267. The Second Agricultural Revolution occurred at roughly the same time as the
(A) American Civil War
(B) Industrial Revolution
(C) Green Revolution
(D) Boxer Rebellion
(E) California Gold Rush
268. The Third Agricultural Revolution is also known as the
(A) Green Revolution
(B) Industrial Revolution
(C) Genetic Revolution
(D) Rice Revolution
(E) Plantation Revolution
269. Locations farthest from large bodies of water
(A) experience the most natural disasters
(B) have the most extreme climates
(C) are most suitable for large-scale agriculture
(D) need more water to irrigate crops
(E) tend to have the highest population density
270. Dogs, pigs, and chickens were first domesticated in
(A) Western Africa
(B) Central America
(C) North America
(D) Southeast Asia
(E) Northern India
271. All of the following are forms of commercial agriculture EXCEPT
(A) dairy farming
(B) specialized fruit production
(C) cattle ranching
(D) grain farming
(E) pastoral nomadism
272. A farmer plants corn in a field one year, cotton in the same field the following year, and then corn again. This farmer is practicing
(A) subsistence agriculture
(B) commercial farming
(C) crop rotation
(D) slash-and-burn agriculture
(E) shifting cultivation
273. Which of the following crops is grown on the sides of terraced hills to allow flowing water to run over the plants?
(A) Wheat
(B) Rice
(C) Taro
(D) Soybeans
(E) Millet
274. Which of the following seed crops were first domesticated in Mexico?
(A) Rice and wheat
(B) Corn and millet
(C) Yams and palm trees
(D) Squash and beans
(E) Sugarcane and taro
275. In South America, most ethanol is produced using
(A) corn
(B) soybeans
(C) wheat
(D) palm oil
(E) sugarcane
276. Market-gardening activities occur in which zone of von Thünen’s model of agricultural land use?
(A) First zone
(B) Second zone
(C) Third zone
(D) Fourth zone
(E) Sixth zone
277. Which of the following was a short-term result of the collectivization of agricultural production in Communist countries?
(A) Increased labor costs
(B) Urbanization
(C) Deindustrialization
(D) Food shortages
(E) Lower food costs
278. All of the following are plantation crops EXCEPT
(A) cotton
(B) tea
(C) sugarcane
(D) rubber
(E) wheat
279. Cash-cropping is a form of
(A) subsistence agriculture
(B) extensive agriculture
(C) pastoral nomadism
(D) mixed farming
(E) aquaculture
280. Which of the following methods of farming has become more popular in response to the widespread use of pesticides in farming?
(A) Slash-and-burn agriculture
(B) Crop rotation
(C) Organic farming
(D) Shifting cultivation
(E) Agricultural industrialization
281. All of the following crops might be grown on a truck farm EXCEPT
(A) green beans
(B) okra
(C) strawberries
(D) watermelons
(E) rice
282. The emergence of which of the following allowed people to settle in one location permanently rather than migrating seasonally?
(A) Subsistence farming
(B) Multicropping
(C) Monoculture
(D) Plantation agriculture
(E) Commercial farming
283. Which of the following was developed during the Third Agricultural Revolution?
(A) The cotton gin
(B) Animal domestication
(C) Cattle ranching
(D) Genetic engineering
(E) Seed agriculture
284. Which of the following crops was domesticated in northern Africa approximately 1,200 years ago?
(A) Pineapples
(B) Coffee
(C) Squash
(D) Corn
(E) Millet
285. When flying across the central United States, the view consists of patches of land about one square mile in size. This is evidence of which type of land-use pattern?
(A) Metes and bounds system
(B) Long lots system
(C) Township and range system
(D) Sectional system
(E) Homestead system
286. Which of the following is true about agriculture in China?
(A) The government dictates the types and quantities of crops grown.
(B) China has the highest sanitary and phytosanitary standards in Asia.
(C) Both rice and wheat are grown throughout China.
(D) Organic farming accounts for most of the farming in China.
(E) China is the largest exporter of agricultural goods in the world.
