

gold standard, abandonment of (1931) 201

Goldsmith, Harry 96–7

Goldsmiths’ Hall, London 299

Goleniewski, Michael 449–50

Golitsyn, Anatoli 444, 475, 493, 496, 513, 514–15, 517, 534

Golos, Jacob 280, 283–4, 435

Goodman, Arnold Goodman, Baron 524–5

Goold-Verschoyle, Brian 134, 143, 145, 422

Gordievsky, Oleg 25, 275, 328, 509, 517, 544

Gordon, John 407, 471

Gordon Walker, Patrick (later Baron Gordon-Walker) 202, 217, 218

Gore-Both, Sir Paul (later Baron Gore-Booth) 505

Göring, Hermann 74, 267

Goring Hotel, London 253, 473

Gorizia 303–4

Gorsky, Anatoli 306, 307–8, 312, 321, 323, 386

Gould, Gerald 87, 88

Gouzenko, Igor 330–33, 335, 336, 369, 371, 372, 373, 385, 437

Gove, Michael 548

Gow, A.S.F. 205, 518

GPU (Soviet State Political Directorate) 98; see also OGPU

Grafpen, Grigory 248–9

Graham, Katharine ‘Kay’ 318

Graham, Sir Ronald 26–7

Graham-Harrison, Francis 251, 325

Granada Television 519

Grand, Laurence 263–4, 318

Granta (magazine) 478

Gray, Olga 161–2, 163, 165, 166

Grayson, Sir Rupert 458

Great Illegals see ‘illegals’ espionage system, Soviet

Great Rollright, Oxfordshire 345

Greece 81, 136, 198; civil war 360, 361; withdrawal of British forces 361; see also Athens

Greek National Liberation Front 360

Greene, Graham 292, 493; works for SIS 349, 512; on Philby’s defection 512–13; foreword to Philby’s memoir 311; A Gun for Sale 152; The Third Man 493–4

Greenhill, Sir Denis (later Baron Greenhill of Harrow) 387, 505, 507, 509

Gregory, J.D. ‘Don’ 82, 94, 95, 100, 119, 121, 229, 230

Gresham’s School 186–7, 188–9, 219

Grey, Sir Edward (later 1st Viscount Grey of Fallodon) 45

Gromyko, Andrei 9, 488

Gropius, Walter 163

Grosse, Heinrich 45

Groves, Leslie 334, 335–6

GRU (Soviet military intelligence) 14, 330, 374

Guantánamo Bay detention camp 290

Guardian (newspaper) 509–510, 527; see also Manchester Guardian

Guatemala 316

Guest, David 201–2, 205, 208; his communist cell at Cambridge 208–9, 242, 250

Guevara, Ernesto ‘Che’ 490

Guillebaud, Claude 203

Guillebaud, Hugh 193–4

Guinness, Sir Alec 526

Gulbenkian, Calouste 53

Gunn, Ronald 339, 340

Haaz, Árpád 235

Hadfields Ltd (steel manufacturer) 150

Haessler, Carl 94

Hague, The 22, 134, 137; SIS station 135, 263, 357

Hailsham, Douglas Hogg, 1st Viscount 166

Hailsham, Quintin Hogg, 2nd Viscount 480

Halban, Hans von 333, 334, 337

Haldane, Maldwyn 68, 231, 255

Halifax, Edward Wood, 1st Earl of: Viceroy of India 72; Foreign Secretary 141, 265, 266, 267; Ambassador to United States 316, 335–6

Hall, Sir Reginald ‘Blinker’ 72, 151

Hall, Theodore 350–51

Halperin, Maurice 281, 284, 285, 457, 487–8

Hamburger, Rudolf 523

Hampshire, Sir Stuart: character and tastes 461, 523; Fellow of All Souls 264, 521; intelligence work 56, 413, 523–4; accusations against and investigation of 413, 518, 521, 524–5; Views on: Anthony Blunt 414; Herbert Hart 273; human capacity for evil 523–4; intelligence work 56, 524; Goronwy Rees 264–5, 413, 474; Victor Rothschild 274

Hancock-Nunn, Vivian 168

Hands Off Russia Committee 52–3, 99

Hanford nuclear site, Washington State 335

Hankey, Henry 261, 326

Hankey, Maurice Hankey, 1st Baron 62, 288, 326–8

Hankey, Robert (later 2nd Baron Hankey) 302–3

Hannington, Wal 216

Hanover 468

Hansen, Georg 50, 151, 166–7

Hanslope Park, Buckinghamshire, SIS Communications Department headquarters 435, 436

Hardy, G.H. 205, 537

Harker, Margaret (née Russell Cooke) 89

Harker, Oswald ‘Jasper’: background and character 68–9, 255; recruitment to MI5 68–9; head of B Division and Deputy Director 69, 124; marriage 89; handling of Kamenev and Daily Herald 89–90; and Ewer–Hayes network 105, 106–9, 110–112; and Agabekov defection 24, 124; investigations of FO Communication Department 129, 140–41; and Krivitsky defection 142; acting Director General 69; recruitment of temporary wartime officers and staff 269, 273

Harris, Kitty 259, 282, 314, 350

Harris, Lement 307

Harris, Tomás ‘Tommy’ 271, 275, 310, 373, 397, 401, 413–14, 458, 495, 518, 520–21

Harrison, Sir Geoffrey 532

Harrison, Royden 217–18

Harrow School 179, 271

Hart, Herbert 213–14, 271, 273–4, 275, 325, 445

Hart, Jenifer (née Williams) 65, 213–14, 216, 273, 288–9, 325, 518–19

Harvey, Libby 388

Harvey, Sir Oliver (later 1st Baron Harvey of Tasburgh) 297, 301, 364

Harvey, William King 387, 388

Harwell Atomic Research Establishment, Oxfordshire 343, 347–8, 368, 370, 407, 432

Haslam, Jonathan 14, 294

Havas (press agency) 241

Havers, Sir Michael (later Baron Havers) 546

Hawke, Sir Anthony 161, 168, 169–70

Hawks’ Club (Cambridge University) 191, 219

Hay, Algernon 77–8, 120, 130–1

Hayes, Charles 149–50

Hayes, John ‘Jack’: background, character and early life 85, 109, 458; London police officer and trade unionist 84, 85, 105, 205; establishment of Vigilance Detective Agency 86; recommends agents to Norman Ewer 91–2; Member of Parliament 84, 109–110, 149, 354, 424; see also Ewer–Hayes spy network

Hayter, Iris, Lady 476

Hayter, Sir William 476

Hayworth, Rita 183

Hazlerigg, Arthur Hazlerigg, 1st Baron 289

Headlam, Sir Cuthbert 49, 103, 110, 276, 286, 298

Healey, Denis (later Baron Healey) 211, 217, 332

Hearst, William Randolph 140

Heath, Sir Edward: at Oxford 215, 217; Cabinet minister 497; Prime Minister 506, 508, 509–510

heavy water production 333

Hedley, David 190–91, 219

Heenan, John 529

Heimwehr (Austrian paramilitaries) 230, 231, 232–3

Helsby, Sir Laurence (later Baron Helsby) 500–501

Hemingway, Ernest 253

Hemming, Henry, M: Maxwell Knight, MI5’s Greatest Spymaster 215–16

Henderson, Sir Nevile 261

Henderson, Sir Nicholas 388, 447

Henlein, Konrad 253, 473–4

Henri, Ernst 252, 319

Henry, Sir Edward 83–4, 85

Henson, Herbert Hensley, Bishop of Durham 51, 63, 85, 182, 266

Herbert, George 472

Herbert, Sidney (later 1st Baron Herbert of Lea) 38

Herne Bay, Kent 134, 141

Hertford College, Oxford 218

Hesmondhalgh, William ‘Bertie’ 428

Hess, Rudolf, attempted peace mission 294, 405, 412

Hewart, George Hewart, 1st Viscount 167

Hewit, Jack 253, 325, 326, 396, 400, 406, 463–4, 473

Hill, Christopher 213

Himmler, Heinrich 244, 283, 523

Hiroshima, atomic bombing 342–3

Hirsch, Clara, Baroness de 87

Hirtenberger munitions works (Austria) 230

Hiss, Alger: political career 157, 279; espionage activities 279; identification 139, 346–7, 367, 368, 388; views on his guilt 367, 368, 389, 394; perjury conviction 388

Hitchin, Hertfordshire 106

Hitler, Adolf: as Führer 64, 153–4, 221; British officials’ views on 58, 136, 260; Foreign Secretary’s leaked account of 133; and rearmament 153–4; Anschluss of Austria 213, 238–9; Munich agreement (1938) 170, 258, 260, 340, 361; German opposition to 431; orders execution of Canaris 432; Mein Kampf 238, 383

Hoare, Sir Samuel (later 1st Viscount Templewood) 80–81, 160

Hobbes, Thomas 10

Hobsbawm, Eric 333

Hodgson, Sir Robert 16–17, 25–6

Hogben, Lancelot 368

Hogg, Sir Douglas (later 1st Viscount Hailsham) 166

Hohenlohe-Langenburg, Prince Max Egon 283

Hollis, Sir Roger: character and early life 515; MI5 officer 277, 324, 416, 496, 515; wartime life in London 324; debriefing of Igor Gouzenko 331; grants security clearance to Klaus Fuchs 347; Director General of MI5 361–2; interviews Maclean’s associates 219; and vetting of civil service staff 368, 370; and Anthony Blunt 385, 414; and Kim Philby 496; Martin and Wright’s investigation of and accusations against 515–16, 532–4, 543; retirement 516; death 532; exonerated 516, 533, 534

Holmes, Walter 94, 105, 108

Holt-Wilson, Sir Eric 67–8, 70, 76, 159, 255, 269

Holzman, Michael 503

Home Defence (Security) Executive 77, 289, 294

Home Guard (wartime defence organization) 277

Home Office 36, 65, 77, 288, 290; advisory committee on wartime defence regulations 288–9; Directorate of Intelligence 54, 91, 196

homosexuality: at Oxford and Cambridge 218–19, 535, 537; and diplomatic and security services 458, 459–62, 463–8, 480–81, 511; genetic factors 176, 465; legislation against and partial decriminalization 459, 468, 473, 475, 480, 511; medical professions’ views on 474–5, 542; prejudice against 325, 455, 459, 466, 470, 474–5, 478, 511, 527, 528, 537, 540, 541–2; press coverage 462–3, 468, 471–4, 477–8, 539, 541, 543; prosecutions for 469–70; in Soviet Union 247; in United States 466, 468–9, 471

Hong Kong 359–60, 361, 461

Honigmann, Georg 373, 374

Hooper, Sir Robin 389–90, 464

Hooper, William John ‘Jack’ 135–6, 141, 144

Hoover, J. Edgar: Director of FBI 56, 138, 346, 469, 475, 481; and Krivitsky defection 138, 139; and Bentley and Lee spy networks 365; and British atomic spies 395; and Cambridge spies 398, 406, 444, 469, 496

Horne, Sir Alistair 462, 543

Horst, Horst P. 261

Horthy, Miklós, Regent of Hungary 64

Hoskins, Percy 468

House Un-American Activities Committee see HUAC

Housing, Ministry of 65

Housman, A.E. 205, 227

Howard, Brian 218

Howard, Leslie 322

Howard, Sir Michael 527–8, 533

Howe, Sir Ronald 464–5

Hoxha, Enver 378–9, 522

Hozier, Sir Henry 41

HUAC (House Un-American Activities Committee) 142, 283, 346–7, 365–6, 370, 547

Hughes, James McGuirk 56–7

Huguenots, expulsion from France 462

Hull, Cordell 138

humour, and working life xxvi, 40, 66, 73–4, 120, 236, 291, 315, 459

Humphreys, Sir Travers 53

Hungary: Regency 64, 80; communist era 302, 304, 504; Soviet suppression of uprising (1956) 485, 487, 489

Hunger March (1934) 154, 226

Hunter, Harry 106, 163, 165, 269

Hutchie (MI5 surveillance operative) 163

Hypocrites Club (Oxford University) 215, 216

Ianovich, Vladimir 123–4

Ibn Saud, King of Saudi Arabia 184

IIC (Industrial Intelligence Centre) 150

Ilichyov, Ivan 330

‘illegals’ espionage system, Soviet 20–25, 125

Inchyra, Frederick Hoyer Millar, 1st Baron 387

Incitement to Mutiny Act (1797) 98

indexing and cataloguing of intelligence information 39, 46

India 177–8; Russian interests in xxviii, 39–40; nationalists 45, 49; communists 157, 161–2; independence 360, 361

