1. Sir John Balfour, Not Too Correct an Aureole: The Recollections of a Diplomat (Wilton: Michael Russell, 1983), p. 89; Documents on British Policy Overseas (hereafter DBPO), series 1, vol. 6 (London: HMSO, 1991), p. 324.
2. In this paragraph and throughout this chapter I have followed the ideas and even the phrases of an indispensable guide, Stephen A. Smith’s Russia in Revolution: An Empire in Crisis, 1890 to 1928 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017).
3. Christopher Andrew and Oleg Gordievsky, KGB: The Inside Story of its Foreign Operations from Lenin to Gorbachev (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1990), pp. 1–2.
4. Victor Sebestyen, Lenin the Dictator: An Intimate Portrait (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2017), p. 99.
5. The preceding paragraphs follow Daniel Beer, The House of the Dead: Siberian Exile under the Tsars (London: Allen Lane, 2016).
6. R. C. Zaehner, Concordant Discord: The Interdependence of Faiths (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1970), p. 418.
7. Stephen A. Smith, ‘Towards a Global History of Communism’, in Smith, ed., The Oxford Handbook of the History of Communism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014), p. 7; Gareth Stedman Jones, Karl Marx: Greatness and Illusion (London: Allen Lane, 2016), pp. 339, 342.
8. Smith, ‘Towards a Global History of Communism’, pp. 6–7.
9. Giles Ury, Labour and the Gulag: Russia and the Seduction of the British Left (London: Backbite, 2017), p. 163.
10. Smith, Russia in Revolution, pp. 183–7.
11. Sebestyen, Lenin the Dictator, pp. 348, 387–8.
12. Mark DeWolfe Howe, ed., Holmes–Laski Letters: The Correspondence of Mr Justice Holmes and Harold Laski, 1916–1935, vol. 2 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1953), pp. 829–30.
13. Lars T. Lih, ‘Lenin and Bolshevism’, in Smith, ed., Oxford Handbook of History of Communism, p. 68.
14. Cambridge University Library, Vickers microfilm R346, Emile Cohn to Sir Vincent Caillard, 15 September 1922.
15. Georges Agabekov, OGPU: The Russian Secret Terror (New York: Brentano, 1931), pp. ix, 266.
16. Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, The Mitrokhin Archive: The KGB in Europe and the West (London: Allen Lane, 1999), p. 38; Nadezhda Mandelstam, Hope against Hope (London: Collins, 1971), pp. 14, 79–80.
17. Lord D’Abernon, An Ambassador of Peace, vol. 1 (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1929), pp. 312–13.
18. The National Archives (hereafter NA) FO 371/10495, N2488/2140/38, Sir Eyre Crowe, minute of 22 March 1924; Smith, Russia in Revolution, pp. 164, 188, 383–4.
19. George Slocombe, The Tumult and the Shouting (New York: Macmillan, 1936), p. 266; Sir Reader Bullard, The Camels Must Go (London: Faber & Faber, 1961), p. 159; Julian and Margaret Bullard, eds, Inside Stalin’s Russia: The Diaries of Reader Bullard 1930–1934 (Charlbury: Day Books, 2000), p. 15; Christopher Andrew, The Defence of the Realm: The Authorized History of MI5 (London: Allen Lane, 2009), p. 174n.; Jonathan Haslam, Near and Distant Neighbours: A New History of Soviet Intelligence (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015), p. xv.
20. Colonel Josiah Wedgwood, ‘Bulgarian Terrors’, Manchester Guardian, 24 April 1925, p. 12.
21. Alexander Vatlin, ‘The Evolution of the Comintern, 1919–1943’, in Smith, ed., Oxford Handbook of History of Communism, pp. 188, 190; Andrew Boyle, The Climate of Treason: Five Who Spied for Russia (London: Hutchinson, 1979), p. 100.
22. Lord Vansittart, The Mist Procession (London: Hutchinson, 1958), p. 361.
23. Documents on British Foreign Policy, series 1A, vol. 1 (London: HMSO, 1966), p. 728.
24. Kevin McDermott, ‘Stalin and Stalinism’, in Smith, ed., Oxford Handbook of History of Communism, pp. 73–4, 77.
25. Smith, Russia in Revolution, p. 389.
26. Documents on British Foreign Policy, 1919–1939, series 2, vol. 7 (London: HMSO, 1958), pp. 97, 123, 138.
27. House of Commons debates, vol. 114, cols 2940 & 2942, 16 April 1919; W. N. Ewer, ‘After the Break’, Labour Monthly, 9 (July 1927), p. 414.
28. NA KV 2/2670, serial 54a, minute from Paris, 10 December 1929.
29. Cambridge, Wren Library, Trinity College, Dobb papers DD/4, Dobb, ‘The Russian Revolution’, paper to Pembroke College’s Martlet Society, 1920.
30. Sir Owen O’Malley, The Phantom Caravan (London: John Murray, 1954), pp. 70, 72, 86, 214; Bullard, Inside Stalin’s Russia, p. 19.
31. Haslam, Near and Distant Neighbours, p. 39.
32. Boris Volodarsky, Stalin’s Agent: The Life and Death of Alexander Orlov (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014), pp. 163-5; Haslam, Near and Distant Neighbours, p. 57.
33. Elizabeth Poretsky, Our Own People: A Memoir of ‘Ignace Reiss’ and his Friends (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1969), p. 74.
36. Peter Holquist, ‘“Information is the Alpha and Omega of our Work”: Bolshevik Surveillance in its Pan-European Context’, Journal of Modern History, 69 (1997), p. 415; Poretsky, Our Own People, p. 109.
37. Boris Volodarsky, ‘Unknown Agabekov’, Intelligence and National Security, 28 (2013), p. 893; ‘OGPU Deserter Mystery: Story of his Work against Britain’, Morning Post, 3 July 1930; NA KV 2/2398.
38. Andrew and Gordievsky, KGB, pp. 179–80.
39. NA FO 371/10495, N6941/2140/38, despatches 787 & 812 of R. M. Hodgson, Moscow, 22 & 30 August 1924; Lord D’Abernon, An Ambassador of Peace, vol. 3 (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1930), pp. 190–1.
40. Andrew and Mitrokhin, Mitrokhin Archive, p. 47.
41. George Slocombe, A Mirror to Geneva: Its Growth, Grandeur and Decay (New York: Henry Holt, 1938), p. 5.
42. NA FO 850/2, Y775/775/650, report of Valentine Vivian dated 20 February 1937, and undated minute of Sir Robert Vansittart.
43. Basil Liddell Hart, Europe in Arms (London: Faber & Faber, 1937), p. 13; Cambridge, Churchill College archives, ACAD 1/9, diary of Sir Alexander Cadogan, 26 January 1940; NA FO 371/21198, R1687/224/92, minutes of Sir Owen O’Malley, Sir Orme Sargent and Sir Alexander Cadogan, 11 March 1937.
44. Andrew and Gordievsky, KGB, pp. 180–2.
45. DBPO, series 1, vol. 2 (London: HMSO, 1985), pp. 650–1.
46. Balfour, Not Too Correct, pp. 89, 92; Simon Sebag Montefiore, Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2003), pp. 205–6.
47. Balfour, Not Too Correct, pp. 89, 92.
48. Sebag Montefiore, Stalin: Red Tsar, pp. 168–76.
49. Ibid., pp. 176, 196, 287–8.
50. D. N. Pritt, The Zinoviev Trial (London: Gollancz, 1936), pp. 4, 20, 21, 29; Pritt, ‘How the trial struck a British lawyer’, News Chronicle, 3 September 1936, reproduced in Anon., The Moscow Trial (1936) (London: Anglo-Russian Parliamentary Committee, 1936), pp. 10–11.
51. Balfour, Not Too Correct, pp. 96–7; Sebag Montefiore, Stalin: Red Tsar, pp. 422–3.
52. DBPO, series 1, vol. 11 (London: Routledge, 2017), p. 16; Oxford, Bodleian Library, Mss Eng c 6888, f. 90, Hugh Trevor-Roper to Sir Patrick Reilly, undated [mid-December 1959]; Mandelstam, Hope against Hope, p. 34.
53. J. Arch Getty and Oleg Naumov, The Road to Terror: Stalin and the Self-Destruction of the Bolsheviks, 1932–1939 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999), p. 557; David Holloway, Stalin and the Bomb: The Soviet Union and Atomic Energy, 1939–1956 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994), p. 273.
1. William Camden, The History of the Most Renowned and Victorious Princess Elizabeth … (London: Harper & Amery, 1675 edition), book 3, p. 364.
2. Sir Victor Wellesley, Diplomacy in Fetters (London: Hutchinson, 1944), p. 16.
3. See John Carswell, The South Sea Bubble (Stroud: Alan Sutton, 1993 edition).
4. Andrew Lang, Pickle the Spy, or the incognito of Prince Charles (London: Longman, 1897), pp. 5–6, 194, 285; Jacqueline Riding, Jacobites: A New History of the ’45 Rebellion (London: Bloomsbury, 2016), pp. 223, 230, 321. See also Lesley Lewis, Connoisseurs and Secret Agents in Eighteenth-Century Italy (London: Chatto & Windus, 1961).
5. Adam Zamoyski, Phantom Terror: The Threat of Revolution and the Repression of Liberty, 1789–1848 (London: Collins, 2014), p. 150.
6. George Augustus Sala, Gaslight and Daylight with some London scenes they shine upon (London: Chapman & Hall, 1859), pp. 88-91; Gareth Stedman Jones, Karl Marx: Greatness and Illusion (London: Allen Lane, 2016), pp. 315, 317, 321.
7. Brian Stewart and Samantha Newbery, Why Spy? The Art of Intelligence (London: Hurst, 2015), pp. 67, 100; Viscount Mersey, A Picture of Life, 1872–1940 (London: John Murray, 1941), p. 362.
8. William Beaver, Under Every Leaf: How Britain Played the Greater Game from Afghanistan to Asia (London: Biteback, 2012), p. 1.
11. Major General Lord Edward Gleichen, A Guardsman’s Memories: A Book of Recollections (Edinburgh: Blackwood, 1932), p. 176.
12. Andrew Gailey, The Lost Imperialist: Lord Dufferin, Memory and Mythmaking in an Age of Celebrity (London: John Murray, 2015), p. 231.
13. Lord Vansittart, The Mist Procession (London: Hutchinson, 1958), p. 194; Beaver, Under Every Leaf, p. 63.
14. Gleichen, Guardsman’s Memories, p. 78; Beaver, Under Every Leaf, p. 4; J. Arch Getty, Origins of the Great Purges: The Soviet Communist Party Reconsidered, 1933–1938 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), p. 103.
15. See generally Richard Davenport-Hines, Dudley Docker: The Life and Times of a Trade Warrior (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984), and Davenport-Hines, ‘The Ottoman Empire in Decline: The Business Imperialism of Sir Vincent Caillard, 1883-1898’, in Robert Turrell and Jean-Jacques van Helten, eds, The City and the Empire (London: Institute of Commonwealth Studies, 1985).
16. Beaver, Under Every Leaf, p. 293; Gleichen, Guardsman’s Memories, p. 188.
17. Sir Henry Hozier, The Seven Weeks’ War: Its Antecedents and its Incidents (London: Macmillan, 1867), pp. 113–14.
18. Mersey, Picture of Life, pp. 185-6.
19. Gailey, Lost Imperialist, pp. 229-30; Stephen Gwynn, ed., The Letters and Friendships of Sir Cecil Spring Rice, vol. 1 (London: Constable, 1929), p. 301.
20. I follow in this paragraph and elsewhere an informative source: Matthew Seligmann, Spies in Uniform: British Military and Naval Intelligence on the Eve of the First World War (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006).
21. Sir Kenneth Strong, Intelligence at the Top: The Recollections of an Intelligence Officer (London: Cassell, 1968), p. 220; Donald Lindsay, Forgotten General: A Life of Andrew Thorne (Wilton: Michael Russell, 1987), pp. 103–13.
22. Lord Eustace Percy, Some Memories (London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1958), p. 11.
23. A. J. A. Morris, The Scaremongers: The Advocacy of War and Rearmament, 1896–1914 (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1984), pp. 107-8, 156–7; J. Lee Thompson, Northcliffe: Press Baron in Politics, 1865–1922 (London: John Murray, 2000), p. 134; Beaver, Under Every Leaf, pp. 290–1.
24. Vansittart, Mist Procession, p. 109; Oxford, Bodleian Library, Inverchapel papers, box 19, Lord Eustace Percy to Archie Clark Kerr, 3 October 1913.
25. Percy Savage, Savage of Scotland Yard (London: Hutchinson, 1934), quoted in ‘German Spy Organisation Smashed’, in Dennis Wheatley, ed., A Century of Spy Stories (London: Hutchinson, 1938), pp. 93–5.
26. John Bew, Citizen Clem: A Biography of Attlee (London: Quercus, 2016), pp. 105–6.
1. Cambridge University Library, Templewood papers 2/37, memorandum by Sir Basil Thomson, 1918.
2. Stuart Ball, ed., Parliament and Politics in the Age of Baldwin and MacDonald: The Headlam Diaries, 1923–1935 (London: The Historians’ Press, 1992), p. 121.
3. Leonard Woolf, Downhill All the Way: An Autobiography of the Years 1919–1939 (London: Hogarth Press, 1967), pp. 18–20.
4. Durham Cathedral Library, diary of Herbert Hensley Henson, 7 May 1919.
5. Lord D’Abernon, An Ambassador of Peace, vol. 1 (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1929), pp. 20, 22.
6. ‘Lenin’s courier sentenced’, The Times, 3 November 1920, p. 5; ‘Letters for Lenin’, Manchester Guardian, 3 November 1920, p. 9; Giles Ury, Labour and the Gulag: Russia and the Seduction of the British Left (London: Backbite, 2017), pp. 53–5.
7. ‘M.P. to Meet Sedition Charge’, Manchester Guardian, 13 November 1920, p. 10.
8. ‘Mr. Malone Held to be a Dangerous Person’, Manchester Guardian, 20 November 1920, p. 12; NA KV 2/1905, minute 57 of 6 March 1934; NA KV 2/1907, minute 793, Courtenay Young to Roger Fulford, 5 April 1942.
9. Graham Greene, Stamboul Train (London: Heinemann, 1932), p. 132; NA FO 371/10478, N3844/104/38, Comintern to CPGB, 7 April 1924.
10. Gill Bennett, Churchill’s Man of Mystery: Desmond Morton and the World of Intelligence (London: Routledge, 2006), p. 43; Hugh Trevor-Roper, The Wartime Journals, ed. Richard Davenport-Hines (London: I. B. Tauris, 2012), p. 149; Brian Stewart and Samantha Newbery, Why Spy? The Art of Intelligence (London: Hurst, 2015), p. 7.
11. Stuart Ball, ed., Conservative Politics in National and Imperial Crisis: Letters from Britain to the Viceroy of India, 1926–31 (Farnham: Ashgate, 2014), p. 127; Gabriel Gorodetsky, ed., The Maisky Diaries: Red Ambassador to the Court of St James’s, 1932–1943 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2015), p. 10.
12. NA KV 2/997, no serial, unsigned report ‘James McGuirk Hughes’, December 1925, and serial 39a, A. W. G. Tomlins, ‘McGuirk Hughes’, 16 February 1926.
13. Oxford, Bodleian Library, Mss Eng c 6565, journal of Sir Donald Somervell, 1937, ‘The Macmahon [sic] case’.
14. Bennett, Churchill’s Man of Mystery, pp. 76-7.
15. Lady Donaldson of Kingsbridge, The British Council: The First Fifty Years (London: Cape, 1984), p. 44.
16. Documents on British Foreign Policy, series 2, vol. 1 (London: HMSO, 1946), pp. 478–9.
17. Mark DeWolfe Howe, ed., Holmes–Laski Letters: The Correspondence of Mr Justice Holmes and Harold Laski, 1916–1935, vol. 2 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1953), p. 1200.
18. Kenneth Young, ed., The Diaries of Sir Robert Bruce Lockhart, 1915–1938 (London: Macmillan, 1973), pp. 204, 355–6; Oxford, Bodleian Library, Mss Eng c 6918, unpublished memoirs of Sir Patrick Reilly, f. 206.
19. Bennett, Churchill’s Man of Mystery, p. 58.
20. Cambridge, Churchill College archives, ACAD 1/8, diary of Sir Alexander Cadogan, 16 November 1939; Anthony Reed and David Fisher, Colonel Z: The Life and Times of a Master of Spies (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1984).
21. Nigel West, ed., The Guy Liddell Diaries: MI5’s Director of Counter-Espionage in World War II, vol. 1: 1939–1942 (London: Routledge, 2005), pp. 68, 77.
22. Lord D’Abernon, An Ambassador of Peace, vol. 3 (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1930), p. 59; Christopher Andrew, The Defence of the Realm: The Authorized History of MI5 (London: Allen Lane, 2009), p. 144.
23. D’Abernon, Ambassador of Peace, vol. 3, p. 31; Sir Owen O’Malley, The Phantom Caravan (London: John Murray, 1954), p. 45; Cambridge, Churchill College archives, Phipps papers 3/3, Sir Maurice Hankey to Sir Eric Phipps, 11 January 1938.
24. Lord Vansittart, The Mist Procession (London: Hutchinson, 1958), p. 44; Ball, Conservative Politics, p. 132.
25. James Ramsden, ed., George Lyttelton’s Commonplace Book (Settrington: Stone Trough, 2002), p. 63.
26. Vansittart, Mist Procession, p. 369; Sir Victor Wellesley, Diplomacy in Fetters (London: Hutchinson, 1944), pp. 178–80, 183. These themes are explored in Julie Gottlieb, ‘Guilty Women’, Foreign Policy, and Appeasement in Inter-War Britain (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015).
27. N. J. Crowson, ed., Fleet Street, Press Barons and Politics: The Journals of Collin Brooks, 1932–1940 (London: Royal Historical Society, 1998), p. 37.
28. Vansittart, Mist Procession, p. 148; Sir Rupert Hart-Davis, ed., The Lyttelton Hart-Davis Letters, vol. 1 (London: John Murray, 1978), pp. 15, 80; Oxford, Bodleian Library, Mss Eng c 6565, diary of Sir Donald Somervell, 21 April 1934.
