Abumrad, Jad, 219
African wildcat, 43
amber, DNA extraction from, 19–23
American Museum of Natural History, 205
Ansel, W.F.A., 32
Anthropocene: critique of, 67; definition, 66–67; evolutionary adaption to, 68–69; extinction rate, 67–68
archaea, 50
Archer, Michael, 85, 87, 90–91, 92, 229
artificial selection, 29. See also selective breeding
artificial wombs, 144
auk, great, 15–16, 182–84, 191
aurochs, 16, 17, 33, 36–39, 100
Australian Museum, 233
backbreeding (breeding back), 35, 37
band-tailed pigeon, 152, 164–65, 166–67, 170, 174
Beijing Genomics Institute, 52
biological species concept, 26–27
biotechnology: societal acceptance of, 223–24, 226–27. See also CRISPR; gene drive; gene editing; genetic engineering; genetic rescue; Revive & Restore; selective breeding
birds, 168–69, 180–81, 182. See also specific species
black-footed ferret, 207–9, 220
borders, international, 196
Boyer, Herbert, 48
Brand, Stewart: on adaptation in Anthropocene, 68–69; background, 4; on CRISPR, 53; on current extinction discussions, 149; eco-pragmatism of, 245; on gene drive, 220–21; on Jurassic Park, 14; on mass extinction lens, 69–70; on moral imperative of de-extinction, 14; on razorbills and great auks, 184; reintroduction focus, 80; on taking action, 244–45; Whole Earth Catalogue, 4–5. See also Phelan, Ryan; Revive & Restore
breeding back (backbreeding), 35, 37
bucardo (Pyrenean ibex), 17, 45–46, 187, 205
business opportunities, 37, 39, 100, 110–11, 189–90, 233. See also entertainment; funding
Campbell, Kevin, 137
carbon, in permafrost, 114–17, 147
Carlin, Norman, 187–88, 189–90, 195, 198
Carolina parakeet, 175, 190, 248
Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, 196
Cas9 enzyme, 50, 184–85. See also CRISPR
cattle, 36–37. See also aurochs
cautionary vigilance, 4
charismatic necrofauna/species, 3, 103, 104–5, 106–7
Charpentier, Emmanuelle, 50–51
Christmas Island rat (Maclear’s rat), 105
Church, George: background, 6–7; CRISPR work on pig donor organs, 52–53; on ecosystem argument for de-extinction, 146; elephant herpes project, 225; Genome Project-Write, 57; on Neanderthal de-extinction, 28; Novak and, 161; passenger pigeon project, 8; on voluntary moratoriums, 55–56; woolly mammoth project, 17, 123, 136
climate change: introduction, 65; evolutionary adaptation to, 68–69; as hyperobject, 70; release of carbon in permafrost, 114–17, 147
cloning, 39–46; overview, 58; birds, 168–69; bucardo (Pyrenean ibex), 45–46; complications and ethical questions, 41, 58; de-extinction considerations, 46; Dolly the sheep, 41, 90; of endangered species, 42–43; of extinct species, 12–13, 43–46; from frozen DNA, 23–24; gastric-brooding frog, 85; gaur, 42; mitonuclear compatibility issue, 41–42; overview of cell types, 39–40; of pets, 135–36; process, 40–41; thylacine, 90–93; woolly mammoth, 43–45, 135, 136
Clymene dolphin, 27
Cohen, Stanley, 48
conservation: cost of, 78; de-extinction contributions to, 111–12, 204–9, 225, 252; DNA preservation efforts, 73–74, 205–6; endangered species status and, 197; funding competition with de-extinction, 74–75; gene drive and, 220; genetic engineering for pathogen resistance, 209; genetic engineering for population bottlenecks, 206–8; as greater value than de-extinction, 77–78; human resource issues, 76–77; pessimism inherent in, 147; success stories, 71–72; synthetic biology and, 201–4. See also endangered species
conservation translocation, 80–81. See also reintroduction
corals, 202
Crichton, Michael, 21. See also Jurassic Park
CRISPR, 49–56; applicability, 51–52; Chinese research with, 53–54, 198–99; cost, 52; discovery, 49; DNA cutting function, 50–51; DNA insertion function, 51; ethical issues, 53–54; gene drives and, 217; genetic rescue potential, 53; impact on de-extinction, 200; moratoriums suggested for, 56; potential problems, 52; regulatory burden on, 199–200; speed, 52; spread and sophistication of use, 56, 184–85
Critser, John, 143
crop (birds), 154
Crutzen, Paul, 66
cryopreservation, 45
Cuvier, Georges, 61
cytoplasm, 41
Dalén, Love, 133
Darwin, Charles, 29
death, keeping faith with, 243–44