Indian Army 38, 39–40

Indian Imperial Police 68, 69

Indian Political Intelligence (IPI) 45, 94, 95

industrial espionage: origins 147; remit of intelligence services 148–9; and inter-war industrial mobilization 148–51; Cold War 506; see also Glading, Percy

Industrial Intelligence Centre (IIC) 150

informants, trustworthiness of 56–7

Information, Ministry of 258, 276, 519; Guy Burgess works for 318–19; Peter Smolka works for 277–8, 312–13, 318, 320, 494

Information Research Department (IRD) see Foreign Office Information Research Department

Ingleby, Osbert Peake, 1st Viscount 449

Inkpin, Albert 105

INO (Soviet intelligence agencies’ foreign section) 13, 16, 21, 26

institutions and departments of state, British, characteristics of xxiii–xxiv, xxvii, 71–82, 250, 254, 269; masculinity 64–7, 116–21, 243–4, 255, 459, 547

Intelligence Corps (British Army) 44, 276, 287, 293, 321–2, 461, 493, 519

Intelligence Department/Division (War Office) 37–44, 147, 151

Inter-Allied Intelligence Bureau (First World War) 68

Inter-Allied Reparation Agency (post-Second World War) 358

International Olympic Committee 540

International Students’ Organization against War and Fascism 257

International Workers Relief Organization 232

internment of enemy aliens: First World War 460; Second World War 71, 287, 288, 290, 340, 407

interrogation techniques see debriefing and interrogation techniques

Inverchapel, Archibald Clark Kerr, 1st Baron: early life and career 316, 459; character and sexuality 121, 316–17, 459, 460; Ambassador to Soviet Union 29, 278, 296, 297, 301, 316, 317, 319, 342; Ambassador to United States 244, 316–17, 359, 364; accusations against 316, 413, 455; death 409, 460; Views on: atomic weapons development 342; British journalism 429, 430; role of diplomats 244; Soviet Union 29, 296, 301, 319; United States 359, 361

IRA (Irish Republican Army) 130, 156

Iran 330, 413, 461–2, 521, 522, 545

IRD see Foreign Office Information Research Department

Ireland 43; nationalists 45, 46–7, 387; civil war (1920–2) 53

Irgun (Zionist paramilitary organization) 362

Irish Republican Army (IRA) 130, 156

Isaacs, Clara 344

Isaacs, Moses 344

Isherwood, Christopher 325, 388, 396

Ismailia, Egypt, SIS station 434–5, 436

Israel 362, 448, 495

Istanbul 24, 371–5

Ivan IV ‘the Terrible’, Tsar of Russia 3, 4, 29

Ivanov, Eugene 454

Ivanov, S.I. 19

Jackl, Lotty 240

Jacobitism 35–6

Jane, Charles 49, 70, 92, 103, 107–8, 110

Japan 53, 164, 335, 342, 355, 359; Pearl Harbor attack (1941) 284, 355, 536

Jay, Douglas (later Baron Jay) 270, 325

Jebb, Gladwyn (later 1st Baron Gladwyn) 78, 140, 263, 411, 507

Jeddah 178, 184

Jellicoe, George Jellicoe, 2nd Earl 379

Jenkins, Roy (later Baron Jenkins of Hillhead) 217, 444

Jerusalem 178; King David Hotel bombing (1946) 362

Jervis, Thomas 38, 46

Jews and Judaism: and Bolshevism 12–13; in Austria 231, 232, 233; see also anti-semitism; Zionism

JIC see Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC)

Joad, C.E.M. 89

John, Otto 431, 462–3

Johnson, Ben 450

Johnson, Hewlett, Dean of Canterbury 368–9

Johnston, Edouard-Jean 350

Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC) 324, 357, 359; report on threat of global spread of communism (1946) 355–6

Jones, Elwyn (later Baron Elwyn-Jones) 234

Jordan, Philip 80, 237, 251, 262, 295, 301, 408–9

journalism, British, characteristics of 429–31, 443, 518, 525, 537, 538–9, 543–4

Jowitt, Sir William (later 1st Earl Jowitt) 478

Joyce, William (‘Lord Haw-Haw’) 338

Joynson-Hicks, Sir William (later 1st Viscount Brentford) 103, 297

Junor, Sir John 433, 527

Justice Department (United States) 279

Justice (magazine) 95

Kahn, Albert, High Treason 435

Kamenev, Lev 12, 29; trade delegate in London 61, 89–90; trial and execution 30–32

Karlinsky, Emma 95

Karlinsky, Fanny 95, 98

Karlinsky, Joseph 95

Karlinsky, Marie (later Slocombe) 95, 96

Karloff, Boris 412

Keable, Robert, Simon Called Peter 182–3

Kearton, Frank (later Baron Kearton) 347

Keatley, Patrick 509–510

Keeble, Sir Curtis 511

Keeler, Christine 454

Kell, Sir Vernon: background and character 45, 68; Director of MI5 45, 46, 277; recruitment of officers 67–9; and Ewer–Hayes spy network 93, 106; and Ernest Oldham investigation 129; dismissed as Director 69, 269

Kellogg–Briand pact (1928) 211

Kelly, Sir David 73, 173, 416, 436

Kelly, J.N.D. 218

Kelly, Marie-Noële, Lady 435

Kemp, Peter 173

Kemp, Thomas 129, 146

Kennan, George 3

Kennedy, John F. 491, 513

Kenya 361, 397

Kerby, Henry 471–2

Kessler, Eric 319

Keynes, John Maynard, 1st Baron 75, 89, 199, 203, 218, 227–8, 247, 358, 537

KGB (Soviet Committee for State Security): formation and remit 14; insignia 12; Cold War operations in London 504–511

Khrushchev, Nikita 33, 471, 488; state visit to Britain (1956) 471, 482–3

Kidson, Peter 256, 529

Kiel, shipyards 147

Kiel University 339

Kiev 13, 23

Killearn, Miles Lampson, 1st Baron 388

Killick, Sir John 511

King, Francis 478

King, John 116, 117, 133–6, 140–41, 143, 245, 458

King David Hotel bombing (1946) 362

King’s College, Cambridge 203, 215, 218, 518

King’s College, London 337

King’s Messengers, role of 118, 122

Kingston-upon-Thames, Surrey 435

Kipling, Rudyard 188, 194, 214

Kirkpatrick, Sir Ivone 78

Kirkwood, David (later 1st Baron Kirkwood) 427

Klugmann, James: family background 187, 219; appearance and character 187; childhood and schooling 187; friendship with Donald Maclean 187, 194; at Cambridge 207, 222–3, 224, 225, 227; membership of CPGB 73, 242; communist cell at Cambridge 222–3, 224, 227, 518, 535, 541; and recruitment of John Cairncross as Soviet agent 257, 258; placed on watch-list 410; From Trotsky to Tito 435

Klyshko, Nikolai 88, 92, 93

Knight, Gwladys 161

Knight, Maxwell: background, character and early life 113, 161, 215–16; personal life and eccentricities 161; MI5 agent-runner 56, 113, 161–2, 168, 216, 323, 369, 484; interviews Norman Ewer 91, 113–14; interviews Burgess’s associates 463–4

Knight, Robert 35

Knight, Robert, 1st Earl of Catherlough 35

Knouth, Betty 362

Koch, Stephen 325

Koestler, Arthur 209

Kohlman, Israel 232

Konovalets, Evgeni 29

Korbs, Karl 86

Korean war (1950–53) xxviii, 358–9, 360, 370, 385, 393, 434, 448

Korovin, Nikolai 386

Kotor, Montenegro 391

Kowarski, Lew 333

Krasin, Leonid 90

Krasny, Józef 93

Kremer, Simon 341

Kreshin, Boris 306, 323

Krivitsky, Walter: background, character and early life 137; ‘Great Illegal’ 22, 136, 137; defection to United States 137–8, 373, 484; questioned by FBI 138–9, 142; publication of memoirs 139; assessed by British security services 140–41, 142; testifies to HUAC 142; debriefing by MI5 10, 142–4, 162, 170, 248, 323; death 144–5

Kronstadt revolt (1921) 10, 217

Kropotkin, Peter 96

Krupp (armaments company) 147, 148

Krylenko, Nikolai 247

Kuczynski, Jürgen 163, 341, 343

Kuczynski, Ursula ‘Ruth’ 249, 341–2, 345–6, 348, 349, 523

Kuh, Freddy 321

Kuibishev (Samara) 401–2

Kulikov, I.A. 505

Kurchatov, Igor 351

Kurnakov, Sergey 350–51

Kursk, battle of (1943) 328

Kuznetsov, Pavel 435, 437

Labor Department (United States) 279

Labour Leader (newspaper) 164

Labour Monthly (magazine) 18, 111, 426

Lacey, Nicola, A Life of H.L.A. Hart 274

Ladd, Milton ‘Mickey’ 365

Lakey, Arthur (‘Albert Allen’) 86, 91–2, 94, 99, 105–110

Lakoba, Nestor 29–30

Lamphere, Robert 387

Lang, Cosmo, Archbishop of Canterbury (later 1st Baron Lang of Lambeth) 238, 266

Lang, M.Y. 208

Langer, William 284

Langham Hotel, London 142–3, 324

Langston, Edward 103, 105

Lansbury, Edgar 89, 110

Lansbury, George 74, 87, 88–9, 205

Lansbury, William 89

Lansdowne Club 416

Laos 467

Lascelles, Sir Daniel 81, 360

Laski, Harold 10, 58, 87, 367

Lassalle, Ferdinand xxi

Latchmere House, Surrey, wartime interrogation centre 290

Latvia 9–10, 14, 60, 267; Soviet takeover 302; see also Riga

Lausanne Conference (1932) 128

Law, Andrew Bonar 182

Lawford, Valentine 244, 261

Lawrence, D.H. 198

Lawrence, Sir Herbert 42

Lawrence, T.E. 120, 178

Lazarus, Abraham 216

le Carré, John (David Cornwell) 175, 453–4; on Philby 175, 176, 418, 454, 496–7, 502; spy novels 498–9, 500, 525–6

Le Queux, William 44

League against Imperialism 154, 159, 161–2

League for Democracy in Greece 360

League of Nations 122, 126, 138

Leamington Spa, Warwickshire 117, 145

Lecky, Terence 450, 451

Leconfield House, London, MI5 headquarters 364, 418

Lecube, Juan Gómez de 290

Lee, Duncan 212, 281–3, 305, 365, 368, 458

Lee, Ishbel 282, 365

Lee of Fareham, Arthur Lee, 1st Viscount 162

Leeper, Sir Reginald ‘Rex’ 277

Lees, Jim 206–7

Lees-Milne, James 142, 252, 320

Lehmann, John 390

Lehmann, Rosamond 251, 264, 390, 412, 531

Leigh-on-Sea, Essex 94

Lenin, Vladimir: Jewish origins 12; execution of elder brother 4; in exile 5, 158; Bolshevik revolutionary 10, 51, 72, 90; institution of People’s Courts 10; establishment of Cheka intelligence agency 11–12, 13; proposed English publication of speeches 50–51; death 16; Westerners’ assessments of 20, 25, 87–8, 96, 198; The Development of Capitalism in Russia 5; The State and Revolution 449

Leppin, Joseph 127, 145

Lesmahagow, Lanarkshire 176

Levene, Sophie (later Lady George-Brown) 452

Levine, Isaac Don 138, 139, 140, 366

Lewis, Arthur 510

Lewis, David (né Losz) 216

Liddell, Guy: background, education and character 71, 92, 255, 385, 421; with Special Branch 70, 71, 92, 98; joins MI5 70; and Agabekov defection 24, 124–5; appointment of Dick White 255; and Glading network 165, 170; Director of B Division 61, 319; recruitment of temporary wartime officers and staff 269, 274; and wartime intelligence operations 289–90; experience of Blitz 291–2; recruitment of Burgess and Blunt 319, 322; Deputy Director General of MI5 337, 355, 363; and atomic spies 337, 347; and vetting procedures 369–70; and Burgess’s posting to Minister of State’s private office 382; and Burgess and Maclean defections 400, 401, 420–21; liaison with Blunt following the defections 267, 401, 414; interviewing of Goronwy Rees 412–13; suspicions of and allegations against 165, 413, 420–21, 433, 518, 535–6; Views on: Duff Cooper 80; St John Philby 184

Liddell Hart, Sir Basil 27–8, 266

Lih, Lars 11

Lindsay, A.D. ‘Sandy’ (later 1st Baron Lindsay of Birker) 217

Lindsay, Sir Ronald 62

linguistic skills, of intelligence workers 40, 43–4, 45, 57, 58, 67, 82, 116, 257–8, 453, 521, 522