29. Edward Pearce, The Golden Talking-Shop: The Oxford Union Debates Empire, World War, Revolution, & Women (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016), p. 392.
30. Edwin T. Woodhall, ‘Secret Service Days’, in Dennis Wheatley, ed., A Century of Spy Stories (London: Hutchinson, 1938), p. 58.
31. Andrew, Defence of the Realm, pp. 41–2, 59.
32. Tom Bower, The Perfect English Spy: Sir Dick White and the Secret Service, 1935–90 (London: Heinemann, 1995), pp. 26-7; Henry Hemming, M: Maxwell Knight, MI5’s Greatest Spymaster (London: Preface, 2017), p. 76.
33. ‘Captain H. M. Miller: Service in War and Peace’, The Times, 15 June 1934, p. 21.
34. Oxford, Christ Church archives, Dacre 10/48, Sir Dick White to Hugh Trevor-Roper, 6 January 1980; Sir John Masterman, On the Chariot Wheel: An Autobiography (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1975), p. 218; Somerset Maugham, Strictly Personal (London: Heinemann, 1942), p. 156.
35. Andrew, Defence of the Realm, p. 129.
36. Victor Madeira, Britannia and the Bear: The Anglo-Russian Intelligence Wars, 1917–1929 (Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2014), pp. 9, 131–2; Ball, Conservative Politics, p. 148; David Aaronovitch, Party Animals: My Family and Other Communists (London: Cape, 2016), p. 13.
37. Ball, Conservative Politics, p. 271; James Stourton, Kenneth Clark: Life, Art and Civilisation (London: Collins, 2016), p. 274; J. D. Bernal, ‘The End of a Political Illusion’, Cambridge Left, 1 (Summer 1933), p. 12; NA KV 2/4091, serial 202a, summary of CPGB bugging, 5 February 1951.
38. Vansittart, Mist Procession, p. 54; Sir David Kelly, The Ruling Few, or the Human Background to Diplomacy (London: Hollis & Carter, 1952), p. 210; ‘Captain H. M. Miller: Service in War and Peace’, The Times, 15 June 1934, p. 21; NA KV 4/224, serial 4a, Alan Roger, ‘Most Secret. Russian Relations and Activities in Persia’, nd [August 1944]; NA KV 2/2797, serial 373a, Report ‘Mrs George [sic] Moody’, 4 November 1953.
39. Masterman, Chariot Wheel, pp. 28, 218, 219–20; Villiers David, Advice to my Godchildren (London: Maggs, 2012), p. 11; Crowson, Fleet Street, pp. 64, 87.
40. Gaynor Johnson, ed., Our Man in Berlin: The Diary of Sir Eric Phipps, 1933–1937 (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008), pp. 56–8; John Herman, The Paris Embassy of Sir Eric Phipps: Anglo-French Relations and the Foreign Office, 1937–1939 (Brighton: Sussex Academic Press, 1998), pp. 13, 52–3.
41. Sir Owen O’Malley, The Phantom Caravan (London: John Murray, 1954), pp. 241, 245.
42. Sir Michael Postan, Fact and Relevance (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971), p. 164; Donald Moggridge, ed., Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes, vol. 10 (London: Macmillan, 1972), p. 447.
43. Andrew, Defence of the Realm, p. 42; Alan Danchev and Daniel Todman, eds, War Diaries, 1939–1945: Field Marshal Lord Alanbrooke (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2001), p. 509.
44. Lord Beveridge, Power and Influence (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1953), p. 3; Anthony Eden, House of Commons debates, 18 June 1951, vol. 489, col. 32.
45. F. H. Hinsley and C. A. G. Simkins, British Intelligence in the Second World War, vol. 4: Security and Counter-Intelligence (London: HMSO, 1990), pp. 57–8.
46. George Antrobus, King’s Messenger, 1918–1940: Memoirs of a Silver Greyhound (London: Herbert Jenkins, 1941), p. 150; Lord Gladwyn, Memoirs (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1972), p. 57.
47. John Drury, Music at Midnight: The Life and Poetry of George Herbert (London: Allen Lane, 2013), p. 57; Sir Ivone Kirkpatrick, The Inner Circle: Memoirs (London: Macmillan, 1959), pp. 32, 39.
48. Drury, Music at Midnight, p. 6; O’Malley, Phantom Caravan, p. 35; Sir Bernard Burrows, Diplomat in a Changing World (London: Memoir Club, 2001), p. 22.
49. Sheila Grant Duff, The Parting of the Ways (London: Peter Owen, 1982), p. 127; Cambridge, Churchill College archives, ACAD 1/9, diary of Sir Alexander Cadogan, 25 January 1940; Wellesley, Diplomacy in Fetters, p. 130; Wilfrid Vernon, House of Commons debates, 4 March 1948, vol. 448, col. 616; West, Guy Liddell Diaries, vol. 1, p. 305.
50. Charles Ritchie, The Siren Years: Undiplomatic Diaries, 1937–1945 (London: Macmillan, 1974), p. 77; Crowson, Fleet Street, p. 103; Philip Jordan, There is No Return (London: Cresset Press, 1938), p. 93.
51. ‘Rebuilding the Fleet’, Observer, 12 July 1936, p. 22.
52. DBPO, series 1, volume 6, pp. 206–9; Goronwy Rees, A Chapter of Accidents (London: Chatto & Windus, 1972), p. 94; Wilfred Macartney, Walls Have Mouths: A Record of Ten Years’ Penal Servitude (London: Gollancz, 1936), p. 384.
53. Michael Young, The Chipped White Cups of Dover: A Discussion of the Possibility of a New Progressive Party (London: Unit 2, 1960), p. 6.
54. J. D. Gregory, On the Edge of Diplomacy: Rambles and Reflections, 1902–1928 (London: Hutchinson, 1929), pp. 242–3.
1. House of Commons debates, vol. 166, 12 July 1923, cols 1697, 1705; vol. 448, 11 March 1948, cols 1554 & 1557.
2. Durham Cathedral Library, Henson papers vol. 23, diary of Herbert Hensley Henson, 30 August 1918.
3. ‘Police Grievances’, Manchester Guardian, 5 May 1919.
4. Stanley Salvidge, Salvidge of Liverpool: Behind the Political Scene, 1890–1928 (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1934), p. 177.
5. John Callaghan and Kevin Morgan, ‘The Open Conspiracy of the Communist Party and the Case of W. N. Ewer, Communist and Anti-Communist’, Historical Journal, 49 (2006), p. 558.
6. NA KV 2/1016, serial 59A, précis of Ewer file, K. L. L. Sissmore, 16 October 1925; Ewer, quoted in Callaghan and Morgan, ‘Open Conspiracy’, p. 554.
7. NA KV 2/1016, serial 3, Sir Victor Wellesley to Ministry of Labour, 7 February 1919; serial 4, Note ‘W. Norman Ewer’, Hugh M. Miller, 17 February 1919.
8. Giles Ury, Labour and the Gulag: Russia and the Seduction of the British Left (London: Backbite, 2017), pp. 124–5.
9. ‘Mr Edgar Lansbury’s “Extravagance”: Bankruptcy Proceedings’, Manchester Guardian, 20 December 1927, p. 12.
10. Anne Olivier Bell, ed., The Diary of Virginia Woolf, vol. 3 (London: Hogarth Press, 1980), p. 199; NA KV 2/1033, minute 2, Oswald Harker to Joseph Ball, 29 September 1922; 13 & 14, Notes by Harker of 28 September & 14 November 1923; serial 33a, Norman Ewer to George Slocombe, 1 December 1925; serial 50a, Oswald Frewen to Clare Sheridan, 31 January 1926; 77a, Clare Sheridan, ‘I Shadowed Kameneff’, Evening Standard, 25 August 1936; Clare Sheridan, Russian Portraits (London: Cape, 1921), pp. 14, 18, 21, 24, 26–8.
11. ‘Diamonds in Day-Light: Lenin’s “Jewel Box” a War Chest’, Observer, 26 September 1920.
12. Sheridan, ‘I Shadowed Kameneff’; Sheridan, Russian Portraits, pp. 38–9.
13. ‘A Forged Russian Newspaper: Police Official’s “Indiscretion”’, Manchester Guardian, 4 March 1921, p. 10.
14. NA KV 2/989, serial 2a, Harker, ‘Re Federated Press of America’, 27 June 1928.
15. Francis Beckett, Stalin’s British Victims (Stroud: Sutton, 2004), p. 26.
16. J. D. Gregory, On the Edge of Diplomacy: Rambles and Reflections, 1902–1928 (London: Hutchinson, 1929), p. 269.
17. George Slocombe, The Tumult and the Shouting (New York: Macmillan, 1936), p. 26.
20. George Slocombe, ‘Winning the War’, Daily Herald, 20 July 1918, p. 13; Slocombe, ‘A Letter to Lenin’, Daily Herald, 24 August 1918, p. 4; NA KV 2/485, serial 5, H. D. Goldsmith to S. Menzies, 30 August 1918.
21. Sir Francis Meynell, My Lives (London: Bodley Head, 1971), p. 112; George Slocombe, Men in Arms (London: Heinemann, 1936), pp. 17, 37.
22. NA KV 2/485, serial 6, Home Office Warrant on 12, Woodend, Sutton, 30 November 1921; Ewer to Slocombe, intercepted letter 1 April 1922.
23. NA KV 2/2379, serial 17a, Guy Liddell, New Scotland Yard, to N. Watson, 13 November 1928.
24. A. J. P. Taylor, English History, 1914–1945 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1965), pp. 218, 225; ‘No Case against Communist Editor’, Manchester Guardian, 14 August 1924, p. 14.
25. Thomas Jones, Whitehall Diary, ed. Keith Middlemas, vol. 1 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1969), p. 300; Ury, Labour and Gulag, pp. 228–9, 287–8, 423, 597 n.55; Gill Bennett, ‘A Most Extraordinary and Mysterious Business’: The Zinoviev Letter of 1924 (London: Foreign & Commonwealth Office, 1999), p. 59. I rely at all points in this section on Bennett’s authoritative account.
26. Lord Vansittart, The Mist Procession (London: Hutchinson, 1958), p. 96.
27. NA KV 2/1016, batch 192 of 18 November 1925 and batch 195 of 26 November 1925.
28. Stuart Ball, ed., Parliament and Politics in the Age of Baldwin and MacDonald: The Headlam Diaries, 1923–1935 (London: The Historians’ Press, 1992), p. 98. Edward Langston is identified, with ingenious pertinacity, in Timothy Phillips, The Secret Twenties: British Intelligence, the Russians and the Jazz Age (London: Granta, 2017).
29. ‘Prologue by Compton Mackenzie’, in Wilfred Macartney, Walls Have Mouths: A Record of Ten Years’ Penal Servitude (London: Gollancz, 1936), p. 18.
30. Gill Bennett, Churchill’s Man of Mystery: Desmond Morton and the World of Intelligence (London: Routledge, 2006), p. 94.
31. Stuart Ball, ed., Conservative Politics in National and Imperial Crisis: Letters from Britain to the Viceroy of India, 1926–31 (Farnham: Ashgate, 2014), pp. 141, 142, 144, 244.
32. Bennett, Churchill’s Man of Mystery, p. 95.
33. Information from Patric Dickinson, Clarenceux King of Arms.
34. Nigel West and Oleg Tsarev, The Crown Jewels: The British Secrets at the Heart of the KGB Archive (London: HarperCollins, 1998), pp. 149–50.
35. NA KV 2/989, serial 63a, Oswald Harker to Sir Vernon Kell, 24 July 1928.
36. NA KV 2/990, serial 104a, Report of visit to Allen at Bournemouth, Harker, 12 April 1929.
37. NA KV 2/990, serial 105a, note by Harker, 29 April 1929; Report of meeting with Allen at Southampton on 18 May, Harker, 21 May 1929.
38. ‘The Shock to Tory Liverpool – Leaders Dumbfounded’, Manchester Guardian, 7 March 1923.
39. Ball, Conservative Politics, p. 321.
40. Ball, Parliament and Politics in the Age of Baldwin and MacDonald, p. 118.
41. Oxford, Bodleian Library, Mss Eng c 6565, diary of Sir Donald Somervell, 10 March 1934; ‘Cabinet Secrets in Book’, Manchester Guardian, 21 March 1934, p. 4.
42. NA KV 2/990, serial 109a, Report of Harker’s meeting on 18 May with Allen at Southampton, 21 May 1929.
43. Ury, Labour and Gulag, p. 200; NA KV 2/1016, no serial (item following serial 8612), intercepted undated letter, Ewer to Palme Dutt [December 1929].
44. KV 2/485, serial 205a, Note ‘George Slocombe’, 29 April 1930; serial 253a, note of Harker’s conversation with Sir Arthur Willert, 22 August 1930.
45. NA KV 2/1016, serial untraced, ‘Revolutionary Matters’, 21 September 1931; ‘And his Pal’, Daily Worker, 27 August 1936; Callaghan and Morgan, ‘Open Conspiracy’, pp. 562-3.
46. Beckett, Stalin’s British Victims, pp. 62, 70–1; NA KV 2/1017, serial 1105z, Extract from B.4.c report by Maxwell Knight on interview with William Norman Ewer on 27.1.50.
47. NA KV 2/1017, serial 1105z, Extract from B.4.c report by Maxwell Knight on interview with William Norman Ewer on 27.1.50.
48. Brian Stewart and Samantha Newbery, Why Spy? The Art of Intelligence (London: Hurst, 2015), pp. 6-7.
1. Julian and Margaret Bullard, eds, Inside Stalin’s Russia: The Diaries of Reader Bullard, 1934–1939 (Charlbury: Day Books, 2000), p. 237; Lord Vansittart, The Mist Procession (London: Hutchinson, 1958), pp. 49, 60.
2. Wilfred Macartney, Walls Have Mouths: A Record of Ten Years’ Penal Servitude (London: Gollancz, 1936), p. 208.
3. Oxford, Bodleian Library, Mss Eng c 6917, unpublished memoirs of Sir Patrick Reilly, f. 7; George Antrobus, King’s Messenger, 1918–1940: Memoirs of a Silver Greyhound (London: Herbert Jenkins, 1941), pp. 98–101. In this chapter I rely throughout on Nick Barratt’s excellent biography of his great-uncle Ernest Oldham, The Forgotten Spy (London: Blink, 2015).
4. J. D. Gregory, On the Edge of Diplomacy: Rambles and Reflections, 1902–1928 (London: Hutchinson, 1929), p. 274; Vansittart, Mist Procession, p. 376.
5. Antrobus, King’s Messenger, p. 16; Stuart Ball, ed., Conservative Politics in National and Imperial Crisis: Letters from Britain to the Viceroy of India, 1926–31 (Farnham: Ashgate, 2014), p. 165; George Slocombe, A Mirror to Geneva: Its Growth, Grandeur and Decay (New York: Henry Holt, 1938), p. 171.
6. Antrobus, King’s Messenger, pp. 186–7.
7. Ibid., p. 63; ‘Commander Cotesworth’, The Times, 23 September 1937, p. 14.
8. Antrobus, King’s Messenger, pp. 13, 154; T. E. Lawrence, Seven Pillars of Wisdom: A Triumph (London: Cape, 1935), p. 660.
9. Kenneth Young, ed., The Diaries of Sir Robert Bruce Lockhart, 1915–1938 (London: Macmillan, 1973), p. 97; Emily Russell, ed., A Constant Heart: The War Diaries of Maud Russell, 1938–1945 (Stanbridge: Dovecot Press, 2017), p. 137.
10. Sir Owen O’Malley, The Phantom Caravan (London: John Murray, 1954), p. 77; Antrobus, King’s Messenger, p. 12.
11. Slocombe, Mirror to Geneva, pp. 48–9.
12. Antrobus, King’s Messenger, p. 188.
13. Martin Pearce, Spymaster: The Life of Britain’s Most Decorated Cold War Spy and Head of MI6, Sir Maurice Oldfield (London: Bantam, 2016), p. 61; NA KV 2/2670, serial 21a, Wilfred Dunderdale, ‘Grigori Zinovievich BESODOVSKY’, c. 23 October 1929; Elizabeth Poretsky, Our Own People: A Memoir of ‘Ignace Reiss’ and his Friends (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1969), p. 74.
14. Slocombe, Mirror to Geneva, p. 43; Antrobus, King’s Messenger, p. 86.
15. William E. Duff, A Time for Spies: Theodore Stephanovitch Mally and the Era of the Great Illegals (Nashville, Tenn.: Vanderbilt University Press, 1999), p. 82.
16. Ibid., p. 55; Poretsky, Our Own People, pp. 102–3, 214.
17. NA KV 2/808, serial 48a, ‘Jules Hotel, Jermyn St., W.1.’, report by T. A. Robertson, 28 August 1933.
18. Antrobus, King’s Messenger, p. 188.
20. Nigel West and Oleg Tsarev, The Crown Jewels: The British Secrets at the Heart of the KGB Archives (London: HarperCollins, 1998), p. 75; Barratt, Forgotten Spy, p. 239.
21. NA KV 2/809, serial 128a, 20 September 1939, report on bank accounts of King and Oake.
22. NA KV 2/805, serial 55x, expurgated copy (prepared for USA) of Jane Archer interrogations of Walter Krivitsky, [? prepared April 1941]; West and Tsarev, Crown Jewels, pp. 76–7.
23. NA KV 2/810, no serial, ‘Leakages from the Communications Department’, Valentine Vivian, 30 October 1939; NA KV 2/809, serial 132c, interrogation of Raymond Oake, 25 September 1939.
24. West and Tsarev, Crown Jewels, p. 81.
25. Viscount Simon, Retrospect (London: Hutchinson, 1952), pp. 202–3.
26. NA KV 2/809, serial 123a, ‘Hans PIECK, Dutch; information from Mr C. PARLANTI’, 15 September 1939.
27. West and Tsarev, Crown Jewels, pp. 92-3.
28. Barratt, Forgotten Spy, p. 250.
29. West and Tsarev, Crown Jewels, p. 90.
30. D. C. Watt, ‘John Herbert King: A Soviet Source in the Foreign Office’, Intelligence and National Security, 3 (1988), pp. 62–82.
31. E. M. Forster, Two Cheers for Democracy (London: Edward Arnold, 1951), p. 78.
32. Kevin Quinlan, The Secret War between the Wars: MI5 in the 1920s and 1930s (Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2014), p. 143.