de-extinction: assessment of projects, 15–16; author’s interest and approach to, 1–2, 5–6, 15–16, 17–18, 252–53; existing research and literature, 16, 17; honoring differences with original animals, 249–50; as human-mediated nature, 250; impact on humans considerations, 251; importance of narratives about, 250–51; inaccurate concept of reviving exact replicas, 12–13, 204; pragmatic approach of, 245; proper comprehension of, 247–48; realistic expectations, 25; responsibility for, 233–34, 247, 252–53; scientific advances from, 184–85; seen through Frankenstein myth, 232, 233–34; sincerity of practitioners, 252; societal threshold for, 226–27; terminology, 3, 16–17
—concerns: as avoidance of responsibility for current problems, 244; as beginning of new extinction phase, 243–44; charismatic species focus, 3, 103, 104–5, 107; common, 14–15; compromise of ecosystem integrity, 245–47; conservation as more vital, 71, 77–78; dangerous knowledge, 230; deliberate extinction moral hazard, 72–74; egotism, 71; excessive care, 234–35; funding competition with conservation, 74–75; human resources, 76–77; invasive spreading, 195; multiplying impacts of de-extinction, 235; private funding, 75–76; salvation narratives in de-extinction, 235–36; of unintentional self-inflicted harm, 231
—legal and regulatory issues: creation of new laws, 193; current lack of regulation, 187; endangered species status, 194–97; environmental impact statements, 191; GMO legislation, 190–91; human interaction with unextinct animals, 197; impact of non-Western nations, 198, 199; impact of privately funded labs, 199–200; jurisdictional issues, 196; liability for damage from release of animals, 197–98; likely outcome, 194, 200; patents, 188–89; precedent focus, 187–88; profit from unextinct animals, 189–90; release of animals, 197; Torrance on, 191–94; use of pre-existing laws, 192–93
—reasons for: business opportunities, 37, 39, 100, 110–11, 189–90, 233; conservation, 111–12, 204–9, 252; coolness factor, 109–10; ecosystem argument, 11–12, 145–46, 147; entertainment, 95, 110, 250–51; moral obligation, 14, 242–43
—techniques: overview, 58; cloning, 39–46, 58; conservation use of, 111–12, 204–9, 252; extraction of DNA from amber, 19–23; gene editing, 48–56, 58; genetic engineering, 46–48; selective breeding, 28–39, 58; synthetic genomes, 56–57
Dhadwar, Bobby: introduction, 136; elephant herpes project, 225–26; Woolly Mammoth Revival project, 136–41, 143–44
differentiation, 40
digital biological conversion, 7
dingoes, 89
DNA: disintegration after death, 23; genetic code archives, 204; location within cells, 41; preservation through freezing, 23–24, 45, 204–6; recombinant, 54–56; sequencing, 3, 47, 132, 163; spacer, 50; species relationships determined from, 32; structure and function, 46–47
—ancient: beginning of studies on, 32–33; extraction from amber theory, 19–23; fossilization impact on, 24; hype trap of, 91; oldest sample obtained, 25; Poinar on working with, 24–25; using close living relatives as template, 131–32
DNA Direct, 3
dogs, 29
dolphin: Clymene, 27; Yangtze River, 82–83, 199
Donlan, Josh, 197
dwarfism, 129
eating, of unextinct animals, 100, 185–86
ecosystem: as argument for de-extinction, 11–12, 145–46, 147; bioabundance, 69; complexity of, 81; de-extinction as compromising integrity of, 245–47; extinction impact on, 11; regulations, and assumption that extinction means loss to, 192–93. See also reintroduction
ectogenesis, 144
EEHV (elephant endotheliotropic herpes-virus), 224–26
Egler, Frank, 81
egotism, 71
elephants: challenge of getting eggs from, 142–43; creation of stem cells from, 138–40; de-extinction for conserving, 111–12, 149, 207; editing mammoth genes into, 137, 207; elephant endotheliotropic herpes-virus (EEHV), 224–26; relationship to mammoths, 126, 138. See also woolly mammoth
elk. See wapiti
emotions, 94–95, 237–39, 240–41
endangered species: cloning, 42–43; cloning as basis for protection removal, 74; gaining status for unextinct animals, 194–96; human interactions with, 197; societal acceptance of using biotech to save, 223–24, 226–27. See also conservation