Lippmann, Walter 282

Lipton, Marcus 444

Lisbon 310, 311

Lithuania 10, 302, 303, 333

Litvinov, Ivy 93

Litvinov, Maxim 6, 9, 12, 52, 89, 124

Liverpool 56, 85–6, 109

Liverpool, Arthur Foljambe, 2nd Earl of 52

Llewellyn, Richard, Mr Hamish Gleave 480

Lloyd, George Lloyd, 1st Baron 124, 184, 388, 460

Lloyd, Selwyn (later Baron Selwyn-Lloyd) 444

Lloyd George, David (later 1st Earl Lloyd-George of Dwyfor) 11, 48, 61, 78, 85, 86, 90, 97, 182, 185, 196

Locarno treaties (1925) 153

Locke, John 10

London: in 1930s 250–51; wartime 273, 290, 291–3, 294, 320, 324–6

London (streets and districts): Balham 54; Bayswater 185, 246; Belsize Park 219; Bentinck Street, Marylebone 324–6, 494; Bloomsbury 92, 337; Bond Street 191, 350, 396–7; Broadway, Westminster 55; Buckingham Gate, Westminster 134; Camberwell 425; Charing Cross Road 160; Charing Cross station 166, 249, 395; Chelsea 250, 373, 435; Clapton Common 86; Clerkenwell 158; Cromwell Road, Kensington 55; Earls Court 505; Elsham Road, Kensington 324; Finchley 116, 131, 163, 164; Fitzrovia 320; Fleet Street 51, 101; Hammersmith 96; Hampstead 162–3; Haymarket 55; Holland Road, Kensington 162, 164–5; Hornsey 81–2, 83, 87, 154; Kensington High Street 123, 162, 186, 250; Kilburn 178, 195; Limehouse 46; Liverpool Street station 214; Lower Edmonton 116, 121; Marylebone 163, 250, 323, 324–6, 392; Mayfair 363–4, 435; Melbury Road, Kensington 55; Olympia 95, 272; Paddington 185, 192, 195; Paddington station 214; Pembroke Gardens, Kensington 123, 127; Piccadilly Circus 384; Pimlico 83; Putney 215; Queen Anne’s Gate, Westminster 39; Queen’s Gate, Kensington 55; Regent’s Park 235–6, 449, 519; St James’s 130, 141, 250–51; St John’s Wood 423; Soho 36, 37, 250, 320, 390; South Harrow 160; Strand 60, 94, 327; Tottenham 121; Tottenham Court Road 509; Trafalgar Square 54, 85; Victoria station 134, 165, 250, 304; Victoria Street, Westminster 44; Walthamstow 54; Wandsworth 434, 435; Waterloo station 415; West Hampstead 178, 195; Whitechapel 37; see also clubs and clubland

London Communications Security Agency (cypher security agency) 358

London Continental News (press agency) 240–41, 278

London Library 528

London naval treaty (1930) 164

London Review of Books 529–30

London University 237; Courtauld Institute 256, 374, 414, 513, 520; School of Slavonic Studies 252; Warburg Institute 256; see also King’s College

Londonderry, Charles Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 7th Marquess of 51

Long, Leo 256, 257, 294, 324, 385, 514

Long (MI5 surveillance operative) 163

Los Alamos, New Mexico 342, 346, 350–51

Lothian, Philip Kerr, 11th Marquess of 140

Loughborough, Francis St Clair-Erskine, Lord 162

Louis XIV, King of France 462

Louis XVI, King of France 428

Luce, Kenneth 181, 183

Lunn, Edith 98

Lunn, Peter 495, 496

Luther, Martin 529

Lyalin, Oleg 505–6, 508, 509–510

Lysenkoism 199

MacArthur, Douglas 393

Macartney, Wilfred 50, 81, 117, 150–51, 166–7, 250, 422

Macaulay, Dame Rose 412

McBarnet, Evelyn 348, 349, 401, 421

McCarthy, Joseph 458; McCarthyism 416, 443, 453, 466, 468

McCarthy, Mary 212

McConville, Maureen, Philby: The Long Road to Moscow 184

McCormick, Donald (‘Richard Deacon’) 499, 534–5, 536–7; The British Connection 535; History of the British Secret Service 503–4

McDermott, Kevin 17

McDonald, Iverach 277

MacDonald, Ramsay 99, 100, 182, 207

MacDonnell, Alastair Ruadh 36

MacGregor, Neil 486

Mackenzie, Sir Compton 103, 150–51, 167; Water on the Brain 103

Mackenzie, Sir Robert 387

Mackinder, William 15

McLachlan, Donald 456–7

Maclean, Alan 185, 321, 411, 415

Maclean, Sir Donald (Donald Maclean’s father) 185–6, 219, 243

Maclean, Donald: family background 185–6; birth 185; upbringing and schooling 173–6, 185–9, 192, 194–5; friendship with James Klugmann 187, 194; at Cambridge 197, 199, 219–20, 225–7, 274, 306, 406, 529; joins CPGB 191, 219–20; graduates from Cambridge 242; recruitment and induction as Soviet agent 177, 242–3, 246–7, 248–9; joins Foreign Office 242, 243–4, 271, 410, 421; Third Secretary in Western Department 244–6, 257; materials passed to Soviets 244–5, 306–7, 318, 327, 393; Soviet handlers’ treatment of 305–7; and recruitment of Burgess 247; assessment of Cairncross 258; relationship with Kitty Harris 259, 282, 314; posting to Paris embassy 259–61, 270; marriage to Melinda Marling 314–15, 316, 391–2; Krivitsky’s incomplete identification of 143–4; returns to London to work in Foreign Office General Department 315–16; posting to Washington embassy 316–18, 377, 378, 388, 409, 530; mounting fear of exposure 377–8, 388; posting to Cairo embassy 388–92; requests to be relieved of Soviet espionage work 389, 391; suffers breakdown 389–92; returns to London for treatment 391, 392–4; resumes work in FO American Department 393–4; identified in VENONA decrypts 394, 430; under investigation by MI5 394–6, 430; last days in England 395, 397, 398–9; defection 399–401; arrival in Soviet Union 401; life in Kuibishev 401–2; reactions to defection 76–7, 174, 309, 354, 357, 370, 401, 405–418, 425–6, 442, 464–7, 471–2, 545–6; security services’ interviewing of family and associates 409, 411, 414–15; joined by wife and children 187–8, 417; and Vladimir Petrov’s defection and revelations 438–9, 440, 471, 483; disappearance first discussed on British television 440–41; government publishes white paper on 443; parliamentary debate on disappearance 445–6, 447; circulation of MI5 discussion paper on disappearance 446–7; re-emergence in Moscow 472, 482; reaction to the re-emergence 472, 483; portrayal in Tom Driberg’s book on Burgess 485; life in Moscow 486–8, 489; relations with Burgess 486–7, 489; views on George Brown and Reginald Maudling 452; British Foreign Policy since Suez 530

Character & characteristics: anti-colonialism 188; appearance and dress 226, 245, 318, 393, 395; athleticism 219; attraction to Marxism 9, 176, 197, 225–6, 248, 249–50; club memberships 251, 392–3, 409; conscientiousness 318; drinking 317, 378, 388, 389, 390, 392–3, 458; intellect 219; rejection of English nationalism 188; relations with colleagues 116, 317–18; relations with women 245–6, 259, 314–15; self-possession 318; sexuality 226, 245, 317, 389, 465, 488, 529, 541; support for underdog 389; views on commerce and consumers 250; violent outbursts 389, 391; zealotry 315

Maclean, Donald (Donald Maclean’s son) 316, 409, 417

Maclean, Fergus 316, 409, 417

Maclean, Sir Fitzroy 315–16, 319

Maclean, Gwendolen, Lady 186, 197, 219, 242, 243, 405, 411, 417–18, 487

Maclean, Melinda (née Marling; Donald Maclean’s wife) 187–8, 314–15, 316, 389, 391–2, 397, 401, 409, 417, 489

Maclean, Melinda (Donald Maclean’s daughter) 316, 417

McMahon, George 57, 168

Macmillan, Harold (later 1st Earl of Stockton): at Oxford 215; Member of Parliament 266, 413, 417; publisher 413; Cabinet minister 429; Foreign Secretary 438, 442, 443; and Cambridge spies 443, 444–5; Prime Minister 448, 489–90, 491; and George Blake case 451, 452, 495; and Vassall case 495; and Philby’s defection 480, 495; and Fletcher-Cooke case 480; Profumo affair 454; resignation as Prime Minister 507; Views on: Henry Brooke 480; Herbert Morrison 463; Rothermere and Beaverbrook 471; Soviet Union 490

McNally, Edward 469–70

MacNeice, Louis 194, 265

McNeil, Hector 382–3, 414, 416

McNeil, Sheila 416

Macready, Sir Nevil 85, 91, 205

Madge, John 478

Madrid 310

Magdalen College, Oxford 210, 218

Magdalene College, Cambridge 218

Maidstone prison 170

Maisky, Ivan 238–9, 267, 291, 293, 295, 298, 299, 426

Makayev, Valerii 395

Makgill, Sir George 57

Makins, Sir Roger (later 1st Baron Sherfield) 266, 296, 337, 398

Malatesta, Errico 96

Malaya 361

Mallaby, Sir George, From My Level 500

Mallet, Sir Louis 460

Mallet, Sir Victor 140

Malone, Cecil L’Estrange xxviii, 52–3, 88, 99, 147–8, 355

Malta 522

Maly, Theodore: background, character and early life 127–8; ‘Great Illegal’ in London 127, 136, 163, 164; running of Ernest Oldham 127, 129; and John King 136; and Arthur Wynn 210; and Donald Maclean 245, 259; and John Cairncross 257, 258; and Kim Philby 143, 144, 261; recalled to Moscow 165, 248; death 145, 165; identified by Krivitsky 143, 144, 162, 170

Manchester Guardian (newspaper) 15, 231, 382, 485; see also Guardian

Manchester University 374, 539

Mandelstam, Nadezhda 12, 33

MANHATTAN PROJECT (nuclear weapons development) 46, 334–5, 342, 346, 347, 350–51

Mann, Tom 204

Mann, Wilfrid 387, 389, 530

Manning, Henry Edward 174

Manser, William 400

Manson, Charles 462

Mao Tse-tung 341, 359–60, 370, 483, 502

map-making 38, 39, 41

Marconi (telecommunications company) 516

Marjoribanks, Edward 196

Marlborough College 174, 192–4, 255

Marriott, John 347, 385, 515

Marris, Peter 397–8

Marsden-Smedley, Hester 308, 416

Marshall, Arthur 416

Marshall, William 70, 434–7, 449, 454, 476, 477, 546

Marshall Plan 524

Marshall-Cornwall, Sir James 58, 148, 357, 381

Marston, Doreen 489

Marston, James 86, 105

Martin, Arthur 347, 348, 395, 419, 421, 494, 495, 497, 513–16, 517

Martin, Kevin 321–2

Marx, Karl: on revolutions 6–7; in London 37; Das Kapital 5, 7, 37, 95, 208, 449

Marxist analysis of English class system xxiv–xxvi, 174, 427–8, 449, 454, 547

Mary, Queen of Scots 34

masculinity, and British institutions and departments of state 64–7, 116–21, 243–4, 255, 459, 547

Mason-MacFarlane, Sir Noel 43, 148

Masterman, Sir John: childhood and schooling 186, 190; don at Christ Church 254, 314; recommends Dick White for secret service 254; wartime counter-espionage operations 354; Provost of Worcester College 314; fiction-writing 311; The Double-Cross System in the War of 1939–45 354, 503, 504, 533; Views on: Burgess and Maclean defections 398; Guy Liddell 71; moral obliquity 271; David Petrie 269–70; Kim Philby 311; public perception of security services 501, 504; qualities of spies and intelligence officers xxi, 74

Mathew, Sir Theobald ‘Toby’ 413

Matisse, Henri 194

Maudling, Reginald 452, 508

Maugham, Robin Maugham, 2nd Viscount 385–6, 480

Maugham, W. Somerset 71, 253, 385; ‘Rain’ 182–3, 193

Maw, Herbert ‘Bertie’ 103

Mawby, Ray 510–511

Maxse, Marjorie 308

Maxwell, Sir Alexander 65, 77, 288, 442

May, Alan Nunn: background and early life 220; at Cambridge 220, 406; CPGB membership 220, 333, 334; atomic spy 220, 299–300, 332–5, 347, 349, 421; unmasking 220, 332, 335–6; security services’ surveillance and questioning 336–8, 394; trial and imprisonment 70, 338–9, 348, 436, 465, 477, 546; later life 338; aftermath of case 369, 388, 394, 395