287. Which of the following describes how winter wheat is planted and harvested?
(A) Planted in the fall, harvested in the winter
(B) Planted in the spring, harvested in the summer
(C) Planted in the winter, harvested in the spring
(D) Planted in the spring, harvested in the winter
(E) Planted in the fall, harvested in the spring
288. Which of the following machines is used to cut grain that is standing in the fields?
(A) Tillage
(B) Reaper
(C) Thresher
(D) Harrow
(E) Transplanter
289. Which alternative energy source involves converting decaying plant matter into energy used to generate electricity or power engines?
(A) Biodiversity
(B) Solar power
(C) Biomass
(D) Organic conversion
(E) Fermentation
290. A potential reserve is an energy source that
(A) has not been fully utilized due to geographic restrictions
(B) is not widely used because it is too expensive
(C) can be used to generate electricity and create fuel
(D) exists only in remote geographic locations
(E) is suspected to exist but has not been discovered
291. A developer clears several acres of forest to make room for a shopping center. All traces of the original landscape have been eliminated. This is an example of
(A) NIMBY
(B) topicide
(C) sustainable development
(D) desertification
(E) agribusiness
292. Farming on long lots is most likely to occur along which of the following?
(A) Mississippi River
(B) Salinas Valley
(C) Appalachian Mountains
(D) Great Plains
(E) Everglades
293. All of the following crops are products of Mediterranean agriculture EXCEPT
(A) olives
(B) grapes
(C) dates
(D) figs
(E) apples
294. Which of the following refers to the decision to abandon the use of a product that harms the environment and switch to a product that is more environmentally friendly?
(A) Subsistence
(B) Substitution principle
(C) Sustainability
(D) Conservation
(E) Recycling
295. Which of the following describes an example of creative destruction?
(A) A farmer clears a forest in order to plant grain.
(B) A developer uses landfill to build a restaurant on a river.
(C) A farmer plants an orchard next to a field where cattle graze.
(D) A farmer plants corn in a field where grain was previously grown.
(E) A developer plants native plants around a shopping center.
296. The clearing of land through manual labor using simple tools is called
(A) reaping
(B) labor-intensive farming
(C) cultivation
(D) crop rotation
(E) preservation
297. Mineral fuels are also known as
(A) renewable resources
(B) coal
(C) fossil fuels
(D) stored reserves
(E) natural resources
298. In the preservationist land use model, people are encouraged to
(A) not alter the natural environment
(B) clear only land that is not currently in use
(C) raise only enough crops to feed the local population
(D) explore wilderness areas previously untouched
(E) raise only those crops that do not require irrigation
299. Which of the following is characterized by the use of migrant workers who do not live on the farm for labor?
(A) Cottage industry farms
(B) Suitcase farms
(C) Long-lot farms
(D) Organic farms
(E) Livestock farms
300. The theory that people will do what is in their own best interest even when it is not in the best interest of the common good is called the
(A) theory of the common good
(B) theory of nonsustainability
(C) tragedy of the commons
(D) comedy of the anticommons
(E) theory of best self-interest
301. Herders who move herds constantly in order to find food sources as old sources are depleted engage in
(A) shifting cultivation
(B) pastoral nomadism
(C) commercial farming
(D) agropastoralism
(E) sedentarization
302. Which of the following is an example of the implementation of the sustainable land use model?
(A) A logger who cuts down trees for lumber plants more trees.
(B) A farmer plants a secondary crop in the space between the primary crops.
(C) A farmer plants only what is needed to feed his or her family.
(D) A herder moves from one location to another in order to find food for his or her herd.
(E) A developer clears a plot of land for a shopping mall and makes a donation to a conservation fund.