entertainment, unextinct animals for, 95, 110, 250–51. See also business opportunities
eons, 60
epigenetics, 170
epochs, 60
Epstein, Brendan, 92
eras, 60
ethics: cloning, 41; CRISPR, 53–54; de-extinction as moral hazard, 72–74; emotions and, 238–39; excessive care, 234–35; moral imperative for de-extinction, 14, 242–43; society thresholds for biotech use, 223–24, 226–27; Van Dooren of extinction ethics, 244; weighing de-extinction against conservation, 108–9
Ewen, John, 96
An Experiment on a Bird in the Air Pump (Wright), 230
Extinct DNA Study Group, 19
extinction: background rate, 61; current rate, 67–68; emotional responses to, 237–39, 240–41; ethics of, 244; evolutionary role, 60–61; human responsibility, 63–64, 68; impact on ecosystem, 11; inability to stop human-caused, 248–49; keeping faith with, 243–44; mass, 62–64, 70; need to properly comprehend, 247–48; origin of concept, 61; as process over time, 239–40
extirpation (local extinction), 67, 72–73, 83
extrauterine fetal incubation, 144
facsimiles, 188
Fernández-Arias, Alberto, 45
ferret, black-footed, 207–9, 220
Fisher, Davis, 110
Florida panther, 72
flu virus, 225
Folch, José, 46
fossilization, 24
fossil record, 60
Frankenfoods, 232
Frankenstein (Shelley), 231, 232, 233–34
Frankenstein complex, 232
frog, gastric-brooding, 16, 17, 84–86, 188–89, 209, 229
Frozen Ark, 205
Frozen Zoo, San Diego Zoo Safari Park, 204–5
funding, 74–76, 78–79, 199–200. See also business opportunities
galvanism, 232
gastric-brooding frog, 16, 17, 84–86, 188–89, 209, 229
gene drive, 217–21; attention given to, 217; conservation uses, 220; explanation of, 217–19; modification of unextinct animals, 220–21; mosquito example, 219–20; problems with, 220
gene editing, 48–49, 58. See also CRISPR
genetic assistance, 10
genetic engineering: American chestnut, 221–23; historical overview, 46–48; for pathogen resistance, 209; for population bottlenecks, 206–8
genetic rescue, 10–11, 53, 208, 223–24, 226
germinal crescent, 166
giant salamander, 186
Gilbert, Tom, 77–78, 104–5, 184, 186
global warming. See climate change
GMOs (genetically modified organisms), 189, 190, 191, 196, 197, 232
golden toad, 248
Goto, Kazufumi, 135
Gould, John, 90
grapefruit, 47
gray wolf, 43
Greely, Hank, 109
Greenberg, Joel, 151, 154, 160
Greer, Allen, 91
Haldane, J.B.S., 144
Harris, George, 88
herpes: elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus (EEHV), 224–26
higher organism, 189
Holmes, Max, 113, 114, 115–16, 118
Holocene, 64
hope, 249
Hornaday, William T., 246
Huang, Junjiu, 199
Huang, Xingxu, 198
humans: CRISPR used on human embryos, 53–54, 199; desire for resurrection, 2, 228; environmental impact by, 65–66; management of relationship with animals, 86–87; Neanderthals and, 27–28; need to consider de-extinction impact on, 251; reintroduction impact considerations, 102; responsibility for current mass extinction, 63–64, 68; werewolf syndrome, 141
hybridization, 27, 28, 68, 101
hyperobjects, 70
hype trap, 91
induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), 139, 215
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 65, 66
International Centre for Life, 182
International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), 76, 103
invasive species, 191–92, 195, 202–3
IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change), 65, 66
iPSCs (induced pluripotent stem cells), 139, 215
Ireland, Dave, 176
Iritani, Akira, 135
IUCN (International Union for the Conservation of Nature), 76, 103
Jacquet, Jennifer, 236–37, 248
Jobs, Steve, 4
Jørgensen, Dolly, on reintroductions: carnivores, 93; gastric-brooding frog, 85–86; human-animal relationship and, 83, 84, 86–87; mourning as incentive, 94–95; need to pre-plan de-extinction, 96; NIMBY attitude, 94; successful, 82
Jurassic Park, 14, 21, 23, 25, 125, 232
Jurassic World, 109
Kerkdijk-Otten, Henri, 36, 37–39
keystone species, 11
Knoepfler, Paul, 51
Koonin, Eugene, 50
labs, privately funded, 199–200
Lanza, Robert, 24
last-chance tourism, 110. See also business opportunities
Latour, Bruno, 234
Lazarus of Bethany, 228