May, Theresa 215

Mayall, Sir Lees 389

Mayhew, Christopher (later Baron Mayhew) 383

Mayor, Teresa ‘Tess’ see Rothschild, Teresa

Mazzini, Giuseppe 46

Meerut conspiracy trial (1929) 157

Melville, William 46

memoirs, civil servants’, restrictions on 500–501, 503

Men Only (magazine) 344, 381

Menzies, Sir Stewart: early SIS career 96, 100; SIS Chief 270, 309, 371, 537; during wartime 270; and Gouzenko and Volkov defections 331, 371; post-war reorganization of service and appointment of successor 357–8, 380–81; and Anglo-American operation in Albania 378–9; and Burgess and Maclean defections 412; and Kim Philby 419, 492, 503; gives evidence to Cadogan committee 464

Meredith, Frederick 156, 157, 424–5, 546

Mersey, Clive Bigham, 2nd Viscount 41–2

Metropolitan Police: officers’ pay 84, 85; officers’ union membership 84, 85, 205; strikes (1918–19) 54, 84–6, 91; Trenchard’s modernization plans (1933) 204–5; and prosecutions for homosexuality 469; see also Special Branch

Metternich, Klemens von 37

Meynell, Sir Francis 88, 89, 97, 409

MGB (Soviet Ministry for State Security) 14, 394, 398, 399–400, 421

MI5 (Security Service): origins and formation 43, 44–5, 46; remit 45, 49–50, 70, 161; size 46, 70, 269; administration, organizational culture and procedures xxiii, 50–51, 69–71, 255; budgets and financing 55–6, 68, 269; recruitment and characteristics of officers 67–71, 82, 254–5, 269, 270–71, 275; induction and training 106; during First World War 46; cuts following Armistice 55–6, 68; becomes lead national security service 49, 70; sources inside CPGB 484; penetration agents at Oxford in 1930s 215–16; expansion at outbreak of Second World War 269–71; wartime temporary applicants and recruits 269, 271–8, 547; wartime operations 286–90, 294–5, 319, 323–4, 354, 461–2; rivalry with SIS 287; Anthony Blunt works for 270, 271, 321–4; Guy Burgess as agent for 319–20; early Cold War challenges 354–6, 359–64; investigation of atomic spies 336–8, 343–4, 347–8; deployment of security liaison officers in colonies and formation of Overseas Department 359, 361–2; and Zionist terrorism 362–3; liaison with American security services 363–4; vetting of civil service staff 368–71; investigation of Donald Maclean 394–5, 398, 430; and Burgess and Maclean defections 399, 401, 409, 418; interviewing of Burgess’s associates and sexual partners 463–4, 480–81; investigation and interrogation of Philby 418–20, 438, 446–7; interrogations of John Cairncross 421–2, 513; investigation of Philby’s other contacts and review of old cases 422–5, 493–4; denigration of service following Burgess and Maclean defections 453–7, 501–5, 547–8; and Philby’s defection 497, 513, 514–15; subsequent mole hunts for further traitors 513–21, 532–4; and 1971 expulsion of Soviet agents from London 508–9; and allegations against Maurice Oldfield 541

MI6 see SIS (Secret Intelligence Service)

Middleton, Sir George 318, 392, 447

Milford, Wogan Philipps, 2nd Baron 251–2

Military Intelligence Division (United States) 280

Millar, Frederick Hoyer (later 1st Baron Inchyra) 387

Miller, Hugh M. 70–71, 73, 88, 92, 255

Miller, Peter 86

Mills, Bertram 271–2

Mills, Cyril 271–3, 275, 331

Mills, Kenneth 386

Mills, Ray 539

Milmo, Sir Helenus 290, 419–20, 438

Milne, A.A. 180; Winnie the Pooh 322

Milne, George Milne, 1st Baron 42, 148

Milne, Ian ‘Tim’ 179, 180, 206, 221, 314, 331, 381, 453

MINCEMEAT, Operation (disinformation strategy; 1943) 273, 432

Mine, London (FO drinking-hole) 121

Minley Manor, Surrey, War Office training centre 321, 322

misogyny 176, 202–3; see also sex discrimination and inequality

Mission to Moscow (film; 1943) 298–9

Mitchell, Graham: MI5 career 370, 443; investigation of 515–16; exonerated 516

Mitchison, Naomi 231

Mitford, Nancy 412; Don’t Tell Alfred 430

Mitrokhin, Vasili 275

Modin, Yuri 347, 384, 395, 398–9, 414, 421, 437–8, 446

Modrzhinskaya, Elena 305–6, 322–3, 328

Moholy-Nagy, László 163

Molière 227, 258

Molotov, Vyacheslav 6, 9, 32, 298, 313

Monkland, George 150, 151

Monroe Doctrine 361

Monsarrat, Nicholas 163

Montagu of Beaulieu, Edward Douglas-Scott-Montagu, 3rd Baron 309; trials 469–70

Montagu, Ewen 520, 533

Montenegro 40, 206

Montgomery, Peter 206

Montgomery of Alamein, Bernard Montgomery, 1st Viscount 177

Montreal 334–5, 336, 518

Montreux naval conference (1936) 160

Moody, Charles 73–4, 150, 160, 344, 349, 381

Moody, Gerty/Gerda (née Isaacs) 344, 349

Moore, G.E. 205

Moore, Henry 163

Moorehead, Alan 338

moral panics, definition of 425

Morocco 42, 101, 102

Morris of Borth-y-Gest, John Morris, Baron 289

Morrison, Herbert (later Baron Morrison of Lambeth): Home Secretary 442–3; Deputy Prime Minister 370; Foreign Secretary 398, 409, 411–12, 441, 443, 446, 463; and Cambridge spies 398, 409, 411–12, 442, 443; opinions and views 442–3, 446, 463

Morton, Sir Desmond: SIS officer 55, 57; and Zinoviev letter 99–100; formation of SIS economic section (Section VI) 148–9; and ARCOS raid 103–4; head of Industrial Intelligence Centre 149; wartime security adviser to Churchill 270, 273, 289; post-war career 358

Moscow 478; British embassy 416, 435–6, 476, 477; National Hotel 482; US embassy 28

Moscow Narodny Bank, London branch 158, 508

Moscow News (newspaper) 154

Mosley, Sir Oswald 136, 156, 412

Mott, Sir Nevill 339

Mott, Norman 291

Mount, Lady Julia 391

Moxon, Margaret ‘Peggy’ 210

Muggeridge, Malcolm 292, 324, 409, 454–5, 526, 527, 537

Mundt, Karl 366–7

Munich agreement (1938) 170, 258, 260, 340, 361

munitions works see armaments manufacture

Münzenberg, Willi 221, 245, 339

Murdoch, Rupert 543

Mussadiq, Muhammad 522

Mussolini, Benito 7, 27, 64, 67, 96, 231, 253, 499

MVD (Soviet Ministry of Internal Affairs) 14

Nagasaki, atomic bombing 335, 342–3

Nahum, Ephraim ‘Ram’ 333

Namier, Sir Lewis 374

Napoleon I, Emperor of the French 37

Napoleon III, Emperor of the French 6–7

Napoleonic wars 4

Nash, Norman 428

Nathanson, Isser 362

National Council for Civil Liberties 157

National Unemployed Workers’ Movement 154, 226

National Union of Police and Prison Officers see NUPPO

nationalism and nationalists xxvii, 79–82, 188, 304, 406, 427, 432, 509; Indian 45, 49; Irish 45, 46–7, 387; Italian 46; Scottish 71; Spanish 59, 173, 261–2; Ukrainian 9, 29; see also exceptionalism, English

nationalization of industry 363

NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization): formation 361, 385; West German admission 432

Nazi Germany: Hitler’s rise to power 221; British officials’ assessments of 58, 136, 260; communists in 339; rearmament 153–4; remilitarization of Rhineland 153; racial ideology and atrocities 174, 523–4; sabotage activities in Austria 231; Anschluss of Austria 213, 238–9, 260; invasion of Poland 267, 270; invasion of Soviet Union 284, 294–5; opposition to regime 431; Soviet victory over 301–4

Nazi–Soviet pact (1939) 136, 138, 139, 144, 267, 277, 293; response of Western communists 157, 211, 212, 214, 266–7, 280, 294, 309, 334, 340

Netherlands 22, 35, 137; Nazi occupation 145, 264, 449, 526, 531; see also Hague, The

Neue Freie Presse (Austrian newspaper) 240

New College, Oxford 218, 445

New Republic (magazine) 139

New Statesman (magazine) 228

New York 342, 356, 406, 479; Century Club 367

New York Times 366, 493

New Zealand 361

Newbold, J.T. Walton 52, 152

Newburn, Roger 317

Newcastle-upon-Tyne: City Hall 298; shipyards 147

Newman, John Henry 418

Newnham College, Cambridge 202

News Chronicle 262

News of the World 406, 477, 537

Newsam, Sir Frank 65

Newspaper Publishers Association 524

Nicholas II, Tsar of Russia 3, 7, 8

nicknames, use of 66, 117, 179, 480

Nicolson, Benedict 416

Nicolson, Sir Harold 252, 266, 276, 316, 411, 459, 489–90; and Guy Burgess 209, 252, 320, 384, 412, 416

Nixon, Richard 366, 367

NKGB (Soviet People’s Commissariat of State Security) 14, 371, 372; and atomic spies 341, 343, 350, 421; US network 307, 350

NKVD (Soviet People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs): formation 14; administration and procedures 50; characteristics of agents 16; organizational culture 305–6, 332

Nobel prizes: chemistry 340; peace 266, 362, 518; physics 205, 333, 336

Noel-Baker, Francis 382

Noel-Baker, Philip (later Baron Noel-Baker) 535

Norman, Egerton Herbert 223, 518, 541

Normanbrook, Norman Brook, 1st Baron 354, 454, 464, 503

Northumberland, Alan Percy, 8th Duke of 51

Norway 26

Norwood, Sir Cyril 192–3

Norwood, Melita 163–4, 170, 341, 343

Nottingham, High Pavement School 428

novels, spy 44, 103, 152, 246, 311, 390, 475, 480, 498–500, 525–6

nuclear disarmament campaigns 453, 484

nuclear power see atomic energy

nuclear weapons see atomic and nuclear weapons

Nunn May, Alan see May, Alan Nunn

NUPPO (National Union of Police and Prison Officers) 84–6, 91–2, 105, 109

Nussbaum, Hilary (later Norwood) 164

Nye, Gerald 152–3

Nye Committee (Special Senate Committee of Investigation into the Munitions Industry) 152–3, 279

Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee 335

Oake, Raymond 129, 131–4

Oates, Titus xxiv, 533

Obama, Barack 546

Obert de Thieusies, Vicomte Alain 428

Obrenović dynasty (Serbia), deposition 7

Observer (newspaper) 277, 394, 417, 440, 456, 479, 485, 492, 495, 501, 524–5

Odessa 13, 150

Odhams Press (newspaper publisher) 112

Office of Co-ordination of Information (United States) see COI

Office of Naval Intelligence (United States) 280, 284–5

Office of Strategic Services (United States) see OSS

Official Secrets Act (1911) 45, 511, 533; prosecutions 103, 110, 157

OGPU (Soviet Combined State Political Directorate) 13–14, 16, 21, 24, 50, 201; Oldham works for 123–9, 131; Oake works for 131–4; King works for 133–6, 140–41; see also GPU

Okhrana (Imperial Russian secret police) 4–6, 10–11, 12, 86

Oldfield, Sir Maurice: background, education and early life 374, 539, 543; character and sexuality 461, 462, 526, 539, 540, 541, 542; intelligence career 123, 374–6, 377, 380, 432, 461, 539–40; retirement as SIS chief 114, 540; visiting Fellow at All Souls 540; recalled to posting in Northern Ireland 540; allegations about sexual conduct 540–41; interrogated by MI5 541; visited by Margaret Thatcher 541, 543; death 541; press coverage and aftermath of allegations 541–3

Oldham, Ernest: background, character and early life 121, 123, 136, 458; joins Foreign Office 121–2; first posts with Communications Department 116, 117, 122–3; marriage and personal life 123, 127, 250; promoted to Staff Officer of Communications Department 123; espionage activities 123–9, 131, 143; alcoholic breakdowns 124, 127, 128, 129, 458; dismissed from FO 128–9; investigated by MI5 and FO 129–30, 131; death 130; repercussions of case 130–31, 133