33. Robert Gale Woolbert, ‘Recent Books on International Relations’, Foreign Affairs, 18 (April 1940), p. 574; Malcolm Cowley, ‘Krivitsky’, New Republic, 22 January 1940, pp. 120–3; Hans Bak, ed., The Long Voyage: Selected Letters of Malcolm Cowley, 1915–1987 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2014), pp. 258–9; Whittaker Chambers, Witness (London: André Deutsch, 1953), p. 233.
34. NA KV 2/802, serial 9a, Victor Mallet to Gladwyn Jebb, 3 September 1939, with enclosure ‘Most Secret Memorandum by Mr Mallet’.
35. NA KV 2/809, serial 107a, G.H.S. [?] to Jane Sissmore, 25 March 1938, and serial 132b, interrogation of King, 25 September 1939; Cambridge, Churchill College archives, ACAD 1/8, diary of Sir Alexander Cadogan, 26 September 1939.
36. Cambridge, Churchill College archives, ACAD 1/8, diary of Sir Alexander Cadogan, 25 September 1939.
37. NA KV 2/810, no serial, ‘Leakages from the Communications Department’, Valentine Vivian, 30 October 1939; Cambridge, Churchill College archives, ACAD 1/8, diary of Sir Alexander Cadogan, 21 September 1939, & ACAD 1/9, 26 January 1940.
38. James Lees-Milne, Prophesying Peace (London: Chatto & Windus, 1977), p. 123.
39. Quinlan, Secret War, p. 146.
42. NA KV 2/805, serial 55x, expurgated copy (prepared for USA) of Jane Archer interrogations of Walter Krivitsky, [? prepared April 1941].
44. NA KV 2/804, serial 1a, Archer, ‘Report re interview with Krivitsky’, 23 January 1940, 10 February 1940, 3 March 1940.
45. NA KV 2/810, no serial, ‘Leakages from the Communications Department’, Valentine Vivian, 30 October 1939; Christopher Andrew, The Defence of the Realm: The Authorized History of MI5 (London: Allen Lane, 2009), pp. 267–8.
1. Cambridge University Library, Vickers papers 546, Percy Westmacott to F. D. Rose, 18 March 1865.
2. Cecil L’Estrange Malone, The Russian Republic (London: Allen & Unwin, 1920), pp. 15–16; Cambridge University Library, Vickers microfilm R286, General Sir Noel Birch to Field Marshal Sir George Milne, April 1929 (incompletely dated).
3. NA FO 371/14055, 4254/4254/42, report of James Marshall-Cornwall, 23 August 1929, especially appendix F; Ewan Butler, Mason-Mac: The Life of Lieutenant-General Sir Noel Mason-MacFarlane (London: Macmillan, 1972), pp. 43–5.
4. Gill Bennett, Churchill’s Man of Mystery: Desmond Morton and the World of Intelligence (London: Routledge, 2007), pp. 136, 148.
5. NA SUPP 3/16, Charles de Gaulle, ‘Economic Mobilisation in Foreign Countries’, Revue Militaire Française, no. 151 (January 1934), translated by Committee of Imperial Defence and circulated as PSO 249; Roger Faligot and Rémi Kauffer, L’Hermine Rouge de Shanghai (Rennes: Les Portes du Large, 2005).
6. NA KV 2/989, serial 77a, note on interview on 7 September with A. Allen at Bournemouth, by Oswald Harker, 11 September 1928.
7. ‘Prologue by Compton Mackenzie’, in Wilfred Macartney, Walls Have Mouths: A Record of Ten Years’ Penal Servitude (London: Gollancz, 1936), pp. 10–11.
9. Documents on British Foreign Policy, 1919–1939, series 2, vol. 7 (London: HMSO, 1958), pp. 73, 74, 76, 139.
10. Hugh Dalton, House of Commons debates, 11 March 1926, vol. 192, col. 2736; Richard Overy, The Morbid Age: Britain between the Wars (London: Allen Lane, 2009), p. 192; Cambridge University Library, Vickers microfilm R333, Sir Mark Webster Jenkinson to Sir Basil Zaharoff, 16 July 1935.
11. Graham Greene, A Gun for Sale (London: Heinemann, 1936), p. 147; Christina Stead, The House of All Nations (London: Angus & Robertson, 1974 edition), p. 81; Lord Vansittart, The Mist Procession (London: Hutchinson, 1958), p. 231.
12. NA FO 371/18760, A 633/633/45, Report on Leading Personalities of the USA, January 1935; Thomas Hachey, ‘American Profiles on Capitol Hill: A Confidential Study for the British Foreign Office in 1943’, Wisconsin Magazine of History, 57 (Winter 1973–4), p. 147; William E. Dodd and Martha Dodd, eds, Ambassador Dodd’s Diary, 1933–1938 (London: Gollancz, 1941), pp. 75–6; NA KV 2/4036, serial 11xa, Peter Rhodes, ‘Oxford and Rearmament’, Isis, 11 March 1936; see also Wayne Cole, Senator Gerald P. Nye and American Foreign Relations (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1962) and John E. Wiltz, In Search of Peace: The Senate Munitions Enquiry, 1934–36 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1963).
13. Sir Ivone Kirkpatrick, The Inner Circle: Memoirs (London: Macmillan, 1959), p. 50.
14. NA KV 2/992, serial 116b, Ba2 report by HOPS, ‘Secret’, 20 November 1934.
15. NA KV 2/2202, serial 378b, ‘Stuart Havelock HOLLINGDALE – Interview of Edward Spence CALVERT’, 27 April 1953.
16. NA KV 2/992, serial 126b, report by HOPS, ‘FSU Aldershot’, circa 4 December 1934.
17. NA KV 2/993, serial 155b, Ba2 report by HOPS, 10 January 1935.
18. NA KV 2/994, serial 447a, Ba2 report by HOPS, 30 August 1937; The Strange Case of Major Vernon (London: National Council for Civil Liberties, 1938), p. 16.
19. ‘The Dismissal of a Communist’, The Times, 24 October 1928.
20. NA KV 2/1180, serial 24a, H.F.B., ‘Visit to Scotland’, 3 December 1929; Giles Udy, Labour and the Gulag: Russia and the Seduction of the British Left (London: Backbite, 2017), pp. 129-32.
21. Victor Madeira, Britannia and the Bear: The Anglo-Russian Intelligence Wars, 1917–1929 (Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2014), p. 8.
22. The preceding paragraph is drawn from material in NA KV 2/2796 and 2797; ‘Rebuilding the Fleet’, Observer, 12 July 1936, p. 22.
23. Henry Hemming, M: Maxwell Knight, MI5’s Greatest Spymaster (London: Preface, 2017), p. 73.
24. ‘Inquest on Lord Loughborough’, The Times, 7 August 1929, p. 7; Kenneth Young, ed., The Diaries of Sir Robert Bruce Lockhart, 1915–1938 (London: Macmillan, 1973), pp. 103–4; Alan Clark, ed., ‘A Good Innings’: The Private Papers of Viscount Lee of Fareham (London: John Murray, 1974), p. 11.
25. David Burke, The Spy Who Came in from the Co-op: Melita Norwood and the Ending of Cold War Espionage (Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2008), pp. 76–7.
26. Elizabeth Poretsky, Our Own People: A Memoir of ‘Ignace Reiss’ and his Friends (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1969), p. 128; Christopher Andrew and Oleg Gordievsky, KGB: The Inside Story of its Foreign Operations from Lenin to Gorbachev (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1990), p. 173.
27. William E. Duff, A Time for Spies: Theodore Stephanovitch Mally and the Era of the Great Illegals (Nashville, Tenn.: Vanderbilt University Press, 1999), pp. 141, 216–17, discredits the inventions of John Costello, Mask of Treachery: Spies, Lies, Buggery and Betrayal, the First Documented Dossier of Anthony Blunt’s Cambridge Spy Ring (New York: William Morrow, 1988), pp. 282–6.
28. Burke, Spy from the Co-op, p. 90.
29. Vansittart, Mist Procession, p. 177; Anthony Cave Brown, ‘C’: The Secret Life of Sir Stewart Menzies, Spymaster to Winston Churchill (New York: Macmillan, 1987), p. 510.
30. ‘Prologue by Compton Mackenzie’, in Macartney, Walls Have Mouths, pp. 21–3.
31. David Caute, The Fellow-Travellers: A Postscript to the Enlightenment (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1973), pp. 119–20.
32. Dudley Collard, Soviet Justice and the Trial of Radek and Others (London: Gollancz, 1937), pp. 36, 99, 106, 109; NA KV 2/2159, serial 52a, ‘Re the Glading Case’, nd [March 1938].
33. Oxford, Bodleian Library, Mss Eng c 6565, journal of Lord Somervell of Harrow, 1937, ‘The Macmahon [sic] case’.
34. Burke, Spy from the Co-op, pp. 101–2.
35. ‘Charges under Official Secrets Act’, Manchester Guardian, 15 March 1938.
36. ‘Mr Justice Hawke’, The Times, 31 October 1941, p. 9.
37. ‘Official Secrets Act’, The Times, 15 March 1938, p. 7.
38. Nigel West, ed., The Guy Liddell Diaries: MI5’s Director of Counter-Espionage in World War II, vol. 1: 1939–1942 (London: Routledge, 2005), p. 35.
39. Oxford, Bodleian Library, Mss Eng c 6565, journal of Lord Somervell of Harrow, 21 April 1934; R. F. V. Heuston, Lives of the Lord Chancellors, 1940–1970 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987), p. 149; Richard Ollard, ed., The Diaries of A. L. Rowse (London: Allen Lane, 2003), pp. 218–20.
1. Sir David Kelly, The Ruling Few, or the Human Background to Diplomacy (London: Hollis & Carter, 1952), p. 9; Richard Bassett, Last Imperialist: A Portrait of Julian Amery (Settrington: Stone Trough, 2015), p. 43.
2. G. M. Young, Last Essays (London: Rupert Hart-Davis, 1950), p. 97; Edward Pearce, The Golden Talking-Shop: The Oxford Union Debates Empire, World War, Revolution, & Women (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016), p. 369.
3. David Footman, Dead Yesterday (London: White Lion, 1974), p. 135.
4. Cyril Connolly, The Missing Diplomats (London: Queen Anne Press, 1952), pp. 15–16.
5. John le Carré introduction to Bruce Page, David Leitch and Phillip Knightley, Philby: The Spy Who Betrayed a Generation (London: André Deutsch, 1968), pp. 9–10, 12, 14; Andrew Boyle, The Climate of Treason: Five Who Spied for Russia (London: Hutchinson, 1979), p. 42; Leo Abse, ‘The Judas Syndrome’, Spectator, 20 March 1982, pp. 11–12.
6. Miranda Carter, Anthony Blunt: His Lives (London: Macmillan, 2001), pp. 1, 16–17; Robert Cecil, A Divided Life: A Biography of Donald Maclean (London: Bodley Head, 1988), pp. 8–9.
7. Nigel West and Oleg Tsarev, The Crown Jewels: The British Secrets at the Heart of the KGB Archives (London: HarperCollins, 1998), pp. 210–11.
8. NA KV 2/1118, serial 56b, Valentine Vivian to Guy Liddell, 24 September 1940.
9. Sir Reader Bullard, Two Kings in Arabia: Letters from Jeddah, 1923–5 and 1936–9, ed. E. C. Hodgkin (Reading: Ithaca Press, 1993), pp. 48–9.
10. John Costello and Oleg Tsarev, Deadly Illusions (London: Century, 1993), p. 116.
11. Tim [I. I.] Milne, Kim Philby: The Unknown Story of the KGB’s Master Spy (London: Backbite, 2014), p. 3.
12. Brian Urquhart, A Life in Peace and War (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1987), pp. 16, 19.
14. Urquhart, Peace and War, p. 20.
16. Richard Wollheim, ‘Jesus Christie’, London Review of Books, 3 October 1985; Urquhart, Peace and War, pp. 21, 23–4.
18. Durham Cathedral Library, Henson papers vol. 34, diary of Herbert Hensley Henson, 11 November 1922.
19. Lord Vansittart, The Mist Procession (London: Hutchinson, 1958), pp. 311, 315, 318.
20. Steve Nicholson, The Censorship of British Drama, 1900–1968, vol. 1 (Exeter: University of Exeter Press, 203), pp. 196–7.
21. Urquhart, Peace and War, p. 17; Footman, Dead Yesterday, pp. 136, 154-5; David Footman, Pig and Pepper (London: Derek Verschoyle, 1954 edition), p. 278.
22. Bullard, Two Kings, pp. 77, 239; NA KV 2/1118, serials 54a & 56a, Sir Harold Farquhar to Guy Liddell, 12 September 1940, and Guy Liddell to Valentine Vivian, 19 September 1940; NA KV 2/1119, serials 67a & 76b, Lord Lloyd to Oswald Harker, 14 November 1940, and Sir Alexander Cadogan to Lord Lloyd, 12 December 1940.
23. Patrick Seale and Maureen McConville, Philby: The Long Road to Moscow (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1973), pp. 1, 9.
24. Vansittart, Mist Procession, p. 232; Alan Maclean, No, I Tell a Lie, It was the Tuesday: A Trudge through the Life of Alan Maclean (London: Kyle Cathie, 1997), pp. 8, 11, 12–13.
25. Sir John Masterman, On the Chariot Wheel: An Autobiography (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1975), p. 18; Oxford, Worcester College archives, MT/1920, Reverend George Chitty to Dean of Worcester, 22 December 1919.
26. T. Cuthbert Worsley, Flannelled Fool (London: Alan Ross, 1965), p. 47.
27. Geoff Andrews, Shadow Man: At the Heart of the Cambridge Spy Circle (London: I. B. Tauris, 2015), pp. 22–3.
28. NA KV 2/4150, serial 693a, Skardon, ‘Interview with Mrs. DUNBAR in Paris on 2.12.53’.
29. James Delbourgo, Collecting the World: The Life and Curiosity of Hans Sloane (London: Allen Lane, 2017), p. xxviii; Kenneth Andrews, Trade, Plunder and Settlement: Maritime Enterprise and the Genesis of the British Empire, 1480–1630 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984), pp. 363–4.
30. Kelly, Ruling Few, p. 51; NA KV 2/4140, serial 18a, ‘Selection Board 7 May 1935’, questionnaire completed by Lt Col. J. H. Foster.
31. Donald Somervell, The Future of Public School Education (Oxford: Humphrey Milford, 1918), p. 19; Minoo Dinshaw, Outlandish Knight: The Byzantine Life of Steven Runciman (London: Allen Lane, 2016), p. 39; Cyril Connolly, Enemies of Promise (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1949 edition), pp. 192, 214.
32. Masterman, Chariot Wheel, p. 32.
33. Jeremy Lewis, Cyril Connolly (London: Cape, 1997), p. 118; A. J. Ayer, Part of my Life (London: Collins, 1977), pp. 59–60.
34. NA KV 2/4110, serial 467a, Skardon, ‘Interview with Murray Gladstone’, 26 November 1953.
36. BL, Add Mss 88902/1, memoir of Anthony Blunt.
37. Footman, Dead Yesterday, pp. 157–8, 159, 163.
38. Ibid., p. 134; Worsley, Flannelled Fool, p. 47.
39. Footman, Dead Yesterday, pp. 142, 146; Worsley, Flannelled Fool, p. 45.
41. BL, Add Mss 88902/1, memoir of Anthony Blunt; Louis MacNeice, The Strings are False (London: Faber & Faber, 1965), p. 95.
43. James Stourton, Kenneth Clark: Life, Art and Civilisation (London: Collins, 2016), pp. 20–2.
1. Victor Madeira, Britannia and the Bear: The Anglo-Russian Intelligence Wars, 1917–1929 (Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2014), pp. 29, 43, 97.
2. Edward Pearce, The Golden Talking-Shop: The Oxford Union Debates Empire, World War, Revolution, & Women (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016), p. 268; Cambridge, Wren Library, Trinity College, Dobb papers DD/44, ‘The Cultural Revolution in the USSR’, Dobb’s lecture at Bedford College, London, 1 October 1932; Cyril Connolly, The Condemned Playground (London: Routledge, 1945), p. 136; M. Y. Lang, ‘The Growth of the Student Movement’, in Carmel Haden Guest, ed., David Guest: A Scientist Fights for Freedom (1911–1938) (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1939), p. 87; W. H. Auden, Prose, vol. 2, ed. Edward Mendelson (London: Faber & Faber, 2002), p. 242.
3. Paul Valéry, Analects (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1970), p. 45; NA KV 2/4141, serial 128a, Skardon, ‘Interview with Mrs CURZON on 31.5.51’; James Stourton, Kenneth Clark: Life, Art and Civilisation (London: Collins, 2016), p. 30.
4. David Fowler, ‘“Student Power” at Worcester: The Undergraduate Career of Arthur Reade, a Student Revolutionary of the 1920s’, Worcester College Record (2010), pp. 91, 93.
5. Ibid., pp. 95-6; Lewis Farnell, An Oxonian Looks Back (London: Martin Hopkinson, 1934), p. 297.
6. NA KV 2/1540, serial 17a, W. A. [illegible] to Harker, 3 August 1928; serial 26a, Arthur Reade to Norman Ewer, 11 January 1930; serial 27a, Reade to Ewer, 14 January 1930.
7. Edward Sackville-West, ‘The Romantic Travellers’, Listener, 22 February 1951, pp. 297–8; Frances Partridge, Diaries, 1939–1972 (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2000), p. 200.
8. Editorial, ‘Free Trips to Oxford for Selected Workers’, Plebs, 19 (April 1927), pp. 123–4.
9. Cambridge, Wren Library, Trinity College, Dobb papers DD/4, Dobb, ‘The Russian Revolution’, paper to Pembroke College’s Martlet Society, 1920.
10. Cambridge, Wren Library, Trinity College, Dobb papers DD/16, ‘Report on Russian Visit: Forgotten Reply to Keynes’, 1925.
11. Philip Toynbee, Friends Apart (London: MacGibbon & Kee, 1954), p. 62.
12. Hugh Lloyd-Jones, Valerie Pearl and Blair Worden, eds, History and Imagination: Essays in Honour of H. R. Trevor-Roper (London: Duckworth, 1981), p. 358; Michael Burn, Turned towards the Sun: An Autobiography (Norwich: Michael Russell, 2003), p. 61.