Lazarus taxon, 229
legal issues. See de-extinction—legal and regulatory issues
Leopold, Aldo, 7
local extinctions (extirpation), 67, 72–73, 83
lynx, 93
Maclear’s rat (Christmas Island rat), 105
mammoths, 127, 128–29. See also woolly mammoth
Martin, George R.R., 79
Martin, Paul, 130
mass extinctions, 62–64, 68, 69–70. See also Anthropocene
Mayr, Ernst, 26
McKnight, Alvin, 157
Merkel, Hermann, 222
methane, 115
MIT Technology Review, 134
moa, 17
Moehrenschlager, Axel, 96
mollusks, 66
morality. See ethics
morphological species concept, 25–26
Morton, Timothy, 70
mourning, 94–95, 241–42, 244–45
Mwemba, James, 210–11, 212–13, 217
narratives. See stories
NIMBY (not in my backyard), 94
Northeast Science Station, 112, 113. See also Pleistocene Park
northern white rhino, 210–17; author’s experience with, 212–13; breeding program and problems, 210–11, 213–14; death of Suni, 211; ethical issues in reviving, 216–17; induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) solution, 215–16; proposed IVF solution, 214–15; society thresholds for using biotech with, 226; Sudan (last surviving male), 211–14; surviving animals, 77, 210. See also rhino
Novak, Ben: on cloning birds, 169; critique of Bennett’s analysis, 76; on genome templates from close living relatives, 131–32; personality and style, 157–58, 180; PhD research on rock pigeons, 180; on Revive & Restore’s bird work, 180–81; on scientific advances, 184–85
—passenger pigeon project: introduction, 158; on Allee effect, 174–75; blog post on, 179; on challenges, 173; early research, 160; on environmental impacts by pigeons, 176–78; gathering PGCs (primordial germ cells), 165–66; genetic editing of pigeon genome, 167–68; genome sequencing, 162–65; on habitat, 175, 176; joining Revive & Restore’s team, 160–61; on Martha (last passenger pigeon), 178–79; museum research, 179; passion for pigeons, 158–60, 234; on raising squabs, 169–71; on soft release of pigeons, 171–72, 173. See also passenger pigeons
oceans, 66
onco-mouse, 189
owl, spotted, 73
Pääbo, Svante, 91
Palmer, Teddy, 182
panther, Florida, 72
parakeet, Carolina, 175, 190, 248
Paramecium aurelia, 26
Parkes, Colin Murray, 241
passenger pigeons: introduction, 7–8; Allee effect and, 173–75; challenges facing de-extinction efforts, 168, 173; chimera production process, 167–68; cloning difficulties, 168–69; diet, 153–54; editing genes from into band-tailed pigeon genome, 165, 167; environmental impact from, 176–78; evolutionary history, 152–53; extinction, 152, 153; fans of, 158; as food for humans, 154–55; gender differentiation, 151; genome sequencing, 162–65; habitat, 175–76; hunting methods, 156; market system, 156–57; Martha (last existing), 7–8, 106, 178–79, 239, 248; multiple uses of unextinct, 186; non-food uses for, 155–56; opponents to reviving, 178; process for getting primordial germ cells (PGCs), 165–67; profiting from, 189–90; proposal to revive, 8; raising unextinct squabs, 169–71; Revive & Restore project, 105, 158; at Royal Ontario Museum, 151–52; soft release into habitats, 171–73; as super-organism, 176–77; time-line for de-extinction, 180. See also Novak, Ben
Paterson, William, 88
PCR (polymerase chain reaction), 132
Peck, Mark, 150, 151, 154, 176
Pembient, 202
periods (geological), 60
permafrost, carbon in, 114–17, 147
PGCs (primordial germ cells), 165–67, 168
Phelan, Ryan: on attitudes towards de-extinction, 15; background, 3; on beneficial results of genetic rescue work, 224; on conservation through biotech, 209, 225; on deliberate extinction moral hazard, 73–74; on moral imperative of de-extinction, 14; online interview about de-extinction, 1–2, 3; on zoos, 111. See also Brand, Stewart; Revive & Restore
pigeons: band-tailed, 152, 164–65, 166–67, 170, 174; rock, 104, 165–66, 180. See also passenger pigeons
Pilcher, Helen, 147
Pleistocene Park, 113–24; introduction, 113; adjustments to ecosystem to prevent permafrost melt, 116–18; carbon storage in permafrost, 114–17, 147; media attention, 119; Pleistocene ecosystem, 113–14; proposed deal with Revive & Restore, 123; reasons for, 118–19, 119–20, 124; reintroduction difficulties, 120–22; tank for mimicking mammoths, 122–23; on unextinct mammoths in, 123–24