Oldham, Lucy 123, 127, 128–9, 146

Oliver, F.S., The Endless Adventure xxiv

Oliver, Sir Roland 338–9

Olympic Games: International Olympic Committee 540; London (1948) 450

O’Malley, Sir Owen 20, 75, 79, 121, 122, 243–4, 296, 302

O’Neill, Sir Con 260–61, 266

opinion polls, on communism vs. Nazism 267–8

Oprichnina (Russian political police) 4

Ordzhonikidze (Soviet cruiser) 483

Oriel College, Oxford 212, 262

Orlov, Alexander 241–2, 243, 247–8, 252

Orthodox Church, Russian 8

Orwell, George, Animal Farm 300

OSS (US Office of Strategic Services): formation and remit 280, 285–6; recruitment of personnel 280–81; communist agents in 212, 281–3, 284, 305, 324, 346; replaced by CIA 377

Osterley Park, Home Guard Training Establishment 277

Ostrowski, Lieschen 210

Ottawa: British high commission 221, 332; Soviet embassy 330–31, 332, 334

Ottaway, John 106–7, 129–30, 163

Otten, Karl 431

Ottoman Empire 40, 507; Young Turks 7, 41; see also Turkey

OVERLORD, Operation (D-Day landings; 1944) 324

Overseas Development, Ministry of 520

Ovey, Sir Esmond 18, 151

Owen, David (later Baron Owen) 542

Owen, Will 175–6, 510

Oxford 214, 216; City Council 217; St Edward’s School 428; see also Cowley

Oxford and Cambridge Club, London 292

Oxford City (parliamentary constituency) 217

Oxford Union debates 215; (1919) 196; (1933; ‘King and Country’) 211, 282

Oxford University xxiii, 153, 237; compared to Cambridge 203–4, 210, 214–19; homosexuality at 218, 535; Rhodes scholars 94, 211–14, 216, 282; security services’ investigations of 517, 518–19; undergraduates and communism 196–9, 202, 210–218; see also All Souls College; Balliol College; Brasenose College; Christ Church; Hertford College; Magdalen College; New College; Oriel College; St Anne’s College; St Edmund Hall; University College; Wadham College; Worcester College

Oxford University Labour Club 202, 216

pacifism and pacifists 49, 88, 152, 211, 249, 260, 485

Page, Bruce 502

Page, Sir Denys 314

Palestine 109–110, 140, 360, 361, 362, 363, 389

Palliser, Sir Michael 432, 433

Palmela, Domingos de Sousa Holstein-Beck, Duque de 428

Palmer, Leonard 314

Paparov, Fyodor 259

Paris: British embassy 192, 259–61; St Michael’s Anglican Church 192, 322

Paris Peace Conference (1919) 121; see also Versailles, treaty of

Parker of Waddington, Hubert Parker, Baron 451

Parkhurst prison 81, 117

Parlanti, Conrad 134–5, 141

Parmoor, Charles Cripps, 1st Baron 100

Part, Sir Antony 506

passport control officers (PCOs), SIS officers deployed as 59–60, 135, 253

Pasternak, Boris, Dr Zhivago 486

Patterson, Robert 285

Pauker, Karl 30–31

Pax Britannica 38

Peake, Iris 449

Pearce, Martin 543

Pearl Harbor, Japanese attack (1941) 284, 355, 536

Pearson, Lester 518

Peierls, Sir Rudolf 340, 342, 347, 535

Pembroke, Marie de Valence, Countess of 203

Pembroke College, Cambridge 19, 203

Penney, Sir Ronald 355, 358

Penning-Rowsell, Edmund 405–6

People (newspaper) 438–9, 472–3, 474

Percy, Lord Eustace (later 1st Baron Percy of Newcastle) 44, 45

‘Permissive Society’ 455, 456

Perth, James Drummond, 3rd Duke of 36

Perth, Eric Drummond, 16th Earl of 27

Perutz, Max 203, 340

Pétain, Philippe 206, 315

Peter I ‘the Great’, Tsar of Russia 3, 8

Péter, Gábor 232

‘Peter the Painter’ (criminal) 106

Peterhouse, Cambridge 478

Peterson, Sir Maurice 32, 121, 268, 371, 373, 460

Petrie, Sir David 269–70, 355

Petrov, Evdokia 437

Petrov, Vladimir 437–8, 440, 442, 471, 472, 483, 484

Petrovsky, Max 93, 112

Philby, Aileen (née Furse) 308, 373, 374, 380, 387–8, 414, 417, 419, 491–2, 494–5

Philby, Dora (née Johnston) 177, 376, 492

Philby, Dudley 308

Philby, Eleanor (earlier Brewer) 493

Philby, Harry 308

Philby, John 308

Philby, Josephine 308

Philby, Kim: family background 177–8; birth and naming 177; upbringing and schooling 173–6, 178–85, 194–5; at Cambridge 199, 205, 206–7, 306; politicization 199, 207, 209; leaves Cambridge 221–2, 231; in Vienna 232–4, 379; marriage to Litzi Friedmann 232, 234, 235, 308, 373; returns to London 234; recruited as Soviet agent 177, 199, 210, 221–2, 234–7, 239, 422; induction as agent 240–42, 246, 248–9; and recruitment of Maclean and Burgess 242–3, 247; journalist in Spain during civil war 261–2, 309; decorated by Franco 262, 309; returns to London 262–3; relationship with Aileen Furse 308, 373; Krivitsky’s incomplete identification of 143–4; admission to SIS 270, 271, 308–310, 318–19; training of SOE operatives 309–310, 319, 426; head of sub-section for Iberia 310–312; wartime material supplied to Soviets 294, 305, 306–7, 312, 319; Soviet handlers’ treatment of 305–7, 324; and Juan Gómez de Lecube 290; and Peter Smolka 278, 312; head of SIS Section IX 314, 357; and Gouzenko defection 331, 337; and Volkov and Rado attempted defections 372–3, 374–6, 381, 418; marriage to Aileen Furse 308, 373, 374, 380, 491–2, 494–5; posting to Istanbul 373–4, 375–6; as potential future chief of SIS 376, 381, 503–4; Oldfield’s suspicions of 375–6, 377, 380, 432; posting to Washington embassy 377–8, 379–81; continued espionage activities and betrayals 377, 378–9, 380, 522; mounting fear of exposure 377–8, 381, 386; warns of VENONA evidence 347, 386, 430; and Burgess’s posting to Washington embassy 387–8, 397; learns of security services’ investigation of Maclean 395–6; under security services’ investigation 410, 414, 418, 446–7; recalled to London 414, 418; interrogated by White, Milmo and Skardon 261, 418–20, 438; leaves SIS 419, 438, 503; MI5’s investigation and interrogation of contacts 421–4, 493–4; domestic life in England 491–2; and Vladimir Petrov’s defection and revelations 437–8; reinterviewed by SIS 444; parliamentary exchanges on 442, 447; exonerated by Macmillan 444–5; holds press conference denying guilt 446, 447; death of wife 492; resumes work for SIS 492–3, 504; posting to Beirut 492–3, 514; marriage to Eleanor Brewer 493; denounced by Flora Solomon 494–5; confronted by SIS in Beirut 495–6, 497; defection 180, 496–7; reactions to defection 309, 354, 480, 497–8, 501–2, 503–4, 514–15, 545–6; publication of Sunday Times account of case 175, 499, 501–2; publication of memoirs (My Secret War) 310, 314, 357, 453, 499, 502–3, 512–13; response to expulsion of Soviet agents in London 510

Character & characteristics: anti-materialism 237, 250; appearance and dress 237, 245, 380; atheism 8–9, 181–2, 380; attraction to Marxism 8–9, 181, 248, 249–50; childhood enthusiasms 180; club memberships 251, 393; compartmentalization of life 310–311; conversationalist 312; drinking 374, 378, 379–80, 381, 458, 491, 514–15; efficiency 310, 380; enjoyment of deceit 184–5, 237; handwriting 311; industriousness 310; intellect and mental agility 310–311, 312; language skills 206, 236; masculinity 237; musical interests 180, 206; phobias 237; rejection of English nationalism 237; relations with colleagues 380; relations with women 175, 374; risk-taking 311; ruthlessness 379; stammer 178–9, 420, 493; vanity 237; wanderlust 206

Philby, May 178

Philby, Miranda 308, 492

Philby, St John 177, 178, 184–5, 308, 494

Philby: The Spy Who Betrayed a Generation (Sunday Times Insight Team; 1968) 175, 499, 501–2

Philipps, Wogan (later 2nd Baron Milford) 251–2

Phillimore, Godfrey Phillimore, 2nd Baron 206

Phillimore, Claud Phillimore, 4th Baron 206

Phillips, William 71

Phipps, Sir Eric 74, 259–61, 427

Picasso, Pablo 520

Pieck, Hans 132–6, 141, 143, 144, 145–6, 250

Pigou, Arthur 518, 535

Pilsen, Škoda factory 125–6, 148

Pincher, Chapman 297, 441–2, 452, 465, 499, 508, 528, 540, 541–4; Their Trade is Treachery 532; Too Secret Too Long 541; Traitors 541–2, 543

Pitt Club (Cambridge University) 531

Pitt-Rivers, Michael 469–70

Platts-Mills, John 354, 360

Plebs, The (magazine) 199, 200

Poland 9–10, 14; munitions works 11; Nazi invasion 267, 270; Soviet invasion and communist takeover 9, 214, 267, 270, 301, 302–3, 504

police: spending 55, 56, 84, 85; strikes (1918–19) 54, 84–6, 91; see also City of London Police; Metropolitan Police

Police Act (1919) 85

Police Federation 85, 205

Police Review (magazine) 109

Political Warfare Executive (PWE) 299, 302, 431

Pollard, A.F. 215

Pollard, Graham 154, 215–16, 369

Pollitt, Harry 93, 112, 152, 156, 157, 162, 204, 294

Pollock, Peter 326, 463

Pompidou, Claude 452

Ponsonby of Shulbrede, Arthur Ponsonby, 1st Baron 238–9

Pontecorvo, Bruno 370, 407, 410

Pool, Phoebe 519, 520

Pope-Hennessy, James 320, 326, 397, 458, 463

Popish Plot (1678–9) xxiv, 533

Poretsky, Elizabeth 22–3, 123, 128

Port Arthur, battle of (1904) 164

Port Lympne, Kent 460

Portland spy ring xxviii, 450, 477, 495

Portsea, Bertram Falle, 1st Baron 203

Portsmouth 189; Royal Navy yards 45–6, 160, 483

Portugal 80, 188, 311, 490

positive vetting (PV) 46–8, 69, 271, 356, 368, 370–71, 416, 465

Post Office: Censor’s Office 46; Deciphering Branch 46

Postan, Sir Michael 75, 203

Potsdam conference (1945) 300–301

Powell, Anthony 190, 548–9

Poyntz, Juliet 307

Prague 16, 148, 232, 300, 399; Soviet trade mission 125–6

Pratt, Sir John 411–12

Pravda (newspaper) 300, 432; forgery 90–91, 110

Price, Mary 282–3, 284, 365

Price, Morgan Philips 427

Priestley, Frank 158–9

Pritt, Denis 31–2, 204, 360, 423; defence of communist spies 157, 167, 168, 169

Private Eye (magazine) 526

Proctor, Sir Dennis 251, 322, 384, 538

Profumo affair (1963) 454–5

Pronto Agency (news agency) 241

Protectorate of England 35, 214, 298

Proust, Marcel 198, 254, 486

Prussia 37, 41, 48

Pryce-Jones, Alan 485–6

Pujol Garcia, Juan (agent GARBO) 273, 533

puritanism 183, 208, 214, 218, 396

Putin, Vladimir 12, 239

Putlitz, Wolfgang zu 431, 433

Pyle, Dolly 161

Quai d’Orsay (French Ministry of Foreign Affairs) 102, 428

Quebec 340, 530

Quelch, Thomas 158–9

Quine, John 450–51

Quinlan, Brian 142, 143

racism and condescension to foreigners 24–5, 42, 79–80, 123, 203, 549; see also exceptionalism, English

Radcliffe, Cyril Radcliffe, 1st Viscount 451–2; Report on Security Procedures in the Public Service (1962) 452–3, 477

Radek, Karl 12

Radio Security Service 372, 523

Radlett, Hertfordshire 450

Rado, Alexander 374–6

RAE see Royal Aircraft Establishment

Rakovsky, Khristian 94

Ramsay, David 150

Ramsbotham, Peter (later 3rd Viscount Soulbury) 431

Raphael, Frederic 529

rationing and shortages, post-war 353–4, 358, 429

Rawdon-Smith, Patricia (later Baroness Llewelyn-Davies of Hastoe) 324, 325

Reade, Arthur 186, 196, 197–8, 219, 275–6, 277

Reading, Gerald Isaacs, 2nd Marquess of 467

Reckitt, Eva 94, 163

Red Army: 25th anniversary celebrations 298–9; wartime atrocities 303–4

red scares 51–4, 56, 72, 288, 355–6, 361–2, 364–71, 383

Redesdale, David Freeman-Mitford, 2nd Baron 238

Redl, Alfred 69

Reed, Sir Carol 493

Reed, John 371, 372, 380

Reed, Ronnie 409; ‘The Disappearance of Burgess and Maclean’ discussion paper 446–7