303. Which of the following types of agriculture is used most widely throughout the world?
(A) Commercial farming
(B) Slash-and-burn
(C) Plantation
(D) Shifting cultivation
(E) Mediterranean
304. Which form of commercial agriculture is found primarily in developing countries?
(A) Plantation agriculture
(B) Livestock farming
(C) Mixed farming
(D) Dairy farming
(E) Truck farming
305. All of the following states are located in the Corn Belt EXCEPT
(A) Nebraska
(B) Illinois
(C) Indiana
(D) Montana
(E) Kansas
306. Which of the following crops is grown in the greatest quantity worldwide?
(A) Tobacco
(B) Cereal grains
(C) Sugarcane
(D) Rice
(E) Soybeans
307. Which of the following is an example of voluntary collective farming?
(A) Collectives in Vietnam between 1976 and 1986
(B) Cooperatives in Hungary between 1948 and 1956
(C) Collectives in Cuba between 1977 and 1983
(D) Kibbutzim in Israel between 1909 and the present
(E) Kolkhozy in the Soviet Union between 1928 and 1933
308. A type of animal feeding operation (AFO) that prepares an animal for slaughter by increasing the weight of the animal is called
(A) dairying
(B) a grazing farm
(C) a feedlot
(D) a cattle drive
(E) a livestock yard
309. Intertillage is the process of
(A) resting land between crop cycles
(B) planting between the rows of crops
(C) hand picking fruit yields
(D) transporting crops to market
(E) harvesting cereal crops with machinery
310. Which of the following is not an example of a staple food in Central America?
(A) Beans
(B) Wheat
(C) Corn
(D) Potatoes
(E) Squash
311. A society that relies on the cultivation of land is known as
(A) municipal
(B) metropolitan
(C) naturalist
(D) hunter-gatherer
(E) agrarian
312. The program for developing countries that reduces their foreign debt and promotes local conservation funding is known as
(A) Green Revolution
(B) market gardening
(C) debt-for-nature swap
(D) sustainable planning
(E) cultivation exchange
313. Which of the following is not an example of Mediterranean agriculture?
(A) Oranges in Florida
(B) Lemons in California
(C) Raisins in Greece
(D) Olives in Italy
(E) Grapes in southwest Australia
314. Plants and animals that have been genetically adapted to suit human needs are considered
(A) feral
(B) cultivated
(C) primitive
(D) domesticated
(E) indigenous
315. Which of the following is a benefit of industrial agriculture?
(A) It uses fewer fossil fuels.
(B) It gives consumers more access to food.
(C) It conserves water through irrigation.
(D) It increases the number of farming jobs.
(E) It decreases the amount of chemical fertilizers running off farm fields.
316. Slash-and-burn is an example of what type of agriculture practice?
(A) Sustainable farming
(B) Pastoral agriculture
(C) Collective farming
(D) Subsistence farming
(E) Plantation agriculture
317. A crop grown for profit is called a
(A) staple crop
(B) domesticated crop
(C) food crop
(D) primary crop
(E) cash crop
318. Which of the following is not true about market gardening?
(A) It sells goods directly to consumers and restaurants.
(B) It requires more manual labor than mechanized farming.
(C) It produces a diverse variety of crops.
(D) It relies on monoculture production.
(E) It operates on a relatively small scale.
319. Which of the following is not a cause of desertification?
(A) Overgrazing by animals
(B) Off-road vehicles increasing soil loss in drylands
(C) Overcultivation of semiarid lands
(D) Policies favoring nomadic herding over sedentary farming
(E) Irrigation resulting in salinization
320. Which of the following is a practice of an extractive industry?
(A) Cutting timber and forest regeneration
(B) Mining for copper
(C) Horse breeding
(D) Growing soybeans
(E) Fishing for salmon
321. Which of the following is an argument made by Carl Sauer?
(A) Agrarian societies increased biodiversity in their homelands.
(B) The spread of universal faiths is a result of crop surplus.
(C) Natural landscapes have been indirectly altered by human activity.
(D) Nomadic people of the grasslands first domesticated crops.
(E) The shift from horticulture to agriculture resulted in increased male activity in farming.