13. Sir Bertram Falle, House of Commons debates, vol. 161, col. 2698, 20 July 1923; John Steegman, Cambridge: As It was and as It is Today (London: Batsford, 1940), p. 41.
14. C. W. Guillebaud, ‘Politics and the Undergraduate in Oxford and in Cambridge’, Cambridge Review, 55 (26 January 1934), p. 186; Noel Annan, The Dons: Mentors, Eccentrics and Geniuses (London: HarperCollins, 1999), p. 244.
15. Oxford, Christ Church archives, Dacre papers 17/1/2, Hugh Trevor-Roper to Lady Alexandra Howard-Johnston, 13 February 1954; Austin, Texas, Humanities Research Center, Francis King papers 2/4, Maurice Cranston to Francis King, 8 May 1954.
16. ‘The Case against Mr Tom Mann’, Manchester Guardian, 4 July 1934, p. 14; ‘Sedition!’, Manchester Guardian, 5 July 1934, p. 8.
17. ‘The Trenchard Plan’, Manchester Guardian, 12 May 1933, p. 8; ‘London Police Changes: Militarising the Force’, Manchester Guardian, 24 May 1933, p. 5; David Guest, ‘Democracy and the State’, Student’s Vanguard (June–July 1933), quoted in Haden Guest, David Guest, pp. 17–18.
18. James Ramsden, ed., George Lyttelton’s Commonplace Book (Settrington: Stone Trough, 2002), p. 102.
19. Geoff Andrews, Shadow Man: At the Heart of the Cambridge Spy Circle (London: I. B. Tauris, 2015), p. 36.
20. Patrick Seale and Maureen McConville, Philby: The Long Road to Moscow (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1973), p. 37.
21. Lang, ‘Growth of the Student Movement’, in Haden Guest, David Guest, pp. 91–3, 104–5.
23. F. C., ‘Conversations with Communists’, Cambridge Review, 56 (8 February 1935), p. 226; Cyril Connolly, The Missing Diplomats (London: Queen Anne Press, 1952), p. 17.
24. NA KV 2/4106, serial 317a, Note by Courtenay Young, 23 October 1951; NA KV 2/4138, serial 1560a, Guy Burgess to Sir Harold Nicolson, 1 February 1963.
25. Toynbee, Friends Apart, p. 61; R. W. Johnson, Look Back in Laughter: Oxford’s Post-War Golden Age (Newbury: Threshold Press, 2015), pp. 168–9.
26. Simon Haxey [Arthur Wynn and Peggy Moxon], Tory M.P. (London: Gollancz, 1939), p. 31.
27. NA KV 2/4140, serial 6, Donald Maclean to William Ridsdale, 5 April 1950.
28. Mark DeWolfe Howe, ed., Holmes–Laski Letters: The Correspondence of Mr Justice Holmes and Harold Laski, 1916–1935, vol. 2 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1953), p. 1063; F. M. Hardie, ‘Public Opinion: Pacifism and the Oxford Union’, Political Quarterly, 4 (April 1933), p. 268; NA KV 2/4036, serial 11xa, Peter Rhodes, ‘Oxford and Rearmament’, Isis, 11 March 1936; Mark A. Bradley, A Very Principled Boy: The Life of Duncan Lee, Red Spy and Cold Warrior (New York: Basic Books, 2014), p. 23.
29. Mary McCarthy, Novels and Stories, 1942–1963 (New York: Library of America, 2017), p. 111.
30. Jenifer Hart, Ask Me No More: An Autobiography (London: Peter Halban, 1998), p. 75; Nicola Lacey, A Life of H. L. A. Hart: The Nightmare and the Noble Dream (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), pp. 63–7.
31. Steegman, Cambridge, p. 97.
32. Sir Brian Harrison, ed., The History of the University of Oxford, vol. 8 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994), pp. 377–81; Janet Morgan, ed., The Backbench Diaries of Richard Crossman (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1981), pp. 228–9; Jonathan Haslam, The Vices of Integrity: E. H. Carr, 1892–1982 (London: Verso, 1999), p. 175.
33. This paragraph follows Henry Hemming, M: Maxwell Knight, MI5’s Greatest Spymaster (London: Preface, 2017), pp. 99-103, 128-9, 169.
34. I owe this paragraph to material generously supplied by Geoff Andrews.
35. ‘Lord Lindsay of Birker’, Manchester Guardian, 19 March 1952, p. 4.
36. G. D. H. Cole, A History of Socialist Thought: Communism and Social Democracy, 1914–1931, vol. 4 (London: Macmillan, 1958), pp. 7–8; ‘Death of G. D. H. Cole’, Manchester Guardian, 15 January 1959, p. 3; Naomi Mitchison and Royden Harrison, ‘Appreciations’, Manchester Guardian, 19 January 1959, p. 4.
37. Robert Pearce, ed., Patrick Gordon Walker: Political Diaries, 1932–1971 (London: The Historians’ Press, 1991), pp. 57–9.
38. NA KV 2/4140, serial 19a, Top Secret, ‘CURZON’, J. C. Robertson, 30 April 1951.
39. NA KV 2/4157, serial 1017z, minute of Roger Hollis, 26 June 1957; also serial 1017a, Courtenay Young, ‘Secret Note for File’, 24 July 1957.
40. Peter Broda, Scientist Spies: A Memoir of my Three Parents and the Atom Bomb (Kibworth Beauchamp: Matador, 2011), pp. 23–4.
41. NA KV 2/4150, serial 642a, ‘Interview with J. R. CUMMING BRUCE’, Skardon, 21 July 1953; S.B.R.C., ‘The Union Society’, Cambridge Review, 55 (2 February 1934), p. 216; Herbert Hensley Henson, Retrospect of an Unimportant Life, vol. 3 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1950), pp. 254, 277, 280.
42. Tim [I. I.] Milne, Kim Philby: The Unknown Story of the KGB’s Master Spy (London: Backbite, 2014), p. 36; NA KV 2/1012, serial 5w, Maurice Dobb to Alexander Tudor-Hart, 2 December 1930.
43. John Cornford, ‘Left?’, Cambridge Left, 1 (Summer 1933), pp. 25, 29; Julian and Margaret Bullard, eds, Inside Stalin’s Russia: The Diaries of Reader Bullard, 1930–1934 (Charlbury: Day Books, 2000), p. 240; Minoo Dinshaw, Outlandish Knight: The Byzantine Life of Steven Runciman (London: Allen Lane, 2016), pp. 212–13.
44. Favourable views of him are given in R. W. Bowen, ed., E. H. Norman: His Life and Scholarship (Toronto: Toronto University Press, 1984) and R. W. Bowen, Innocence is Not Enough: The Life and Death of Herbert Norman (Vancouver: Douglas & Macintyre, 1986).
45. The preceding paragraphs are drawn from Charles Rycroft, ‘Memoirs of an Old Bolshevik’ (1969), in Psychoanalysis and Beyond (London: Chatto & Windus, 1985), pp. 206, 208–11.
46. Andrew Boyle, The Climate of Treason: Five Who Spied for Russia (London: Hutchinson, 1979), p. 72.
47. D.M., ‘Dare Doggerel. Nov 11’, Silver Crescent, December 1933, p. 3.
48. Donald Maclean, untitled review of R. D. Charques, Contemporary Literature and Social Revolution, in Cambridge Left, 1 (Winter 1933–4), pp. ii–iii.
49. Pat Sloan, ed., John Cornford: A Memoir (Dunfermline: Borderline Press, 1938), pp. 104–5; Robert Cecil, A Divided Life: A Biography of Donald Maclean (London: Bodley Head, 1988), p. 31.
50. Robin Cecil, ‘Legends Spies Tell’, Encounter, 50 (April 1978), p. 9; NA KV 2/4150, serial 642a, ‘Interview with J. R. CUMMING BRUCE’, Skardon, 21 July 1953.
51. Michael Straight, After Long Silence (London: Collins, 1983), pp. 65, 71, 98; Peter Parker, Housman Country: Into the Heart of England (London: Little, Brown, 2016), p. 157.
52. Donald Moggridge, ed., The Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes, vol. 21 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982), pp. 494–5.
1. George Slocombe, ‘France in Revolt’, Labour Monthly, 1 (September 1921), p. 282; J. D. Gregory, Dollfuss and his Times (London: Hutchinson, 1935), pp. 95–6.
2. Eric Gedye, Fallen Bastions: The Central European Tragedy (London: Gollancz, 1939), p. 112; Gregory, Dollfuss, pp. 165–6.
3. Gregory, Dollfuss, pp. 163–5.
4. George Slocombe, The Tumult and the Shouting (New York: Macmillan, 1936), p. 425.
5. George Antrobus, King’s Messenger, 1918–1940: Memoirs of a Silver Greyhound (London: Herbert Jenkins, 1941), p. 221; Naomi Mitchison, Vienna Diary (London: Gollancz, 1934), p. 36.
6. Slocombe, Tumult and Shouting, p. 423; Gedye, Fallen Bastions, p. 89; William E. Dodd and Martha Dodd, eds, Ambassador Dodd’s Diary, 1933–1938 (London: Gollancz, 1941), p. 85.
7. NA KV 2/1014, serial 143b, Arthur Martin, interview with sources, 3 October 1951.
8. Gedye, Fallen Bastions, p. 111.
10. Sir Maurice Bowra and Dame Margaret Cole in William Rodgers, ed., Hugh Gaitskell, 1906–1963 (London: Thames & Hudson, 1964), pp. 28, 46–7; Lord Elwyn-Jones, In My Time (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1983), p. 33; F. Elwyn Jones, ‘An Austrian Relief Fund’, Cambridge Review, 55 (9 March 1934), p. 308; Gedye, Fallen Bastions, p. 123.
11. NA KV 2/1603, serial 39a, letter from Alexander Tudor-Hart [Room Z1, Passage hotel, Moscow] to May Linnard, intercepted 11 May 1931; NA KV 2/1012, serial 5w, intercepted letter from Maurice Dobb to Alexander Tudor-Hart, 2 December 1930.
12. Genrikh Borovik (with Phillip Knightley), The Philby Files: The Secret Life of the Master Spy – KGB Archives Revealed (London: Little, Brown, 1994), pp. 27–9, 32.
13. Philip Jordan, Say that She were Gone (London: Heinemann, 1940), pp. 40–1.
14. Whittaker Chambers, Witness (London: André Deutsch, 1953), p. 233.
15. R. F. V. Heuston, Lives of the Lord Chancellors, 1940–1970 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987), p. 50; Gabriel Gorodetsky, ed., The Maisky Diaries: Red Ambassador to the Court of St James’s, 1932–1943 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2015), pp. 110–11; ‘Lords and Foreign Policy: The Primate on Events in Austria – a Step to Stability’, The Times, 30 March 1938, p. 7.
16. Sir George Rendel, The Sword and the Olive: Recollections of Diplomacy and the Foreign Service, 1913–1954 (London: John Murray, 1957), p. 261.
1. NA KV 2/4167, serial 4a, Report by J.O., 27 January 1931.
2. NA KV 2/4167, serial 56a, Sir Arthur Willert to Harker, 12 November 1934; NA FO 1093/48, Sir Vincent Caillard to Henry Asquith, 1 February 1916, and Caillard to Basil Zaharoff, 4 February 1916.
3. Peter Smolka, Forty Thousand against the Arctic: Russia’s Polar Empire (London: Hutchinson, 1937), pp. 13, 72, 77, 82.
4. John Costello and Oleg Tsarev, Deadly Illusions (London: Century, 1993), p. 175.
5. David Guest, ‘Democracy and the State’, Student’s Vanguard (June–July 1933), reproduced in Carmel Haden Guest, ed., David Guest: A Scientist Fights for Freedom (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1939), p. 217.
6. Costello and Tsarev, Deadly Illusions, pp. 179–80.
7. NA KV 2/4153, serial 857a, G. R. Mitchell, ‘Note’, 11 January 1956; Costello and Tsarev, Deadly Illusions, p. 192.
8. Sir Owen O’Malley, The Phantom Caravan (London: John Murray, 1954), p. 37; Donald Gillies, Radical Diplomat: The Life of Archibald Clark Kerr, Lord Inverchapel, 1882–1951 (London: I. B. Tauris, 1999), p. 30; Valentine Lawford, Bound for Diplomacy (London: John Murray, 1963), p. 235.
9. Costello and Tsarev, Deadly Illusions, pp. 193–5.
10. Cyril Connolly, The Missing Diplomats (London: Queen Anne Press, 1952), pp. 17–18, 21; Lord Vansittart, ‘The Great Foreign Office Mystery’, Sunday Dispatch, 10 June 1951, p. 4; Percy Hoskins, ‘Missing Diplomats’, Argosy, January 1953, p. 55.
11. Humphrey Slater, The Conspirator (London: John Lehmann, 1948), pp. 59–60, 90, 125.
12. Genrikh Borovik (with Phillip Knightley), The Philby Files: The Secret Life of the Master Spy – KGB Archives Revealed (London: Little, Brown, 1994), pp. 48–9.
13. Sir Reader Bullard, The Camel Must Go (London: Faber & Faber, 1961), pp.166–7; Costello and Tsarev, Deadly Illusions, p. 224.
14. Costello and Tsarev, Deadly Illusions, pp. 226, 228, 239.
16. Costello and Tsarev, Deadly Illusions, p. 208.
17. Alexander Foote, Handbook for Spies (New York: Doubleday, 1949), pp. 18–19, 23, 27; Ruth Werner, Sonya’s Report (London: Chatto & Windus, 1991), pp. 193–4.
18. J. D. Bernal, ‘The End of a Political Illusion’, Cambridge Left, 1 (Summer 1933), pp. 11-12, 14; Robert Cecil, A Divided Life: A Biography of Donald Maclean (London: Bodley Head, 1988), p. 33.
19. Wilfred Macartney, Walls Have Mouths: A Record of Ten Years’ Penal Servitude (London: Gollancz, 1936), pp. 433–5; Edmund Wilson, The Thirties: From Notebooks and Diaries (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1980), p. 525; David Footman, Balkan Holiday (London: Heinemann, 1935), p. 124.
20. Philip Jordan, Say that She were Gone (London: Heinemann, 1940), pp. 179–80.
21. Jon Snow, ‘Francis Graham-Harrison’, Guardian, 7 January 2002; NA KV 2/4139, serial 1579b, ‘Interview with Francis L. T. Graham-Harrison’, 29 May 1963; NA KV 2/4106, serial 320b, Skardon, ‘Interview with Rosamond Lehmann on 20.10.51’, 29 October 1951.
22. NA KV 2/4106, serial 313a, George Macaulay Trevelyan to Talks Department of BBC, 5 December 1935; James Lees-Milne, Harold Nicolson: A Biography, 1930–1968 (London: Chatto & Windus, 1981), p. 135.
23. Footman, Balkan Holiday, pp. 167, 174, 195, 201; David Footman, Pemberton (London: Cresset Press, 1943), p. 10.
24. J.S., ‘New Short Stories’, The Times, 15 July 1938, p. 22; David Footman, ‘Goronwy Rees’, Encounter, 56 (January 1981), p. 32.
25. Costello and Tsarev, Deadly Illusions, pp. 236–7.
26. Tom Bower, The Perfect English Spy: Sir Dick White and the Secret War, 1935–90 (London: Heinemann, 1995), pp. 23, 35.
27. Andrew Boyle, The Climate of Treason: Five Who Spied for Russia (London: Hutchinson, 1979), p. 218.
28. Peter Kidson, ‘Anthony Frederick Blunt’, Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the British Academy, vol. 13 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014), pp. 29–30.
29. Miranda Carter, Anthony Blunt: His Lives (London: Macmillan, 2001), pp. 186–7.
30. In this section I draw on conversation with Geoff Andrews, 1 February 2017, about his forthcoming biography of Cairncross, provisionally entitled The Virtues of Disloyalty, and an email from Andrews of 17 February 2017.
31. Nigel West and Oleg Tsarev, The Crown Jewels: The British Secrets at the Heart of the KGB Archives (London: HarperCollins, 1998), pp. 204–6.
33. Igor Damaskin, Kitty Harris: The Spy with Seventeen Names (London: St Ermin’s Press, 2001), p. 168.
34. Gaynor Johnson, ed., Our Man in Berlin: The Diary of Sir Eric Phipps, 1933–1937 (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 1998), pp. 38, 92, 94, 97, 195; Hitler’s Table Talk, 1941–1944: His Private Conversations, trans. Norman Cameron and R. H. Stevens (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1953), p. 488.
35. John Herman, The Paris Embassy of Sir Eric Phipps: Anglo-French Relations and the Foreign Office, 1937–1939 (Brighton: Sussex Academic Press, 1998), p. 111; Cambridge, Churchill College archives, Phipps papers I 3/2, Sir Eric Phipps to Duff Cooper, 8 December 1938.
36. Philip Jordan, Russian Glory (London: Cresset Press, 1942), pp. 1–2.
37. Philip Jordan, Say that She were Gone, p. 90; Costello and Tsarev, Deadly Illusions, p. 174.
38. Gill Bennett, Churchill’s Man of Mystery: Desmond Morton and the World of Intelligence (London: Routledge, 2007), pp. 260–1.
39. ‘Lieut.-Col. M. R. Chidson: Rescue of Dutch Diamonds’, The Times, 4 October 1957, p. 13.
40. Boyle, Climate of Treason, p. 76; Justin Evans, ‘How humble is “humble”?’, Liverpool Post, 5 December 1979; Leslie Mitchell, Maurice Bowra: A Life (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), p. 125; Jenny Rees, Looking for Mr Nobody: The Secret Life of Goronwy Rees (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1994), p. 54.
41. Elizabeth Bowen, Death of the Heart (London: Cape, 1938), pp. 75–6; Oxford, Bodleian Library, Berlin Ms 256, Stuart Hampshire to Isaiah Berlin, [nd; October 1936]; Rees, Mr Nobody, pp. 85–6.
42. Stuart Hampshire, Innocence and Experience (London: Allen Lane, 1989), pp. 5–6; Louis MacNeice, The Strings are False (London: Faber & Faber, 1965), p. 168.