Rees, Goronwy: family background and early life 264, 531; character and personal life 264–5, 325–6, 412, 458–9, 462; politics and views 81, 264–5, 473; Fellow of All Souls 264–5, 412, 521; as Soviet informant 264, 265–7, 320, 393, 412; and Burgess and Maclean defections 397, 400–401, 406, 412, 416; placed on watch-list 410; interviewed by security services 412–13; accusations and denunciations made 413, 521, 523, 530; and re-emergence of Burgess and Maclean in Moscow 472–4

Rees, Margaret 406

Rees, Richard 264

Reform Club 251, 291, 292, 382, 384, 397, 414, 528

refugees: in 19th-century London 36–7; from Nazi Germany 135; Jews and socialists in 1930s Vienna 155, 233

Reich, Wilhelm 162

Reif, Ignaty 243

Reilly, Sir Patrick: Fellow of All Souls 266; as FO SIS liaison 59, 118, 313–14, 357, 389; wartime life in London 325; post-war workload 358–9; vetoes Philby as potential future chief of SIS 381, 503–4; on Maclean’s declining behaviour and appearance 388, 395; and Burgess and Maclean defections 409, 410; views on Philby’s guilt 418; gives evidence to Cadogan committee 464; and Edward Crankshaw 485, 488; Ambassador to Soviet Union 488; and Andrew Boyle’s The Climate of Treason 530

Reiss, Ignace 22–3, 137, 145, 236

Relief Committee for Victims of German Fascism 154, 221

Remarque, Erich Maria, All Quiet on the Western Front 220

Rendel, Sir George xxvii

Rendlesham Hall, Suffolk 127, 129

Rennie, Sir John 506

Republikanischer Schutzbund (Austrian Republican Defence Association) 232–3

Reşiţa (armaments conglomerate) 148

Reuters (press agency) 241

Revai, Andrew 319

Reventlow, Count Eduard 428

Reynolds, John 469–70

Reynolds, Kitty 86

Reynolds News 483–4

Rhineland, Nazi remilitarization (1936) 153

Rhineland High Commission, Inter-Allied 133

Rhodes, Peter 153, 212–13, 262, 280, 285, 365, 457

Rhodes scholars 94, 211–14, 216, 282

Rhodesia 361

Ribbentrop, Joachim von 180

Ribbentrop, Rudolf von 180–81

Richmond, Surrey 344

Rickmansworth, Hertfordshire, The Sun Box (Kim Philby’s temporary home) 419, 420

Ridler, Horace 272

Ridolfi, Roberto di 34

Ridsdale, Sir William 313, 320–21, 428, 447, 494

Riga, SIS station 60, 99

Riga, treaty of (1921) 9

Rimington, Dame Stella 65

Ritchie, Charles 315, 460–61

Roberts, Sir Frank 3, 332, 434

Robertson, E.J. ‘Robbie’ 407

Robertson, J.C. 416–17

Robertson, Thomas ‘Tar’ 130, 141, 155, 255

Robertson, Sir William 42

Roger, Alan 73, 330, 422, 461–2

Röhm, Ernst 244

Romania 14, 81, 148; Soviet takeover 302; see also Bucharest

Romanov dynasty 3, 8, 12; overthrow 7, 8–9, 48

Rome, British embassy 26–7, 28, 362

Room 22 see Foreign Office Communications Department, Room 22

Room 40 see Admiralty, Room 40

Roosevelt, Eleanor 366, 367–8

Roosevelt, Franklin Delano 139, 280, 300–301, 335

Roosevelt, Kermit 396

Roosevelt Longworth, Alice 318

ROP see Russian Oil Products Ltd

Rosenbaum, Erna 392

Rosenberg, Julius and Ethel 396

Rossall School 174

ROSTA (Soviet news agency) 93

Rothermere, Esmond Harmsworth, 2nd Viscount 462, 471

Rothschild, Dame Miriam 319, 397

Rothschild, Teresa ‘Tess’, Baroness (née Mayor) 320, 324, 401

Rothschild, Victor Rothschild, 3rd Baron 271, 274–5, 286–7, 293, 319, 322, 324, 384, 401, 495, 532, 538

Rothstein, Andrew 93, 98, 163, 164

Rothstein, Theodore 50–51, 535

Rouault, Georges 194

Rowse, A.L. 266

Royal Aircraft Establishment, Farnborough (RAE) 154, 155–7, 344

Royal Albert Hall, London: CPGB rally (1920) 52–3, 99; ‘Red Army’ demonstration (1943) 298

Royal Army Medical Corps 155

Royal Automobile Club 397

Royal Commission on the Press (1947–9) 407

Royal Commission on the Private Manufacture of Armaments (1935–6) 153, 167

Rublatt, Vera 26

Rugby School 179

Ruhleben internment camp 460

Rumbold, Sir Anthony 393

Runciman, Sir Steven 222

Russell, Bertrand Russell, 3rd Earl 205, 537

Russell Cooke, Margaret (later Harker) 89

Russell Cooke, Sidney ‘Cookie’ 89–90, 105, 111

Russia To-day (newspaper) 154

Russia, Tsarist 3, 4–6, 7, 8, 10–11, 12, 39–40; Crimean war (1853–6) 38; see also Soviet Union

Russian Oil Products Ltd (ROP) 158–9, 167, 288

Russian Orthodox Church 8

Russian War Relief (US aid agency) 282

Rutherford, Ernest Rutherford, 1st Baron 203

Rycroft, Charles 223–4, 256, 383, 478

Ryle, Gilbert 320

sabotage, industrial xxvi, xxviii, 32, 143, 158–9, 167, 506; Soviet fears of xxvi, 17, 30, 32, 158

sabotage and counter-sabotage: Second World War 274, 287, 288, 308, 309, 426, 521; Cold War 506

Sacco, Nicola 408

Sackville-West, Edward (later 5th Baron Sackville) 198–9

St Albans, Osborne Beauclerk, 12th Duke of 80

St Albans, Charles Beauclerk, 13th Duke of 493–4

St Anne’s College, Oxford 519

St Edmund Hall, Oxford 218, 450

Saint Jacut de la Mer, France 226

St James’s Club 121, 298

Saint Malo 399

Saint Nazaire raid (1942) 384

St Paul’s School, London 255, 463

Sakharov, Andrei 350

Salazar, António de Oliveira 490

Salisbury, Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of 39, 40, 397, 548

Salter, Sir Arthur 266

Salzburg Music Festival 479

Samara (Kuibishev) 401–2

San Francisco 524

Sandys, Duncan (later Baron Duncan-Sandys) 442

Sanlúcar la Mayor, José María Ruiz de Arana y Bauer, Duque de 428

Sargent, Sir Orme ‘Moley’ 261, 371, 372–3

Sassoon, Sir Philip 460

Saudi Arabia 184

Savage, Percy 45–6

Savoy Hotel, London 494

Sax, Saville 350–51

Sayle, Murray 502

Schneider-Creusot (armaments company) 11

schools, and character formation 173–4, 179, 186–7, 188–9, 189–90, 194–5, 254

Scientific Advisory Committee 327–8

Scott, Sir Harold 464

Scott-Hopkins, Sir James 540

SDECE (French intelligence agency) 399, 401

Seale, Patrick, Philby: The Long Road to Moscow 184

Seaman, Don 406

Sebag Montefiore, Simon 30

Sebestyen, Victor 5, 10

Second World War: outbreak 139, 141, 269–70; Nazi invasion of Netherlands 145, 264, 449, 531; fall of France 308, 315; Dunkirk evacuation 288, 291, 298, 315; Italian entry 288, 315; internment of enemy aliens 71, 287, 288, 290, 340, 407; German bombing raids on England 145, 273, 290, 291–2, 294, 324, 325, 333; Nazi invasion of Soviet Union 284, 294–5; Pearl Harbor attack and United States entry 279, 284, 355, 536; Saint Nazaire raid 384; Anglo-Soviet treaty (1942) 275, 295–7, 301, 313; battle of Kursk 328; D-Day landings 324; Yalta and Potsdam conferences 170, 300–301, 302; Soviet victory 301–4, 306; US atomic bombings of Japan 335, 342–3

Secret Intelligence Service see SIS

Secret Service Committee 49, 54

Secret Service Vote 55

Security Intelligence Middle East see SIME

Security Service see MI5

Seditious Meetings Act (1817) 204

Seitz, Karl 229, 232

Selfridge’s, London (department store) 298

Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan, nuclear tests 351–2, 370

Sempill, William Forbes-Sempill, 19th Lord xxviii

Serbia 7, 206; see also Belgrade; Yugoslavia

Serpell, Michael 345

Seven Years’ war (1756–63) 37

sex discrimination and inequality xxvi, 63–6, 116, 255, 292, 453–4, 547; see also misogyny

Sexual Offences Act (1967) 511

Shakespeare, William 524

Shawcross, Sir Hartley (later Baron Shawcross) 338–9

Sheffield 150, 298

shell crisis (1915) 147

Sheppard, Sir John 218

Shergold, Bevis 450

Shergold, Harold 450–51

Sheridan, Clare 90, 98

Sheridan, Leslie 308

Sherriff, R.C., Journey’s End 220

Shinwell, Emanuel (later Baron Shinwell) 451, 452

Shipp, Cecil 541

Shrewsbury School 179

Shuckburgh, Sir Evelyn 441, 500–501

Shuster, William, The Strangling of Persia 209

Sidmouth, Henry Addington, 1st Viscount 36, 204

Sillitoe, Sir Percy: Chief Constable of Kent 355; Director General of MI5 345, 355, 362, 363, 369, 380, 420, 483; inspection and assessment of security in overseas territories 359, 361; and Burgess and Maclean defections 394–5, 401, 406–8; press attacks on 407–8

Silver Crescent, The (Trinity Hall magazine) 225

Silvermaster, Gregory 284–5, 364–5, 457

Silvermaster, Helen 285, 365

SIME (Security Intelligence Middle East) 374, 450, 540, 543

Simkins, Anthony 417

Simon, Brian 478

Simon, Jocelyn ‘Jack’ (later Baron Simon of Glaisdale) 219–20

Simon, Sir John (later 1st Viscount Simon) 133, 238, 243, 265, 266, 410–411, 442

Simpson, Wallis (later Duchess of Windsor) 169

Sinclair, Sir Hugh ‘Quex’ 60, 61, 105, 309

Sinclair, Sir John ‘Sinbad’ 293, 357, 380–81, 438, 483, 504

Singapore 361, 540, 543

Sinn Fein 43

SIS (Secret Intelligence Service; MI6): origins and formation 43, 44–5, 147; remit 45, 49, 70, 161; size 46; budgets and financing 55, 313; during First World War 46; cuts following Armistice 55–6; officers deployed as ‘passport control officers’ 59–60, 135, 253; formation of Section VI (economic section) 148–9; Guy Burgess works for 253–4, 263, 270, 318–19, 473–4; Second World War operations 263–4, 267, 270, 297, 308, 309, 313–14, 319, 449, 467; rivalry with MI5 287; D-notice press censorship of activities 430, 442; Kim Philby works for 270, 271, 305, 308–314, 318–19, 349, 377, 418–19, 492–3, 503–4; Graham Greene works for 349; John Cairncross works for 328; post-war reorganization 357–8; liaison with American security services 363–4, 377, 380; and VENONA decrypts 377; joint operation with CIA in Albania 378–9, 413, 522; William Marshall works for 434–5; and Burgess and Maclean defections 399, 400, 401, 412, 418; suspicions and investigation of Philby 418–19, 444, 492, 495–6; denigration of service following Burgess and Maclean defections 453–7, 501–4; George Blake works for 448–51; Ordzhonikidze mission and disappearance of ‘Buster’ Crabb 482–3; and Philby’s defection 512; joint MI5 investigation of alleged penetration 516

Sissmore, Kathleen ‘Jane’ see Archer, Kathleen ‘Jane’

Skardon, William ‘Jim’: early career 338; Metropolitan Police officer 338; secondment to MI5 338; investigation of William Joyce 338; interrogation of Alan Nunn May 338; questioning of Ursula Kuczynski 345–6; obtains Klaus Fuchs’ confession 348, 388; questioning of Charles and Gerty Moody 349; investigation of Guy Burgess 251, 320; and Burgess and Maclean defections 405; interviewing and investigation of families and associates following defections 409, 411, 412, 414–15, 464; interrogation of Philby 420; investigation of Philby’s associates 422, 423–4; review of older espionage cases 424–5; interrogation of William Marshall 436–7