322. A suitcase farm is defined as
(A) a commercial farm where no one lives and that is farmed by migratory workers
(B) temporarily cultivated land that is abandoned after several seasons
(C) land to and from which seasonal pasture animals are moved throughout the year
(D) a farm where crops are grown for human consumption rather than for animals
(E) commercial production of fruit from orchards
323. The agricultural location model suggests that
(A) grain crops should lie closest to the market center to maximize profits
(B) ranching should lie closest to the market center to maximize profits
(C) timber and firewood should lie near the wilderness to maximize profits
(D) vegetable farms should lie far from the market center to maximize profits
(E) dairying should lie closest to the market center to maximize profits
324. Most of the U.S. Midwest was divided using which system?
(A) Metes and bounds
(B) Township and range
(C) Universal transverse mercator (UTM)
(D) Long lots
(E) Nucleated
325. The farming of oysters is an example of
(A) polyculture
(B) hydroponics
(C) aeroponics
(D) aquaculture
(E) waterlogging
326. A direct result of the U.S. farm crisis is
(A) more jobs available in the farming industry
(B) less food available for consumption
(C) a decrease in the number of small farms
(D) increased price of crops for consumers
(E) higher profits for farmers
327. To reduce the risk of depleting the soil of nutrients, a farmer decides to plant legumes in a field that previously grew corn. This practice is called
(A) crop rotation
(B) companion cropping
(C) succession cropping
(D) double cropping
(E) no-till planting
328. Limiting the amount of timber cut from a forest to prevent forest depletion, thus ensuring its production for future use, is an example of
(A) intensive subsistence agriculture
(B) sustainable yield
(C) nonrenewable resources
(D) specialization
(E) an adaptive strategy
329. Which of the following is not an example of a luxury crop?
(A) tea
(B) cacao
(C) tobacco
(D) wool
(E) coffee
330. Which of the following is true regarding the growing season?
(A) The Northern Hemisphere has a longer growing season than the Southern Hemisphere.
(B) Areas near the poles have longer growing seasons than regions near the equator.
(C) The Southern Hemisphere has a longer growing season than the Northern Hemisphere.
(D) Lands near the equator have longer growing seasons than at the poles.
(E) Growing seasons are the same around the world.
331. All of the following are true of the Green Revolution EXCEPT
(A) Some countries have instituted bans on genetically modified food.
(B) Crops are grown without the use of synthetic pesticides or fertilizers.
(C) Crops are grown from genetically modified seeds to increase yields.
(D) The high price of seeds and fertilizers perpetuates socioeconomic divides.
(E) Farmers must buy new seeds each year.
332. Which of the following is an example of agribusiness?
(A) Manufacturing clothing from cotton
(B) Selling handwoven wool rugs
(C) Processing crops into canned food
(D) Cutting trees for lumber
(E) Mining coal for energy
333. The enclosure movement changed farming in England during the 18th-century by
(A) consolidating the many small farms into fewer large farms
(B) encouraging land closest to villages to be farmed rather than land in the rural countryside
(C) requiring pens and corrals for any livestock within city limits
(D) restricting herding and grazing to specific areas
(E) initiating building codes for barns and silos
334. Which of the following is not a major hearth of agriculture development and animal domestication?
(A) Western Africa
(B) Central America
(C) Southern Europe
(D) Southeast Asia
(E) Northwest South America
335. The Middle East is known as the Fertile Crescent because
(A) it is the largest modern exporter of cereal crops
(B) it developed new farming machinery that revolutionized modern agriculture
(C) historically it has had a high birth rate
(D) it offered biodiversity in a complex marshland ecosystem
(E) it was one of the first areas of sedentary farming and urban society
336. Which of the following agricultural practices most closely followed hunting and gathering?
(A) Swidden, or slash-and-burn
(B) Pastoralism
(C) Intensive agriculture
(D) Extensive agriculture
(E) Commercial farms
337. All of the following are true of crop rotation systems EXCEPT
(A) Early crop rotation systems were mentioned in ancient Roman literature.
(B) George Washington Carver helped popularize the use of peanuts in crop rotation in the United States.
(C) Most crop rotation systems involve planting three or four crops in an area in succession to preserve yields and nutrient levels.
(D) Crop rotation nearly always increases the need for artificial fertilizers.
(E) The four-field crop rotation system was a key to the 18th-century British Agricultural Revolution.
338. Feedlots are an example of what kind of farming?
(A) Intensive cultivation
(B) Free-range farming
(C) Labor-intensive farming
(D) Subsistence farming
(E) Shifting cultivation
339. Which of the following is true of the environmental impact of organic farming?
(A) The positive impact of organic farming on the environment is negligible because it is far less energy efficient than conventional farming.