44. A. L. Rowse, All Souls and Appeasement: A Contribution to Contemporary History (London: Macmillan, 1961), p. 32.
45. Sidney Aster, ed., Appeasement and All Souls: A Portrait with Documents, 1937–1939 (Cambridge: Royal Historical Society, 2004), pp. 166–8, 225; Nigel West and Oleg Tsarev, The Crown Jewels: The British Secrets at the Heart of the KGB Archives, p. 143.
46. NA KV 2/4106, serial 328b, ‘Top Secret’, 14 November 1951; Gabriel Gorodetsky, ed., The Maisky Diaries: Red Ambassador to the Court of St James’s, 1932–1943 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2015), p. 212; Jonathan Haslam, Near and Distant Neighbours: A New History of Soviet Intelligence (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015), p. 103.
47. Richard Overy, The Morbid Age: Britain between the Wars (London: Allen Lane, 2009), pp. 297–8.
48. Sir Maurice Peterson, Both Sides of the Curtain (London: Constable, 1950), p. 198.
1. Patrick Seale and Maureen McConville, Philby: The Long Road to Moscow (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1973), p. 127; Crane Brinton, The United States and Britain (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1945), p. 70; Leslie Mitchell, Maurice Bowra: A Life (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), p. 243; Evelyn Waugh, The Sword of Honour Trilogy (London: Everyman, 1994), p. 272.
2. Sir John Masterman, On the Chariot Wheel: An Autobiography (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1975), p. 218.
3. Oxford, Christ Church archives, Dacre 10/48, Dick White to Hugh Trevor-Roper, 10 February 1980.
4. J. C. Masterman, The Case of the Four Friends: A Diversion in Pre-Detection (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1956), pp. 70–1; Andrew Boyle, The Climate of Treason: Five Who Spied for Russia (London: Hutchinson, 1979), p. 451.
5. Oxford, Christ Church archives, Dacre papers 10/50, Cyril Mills to Hugh Trevor-Roper 19 January 1985.
6. Nicola Lacey, A Life of H. L. A. Hart: The Nightmare and the Noble Dream (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), pp. 38, 48, 85, 89.
7. Ibid., pp. 90–1; Jenifer Hart, Ask Me No More: An Autobiography (London: Peter Halban, 1998), pp. 211–12.
8. Oxford, Bodleian Library, Berlin Ms 256, Stuart Hampshire to Isaiah Berlin, 9 March 1945; William Waldegrave, A Different Kind of Weather: A Memoir (London: Constable, 2015), p. 106.
9. NA KV 2/1540, serial 35a, Arthur Reade to Harold Stannard, 4 October 1939, and Stannard to Sir Vernon Kell, 11 October 1939; NA KV 2/1541, serial 54a, G. Lennox of War Office to S. C. Strong, MI5, 21 December 1940, minute 83 by D. G. White, 16 August 1948, minute 96 by H. Loftus Browne, 2 October 1951; Stuart Ball, ed., Parliament and Politics in the Age of Churchill and Attlee: The Headlam Diaries, 1935–1951 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), p. 207.
10. NA KV 2/2159, serial 84a, Dudley Collard to Colonel William Hinchley Cooke, 3 July 1940; serial 92a, Lt Col. W. A. Alexander to Commander Kenneth Carpmael, 1 October 1941.
11. NA KV 2/4168, serial 117x, F. Beaumont Nesbitt to Sir Vernon Kell, 12 January 1940; ibid., serial 121b, ‘Note Re Harry Peter Smolka alias Smollett’, 4 February 1940; ibid., serial 133a, Dick White to I.P.I., 8 June 1940; NA KV 2/4169, Roger Hollis minute 155 of 13 August 1941.
12. Graham Ross, The Foreign Office and the Kremlin: British Documents on Anglo-Soviet Relations, 1941–45 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984), p. 198.
13. NA KV 2/4169, serial 173a, Richard Brooman-White to Roger Fulford, 12 September 1942.
14. The preceding paragraph derives from NA HW 15/25, Venona transcript of 26 August 1944; NA KV 2/4036, minute 40 of Peter Ramsbotham, 14 May 1942; digest of items in NA KV 2/4037.
15. Mark A. Bradley, A Very Principled Boy: The Life of Duncan Lee, Red Spy and Cold Warrior (New York: Basic Books, 2014), p. 168.
16. Ibid., pp. 65–6; Allen Weinstein and Alexander Vassiliev, The Haunted Wood: Soviet Espionage in America – the Stalin Era (New York: Random House, 1999), p. 252; Don S. Kirschner, Cold War Exile: The Unclosed Case of Maurice Halperin (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1995), p. 69.
17. Kirschner, Cold War Exile, pp. 72–3.
18. Bradley, Principled Boy, p. 19.
19. This characterization follows Kathryn Olmstead, Red Spy Queen: A Biography of Elizabeth Bentley (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002).
20. This paragraph relies upon Kirschner, Cold War Exile.
21. In the preceding section I follow John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr, Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999), pp. 131, 134–6.
22. Ball, Churchill and Attlee, pp. 270–1.
23. Nigel West, ed., The Guy Liddell Diaries: MI5’s Director of Counter-Espionage in World War II, vol. 1: 1939–1942 (London: Routledge, 2005), pp. 90–2.
24. Alex Danchev and Daniel Todman, eds, War Diaries, 1939–1945: Field Marshal Lord Alanbrooke (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2001), p. 400; Sir Hardy Amies, Just So Far (London: Collins, 1954), p. 109.
25. F. H. Hinsley and C. A. G. Simkins, British Intelligence in the Second World War, vol. 4: Security and Counter-Intelligence (London: HMSO, 1990), p. 53.
27. Hart, Ask Me No More, p. 96; Hinsley and Simkins, British Intelligence, vol. 4, p. 39; Nigel West, ed., The Guy Liddell Diaries: MI5’s Director of Counter-Espionage in World War II, vol. 2: 1942–1945 (London: Routledge, 2005), pp. 63–4.
28. Hinsley and Simkins, British Intelligence, vol. 4, p. 288.
29. Tom Bower, The Perfect English Spy: Sir Dick White and the Secret War, 1935–90 (London: Heinemann, 1995), p. 43.
30. West, Liddell Diaries, vol. 1, pp. 98, 256.
31. NA KV 2/1456, serial 83a, Kim Philby to Helenus Milmo, 30 November 1943, answering serial 80x, Milmo to Philby re Plan Squealer, 24 November 1943; Calder Walton, Empire of Secrets: British Intelligence, the Cold War and the Twilight of Empire (London: Harper Press, 2013), p. 65; Brian Stewart and Samantha Newbery, Why Spy? The Art of Intelligence (London: Hurst, 2015), p. 104.
32. Gabriel Gorodetsky, ed., The Maisky Diaries: Red Ambassador to the Court of St James’s, 1932–1943 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2015), pp. 287–8.
33. Christopher Murphy, Security and Special Operations: SOE and MI5 during the Second World War (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006), pp. 4–5; ‘Mr Norman Mott’, The Times, 18 February 1987.
34. West, Liddell Diaries, vol. 1, pp. 98–9; Malcolm Muggeridge, Chronicles of Wasted Time: The Infernal Grove (London: Collins, 1973), pp. 103–4.
35. Ben Pimlott, ed., The Second World War Diary of Hugh Dalton, 1940–45 (London: Cape, 1986), p. 62.
36. Dennis Wheatley, The Deception Planners (London: Hutchinson, 1980), p. 30; NA KV 2/2839, minute 88, Major Rupert Speir, 21 June 1941; information from Professor Michael Wheeler, historian of the Athenaeum, 11 October 2016.
37. Gorodetsky, Maisky Diaries, pp. 231, 238, 239.
38. Hinsley and Simkins, British Intelligence, vol. 4, pp. 306–7.
39. Ross, Foreign Office and Kremlin, p. 73; Jonathan Haslam, Near and Distant Neighbours: A New History of Soviet Intelligence (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015), pp. 106–7, 115.
40. Hinsley and Simkins, British Intelligence, vol. 4, p. 83.
41. Philip Jordan, Russian Glory (London: Cresset Press, 1942), pp. 24, 107–8.
42. Earl of Avon, The Eden Memoirs: The Reckoning (London: Cassell, 1965), pp. 287, 302–3; Pimlott, Dalton War Diaries, p. 341.
43. Ross, Foreign Office and Kremlin, pp. 106–7, 116–17; Anthony Glees, The Secrets of the Service: British Intelligence and Communist Subversion, 1939–1951 (London: Cape, 1987), pp. 44, 46; Jonathan Haslam, The Vices of Integrity: E. H. Carr, 1892–1982 (London: Verso, 1999), pp. 94–6, 108–10.
44. Ross, Foreign Office and Kremlin, pp. 128–30.
45. John Harvey, ed., The War Diaries of Oliver Harvey, vol. 2 (London: Collins, 1978), p. 219; Donald Gillies, Radical Diplomat: The Life of Archibald Clark Kerr, Lord Inverchapel, 1882–1951 (London: I. B. Tauris, 1999), p. 141.
46. Glees, Secrets of Service, pp. 204–5.
47. ‘Mr Attlee and the “New Model Army”: Russia Parallels Cromwell’s Feat’, Manchester Guardian, 22 February 1943, p. 3; Ball, Churchill and Attlee, p. 356.
48. Ross, Foreign Office and Kremlin, p. 216.
49. Gorodetsky, Maisky Diaries, p. 487; Waugh, Sword of Honour Trilogy, pp. 495–6, 508; ‘Stalin the Great’, Listener, 16 December 1943, p. 688. The Sword of Stalingrad is now on display in a Volgograd museum devoted to the battle.
50. Tim Garton Ash, ‘Orwell’s List’, New York Review of Books, 25 September 2003; Danchev and Todman, Alanbrooke Diaries, p. 516.
51. Zbyněk Zeman and Antonin Klimek, The Life of Edvard Beneš, 1884–1948: Czechoslovakia in Peace and War (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997), pp. 68, 272; Harvey, War Diaries of Oliver Harvey, pp. 378–9.
52. Sir Maurice Peterson, Both Sides of the Curtain (London: Constable, 1950), p. 259; Sir Owen O’Malley, The Phantom Caravan (London: John Murray, 1954), p. 228; Sir John Colville, The Fringes of Power: Downing Street Diaries, 1939–1955 (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1985), p. 555.
53. Jordan, Russian Glory, p. 128.
54. Ross, Foreign Office and Kremlin, p. 198.
55. O’Malley, Phantom Caravan, pp. 230–1; DBPO, series 1, vol. 6 (London: HMSO, 1991), pp. 15–18.
57. Sir William Dugdale, Settling the Bill (London: Endeavour, 2011), pp. 137–8.
58. Sir Victor Wellesley, Diplomacy in Fetters (London: Hutchinson, 1944), p. 141.
1. NA KV 2/1181, serials 288b and 288c, ‘Bob Stewart’, 9 December 1943.
2. Genrikh Borovik (with Phillip Knightley), The Philby Files: The Secret Life of the Master Spy – KGB Archives Revealed (London: Little, Brown, 1994), pp. 208–9.
3. Patrick Seale and Maureen McConville, Philby: The Long Road to Moscow (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1973), p. 135.
4. Hugh Trevor-Roper, The Secret World: Behind the Curtain of British Intelligence in World War II and the Cold War, ed. Edward Harrison (London: I. B. Tauris, 2014), p. 79.
5. Seale and McConville, Philby, p. 132.
6. Kim Philby, My Silent War (London: MacGibbon & Kee, 1968), pp. 37, 167.
7. Seale and McConville, Philby, p. 164.
8. J. C. Masterman, The Case of the Four Friends: A Diversion in Pre-Detection (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1956), pp. 80-1.
9. Graham Greene, Collected Essays (London: Bodley Head, 1969), p. 418; Hugh Trevor-Roper, The Wartime Journals, ed. Richard Davenport-Hines (London: I. B. Tauris, 2012), p. 170; Anthony Cave Brown, Treason in the Blood: H. St. John Philby, Kim Philby and the Spy Case of the Century (London: Robert Hale, 1995), p. 291.
10. Oxford, Christ Church archives, Dacre papers 13/4, diary of Hugh Trevor-Roper, 25 November 1967.
11. NA KV 2/4169, serial 223a, ‘Copies of notes on meetings attended by SMOLLETT, found with BURGESS’ correspondence at Courtauld Institute of Art in November, 1951’: 1 February and 24 May 1942.
12. Oxford, Bodleian Library, Mss Eng c 6918, unpublished memoirs of Sir Patrick Reilly, ff. 204–5, 217.
13. NA KV 2/4140, serial 19a, Top Secret, ‘CURZON’, J. C. Robertson, 30 April 1951.
14. John Costello and Oleg Tsarev, Deadly Illusions (London: Century, 1993), p. 219; Charles Ritchie, The Siren Years: Undiplomatic Diaries, 1937–1945 (London: Macmillan, 1974), p. 56.
15. Lord Eccles, By Safe Hand: Letters of Sybil & David Eccles, 1939–42 (London: Bodley Head, 1983), pp. 254–5, 263.
16. Donald Gillies, Radical Diplomat: The Life of Archibald Clark Kerr, Lord Inverchapel, 1882–1951 (London: I. B. Tauris, 1999), p. 217.
17. Frank Giles, Sundry Times: An Autobiography (London: John Murray, 1987), pp. 49, 52, 60.
18. Gillies, Radical Diplomat, p. 213.
19. Sir John Balfour, Not Too Correct an Aureole: The Recollections of a Diplomat (Wilton: Michael Russell, 1983), p. 113; NA KV 2/4150, serial 625a, George Carey-Foster to Dick White, 4 February 1953, enclosing George Middleton’s statement of 18 December 1952.
20. Sir Isaiah Berlin, Affirming: Letters, 1975–1997, ed. Henry Hardy and Mark Pottle (London: Chatto & Windus, 2015), p. 120.
21. Trevor-Roper, War Journals, p. 161.
22. NA KV 2/4111, serial 497a, Skardon, ‘JAMES POPE-HENNESSY’, 21 January 1954; James Lees-Milne, Ancestral Voices (London: Chatto & Windus, 1975), pp. 256-7; Cambridge, King’s College archives, NGA 5/1/290, Charles Fletcher-Cooke to Noël Annan, 25 November 1943; James Lees-Milne, Prophesying Peace (London: Chatto & Windus, 1977), p. 136.
23. KV 2/4109, serial 432a, Skardon, ‘Interview with William RIDSDALE on 8.12.52’, 11 December 1952.
24. Alan Maclean, No, I Tell a Lie, It was the Tuesday: A Trudge through the Life of Alan Maclean (London: Kyle Cathie, 1997), pp. 71–2.
25. Tom Bower, The Perfect English Spy: Sir Dick White and the Secret War, 1935–90 (London: Heinemann, 1995), p. 113.
26. Nigel West and Oleg Tsarev, The Crown Jewels: The British Secrets at the Heart of the KGB Archives (London: HarperCollins, 1998), pp. 136–7.
27. Christopher Andrew, The Defence of the Realm: The Authorized History of MI5 (London: Allen Lane, 2009), p. 270.
28. Jonathan Haslam, Near and Distant Neighbours: A New History of Soviet Intelligence (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015), p. 127.
29. West and Tsarev, Crown Jewels, p. 153.
30. Malcolm Muggeridge, Chronicles of Wasted Time: The Infernal Grove (London: Collins, 1973), pp. 106–7; Bower, Perfect English Spy, p. 47; John Costello, Mask of Treachery: Spies, Lies, Buggery and Betrayal, the First Documented Dossier of Anthony Blunt’s Cambridge Spy Ring (New York: William Morrow, 1988), p. 390; Stephen Koch, Double Lives: Stalin, Willi Münzenberg and the Seduction of the Intellectuals (London: HarperCollins, 1995), p. 200.
31. British Library, Add Mss 88902/1, unpublished Blunt memoir, f. 50.
32. Goronwy Rees, A Chapter of Accidents (London: Chatto & Windus, 1972), p. 155; British Library, Add Mss 88902/1, ff. 51, 53.
33. N. J. Crowson, ed., Fleet Street, Press Barons and Politics: The Journals of Collin Brooks, 1932–1940 (London: Royal Historical Society, 1998), p. 52.
34. In this section I follow Stephen Roskill, Hankey: Man of Secrets, vol. 3 (London: Collins, 1974), chapters 12–15.
1. David Footman, Balkan Holiday (London: Heinemann, 1935), p. 97; Jonathan Haslam, Near and Distant Neighbours: A New History of Soviet Intelligence (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015), p. 140; NA KV 4/224, serial 3a, Alan Roger, ‘Top Secret Report on dealings with Russians’, 23 July 1944.
2. Oxford, Christ Church archives, Dacre 10/50, Cyril Mills to Hugh Dacre, 19 January 1985.
3. Gill Bennett, ‘The CORBY Case: The Defection of Igor Gouzenko, September 1945’, in FCO Historians, From World War to Cold War: The Records of the FO Permanent Under-Secretary’s Department, 1939–51, http://issuu.com/fcohistorians/docs/pusdessays/3.
4. DBPO, series 1, vol. 11 (London: Routledge, 2017), pp. 26–9, 66.
5. DBPO, series 1, vol. 6 (London: HMSO, 1991), p. 320.
6. Peter Broda, Scientist Spies: A Memoir of my Three Parents and the Atom Bomb (Kibworth Beauchamp: Matador, 2011), p. 100.
7. Eric Hobsbawm, Interesting Times: A Twentieth-Century Life (London: Allen Lane, 2002), p. 112; Broda, Scientist Spies, pp. 108–9.
8. Andrew Brown, The Neutron and the Bomb: A Biography of Sir James Chadwick (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), p. 323.
9. Broda, Scientist Spies, p. 141.
10. Brown, Neutron and Bomb, p. 308.
11. DBPO, series 1, vol. 2 (London: HMSO, 1985), pp. 367, 525–6, 556–7.
12. Broda, Scientist Spies, p. 145; Cambridge, Churchill College archives, ACAD 1/15, diary of Sir Alexander Cadogan, 19 September 1945.
13. Broda, Scientist Spies, pp. 175–6.
15. Alan Moorehead, The Traitors: The Double Life of Fuchs, Pontecorvo and Nunn May (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1952), pp. 12, 26; Phillip Knightley, Philby: The Life and Views of the KGB Masterspy (London: André Deutsch, 1988), p. 187.