Skeffington-Lodge, Thomas 478

Škoda works (Czechoslovakia) 125–6, 148

Slánský, Rudolf 494

Slater, Humphrey 246, 390, 405, 417; The Conspirator 246, 390

Slater, Moyra 390, 417

Slocombe, George: background, character and early life 95–7, 458; military service 96–7; journalist on Daily Herald 95, 96, 97; sub-agent in Ewer–Hayes network 94, 95, 97–8, 102, 105, 111–12, 113, 114; later journalistic career 112; Views on: Sir Austen Chamberlain 119–20; Engelbert Dollfuss 230, 231; Sir Eric Drummond 27; Geneva 122, 126; Soviet Union 13–14; Vienna 229

Slocombe, Marie (née Karlinsky) 95, 96

Slocombe, Ralph 96

Smillie, Robert 51

Smirnovsky, Mikhail 505

Smith, Alic 218

Smith, Stephen A. xxviii, 8, 13, 18

Smithers, Sir Waldron 368–9, 370, 442

Smolka, Peter (Peter Smollett): background, character and early life 240, 422; in London under cover as journalist 240–41; and Cambridge spies 240–41, 278, 312–13, 422; changes name and naturalized as British 277; wartime penetration of Ministry of Information 275, 277–8, 312–13, 318, 320, 494; Orwell on 300; post-war life in Vienna 422, 425, 493–4; security services’ interviews of associates 422; interviewed by MI5 in London 494; Forty Thousand against the Arctic 241

Sochi 484

social capital, concept of xxvii

Society for Cultural Relations with the Soviet Union 223, 339

SOE (Special Operations Executive): origins and formation 270, 309; officers 58, 287, 291, 292, 309, 379, 383, 431; training 273, 275, 309–310, 319, 426; secrecy of operations 444; false accusation against Blunt concerning 526–7

Sofia, cathedral massacre (1925) 14, 22

Solomon, Flora 373, 494–5, 496

Solovetsky Islands, penal camp 26

Somervell, Sir Donald (later Baron Somervell of Harrow): Solicitor General 66, 110; Attorney General 57, 168, 170, 266; George McMahon trial 57, 168; Glading spy ring trial 168–9

South Africa 361

South African war (1899–1902) 42–3, 44, 485

South Sea Company 35

Southampton 160, 399

Southwood, Julius Elias, 1st Viscount 112

Soviet Union, history and development: Bolshevik revolution (1917) 3, 5, 6–8, 10, 16, 48, 49, 88–9, 90, 302; under Lenin 3–4, 8–17, 51; civil war (1917–22) 8–10, 13; famine (1921–2) 13, 15, 23; under Stalin 3–4, 9–10, 17–33, 164, 208, 305; British visitors’ accounts of 19–20, 199–201, 213, 227–8; Five Year Plans, industrialization and collectivization 17, 151, 152, 208, 228; ‘illegals’ espionage system 20–25, 125; expectation of Anglo-Soviet war 26, 32, 150; purges and show-trials 28, 29–33, 137, 165, 167, 208, 266, 299, 306, 330; Lysenkoism 199; invasion of Finland and Poland (1939–40) 9, 211, 214, 267, 270; Nazi invasion (1941) 284, 294–5; Anglo-Soviet treaty (1942) 275, 295–7, 301, 313; wartime pro-Soviet sentiments in Britain 296–300; victory over Nazi Germany 301–4, 306; suppression of Hungarian uprising (1956) 485, 487, 489; Sino-Soviet split 513; space programme 490; 21st Party Congress 491; invasion of Czechoslovakia (1968) 491; Cold War espionage operations in London 504–511; see also Nazi–Soviet Pact; Russia, Tsarist

space exploration 490

Spain 22, 64, 80, 144, 188, 213, 260, 310, 490

Spanish civil war (1936–9) 59, 136, 173, 212, 253, 256, 261–2, 280, 295

Sparrow, John 218

Special Branch (Metropolitan Police): formation 45; administration and operation xxvii, 48, 49, 56, 57, 71; characteristics of officers 49, 56, 92; remit 49; penetrated by Bolshevik agents 49, 70, 92, 107–8; ARCOS informants 86; role in ARCOS raid 103–4; dismissal of penetration agents 110–111; counter-subversion responsibilities transferred to MI5 49, 70; arrest of atomic spies 337, 464; distrusted by post-war Labour government 354; investigation of Donald Maclean 395

Special Operations Executive see SOE

Special Relationship (Anglo-American) 363–4, 536

Spectator (magazine) 265, 440, 490, 526, 529

Speir, Sir Rupert 293, 416

Spender, Sir Stephen 218, 397, 491

Spooner, Reg 337

Spring Rice, Sir Cecil 42

Springhall, Douglas 300

Sputnik (satellite) 490

Squair, Alec 159

SS (Nazi Schutzstaffel) 523–4

Stalin, Joseph: possible Okhrana agent 6; imprisonment 30; Bolshevik revolutionary 6; supreme leader 17–18, 29–33, 40, 64, 208, 298, 317, 383; Five Year Plans 17, 151, 152; establishment of ‘illegals’ espionage system 20–21; purges and show-trials 28, 29–33, 137, 165, 167, 208, 266, 299, 306, 330; Second World War 294, 295, 298–303; and development of nuclear weapons 342, 352; death 349; Concerning Questions of Leninism 29

Stalin Peace Prize 31

Stallybrass, William 218

Starachowice munitions works (Poland) 11

Starhemberg, Ernst Rüdiger, Prince of 230

State Department (United States) 28, 466; communist agents in 139, 157, 279, 284, 365–6

Stead, Christina, The House of All the Nations 152

Stephens, Robin ‘Tin-Eye’ 290

Stephenson, Sir William 307–8

Stern, Moishe 138

Stern Gang 362–3

Stewart, Athole 118

Stewart, Bob 405, 422

Stewart, Brian 56, 114, 359

Stewart, Sir Michael 206

Stewart, Michael (later Baron Stewart of Fulham) 491

Stockholm 310, 484

Stolypin, Pyotr, assassination 95

Stonehaven, John Baird, 1st Viscount 238

Stonehouse, John 510

Stonyhurst College 529

Stott, Kenneth 57

Straight, Michael 227, 256, 257, 383, 478, 513, 514, 517

Strang, William Strang, 1st Baron 296–7, 398, 401, 464, 466

Streicher, Julius 244

strikes and industrial unrest 204, 216, 500; police strikes (1918–19) 54, 84–6, 91, 109; General Strike (1926) 54, 73, 103

Strong, Sir Kenneth 43–4, 355

Stuart, Charles Edward 35–6

student protests (1968–72) 456

Student’s Vanguard, The (magazine) 205, 242

subversive rumours, development and use of 309–310, 426

Sudeten Germans 238, 253

Suez Canal 434, 448

Suez crisis (1956) 81–2, 448, 500

suffrage, women’s 54, 63–4, 110

Suicide Act (1961) 480

Sun (newspaper) 543

Sunday Dispatch 462, 463

Sunday Express 112, 407, 432, 433, 471, 483, 527

Sunday Mirror 454, 455

Sunday Pictorial 441, 477; ‘EVIL MEN’ issue 471, 472, 474

Sunday Telegraph 526–7

Sunday Times 501, 502, 518, 532; Insight Team’s book on Philby 175, 499, 501–2

Supply, Ministry of 270, 325; John Cairncross works for 421

Sûreté nationale (French national police) 149, 399, 401, 406

Suschitzky, Edith see Tudor-Hart, Edith

Sutton Courtenay, Berkshire 214

Swanson, Gloria 183

Swinton, Philip Cunliffe-Lister, 1st Earl of 289, 294–5

Switzerland 249, 341, 345, 400; see also Geneva

Sword of Stalingrad 299

Sykes, Christopher 316

Syme, John 83–4

Tag, Der (Austrian newspaper) 240

Talbot de Malahide, Milo Talbot, 7th Baron 356, 410, 430, 442, 447, 467

Talleyrand-Périgord, Charles Maurice de 120

Tallinn 11

Tangier 385, 386

Taplow Court, Buckinghamshire 214

TASS (Soviet press agency) 508

Tatsfield, Kent, Beacon Shaw (Donald Maclean’s house) 393, 395, 406, 409, 417

Tavistock Clinic, London 475

taxation 353, 500

Taylor, A.J.P. 99, 440–41

Taylor, Dame Elizabeth 390

Tehran 330, 413, 461–2, 521, 522

Tehran conference (1943) 299, 300, 302

television: advent of commercial television 429; Burgess and Maclean first discussed on 440–41

Teller, Edward 348

Temple, William, Archbishop of Canterbury 298

Templewood, Samuel Hoare, 1st Viscount 80–81, 160

Teruel, battle of (1937–8) 262

Thatcher, Margaret, Baroness: at Oxford 215; leader of the opposition 540; Prime Minister 66, 460, 511, 533, 540, 541; and Blunt’s exposure 526, 528, 531; and Maurice Oldfield 540, 541, 542, 543

Third Man, The (film; 1949) 493–4

Third Section (Imperial Russian secret police department) 4

Thirkell, Angela, Love among the Ruins 353–4

Thistlewood, Arthur 36

Thomas, Hugh (later Baron Thomas of Swynnerton) 440

Thomas, Sir Keith 472

Thompson, Downing 362

Thompson, E.P. 441

Thomson, Sir Basil 48, 54, 91

Thomson, Sir George Paget 333, 336

Thomson, Sir Joseph John 205

Thurlow, Charles Hovell-Thurlow-Cumming-Bruce, 6th Baron 220

Tiflis, Georgia 13

Time (magazine) 527

Times, The: Peter Smolka’s travel articles 241; review of David Footman’s short stories 253; Kim Philby as war correspondent 261–2, 308, 309; E.H. Carr’s wartime articles 296; obituary of Philip Jordan 409; and Burgess and Maclean defections 417, 440; Stuart Hampshire’s letter to 525; and public exposure of Anthony Blunt 527–8

Timokhin, Anatoli 86

Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy (television series) 525–6, 531

Titanic, RMS 89

Tobin, Oscar 46–7

Tomlinson, Sir Frank ‘Tommy’ 428

Totnes (parliamentary constituency) 510

Tottenham County School, London 121

Toynbee, Arnold 266

Toynbee, Philip 211, 213, 410, 458; at Oxford 202, 210; and Donald Maclean 390–91, 417, 487; placed on watch-list 410; ‘Alger Hiss and his Friends’ 394

trade unions 56, 57, 84–6, 91–2, 94, 196, 199, 204–5, 288, 482; see also strikes and industrial unrest

Trades Union Congress 160, 226

Transjordan 178

Transport & General Workers’ Union 482

Travellers Club 251, 276, 292, 393, 409, 421

Treasury: financing of War Office Intelligence Division 41; supervision of Post Office and Stationery Office 258; John Cairncross works for 258, 331, 385, 421

Treasury Department (United States) 139, 279, 285

Trenchard, Hugh Trenchard, 1st Viscount 204–5

Trend, Burke Trend, Baron 508, 516, 524, 532

Trevelyan, Sir Charles 100, 298

Trevelyan, George Macaulay 205, 252

Trevor-Roper, Hugh (later Baron Dacre of Glanton): at Oxford 202; wartime intelligence work 56, 314, 523; Zionist death threat against 363; gathers information on security services 272, 273, 320, 520; exchanges with Dick White 271, 292, 312, 492–3, 499, 520–21, 530, 536; passed over as contributor to Sunday Times book on Philby 501–2; review of Boyle’s The Climate of Treason 529; Views on: aims and achievements of Cambridge five 544; Anthony Cave Brown 537; Felix Cowgill 314; former communists 309; Marxist history 202; Montagu of Beaulieu trial 469; Maurice Oldfield 540; Oxford and Cambridge universities 203–4; Kim Philby 309, 311–12, 314; Russian historians 32–3; SIS 311, 314; Wright’s Spycatcher 533

Trinity College, Cambridge 173, 199, 203, 204, 205–7, 210, 215, 218–27, 256, 518

Trinity Hall, Cambridge 207, 219–20, 225, 406

Tripartite Gold Commission 358

Trotsky, Leon 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 52, 90; Whither England? 10

Troup, Sir James 59

Truman, Harry S. 336, 365, 393, 432; Truman Doctrine 361

Trump, Donald xxv

trust, concept of xxvi–xxvii, 32–3, 47, 74–5, 77, 310, 338, 356, 367–8, 370, 411, 468