(B) Organic farms are very beneficial to the environment because they do not use tractors or other internal combustion farm equipment.
(C) Organic farming has a positive environmental impact because organic farming helps sustain diverse ecosystems due to the lack of synthetic pesticides.
(D) The overall effect of organic farming on the environment is negative because very few crops can be effectively produced with organic farming.
(E) Organic farms are harmful to the environment because they produce far more waste than conventional farms.
340. All of the following are true according to the von Thünen model of agricultural land EXCEPT
(A) There is a certain distance beyond which agricultural activity is not profitable.
(B) Land values decrease with distance from urban markets.
(C) Rents are highest close to urban markets.
(D) Dairy farms are located close to the city because of the perishability of dairy products.
(E) Forests for fuel and timber production could be located in any of the four rings.
341. Which of the following best characterizes the Green Revolution?
(A) The Green Revolution relied solely on technology to increase crop yields in the years following World War II.
(B) The Green Revolution resulted in increased biodiversity worldwide, especially in places where monocropping and high-yield varietals were prevalent.
(C) The Green Revolution was able to increase crop yields and food production in many locations throughout the world, but its impact on the environment, geopolitics, and the world economy has yet to be fully understood.
(D) There have been no major famines since the agricultural practices of the Green Revolution took hold in the 1960s.
(E) Much more land was put under cultivation during the Green Revolution, and this, rather than the development of high-yield varietals, was responsible for the increase in food production from 1960 to 1985.
342. All of the following were features of the British Agricultural Revolution between the 17th and 19th centuries EXCEPT
(A) the drawing away of workers from factories growing up during the same period in the Industrial Revolution
(B) the invention of mechanical farm implements like Jethro Tull’s seed drill
(C) the development of four-field crop rotation
(D) an enclosure movement for livestock
(E) the use of technology and advancements from other areas of Europe and America
343. People who engage in subsistence agriculture
(A) concentrate on two or three crops that can be sold for cash at the end of the season
(B) regularly make purchases in the marketplace
(C) never use slash-and-burn techniques
(D) may engage in intensive cultivation in areas of high population density
(E) are practicing a relatively new form of agriculture
344. All of the following are true of the beginning of agriculture EXCEPT
(A) Evidence for domestication of fruit trees does not appear until thousands of years after the beginning of agriculture.
(B) Evidence for domestication of the founder crops of agriculture has been dated to about 9500 BCE in the Fertile Crescent.
(C) Agriculture grew up in many areas of the world between 9500 BCE and about 7000 BCE.
(D) By the Bronze Age, agriculture was being practiced on a fairly large scale in many parts of the world.
(E) Early animal domestication arose at nearly the same time as the earliest evidence of plant domestication.
345. Transhumance can best be described as
(A) the use of feedlots to raise livestock
(B) the seasonal movement of people and livestock over short distances for the purposes of grazing
(C) a practice by which crops are rotated in a four-field system
(D) the use of animal manure as fertilizer in intensive cultivation
(E) long cattle drives in the 19th century to move stock from pastures to railheads in Kansas, Texas, and Missouri
346. Agriculture practices have evolved over human history due to advancing technologies and knowledge.
(A) Describe the First Agricultural Revolution and discuss how it changed agriculture practices.
(B) Describe the Second Agricultural Revolution and discuss how it changed agriculture practices.
(C) Describe the Third Agricultural Revolution and discuss how it changed agriculture practices.
347. Desertification is the end result of a long, gradual process.
(A) Identify factors leading to desertification.
(B) Explain how salinization destroys arable land.
(C) Explain how soil conservation can create sustainable agriculture.
348. Genetically modifying organisms for human benefit is a hotly debated topic.
(A) Explain how genetically engineered crops can benefit humans.
(B) Identify and explain possible drawbacks to genetic modification of food crops.
(C) Discuss the future of biotechnology in relation to agriculture: will its influence continue to grow, or will it wane in favor of organic farming? Support your opinion with examples.