16. Moorehead, Traitors, pp. 44–5.
17. Robert Chadwell Williams, Klaus Fuchs, Atom Spy (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1987), p. 29; Max Perutz, ‘Spying made easy’, London Review of Books, 25 June 1987, p. 6.
18. Tom Bower, The Perfect English Spy: Sir Dick White and the Secret War, 1935–90 (London: Heinemann, 1995), pp. 93–4; Brown, Neutron and Bomb, p. 252.
19. Ruth Werner, Sonya’s Report (London: Chatto & Windus, 1991), pp. 150, 244.
20. DBPO, series 1, vol. 6, pp. 64–5; Graham Ross, The Foreign Office and the Kremlin: British Documents on Anglo-Soviet Relations, 1941–45 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984), p. 227.
21. DBPO, series 1, vol. 2, pp. 530–1.
22. Allen Weinstein and Alexander Vassiliev, The Haunted Wood: Soviet Espionage in America – the Stalin Era (New York: Random House, 1999), p. 313.
23. Norman Moss, Klaus Fuchs: The Man Who Stole the Atom Bomb (London: Grafton, 1987), p. 200.
24. NA KV 2/2797, serial 373a, Report ‘Mrs Moody’, 15 September 1954.
25. Wilfrid Vernon, House of Commons debates, 8 October 1946, vol. 427, cols 121-2; NA KV 2/2202, serial 378b, ‘Stuart Havelock HOLLINGDALE – Interview with Edward Spence CALVERT’, 27 April 1953.
26. Oxford, Worcester College archives, WOR PRO 10/1/75, Richard Butler to Sir J. C. Masterman, 8 May 1953; Werner, Sonya’s Report, p. 278.
27. This section follows John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr, Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999).
28. NA KV 4/471, diary of Guy Liddell, 21 November 1949.
29. Alan Maclean, No, I Tell a Lie, It was the Tuesday: A Trudge through the Life of Alan Maclean (London: Kyle Cathie, 1997), p. 101.
31. Werner, Sonya’s Report, p. 303; NA KV 2/2796, minute 306, Evelyn McBarnet, 24 November 1950.
32. Graham Greene, Collected Essays (London: Bodley Head, 1969), p. 414.
33. ‘Ten Year Sentence on Estate Agent’, The Times, 17 May 1952, p. 3; Josh Ireland, The Traitors: A True Story of Blood, Betrayal and Deceit (London: John Murray, 2017), pp. 113–14; Markus Wolf, Man without a Face: Autobiography of Communism’s Greatest Spymaster (London: Cape, 1997), pp. 227–31.
34. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Hall, accessed 2 February 2017; Haynes and Klehr, Venona, pp. 314–17.
35. David Holloway, Stalin and the Bomb: The Soviet Union and Atomic Energy, 1939–1956 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994), p. 217; Simon Ings, Stalin and the Scientists: A History of Triumph and Tragedy, 1905–1953 (London: Faber & Faber, 2016), p. 393.
1. Crane Brinton, The United States and Britain (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1945), p. 69; Angela Thirkell, Love among the Ruins (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1948), pp. 133–5, 190–1.
2. Oxford, Worcester College archives, Masterman papers, WOR PRO 10/1/128/1, Lord Normanbrook to Sir J. C. Masterman, 25 March 1965; Sir Dick White to Sir J. C. Masterman, 5 October 1967.
3. Christopher Andrew, The Defence of the Realm: The Authorized History of MI5 (London: Allen Lane, 2009), p. 321; Tom Buchanan, East Wind: China and the British Left, 1925–1976 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013), p. 56.
4. Cambridge, Churchill College archives, ACAD 1/15, diary of Sir Alexander Cadogan, 9 & 14 November 1945; Tom Bower, The Perfect English Spy: Sir Dick White and the Secret War, 1935–90 (London: Heinemann, 1995), p. 76.
5. DBPO, series 1, vol. 11 (London: Routledge, 2017), pp. 36–7.
6. Oxford, Bodleian Library, papers of Lord Sherfield, vol. 483, Sir Edmund Hall-Patch to Roger Makins, 11 March 1946.
7. Patrick Howarth, Intelligence Chief Extraordinary: The Life of the Ninth Duke of Portland (London: Bodley Head, 1986), pp. 16–17, 59, 223; DBPO, series 1, vol. 6 (London: HMSO, 1991), p. 19.
8. Kim Philby, My Silent War (London: MacGibbon & Kee, 1968), pp. 84–5; Oxford, Bodleian Library, Mss Eng c 6918, unpublished memoirs of Sir Patrick Reilly, f. 211.
9. George Blake, No Other Choice: An Autobiography (London: Cape, 1990), p. 100.
10. Oxford, Bodleian Library, Mss Eng c 6918, Reilly, f. 239.
11. DBPO, series 1, vol. 11, p. 19.
12. Brian Stewart and Samantha Newbery, Why Spy? The Art of Intelligence (London: Hurst, 2015), p. 7; Calder Walton, Empire of Secrets: British Intelligence, the Cold War and the Twilight of Empire (London: Harper Press, 2013), p. 113. I am indebted to the latter source in the section that follows.
13. Wilfrid Vernon, House of Commons debates, 23 January 1948, vol. 446, cols 580-3; Buchanan, East Wind, pp. 106, 107, 109.
14. Walton, Empire of Secrets, p. 331.
15. DBPO, series 1, vol. 6, pp. 206–9.
16. DBPO, series 1, vol. 11, p. 101.
18. Walton, Empire of Secrets, p. 115.
19. ‘Blood Runs in Palestine Violence’, Life, 12 August 1946, p. 22; David Leitch, ‘Explosion at the King David Hotel’, in Michael Sissons and Philip French, eds, Age of Austerity (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1963), p. 59.
20. Jonathan Haslam, The Vices of Integrity: E. H. Carr, 1892–1982 (London: Verso, 1999), p. 152.
21. DBPO, series 1, vol. 11, pp. 161, 254–5.
22. Mark A. Bradley, A Very Principled Boy: The Life of Duncan Lee, Red Spy and Cold Warrior (New York: Basic Books, 2014), pp. 136–8.
24. Allen Weinstein and Alexander Vassiliev, The Haunted Wood: Soviet Espionage in America – the Stalin Era (New York: Random House, 1999), pp. 8, 18.
25. Thomas Hachey, ‘American Profiles on Capitol Hill: A Confidential Study for the British Foreign Office in 1943’, Wisconsin Magazine of History, 57 (Winter 1973–4), p. 153.
26. Anon., Laurence Duggan, 1905–1948: In Memoriam (Stamford, Conn.: Overbrook Press, 1949), pp. ix–x, 78, 91.
27. Eleanor Roosevelt, ‘My Day’, in ibid., pp. 26–8.
28. NA KV 4/471, diary of Guy Liddell, 31 January & 11 April 1949.
29. Andrew, Defence of the Realm, p. 382; Norman Moss, Klaus Fuchs: The Man Who Stole the Atom Bomb (London: Grafton, 1987), pp. 202–3.
30. ‘Civil Service Purge’, Manchester Guardian, 4 May 1948, p. 3; ‘Security Tests for Ministers’, Observer, 12 March 1950, p. 5.
31. Andrew, Defence of the Realm, p. 384.
32. Phillip Knightley, Philby: The Life and Views of the KGB Masterspy (London: André Deutsch, 1988), pp. 135–6.
34. DBPO, series 1, vol. 11, pp. 51–2.
35. Martin Pearce, Spymaster: The Life of Britain’s Most Decorated Cold War Spy and Head of MI6, Sir Maurice Oldfield (London: Bantam, 2016), pp. 75–6; Alexander Foote, Handbook for Spies (New York: Doubleday, 1949), pp. 208, 228.
36. Evelyn Waugh, Scott-King’s Modern Europe (London: Chapman & Hall, 1947), pp. 64–5; Pearce, Spymaster, pp. 108–9.
1. Patrick Seale and Maureen McConville, Philby: The Long Road to Moscow (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1973), pp. 202–3.
2. Lord Bethell, The Great Betrayal: The Untold Story of Kim Philby’s Biggest Coup (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1984), p. 97; Lorna Almonds Windmill, A British Achilles: The Story of George, Second Earl Jellicoe (London: Pen & Sword, 2005), p. 119.
3. Richard Bassett, Last Imperialist: A Portrait of Julian Amery (Settrington: Stone Trough, 2015), pp. 137–42.
4. Tom Mangold, Cold Warrior: James Jesus Angleton, the CIA’s Master Spy Hunter (London: Simon & Schuster, 1991), p. 64.
5. William Waldegrave, A Different Kind of Weather: A Memoir (London: Constable, 2015), p. 99; Oxford, Bodleian Library, Mss Eng c 6920, ff. 252–3.
6. Cambridge, Churchill College archives, ACAD 1/15, diary of Sir Alexander Cadogan, 30 August & 1 September 1945; DBPO, series 1, vol. 6 (London: HMSO, 1991), p. 243; ‘Mr McNeil angers his own party’, Manchester Guardian, 12 August 1954, p. 1; ‘London Correspondence’, Manchester Guardian, 13 October 1955, p. 6.
7. DBPO, series 1, vol. 6, pp. 345, 346, 349.
8. NA KV 2/4110, serial 468a, G. R. Mitchell, ‘Philip Dennis PROCTOR’, 3 December 1953; James Lees-Milne, Ancestral Voices (London: Chatto & Windus, 1975), pp. 256–7.
9. Stewart Purvis and Jeff Hulbert, Guy Burgess: The Spy Who Knew Everyone (London: Backbite, 2016), pp. 208–9.
10. Nigel West and Oleg Tsarev, The Crown Jewels: The British Secrets at the Heart of the KGB Archive (London: HarperCollins, 1998), p. 176.
11. NA KV 2/4101, serial 21a, Vivian to Carey-Foster, Top Secret, 19 January 1950.
12. Sir Bernard Burrows, Diplomat in a Changing World (London: Memoir Club, 2001), p. 59.
13. Lord Greenhill of Harrow, More by Accident (privately printed, 1992), p. 73.
14. Windmill, British Achilles, p. 121.
15. W. H. Auden, Prose, vol. 1 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996), p. 451.
16. NA KV 2/4143, serial 284a, George Carey-Foster to J. C. Robertson, 25 June 1951; Sir John Balfour, Not Too Correct an Aureole: The Recollections of a Diplomat (Wilton: Michael Russell, 1983), p. 114.
17. Jonathan Haslam, Near and Distant Neighbours: A New History of Soviet Intelligence (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015), p. 169; John Costello, Mask of Treachery: Spies, Lies, Buggery and Betrayal, the First Documented Dossier of Anthony Blunt’s Cambridge Spy Ring (New York: William Morrow, 1988), pp. 554–5; Wilfrid Mann, Was There a Fifth Man? (London: Pergamon, 1982), p. 84; Michael Holzman, James Jesus Angleton: The CIA and the Craft of Counter-Intelligence (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2008), pp. 121–2.
18. NA KV 2/4140, serial 12, Robin J. W. Hooper, minute of 8 January 1950.
19. NA KV 2/4148, serial 567c, ‘Interview with Humphrey SLATER – 11th July 1952’, Richard Thistlethwaite, 12 July 1952; Humphrey Slater, The Conspirator (London: John Lehmann, 1948), p. 119.
20. Ferdinand Mount, Cold Cream (London: Bloomsbury, 2008), pp. 47–8.
21. NA KV 2/4140, serial 3a, Strictly Personal and Confidential, Edwin Chapman-Andrews to George Middleton, 10 May 1950.
22. Crane Brinton, The United States and Britain (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1945), p. 71; Brian Urquhart, A Life in Peace and War (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1987), p. 117.
23. Mount, Cold Cream, p. 50; NA KV 2/4105, serial 245z, Telecheck on PAD 4841 (Philip Toynbee’s number), Cyril Connolly to Dennis Weaver of News Chronicle, 18 July 1951; NA KV 2/4144, serial 316a ‘CULME-SEYMOUR’, A. S. Martin report, 12 July 1951.
24. Cyril Connolly, The Missing Diplomats (London: Queen Anne Press, 1952), p. 29.
25. Philip Toynbee, ‘Alger Hiss and His Friends’, Observer, 18 March 1951, p. 4; NA KV 2/4144, serial 316a, ‘CULME-SEYMOUR’, Martin report, 12 July 1951. Skardon surmised that the Judas epithet had been thrown at Slater, but Toynbee is more likely.
26. NA KV 2/4101, serial 91a, Guy Liddell, Top Secret, 2 June 1951.
27. Andrew Lownie, Stalin’s Englishman: The Lives of Guy Burgess (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 2015), p. 232.
28. Andrew Boyle, The Climate of Treason: Five Who Spied for Russia (London: Hutchinson, 1979), p. 373; Alan Campbell, Colleagues and Friends (Wilton: Michael Russell, 1988), pp. 16–17.
29. J. C. Masterman, The Case of the Four Friends: A Diversion in Pre-Detection (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1956), p. 203.
30. NA KV 2/4101, serial 36a, Guy Burgess to Guy Liddell, 5am, [16 February 1950]. Written on the back of an Apostles’ dinner invitation.
31. Anthony Cavendish, Inside Intelligence (London: HarperCollins, 1990), p. 62.
32. W. A. P. Manser, ‘Do you want me to kill him?’, Spectator, 19 May 1995, p. 14.
33. Philip Jordan, Russian Glory (London: Cresset Press, 1942), p. 104; NA KV 2/4132, serial 1325z, journal of Stephen Spender, 7 February 1960.
1. NA KV 2/4106, serial 274b, Top Secret, ‘The BURGESS–MACLEAN Case’, 22 August 1951.
2. Stephen Harper, ‘A Phone Call Began It’, Daily Express, 19 April 1962; Don Seaman, ‘Burgess Knew Atom Spy’, Daily Express, 13 June 1951; Andrew Lownie, Stalin’s Englishman: The Lives of Guy Burgess (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 2015), p. 248.
3. NA KV 2/4102, serial 129a, Courtenay Young, 8 June 1951; Harper, ‘A Phone Call Began It’, Daily Express, 19 April 1962.
4. NA KV 4/473, diary of Guy Liddell, 24 July 1951; ‘A Spectator’s Notebook’, Spectator, 31 July 1952, p. 5.
5. ‘M.I.5 SILLITOE TAKES A (Burgess–Maclean) HOLIDAY’, Daily Express, 22 August 1951.
6. Philip Jordan, There is No Return (London: Cresset Press, 1938), pp. 159–60.
7. ‘Philip’, Manchester Guardian, 7 June 1951, p. 6; Andrew Boyle, The Climate of Treason: Five Who Spied for Russia (London: Hutchinson, 1979), pp. 382–3.
8. NA KV 2/4144, serial 343y, R. T. Reed, Note on Mrs Maclean, 13 August 1951; NA FCO 158/26, minute of 3 September 1951 by Patrick Reilly, minute of 4 September by Herbert Morrison.
9. Oxford, Bodleian Library, Mss Eng c 6920, f. 245.
10. NA KV 2/4142, serial 186b, Lord Talbot de Malahide to Dick White, 5 June 1951; Alex Danchev and Daniel Todman, eds, War Diaries, 1939–1945: Field Marshal Lord Alanbrooke (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2001), p. 518.
11. Oxford, Bodleian Library, papers of Viscount Simon, vol. 99, Simon, ‘The Mystery of Maclean and Burgess’, 11 June 1951.
12. Alan Maclean, No, I Tell a Lie, It was the Tuesday: A Trudge through the Life of Alan Maclean (London: Kyle Cathie, 1997), pp. 96–8; James Lees-Milne, Harold Nicolson: A Biography, 1930–1968 (London: Chatto & Windus, 1981), p. 247; Miles Jebb, ed., The Diaries of Cynthia Gladwyn (London: Constable, 1995), p. 131; Tom Buchanan, East Wind: China and the British Left, 1925–1976 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), p. 131.
13. Constance Babington Smith, ed., Letters to a Friend from Rose Macaulay, 1950–1952 (London: Collins, 1961), pp. 149–50; Charlotte Mosley, ed., The Letters of Nancy Mitford (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1993), p. 278; Selina Hastings, Rosamond Lehmann (London: Chatto & Windus, 2002), pp. 292–3; NA KV 2/4106, serial 320b, W. J. Skardon, ‘Interview with Rosamond Lehmann on 29.10.51’, 31 October 1951.
14. ‘Burgess One of “Nicest Men I Know”: He Blamed U.S. for War Drift’, Daily Mail, 18 June 1951; Tom Bower, The Perfect English Spy: Sir Dick White and the Secret Service, 1935–90 (London: Heinemann, 1995), p. 118.
15. Sir Isaiah Berlin, Affirming: Letters, 1975–1997, ed. Henry Hardy and Mark Pottle (London: Chatto & Windus, 2015), p. 525.
16. Oxford, Bodleian Library, Berlin Ms 256, Stuart Hampshire to Isaiah Berlin, 17 February 1952; Miranda Carter, Anthony Blunt: His Lives (London: Macmillan, 2001), p. 347.
17. Bonnie Kime Scott, ed., Selected Letters of Rebecca West (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2000), pp. 282–3; Oxford, Bodleian Library, Macmillan D/8/121, diary of Harold Macmillan, 17 July 1951; NA KV 2/4108, serial 375a, Secret, George Carey-Foster, 6 March 1952; Hector McNeil, ‘Were the diplomats eloping from reality?’, New Chronicle, 28 January 1955.
18. NA KV 2/4102, serial 114a, Skardon, ‘Interview with Mrs BASSETT 7.5.51’; Maclean, No, I Tell a Lie, pp. 102–4.
19. Bower, Perfect English Spy, pp. 114, 263.
20. NA KV 2/4102, serial 188b, Fred Warner, memorandum ‘Mr Guy de F Burgess’, forwarded by Sir David Kelly to Carey-Foster, 14 June 1951.
21. NA KV 2/2586, serial 61a, J. C. Robertson, ‘Interview with Mr Sefton Delmer, 8.8.52’, 9 August 1952.
22. Ernest Ashwick, ‘Maclean Alive – The Proof: A Secret Number Hides His Cash Hoard’, Daily Express, 6 June 1952; NA KV 2/4148, minute 565, C. A. G. Simkins, 10 July 1952.