Tsankov, Alexander 14–15

Tsarev, Oleg 178, 243

TUBE ALLOYS (atomic weapons project) 333–4, 340–41

Tudor-Hart, Alexander 235

Tudor-Hart, Edith (née Suschitsky): background, early life and marriage 235, 422; NKVD talent scout in England 162, 210, 235, 422, 423; and Glading network 162, 163, 165, 170, 235, 422; and Cambridge spy ring 210, 221–2, 235–6, 240, 306, 386, 422–3; MI5 surveillance and questioning 422–4, 425

Tudor-Hart, Tommy 423

Turck, James 396, 398

Turing, Alan 225, 444, 528

Turkey 373–4; see also Ankara; Istanbul; Ottoman Empire

Turner, Anthony 480

Tweedsmuir, John Buchan, 1st Baron 214

Tweedsmuir, Priscilla, Baroness 479

Tyrrell, Sir William (later 1st Baron Tyrrell) 62, 106, 121

Ukraine 9, 13, 23, 29; see also Odessa

Ullmann, Walter 203

Ullmann, William 285, 365

ULTRA (Second World War decrypts) 514, 537

Ulyanov, Alexander 4

Umansky, Fedia 24

Union of Democratic Control 152, 167

United Nations 363, 382, 411, 524

United Nations International Atomic Energy Agency 505

United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration 366

United Nations Security Council 429

United Press (press agency) 241, 262

United Services Club 415

Universal Barter Company 134

University College, Oxford 524

University Research Group (MI5) 517

Uren, Ormond 300

Uris, Leon, Topaz 499

Urquhart, Sir Brian 180–81

US Service and Shipping Corporation 283

Ustinov, Jona ‘Klop’ 180

Ustinov, Sir Peter 180–81

Uxbridge, Middlesex 105

Valéry, Paul 197

vanity (character trait), as security risk 458

Vansittart, Sir Robert (later 1st Baron Vansittart): PUS of Foreign Office 27, 62, 74, 131, 135–6; character and characteristics 73, 121, 426; Views on: Lord Bertie of Thame 73; British identity 117, 549; Christianity 182; diplomatic relations with Soviets 56; electoral reform 63–4; French intelligence 102; homosexuality 459, 470; Sir Donald Maclean 185; Donald Maclean 246; masculinity xxi, 165; supra-nationalism 82; Whitehall culture 40, 66, 119

Vanzetti, Bartolomeo 408

Vassall, John: background, character and sexuality 475–6, 542; espionage activities 476–7; trial and imprisonment 70, 477–8, 546; aftermath of case 454, 477–8, 495, 542

Vaughan, Sir Tudor 60

Veltheim, Erkki 52

VENONA project (US decryption of Soviet security messages) 346–7, 377–8, 386, 394, 410, 430, 530, 546

Verduynen, Jonkheer Michiels van 428

Vermehren, Erich 375–6, 432

Vernon, Wilfrid: background, character and early life 154–5, 345, 458; aviation spy 79, 154–7, 277, 546; vetoed from wartime employment by MI5 275, 277; Member of Parliament 79, 157, 344–5, 354–5, 359–60, 424; interviewed by MI5 424–5; Camberwell borough councillor 424

Versailles, treaty of (1919) 133, 220; see also Paris Peace Conference (1919)

vetting, of security services and civil service staff 69, 286, 368–71, 416, 458, 547; negative vetting 69, 369–70; positive vetting 69, 271, 356, 368, 370–71, 416, 465, 467–8

Vichy France 71

Vickers (armaments company) 11, 41, 42, 57, 67, 147, 225, 499; and industrial espionage 148, 150

Victoria, Queen, French press abuse of 41–2

Victoria & Albert Museum, London 299

Vienna: ‘Red Vienna’ (1918–34) 14, 22, 155, 229–31; civil war and rise of fascism 230–34, 238; Philby in 232–4; Anschluss (1938) 213, 238–9, 260; post-war zones of occupation 239, 493; bombing of British military headquarters (1946) 362; Smolka in 422, 425, 493–4

Vienna, British Embassy 37

Vientiane, Laos 467

Vigilance Detective Agency 86, 91–5, 101; see also Ewer–Hayes spy network

Villiers, Gerald 459–60

Vilnius 333

Vinarov, Ivan Zolov 14, 22

Vivian, Valentine: appearance and character 254; background and education 255; SIS officer 27, 311; reports on Rome and Berlin embassy security 27; head of counter-espionage section 135; enlistment of Guy Burgess as freelance 254, 255; investigation of FO

Communications Department 132, 135–6, 140–41; and Krivitsky defection 144; and recruitment of Kim Philby to SIS 177, 308–9; and Gouzenko defection 331; security report on Burgess 386; and Philby’s divorce and second marriage 373; Views on: Guy Burgess 467; St John Philby 177; Patrick Reilly 313

Volkov, Konstantin 371–3, 374, 376, 381, 418, 521, 523

Volodarsky, Iosif (Armand Feldman) 158

Voroshilov, Kliment 295

Vyshinsky, Andrei 30, 31, 114, 167, 382, 479

Wadham College, Oxford 218

Wakefield prison 350

Waldegrave, William (later Baron Waldegrave of North Hill) 274–5, 381

Walker-Smith, Derek (later Baron Broxbourne) 174

Wall Street crash (1929) 201

Wallace, Henry 307

Wallisch, Koloman 230, 233, 234

Walsingham, Sir Francis 34

Walton, Calder 361

Wansbrough-Jones, Sir Owen 219, 315

War Department (United States) 284–5

War Office: Intelligence Department/Division (ID) 37–44, 147, 151; Intelligence Corps 44, 276, 287, 293, 321–2, 461, 493, 519; MI1B cryptography department 61; intelligence gathering during First World War 48, 61, 147; and inter-war industrial mobilization 148; and Second World War intelligence operations 321–2; regulations on homosexuality 470

War Production Board (United States) 285

War Resisters’ International 152

Warburg Institute, London 256

Warner, Sir Christopher 383

Warner, Sir Frederick 406, 416, 479

Warre-Cornish, Blanche xxi

Warsaw 105, 303, 357

Washington 379–80; British embassy 316–18, 363, 377–8, 386–7

Washington naval treaty (1922) 164

Washington Post 318, 366

‘watch-and-learn’ counter-espionage procedure 45–6, 50–51

Waterhouse, Sir Ellis 416

Watkins, John 518

Watson, Alister 538

Watt, Donald Cameron 136

Waugh, Evelyn 215, 218, 269; Scott-King’s Modern Europe 376; Sword of Honour trilogy 299, 512

Webb, Beatrice and Sidney, The History of Trade Unionism 5

Webb, Hilda 275

Wedgwood, Josiah, 1st Baron 14–15, 100

Weinstein, Erica 127

Weisband, William 346

Weiss, Ernst 156, 157, 424

welfare state 363, 500

Welles, Sumner 367

Wellesley, Sir Victor 64, 79, 304

Wellington School 173

West, Dame Rebecca 253, 255, 415, 431, 476

West Germany 432–3, 434, 441, 448, 483, 510

West Meon, Hampshire 189

Western Brothers (comedy duo) 254

Westminster Abbey 180, 181, 299

Westminster School 179–82, 183–4

Wheatley, Dennis 292–3

Wheeler, Donald 212, 281

White, Sir Dick: background, education and early life 68, 254; character 254, 385; recruitment to MI5 68, 69, 71, 254–5; and wartime security services’ operations 270–71, 289, 322; visits Burgess and Blunt’s flat 324; coaching of Skardon in interview techniques 348; and Burgess and Maclean defections 401, 410, 414, 415; interviewing of Goronwy Rees 412–13; liaison with Blunt following defections 414; interrogation of Kim Philby 261, 414, 418–19, 438; convinced of Philby’s guilt 418, 438, 444; gives evidence to Cadogan committee 464; head of MI5 68, 438; seeks further interrogation of Philby 438; Chief of SIS 292, 354, 380, 451, 483, 524; and George Blake case 451; and Philby’s SIS posting to Beirut 492–3; and Philby’s defection 496–7; exchanges with Hugh Trevor-Roper 271, 292, 312, 492–3, 499, 520–21, 530, 536; accusations against 503; Views on: George Blake 451; Boyle’s The Climate of Treason 530–31; John Costello 536; David Footman 414; Tomás Harris 520–21; journalistic spy writing 543–4; Vernon Kell 68; Guy Liddell 71, 536; mole hunts of 1980s 518, 526, 534, 535, 536; Kim Philby 418, 420; Arthur Reade 276; Goronwy Rees 413; Victor Rothschild 275; Peter Smolka 277; spy fiction 497, 499; Sunday Times book on Philby 501, 502; vetting procedures 416; wartime security services 270–71, 354

White, Harry Dexter 139, 279, 285, 346–7, 368

Whitehead, Alfred North 205, 208

White’s (club) 292, 313, 405

Whomack, George 165–70

Wigg, George (later Baron Wigg) 441, 463

Wilberforce, Richard, Baron 273

Wildeblood, Peter 462, 469–70

Wilenski, Vladimir see Ianovich, Vladimir

Willert, Sir Arthur 94, 112, 240

Williams, Albert 166–70

Williams, Jenifer see Hart, Jenifer

Willington preparatory school, London 215

Wilson, Sir Duncan 482, 505, 507, 511

Wilson, Edmund 139

Wilson, Harold (later Baron Wilson of Rievaulx) 215, 444, 455–6, 505, 519

Wilson, Sir Horace 266, 267

Wilson, Woodrow 28

Wimpole Hall, Cambridgeshire 214

Winchester Assizes 469

Winchester College 179, 195, 450, 469

Wine Society 405

Winifred, St 418

Winnicott, Donald 423

Winnifrith, Sir John 370, 464

Winnington-Ingram, Arthur, Bishop of London 183

Winster, Reginald ‘Rex’ Fletcher, 1st Baron 59, 354

Winterbotham, Frederick 272, 537

Wintringham, Tom 277

Wise, Edward 97–8

Wittgenstein, Ludwig 205, 208, 537

Wohl, Paul 138, 145

Woking, Surrey 155

Wolf, Markus 350, 428, 453, 514

Wolfenden, Sir John (later Baron Wolfenden) 473

Wolfenden committee 473, 474–5

Wollheim, Richard 180–81, 183

Wolverhampton 83, 85

women civil servants 64–6; married-women ban 64–5

women’s suffrage 54, 63–4, 110

Woodhall, Edwin 67

Woodman, Dorothy 152, 156

Woolf, Leonard 50–51

Woolf, Virginia 89–90, 206

Woolwich, Royal Ordnance Factories 157–8, 163, 165, 166

Woolwich spy ring see Glading, Percy

Worcester College, Oxford 197, 314

Workers’ Weekly (newspaper) 98

World Committee for the Relief of Victims of German Fascism 154, 221

World Tourists (travel agency) 283

Wormwood Scrubs prison 151, 160, 436, 453; MI5’s temporary headquarters 273, 324

Worthington-Evans, Sir Laming 103

Wright, Sir Michael 447

Wright, Peter 495, 497, 508, 513, 515–17, 519–21, 524, 531–4; Spycatcher 519, 520, 523, 532–4

Wyatt, Woodrow (later Baron Wyatt of Weeford) 537, 543

Wynn, Arthur 210–211, 213, 235

Wynne, Greville 497

xenophobia see racism and condescension to foreigners

XX see Double-Cross System

Yagoda, Genrikh 30–31

Yalta conference (1945) 170, 300–301, 302

Yezhov, Nikolai 31, 137, 144

Yost, Evgeni 317, 460

Young, Courtenay 209, 322, 407, 414, 447

Young, George Kennedy 543

Young, G.M. 456

Young, Michael (later Baron Young of Dartington) 81–2, 383, 448, 478; The Chipped White Cups of Dover 490

Young, Wayland (later 2nd Baron Kennet) 395

Young Turks 7, 41

Younger, Sir Kenneth 416

Yugoslavia 27, 80, 252–3, 302, 303, 391; see also Serbia

Z Organization 60, 141

Zaehner, R.C. ‘Robin’ 7, 413, 462, 474, 518, 521–3

Zaharoff, Sir Basil 41, 534

Zilliacus, Konni 355

Zimmerman telegram (1917) 60–61

Zinoviev, Grigory 6, 12, 90; ‘Zinoviev letter’ forgery 98–101, 110, 220, 354, 355, 505; trial and execution 30–32

Zionism 362–3

Zog, King of Albania 379

Zola, Émile 429

Zuckerman, Solly (later Baron Zuckerman) 368