23. Nora Beloff, Transit of Britain: A Report on Britain’s Changing Role in the Post-War World (London: Collins, 1973), p. 107; NA KV 2/4150, serial 690a, [Evelyn McBarnet?], ‘Melinda MACLEAN’s letter to Mrs Dunbar’, 30 November 1953; Peter Catterall, ed., The Macmillan Diaries: The Cabinet Years, 1950–1957 (London: Macmillan, 2003), pp. 266–7; NA KV 2/4150, serial 647a, ‘SECRET. Telecheck on Philby’s Line’, 17 September 1953.
24. Kim Philby, My Silent War (London: MacGibbon & Kee, 1968), pp. 137-8.
25. Patrick Seale and Maureen McConville, Philby: The Long Road to Moscow (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1973), pp. 217–18; NA KV 2/4105, serial 234c, PEACH telecheck, 10 July 1951.
26. Peter Carter-Ruck, ‘Sir Helenus Milmo, Philby’s Interrogator’, Guardian, 3 September 1988.
27. Philby, My Silent War, p. 143.
28. Stan Cohen, States of Denial: Knowing about Atrocities and Suffering (Cambridge: Polity, 2001), p. 6.
29. NA KV 2/4170, serial 233c, Note to B2a, by Alan Roger, 15 March 1952.
30. NA KV 2/1604, serial 227a, A. F. Burbidge, report ‘Edith Tudor-Hart’, 1 December 1951.
31. NA KV 2/4091, serial B2a, Donald Winnicott to Edith Tudor-Hart, 2 January 1952.
32. NA KV 2/4091, serial 180b, ‘Interview with Edith TUDOR-HART on 8.1.52’, Skardon, 9 January 1952.
33. NA KV 2/996, serial 731b, ‘Interview with Wilfred Foulston VERNON on 4.2.52’, Skardon, 5 February 1952.
34. Stan Cohen, Folk Devils and Moral Panics: The Creation of the Mods and Rockers (London: MacGibbon & Kee, 1972), pp. 9, 191.
1. W. N. Ewer, ‘Sir Austen Von Hindenburg’, Labour Monthly, 9 (March 1927), pp. 154, 159; Ivan Maisky, Who Helped Hitler? (London: Hutchinson, 1964), pp. 45–6.
2. Ben Pimlott, Hugh Dalton (London: Cape, 1985), p. 270; House of Commons debates, vol. 387, 18 March 1943, cols 1391, 1401–3; House of Commons debates, vol. 390, 22 June 1943, col. 1074; Sir George Rendel, The Sword and the Olive: Recollections of Diplomacy and the Foreign Service, 1913–1954 (London: John Murray, 1957), pp. 200, 206.
3. Sir Eric Phipps, ‘Foreign Office Reform’, The Times, 3 February 1943, p. 5.
4. Markus Wolf, Man without a Face: The Autobiography of Communism’s Greatest Spymaster (London: Jonathan Cape, 1991), p. 227.
5. Cambridge, Churchill College archives, ACAD 1/17, diary of Sir Alexander Cadogan, 19 January 1951, 19 February 1951, 29 July 1951, 8 October 1951; Peter Catterall, ed., The Macmillan Diaries: The Cabinet Years, 1950–1957 (London: Macmillan, 2003), pp. 266–7.
6. Graham Ross, The Foreign Office and the Kremlin: British Documents on Anglo-Soviet Relations, 1941–45 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984), p. 174; Randolph Churchill, ‘The Privacy of the Individual’, Spectator, 23 May 1958, p. 649.
7. NA FCO 158/26, Top Secret, Lord Talbot de Malahide to Sir Patrick Dean, 23 September 1953.
8. Nancy Mitford, Don’t Tell Alfred (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1960), p. 25.
9. Bonnie Kime Scott, ed., Selected Letters of Rebecca West (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2000), pp. 282–3.
10. Anthony Glees, The Secrets of the Service: British Intelligence and Communist Subversion, 1939–1951 (London: Cape, 1987), pp. 117–19, 123–9.
11. Ian Colvin, ‘Now Germany joins the race for atom power’, Sunday Express, 7 March 1954; NA FO 371/109637, CW1194/7, minute of Michael Palliser, 12 March 1954.
12. Sefton Delmer, ‘An ex-spy tells me about Burgess’, Daily Express, 15 March 1954.
13. NA FO 371/109637, CW1194/15, minutes of M. A. Palliser and G. A. Barnes, 2 April 1954.
14. Graham Lord, ‘John Junor: a bigot and blatant hypocrite’, Press Gazette, 10 April 2013; NA PREM 11/762, Top Secret. Note by J. R. Colville, 30 September 1954.
15. Sefton Delmer, ‘How Dead is Hitler?’, Daily Express, 22 March 1955; NA FO 371/109637, CW1194/11, minute of Sir Frank Roberts, 27 March 1955, and of Sir Anthony Nutting, 29 March 1955.
16. NA KV 2/1636, serial 34a, ‘Extract from War Office Papers for William MARSHALL’, 13 May 1952, and serial 32a, Lambert Titchener to G. A. Carey-Foster, 9 May 1952.
17. NA KV 2/1638, serial 972aa, Marshall’s statement to Special Branch, 13 June 1952; ibid., serial 972, B2a report, ‘The Case of William Martin Marshall’, 19 June 1952.
18. NA FCO 158/209, Sir Alvary Gascoigne to Sir William Strang, Personal & Secret, 27 June 1952.
19. NA KV 2/1641, serial 220a, W. J. Skardon, report ‘William Martin Marshall: Interview at Wormwood Scrubs on 19.2.53’, 24 February 1953.
20. ‘Sefton Delmer flies to the Petrov hearings and asks – Where was MI5?’, Daily Express, 18 May 1954.
21. Tom Bower, The Perfect English Spy: Sir Dick White and the Secret Service, 1935–90 (London: Heinemann, 1995), pp. 152–3.
22. ‘Burgess and Maclean Soviet Spies for Years’, Manchester Guardian, 19 September 1955, p. 1.
23. ‘W. N. Ewer writes’, Daily Herald, 19 September 1955, pp. 1–2.
24. ‘Foreign Office Scandal’, Daily Mirror, 20 September 1955, p. 1.
25. Henry Fairlie, ‘Political Commentary’, Spectator, 22 September 1955, pp. 5–6.
26. ‘Burgess and Maclean Case Discussed on ITV’, Manchester Guardian, 26 September 1955, p. 14.
27. George Brown, ‘FO Flops: Spies Are Not the Only Trouble’, Sunday Pictorial, 25 September 1955, p. 11.
28. E. P. Thompson, Writing by Candlelight (London: Merlin Press, 1980), p. 116; NA KV 2/4153, serial 820b, B. A. Hill, ‘Top Secret’, 26 September 1955. Brown was ennobled as Lord George-Brown in 1970.
29. Mark Amory, ed., The Letters of Ann Fleming (London: Collins Harvill, 1985), p. 161.
30. Lord Morrison of Lambeth, Herbert Morrison: An Autobiography (London: Odhams, 1960), pp. 274, 277, 313–14.
31. Glees, Secrets of the Service, pp. 6–7.
32. Nicola Lacey, A Life of H. L. A. Hart: The Nightmare and the Noble Dream (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), p. 24; Edward Pearce, The Golden Talking-Shop: The Oxford Union Debates Empire, World War, Revolution, & Women (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016), p. 622; Charles Fletcher-Cooke, ‘Table-Talk’, Observer, 3 August 1952, p. 5; Janet Morgan, ed., The Backbench Diaries of Richard Crossman (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1981), p. 1003.
33. Richard Crossman, ‘Why has the truth been hidden so long?’, Daily Mirror, 20 September 1955, p. 4; Crossman, House of Commons debates, 7 November 1955, vol. 545, cols 1534-6.
34. Herbert Morrison, House of Commons debates, 7 November 1955, vol. 545, cols 1509–10.
35. NA KV 2/4153, serial 847b, R. T. Reed, ‘The Disappearance of Burgess and Maclean’, 16 December 1955.
36. NA KV 2/4153, serial 849b, Courtenay Young, ‘Top Secret’, 29 December 1955.
37. Michael Young, The Chipped White Cups of Dover: A Discussion of the Possibility of a New Progressive Party (London: Unit 2, 1960), pp. 5–6.
38. George Blake, No Other Choice: An Autobiography (London: Cape, 1990), pp. 139, 187.
40. Bower, Perfect English Spy, pp. 267-8.
41. Oxford, Bodleian Library, Macmillan D/42/23 & D/42/32, diary of Harold Macmillan, 4 & 14 May 1961.
42. Peter Catterall, ed., The Macmillan Diaries: Prime Minister and After, 1957–1963 (London: Macmillan, 2011), pp. 450–1; Oxford, Bodleian Library, Macmillan D/45/23, diary of 16 February 1962; Chapman Pincher, Traitors: The Labyrinths of Treason (London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1987), pp. 9-10.
43. Oxford, Bodleian Library, Mss Eng c 6925, ff. 208, 258–9, 272, 276, 290; Donald Maclean, British Foreign Policy since Suez, 1956–1968 (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1970), p. 331.
44. Oxford, Christ Church archives, Bradwell papers B/10, Tom Driberg, ‘Burgess: My Theory about the Warrants’, 23 April 1962.
45. Tim [I. I.] Milne, Kim Philby: The Unknown Story of the KGB’s Master Spy (London: Backbite, 2014), pp. 104–5.
46. David Footman, Dead Yesterday (London: White Lion, 1974), p. 163; Bruce Page, David Leitch and Phillip Knightley, Philby: The Spy Who Betrayed a Generation (London: André Deutsch, 1968), pp. 22–3.
47. The preceding paragraph summarizes Richard Davenport-Hines, An English Affair: Sex, Class and Power in the Age of Profumo (London: Collins, 2013).
48. Tony Benn, Out of the Wilderness: Diaries, 1963–1967 (London: Hutchinson, 1987), p. 183; ‘Who Runs This Country Anyhow?’, Sunday Mirror, 23 June 1963, pp. 1–2; Richard Crossman, ‘The Peril of the Whitehall Mandarins’, Sunday Mirror, 23 June 1963, p. 8; Malcolm Muggeridge, ‘The Slow, Sure Death of the Upper Classes, Sunday Mirror, 23 June 1963, p. 7; Cambridge University Library, Add 9429/IG/430, Andrew Boyle, notes of interview with Malcolm Muggeridge, 16 July 1977.
49. James Cameron, ‘Why the World is Mocking Britain’, Sunday Mirror, 23 June 1963, p. 9.
50. Nora Beloff, Transit of Britain: A Report on Britain’s Changing Role in the Post-War World (London: Collins, 1973), pp. 199–200; James Ramsden, ed., George Lyttelton’s Commonplace Book (York: Stone Trough, 2002), pp. 42–3.
51. Donald McLachlan, ‘In Defence of our Secret Service’, Sunday Telegraph, 8 October 1967.
1. Sir Rupert Grayson, ‘Greatest risk’, Daily Telegraph, 28 April 1987.
2. Richard Davenport-Hines, Sex, Death and Punishment: Attitudes to Sex and Sexuality in Britain since the Renaissance (London: Collins, 1990), p. 297; George Melly, Rum, Bum, and Concertina (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1977), p. 12.
3. Oxford, Bodleian Library, Inverchapel papers, box 17, Harold Nicolson to Archie Clark Kerr, 1 July 1911; box 18, Nicolson to Clark Kerr, 14 January 1912; John Julius Norwich, ed., The Duff Cooper Diaries, 1915–1951 (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2005), p. 37.
4. Sir John Balfour, Not Too Correct an Aureole: The Recollections of a Diplomat (Wilton: Michael Russell, 1983), p. 10; Sir Maurice Peterson, Both Sides of the Curtain (London: Constable, 1950), pp. 64–5.
5. Charles Ritchie, The Siren Years: Undiplomatic Diaries, 1937–1945 (London: Macmillan, 1974), p. 92.
6. Hardy Amies, Just So Far (London: Collins, 1954), p. 98; Hugh Trevor-Roper, The Wartime Journals, ed. Richard Davenport-Hines (London: I. B. Tauris, 2012), p. 68; Anthony Cavendish, Inside Intelligence (London: Collins, 1990), p. 160.
7. Suleyman Seydi, ‘Intelligence and Counter-Intelligence Activities in Iran during the Second World War’, Middle Eastern Studies, 46 (September 2010), pp. 733–50; NA KV 4/224, serial 3b, Alan Roger, DSO in Tehran, ‘Top Secret. Soviet S.I.S. Activities and the VAZIRI case’, 6 August 1944; serial 4a, Alan Roger, ‘Most Secret. Russian Relations and Activities in Persia’, [August 1944]; serial 10a, Alan Roger, ‘Cooperation with Russian Security’, 28 December 1944; serial 14a, Alan Roger, ‘Information about Russian intelligence gained from cooperation between DSO and Russian security authorities’, 7 March 1945.
8. Sir Alistair Horne, But What Do You Actually Do? A Literary Vagabondage (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2011), p. 55.
9. N. J. Crowson, ed., Fleet Street, Press Barons and Politics: The Journals of Collin Brooks, 1932–1940 (London: Royal Historical Society, 1998), p. 69; Peter Wildeblood, Against the Law (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1955), p. 36; Sefton Delmer, Black Boomerang (London: Secker & Warburg, 1962), p. 179.
10. Alastair Forbes, ‘Whitehall in Queer Street’, Sunday Dispatch, 10 June 1951, p. 4; George Wigg, House of Commons debates, 11 June 1951, vol. 488, col. 1672; Oxford, Bodleian Library, Macmillan D/8/120, diary of Harold Macmillan, 16 July 1951.
11. NA KV 2/4102, serial 145b, Maxwell Knight, ‘Re the MACLEAN–BURGESS Case’, 12 June 1951; NA KV 2/4102, serial 101d, Skardon, ‘Top Secret’, ‘Interview with Jack HEWIT on 5.6.51’, 6 June 1951; NA KV 2/4109, serial 409a, Skardon, ‘Note’, 27 September 1952.
12. Alan Campbell, Colleagues and Friends (Wilton: Michael Russell, 1988), p. 18; Andrew Boyle, The Climate of Treason: Five Who Spied for Russia (London: Hutchinson, 1979), p. 398.
13. NA FCO 158/206, ‘Top Secret. Strictly Personal and Confidential. The Problem of Homosexuality in Relation to Employment in the Foreign Service’, 8 October 1951.
14. NA FCO 158/206, Report of Cadogan committee, 1 November 1951.
15. NA KV 2/4104, serial 198b, Skardon, ‘Guy BURGESS’ [interview with Philip Toynbee], 22 June 1951; House of Lords debates, vol. 194, col. 738, 22 November 1955.
16. Robert Cecil, A Divided Life: A Biography of Donald Maclean (London: Bodley Head, 1988), p. 193.
17. NA KV 2/4109, serial 405a, A. F. Burbidge, ‘Note’, 27 August 1952.
18. Lord Montagu of Beaulieu, Wheels within Wheels: An Unconventional Life (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2000), p. 100.
19. Oxford, Christ Church archives, Dacre papers 17/1/2, Hugh Trevor-Roper to Lady Alexandra Howard-Johnson, 9 January 1954; Davenport-Hines, Sex, Death and Punishment, pp. 303–4; Peter Wildeblood, ‘Telephone Tapping’, Spectator, 5 July 1957, p. 16.
20. Brian Lewis, Wolfenden’s Witnesses: Homosexuality in Post-War Britain (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016), pp. 96–102.
21. House of Lords debates, 19 May 1954, vol. 187, cols 756–7.
22. David Footman, Balkan Holiday (London: Heinemann, 1935), p. 204; Wildeblood, Against the Law, p. 128; Oxford, Bodleian Library, Macmillan papers D/40/130, diary of Harold Macmillan, 11 December 1960; HLRO BBK H/177, Arthur Christiansen to Lord Beaverbrook, 10 November 1955.
23. ‘The Squalid Truth’, Sunday Pictorial, 25 September 1955, p. 1; Hugh Cudlipp, At Your Peril: A Mid-Century View of the Exciting Changes of the Press in Britain and a Press View of the Exciting Changes of Mid-Century (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1962), p. 317.
24. ‘Who is Hiding the Man Who Tipped Off These Sex Perverts?’, Sunday Pictorial, 25 September 1955, p. 1; Lord Rawlinson of Ewell, A Price Too High: An Autobiography (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1989), p. 37.
25. ‘Guy Burgess Stripped Bare! Now I will show how he was the greatest traitor of them all! His closest friend speaks at last’, People, 11 March 1956, p. 3.
26. ‘He Kept Blackmail Letters in his Room. Guy Burgess Stripped Bare! Men in High Places made Friends with this Traitor’, People, 18 March 1956, p. 3; Sir Isaiah Berlin, Affirming: Letters, 1975–1997, ed. Henry Hardy and Mark Pottle (London: Chatto & Windus, 2015), p. 524.
27. Lewis, Wolfenden’s Witnesses, pp. 106-26, especially 106-7, 111.
29. Ian Fleming, Goldfinger (London: Cape, 1959), chapter 19, pp. 313–14.
30. John Vassall, Vassall: The Autobiography of a Spy (London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1975), p. 21; Rebecca West, The Meaning of Treason (London: Virago, 1982), pp. 361–2.
32. John Deane Potter, ‘Twilight Traitors’, News of the World, 28 October 1962, p. 15.
33. Humanities Research Center, University of Texas at Austin, Dick papers 28/1, Francis King to Kay Dick, 27 April 1975.
34. Michael Straight, After Long Silence (London: Collins, 1983), p. 63.
35. Cambridge, King’s College archives, NGA 5/1/290, Charles Fletcher-Cooke to Noël Annan, 23 November 1943.
36. Charles Fletcher-Cooke, ‘The Salzburg Festival’, Observer, 11 August 1946, p. 3; Charles Fletcher-Cooke, ‘Table-Talk’, Observer, 3 August 1952, p. 5; ‘Commons Discusses a “Peter Pan”’, Manchester Guardian, 11 December 1953, p. 3.
37. Cambridge, Trinity College, Butler of Saffron Walden papers G/40, Charles Fletcher-Cooke to Molly Butler, 18 July 1963; Charles Fletcher-Cooke, ‘End of Term’, Spectator, 5 August 1960, p. 207; Oxford, Bodleian Library, Macmillan papers D/48/96, diary of Harold Macmillan, 5 March 1963.
38. Oxford, Bodleian Library, Macmillan papers D/48/85, diary of Harold Macmillan, 21 February 1963. Some of Fletcher-Cooke’s letters to Noël Annan, deposited in the archives at King’s College, Cambridge, are withheld from scrutiny at his request until the mid-twenty-first century. These may cover the circumstances of his ministerial resignation in 1963.
39. NA KV 2/4139, serial 1580a, Note by R. C. Symonds, 13 June 1963.
1. DBPO, series 3, vol. 1 (London: Stationery Office, 1997), pp. 299–300.
2. Philip Williams, ed., The Diary of Hugh Gaitskell, 1945–1956 (London: Cape, 1983), p. 507.
3. ‘My Mission, by Guy Burgess’ and ‘Whom do they fool?’, Sunday Express, 19 February 1956.
4. Tom Driberg, ‘They May Be Heroes’, Reynolds News, 25 February 1956; NA KV 2/4115, serial 689a, Burgess to Tom Driberg, 15 March 1956.
5. NA KV 2/4116, serial 790a, Eve Bassett to Guy Burgess, 9 August 1956.
6. NA KV 2/4118, serial 857c, Note by Robertson, 24 October 1956.
7. ‘No Sort of Traitors?’, Manchester Guardian, 30 November 1956, p. 6.
8. Edward Crankshaw, ‘Unbelievable’, Observer, 9 December 1956, p. 13; Alan Pryce-Jones, ‘Meddling Diplomatist’, Times Literary Supplement, 14 December 1956, p. 751.
9. NA KV 2/4128, serial 1156a, Eve Bassett to Guy Burgess, 26 December 1958.
10. Miranda Carter, Anthony Blunt: His Lives (London: Macmillan, 2001), p. 272.
11. Alan Maclean, No, I Tell a Lie, It was the Tuesday: A Trudge through the Life of Alan Maclean (London: Kyle Cathie, 1997), p. 99.
12. NA KV 2/4156, serial 981a, Donald Maclean to Philip Toynbee, 28 February 1957.
13. NA KV 2/4155, serial 933a, Donald Maclean to Lady Maclean, 17 August 1956; Don Kirschner, Cold War Exile: The Unclosed Case of Maurice Halperin (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1995), p. 212; Eleanor Philby, Kim Philby: The Spy I Loved (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1968), p. 116.
14. Nora Beloff, Transit of Britain: A Report on Britain’s Changing Role in the Post-War World (London: Collins, 1973), p. 108.
15. NA KV 2/4128, serial 1176a, Edward Crankshaw, ‘Burgess and Maclean’, 21 January 1959, enclosed with Sir Patrick Reilly to Sir Patrick Dean, 23 January 1959.
16. NA KV 2/4128, serial 1157a, Sir Harold Nicolson to Guy Burgess, 4 January 1959; Alan Brien, ‘Debased Coinage’, Spectator, 5 February 1960, p. 177; Michael Young, The Chipped White Cups of Dover: A Discussion of the Possibility of a New Progressive Party (London: Unit 2, 1960), pp. 3–4.
17. Oxford, Bodleian Library, Macmillan D/42/43, diary of Harold Macmillan, 19 May 1961; Stephen A. Smith, ‘Towards a Global History of Communism’, in Smith, ed., The Oxford Handbook of the History of Communism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014), p. 13; DBPO, series 3, vol. 1, p. 142.
18. Lara Feigel and John Sutherland, eds, New Selected Journals, 1939–1995: Stephen Spender (London: Faber & Faber, 2012), p. 268; ‘My pals in MI5 by Burgess’, Daily Herald, 24 April 1962.
19. Patrick Seale and Maureen McConville, Philby: The Long Road to Moscow (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1973), pp. 225–6.
20. Jeremy Lewis, David Astor: A Life in Print (London: Cape, 2016), p. 248.
21. Richard Davenport-Hines and Adam Sisman, eds, One Hundred Letters from Hugh Trevor-Roper (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014), p. 397.
22. NA FO 371/64085, C6781/C6781/3G, Sir Henry Mack, Vienna, to Sir Patrick Dean, 2 May 1947; Graham Greene, Ways of Escape (London: Bodley Head, 1980), p. 126.
23. NA KV 2/4170, serial 318a, Interrogation of Peter Smolka by Arthur Martin, 2 October 1961.
24. Peter Wright, Spycatcher: The Candid Autobiography of a Senior Intelligence Officer (New York: Viking, 1987), p. 173; Michael Holzman, James Jesus Angleton, the CIA, and the Craft of Counterintelligence (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2008), p. 346 (where, however, it is wrongly stated that Solomon was thirty years older than Philby).
25. Chapman Pincher, Their Trade is Treachery (London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1981), p. 64; Davenport-Hines and Sisman, One Hundred Letters, p. 397; Martin Pearce, Spymaster: The Life of Britain’s Most Decorated Cold War Spy and Head of MI6, Sir Maurice Oldfield (London: Bantam, 2016), p. 212.
26. Oxford, Christ Church archives, Dacre papers 13/5, diary of Hugh Trevor-Roper, 25 November 1967.
27. Oxford, Christ Church archives, Dacre papers 10/45, Dick White to Hugh Trevor-Roper, 14 January 1968.
28. Tom Mangold, Cold Warrior: James Jesus Angleton, the CIA’s Master Spy Hunter (London: Simon & Schuster, 1991), pp. 66–7; Holzman, Angleton, p. 206.
29. ‘Danger: The Old Pals’ Act’, Daily Mirror editorial, 3 July 1963, p. 2.
30. W. N. Ewer, ‘Poor Burgess – The Tragic Heretic who was always an Unhappy Misfit’, Daily Herald, 2 September 1963.
31. Oxford, Christ Church archives, Dacre papers 10/45, Dick White to Hugh Trevor-Roper, 14 January 1968.
32. Ian Fleming, ‘If I Were Prime Minister’, Spectator, 9 October 1959, p. 466; Ian Fleming, You Only Live Twice (London: Cape, 1964), chapter 8, pp. 103–4.
33. Oxford, Bodleian Library, Mss Eng c 6925, ff. 246–7.
34. Oxford, Worcester College archives, WOR/PRO 10/1/128/1, Dick White to Masterman, 5 October 1967, and Masterman to White, 7 October 1967; Phillip Knightley, David Leitch, Bruce Page and Hugo Young, ‘Government and the Press’, The Times, 23 November 1967, p. 11.
35. Oxford, Christ Church archives, Dacre papers 10/45, White to Trevor-Roper, 14 January 1968.
36. Oxford, Christ Church archives, Dacre papers 10/45, Bruce Page to Hugh Trevor-Roper, 5 January 1968.
37. Holzman, Angleton, p. 204.
38. Oxford, Worcester College archives, WOR/PRO 10/1/128/1, Lord Normanbrook to Sir J. C. Masterman, 25 March 1965; and White to Masterman, 20 May 1968.
39. Richard Deacon, The History of the British Secret Service (London: Muller, 1969), p. 402.
40. Oxford, Worcester College archives, WOR/PRO/10/1/128/1, Masterman to White, 16 May 1968; Sir John Masterman, The Double-Cross System in the War of 1939 to 1945 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1972), p. 188.
41. DBPO, series 3, vol. 1, pp. 68, 287, 300.
42. Ibid., pp. 92, 214, 292; Lord Greenhill of Harrow, More by Accident (York: Wilton, 1992), p. 121.
43. Christopher Andrew and Oleg Gordievsky, KGB: The Inside Story of its Foreign Operations from Lenin to Gorbachev (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1990), p. 435.
44. DBPO, series 3, vol. 1, pp. 339–40.
46. NA KV 2/4138, serial 1559a, Guy Burgess to Sir Roy Harrod, 29 January 1963.
47. House of Lords debates, 27 July 1971, vol. 323, col. 279, and 27 October 1971, vol. 324, col. 723.
48. Gill Bennett, Six Moments of Crisis: Inside British Foreign Policy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013), p. 127.
50. Andrew and Gordievsky, KGB, p. 436.
51. Patrick Keatley, ‘Spy Charges May Follow Lialine Case’, Guardian, 2 October 1971, p. 1; Robert Kaiser, ‘A Who’s Who of Spies by Philby’, ibid., p. 3.
52. Arthur Lewis, House of Commons debates, 27 October 1971, vol. 823, cols 2034–6.
53. DBPO, series 3, vol. 1, p. 423; DBPO, series 3, vol. 3 (London: Stationery Office, 2001), p. 88; DBPO, series 3, vol. 8 (London: Routledge, 2012), pp. 381, 384.
1. Evelyn Waugh, The Sword of Honour Trilogy (London: Everyman, 1994), pp. 151, 307.
2. Graham Greene, Collected Essays (London: Bodley Head, 1969), p. 414.
3. Christopher Andrew, The Defence of the Realm: The Authorized History of MI5 (London: Allen Lane, 2009), p. 437.
4. Markus Wolf, Man without a Face: The Autobiography of Communism’s Greatest Spy Master (London: Cape, 1997), pp. 174–5.
5. Andrew, Defence of the Realm, pp. 503-5.
7. Peter Wright, Spycatcher: The Candid Autobiography of a Senior Intelligence Officer (New York: Viking, 1987), p. 13.
8. Jenifer Hart, Ask Me No More: An Autobiography (London: Peter Halban, 1998), pp. 77-9; Sir Isaiah Berlin, Affirming: Letters, 1975–1997, ed. Henry Hardy and Mark Pottle (London: Chatto & Windus, 2015), p. 215; Cambridge, King’s College archives, NGA 5/1/1029, Dick White to Noël Annan, 25 October 1990.
9. Wright, Spycatcher, p. 265.
11. Ibid., pp. 265–6, 267; Hart, Ask Me No More, p. 53.
12. Oxford, Christ Church archives, Dacre papers 10/48, Ewen Montagu to Hugh Trevor-Roper, 3 January 1980, and Dick White to Trevor-Roper, 6 January 1980.
13. Berlin, Affirming, p. 525.
14. R. C. Zaehner, Concordant Discord: The Interdependence of Faiths (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1970), p. 6.
15. Ibid., pp. 395–6, 416, 432-3.
16. Wright, Spycatcher, pp. 244–6.
17. Hugh Trevor-Roper, The Wartime Journals, ed. Richard Davenport-Hines (London: I. B. Tauris, 2012), pp. 67–8.
18. Sir Stuart Hampshire, Innocence and Experience (London: Allen Lane, 1989), p. 8.
20. Sir Stuart Hampshire, ‘Danger of taste for spy stories’, The Times, 1 December 1981, p. 11.
21. Oxford, Christ Church archives, Dacre papers 10/48, White to Trevor-Roper, 6 January 1980.
22. Graham Lord, ‘John Junor: a bigot and blatant hypocrite’, Press Gazette, 10 April 2013; Miranda Carter, Blunt: His Lives (London: Macmillan, 2001), pp. 475, 481; Malcolm Muggeridge, ‘The Eclipse of the Gentleman’, Time, 3 December 1979.
23. ‘DAMN YOUR CONSCIENCE!:, Daily Express, 21 November 1979, p. 1; ‘Daily Mail Comment’, Daily Mail, 21 November 1979, p. 6.
24. Sir Michael Howard, ‘Professor Blunt and security’, The Times, 21 November 1979, p. 15; Russell Burlingham, ibid.
25. Chapman Pincher, ‘Newest twists in the Blunt tale’, Evening News, 17 March 1980; Chapman Pincher, Traitors: The Labyrinths of Treason (London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1987), p. 161; Peter Kidson, ‘Anthony Frederick Blunt’, Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the British Academy, vol. 13 (Cambridge University Press, 2014), pp. 36–7.
26. Frederic Raphael, There and Then: Personal Terms 6 (Manchester: Carcanet, 2013), p. 141; Andrew Boyle, The Climate of Treason: Five Who Spied for Russia (London: Hutchinson, 1979), pp. 107, 151, 184; Cambridge University Library, Add 9429/1G/35, Andrew Boyle to George Carey-Foster, 17 August 1978.
27. Hugh Trevor-Roper, ‘The unholy trinity’, Spectator, 17 November 1979, p. 22; Neal Ascherson, ‘What sort of traitors?’, London Review of Books, 7 February 1980, p. 6.
28. Boyle, Climate of Treason, pp. 197, 291–2; Berlin, Affirming, pp. 117–21.
29. Oxford, Christ Church archives, Dacre papers 10/48, Dick White to Hugh Trevor-Roper, 25 January 1980.
30. Boyle, Climate of Treason, pp. 11, 87, 156, 218.
31. Chapman Pincher, Their Trade is Treachery (London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1981), pp. 1–2; Chapman Pincher, Too Secret Too Long: The Great Betrayal of Britain’s Crucial Secrets and the Cover-up (London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1984), p. 517.
32. Hugh Trevor-Roper, ‘The Real Harm Done by the Fifth Man’, Daily Telegraph, 21 October 1990; Richard Aldrich and Rory Cormac, The Black Door: Spies, Secret Intelligence and British Prime Ministers (London: Collins, 2016), pp. 366–7.
33. Andrew, Defence of the Realm, pp. 519-20; Cambridge, King’s College archives, NGA 5/1/1029, Dick White to Noël Annan, 13 May 1988.
34. Robert Leeson, ed., Hayek: A Collaborative Biography: Part III – Fraud, Fascism and Free Market Religion (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015), pp. ix, 33, 215, 223.
35. Richard Deacon, The British Connection: Russia’s Manipulation of British Individuals and Institutions (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1979), pp. 51–2.
36. Cambridge, King’s College archives, NGA 5/1/1029, Dick White to Noël Annan, 13 May 1988.
37. John Costello, Mask of Treachery: Spies, Lies, Buggery and Betrayal, the First Documented Dossier of Anthony Blunt’s Cambridge Spy Ring (New York: William Morrow, 1988), p. 605.
38. Oxford, Christ Church archives, Dacre 10/48, Dick White to Hugh Trevor-Roper, 6 January 1980; Cambridge, King’s College archives, NGA 5/1/1029, Dick White to Noël Annan, 10 May 1989.
39. Christopher N. L. Brooke, A History of the University of Cambridge, vol. 4 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), p. 127; Malcolm Muggeridge, ‘The Eclipse of the Gentleman’, Time, 3 December 1979; Sarah Curtis, ed., The Journals of Woodrow Wyatt, vol. 1 (London: Macmillan, 1998), p. 229; Richard Deacon, The Cambridge Apostles: A History of Cambridge University’s Elite Intellectual Secret Society (London: Robert Boyce, 1985), pp. 61, 68.
40. Richard Davenport-Hines and Adam Sisman, eds, One Hundred Letters from Hugh Trevor-Roper (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014), pp. 397–8; Anthony Cave Brown, ‘C’: The Secret Life of Sir Stewart Menzies, Spymaster to Winston Churchill (New York: Macmillan, 1987), p. 173; Tom Bower, The Perfect English Spy: Sir Dick White and the Secret Service, 1935–90 (London: Heinemann, 1995), p. 129; Michael Holzman, James Jesus Angleton: The CIA and the Craft of Counterintelligence (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2008), p. 100.
41. NA KV 2/4119, serial 468a, G. R. Mitchell, ‘Philip Dennis PROCTOR’, 3 December 1953.
42. E. M. Forster, Two Cheers for Democracy (London: Edward Arnold, 1951), pp. 82–3; Ray Mills, ‘The Angry Voice’, Daily Star, 2 September & 9 September 1986.
43. Oxford, Christ Church archives, Dacre papers 10/46, Hugh Trevor-Roper to Donald McCormick, 30 October 1981.
44. Martin Pearce, Spymaster: The Life of Britain’s Most Decorated Cold War Spy and Head of MI6, Sir Maurice Oldfield (London: Bantam, 2016), p. 331.
46. Richard Davenport-Hines, Sex, Death and Punishment: Attitudes to Sex and Sexuality in Britain since the Renaissance (London: Collins, 1990), p. 1; Pincher, Too Secret Too Long, pp. 387, 417; James Barros, No Sense of Evil: Espionage – The Case of Herbert Norman (Toronto: Deneau, 1986), p. 9.
47. Anthony Cavendish, Inside Intelligence (London: Collins, 1990), p. 160; Pincher, Traitors, pp. 103, 104, 105, 107, 111–13.
48. ‘After Oldfield’, Daily Telegraph, 25 April 1987; Richard Evans, ‘Ex-MI6 chief a homosexual says Thatcher’, The Times, 24 April 1987, p. 1; Michael Evans, ‘Inquiry call on ex-MI6 chief’, The Times, 20 April 1987, p. 18.
49. Pearce, Spymaster, pp. 339, 343, 344; Curtis, Journals of Woodrow Wyatt, vol. 1, pp. 333, 335.
50. Pearce, Spymaster, p. 329.
51. Geoffrey Levy, ‘The Spycatcher of Fleet Street whose Scoops Spooked PMs’, Daily Mail, 7 August 2014; ‘Chapman Pincher’, Daily Telegraph, 6 August 2014.
52. Cambridge, King’s College archives, NGA 5/1/1029, Dick White to Noël Annan, 13 April 1989; Hugh Trevor-Roper, ‘The Real Harm Done by the Fifth Man’, Daily Telegraph, 21 October 1990.
1. Sarah Curtis, ed., The Journals of Woodrow Wyatt, vol. 1 (London: Macmillan, 1998), p. 10.
2. Alan Campbell, Colleagues and Friends (Wilton: Michael Russell, 1988), p. 134.
3. Tim Shipman, All Out War: The Full Story of Brexit (London: William Collins, 2016), p. 329; Arron Banks, The Bad Boys of Brexit: Tales of Mischief, Mayhem & Guerrilla Warfare in the EU Referendum Campaign (London: Biteback, 2016), p. 279; Craig Oliver, Unleashing Demons: The Inside Story of Brexit (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 2016), p. 280. Gove’s admirers have since claimed, as if this might mute the outrage, that he intended to say, ‘People in this country have had enough of experts from organizations with acronyms saying that they know what is best.’
4. Anthony Powell, A Writer’s Notebook (London: Heinemann, 2000), p. 49.
5. Lord Vansittart, The Mist Procession (London: Hutchinson, 1958), p. 351.