pluripotent stem cells, 40, 139. See also induced pluripotent stem cells
Poinar, George, Jr., 19–21, 22, 32–33, 126
Poinar, Hendrik: background, 124–25; on Crichton and Jurassic Park, 21; on de-extinction for entertainment, 110; on DNA from amber, 20, 22–23; interest in extinct animals, 126; research on mammoth extinction, 130–31, 133; on working with ancient DNA, 24–25, 132
Pokagon, Simon, 156
polio virus, 225
polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 132
population bottleneck, 133, 206–8
primordial germ cells (PGCs), 165–67, 168
proboscideans, 126, 148–49. See also elephants; woolly mammoth
profit. See business opportunities
Prometheus, 231
public engagement, 8–9, 229–30
Pyrenean ibex (bucardo), 17, 45–46, 187, 205
quagga, 29–35; appearance, 16, 29–30; extinction, 30; extraction of DNA, 32–33; Rau’s research on, 30–32, 33, 34; relationship to zebras, 30, 32, 33, 34–35; selective breeding attempt to revive, 33–35
Quagga Project, 34
radiation, 47
Redford, Kent, 108
regulatory issues. See de-extinction—legal and regulatory issues
reintroduction: charismatic species and, 103, 104–5, 106–7; conventional practice of, 80–81; cultural narratives and emotions evoked by, 93, 94–95; as de-extinction focus, 80; ecosystem considerations, 82–86; gastric-brooding frog, 84–86; invasive spreading concerns, 191–92, 195; management of human-animal relationship, 86–87, 93–94; mourning as motive for, 94–95; muskox, 83–84; NIMBY problem, 94; non-scientists in debate on, 95–96; of unextinct animals, 81; Yangtze River dolphin, 82–83
—criteria, 96–102; ability to remove species, 102; appropriate release sites/areas, 99; ecosystem considerations, 97–98; future environmental factors, 98; impact on existing species, 101; impact on humans, 102; legal considerations, 100; pathogen considerations, 101–2; stakeholder considerations, 100–101; understanding species’ needs, 98–99
release sites/areas, selecting, 99
responsibility, 63–64, 68, 233–34, 247, 251, 252–53
resurrection ecology, 3. See also de-extinction
Revive & Restore: introduction, 4; beginnings of, 6–7, 8; bird projects, 180–81, 182; black-footed ferret conservation assistance, 208; cautionary vigilance approach, 4; charismatic species focus, 103; ecosystem argument for de-extinction, 145; elephant herpes project, 224–26; funding model, 75, 78–79; genetic rescue, 10–11; Gone (Kirkland) on website, 249; heath hen project, 181–82; hiring of Novak on passenger pigeon project, 160–61; mission statement, 10; on moral imperative of de-extinction, 14; proposed deal with Pleistocene Park, 123; public engagement, 8–9, 103–4. See also Brand, Stewart; passenger pigeons; Phelan, Ryan; woolly mammoth
rhino, 77, 202. See also northern white rhino
Ridley, Matt, 182–83, 184, 191
rock pigeons, 104, 165–66, 180
Ryder, Oliver, 205
salamander, giant, 186
San Diego Zoo Safari Park, Frozen Zoo, 204–5
Schorger, Arlie William, 155, 156–57
SCNT (somatic cell nuclear transfer), 40–41
selective breeding, 28–35; arguments for, 28–29, 58; artificial selection process, 29; aurochs, 36–39; back-breeding process, 35, 37; Heck brothers’ experiments, 33–34; quagga, 29–35; woolly mammoths, 12
Sepkoski, Jack, 63
Serpentine Galleries, 236
Shapiro, Beth, 16, 17, 22, 161–62, 164, 170, 224
Shelley, Mary: Frankenstein, 231, 232, 233–34
sibling species, 26
Silver, Lee, 238
single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), 138
snails, 240
SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms), 138
Snyder, Gary, 14
Soares, André Elias Rodrigues, 163, 164
soft release, 171
somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), 40–41
Sonneborn, Tracy, 26
Sooam Biotech Research Foundation, 135–36
spacer DNA, 50
species, 25–28; biological species concept, 26–27; hybridization, 27, 28, 68, 101; morphological/typological species concept, 25–26; sibling species, 26; subspecies, 34–35; value of, 107. See also endangered species
species revivalism, 3. See also de-extinction
Specter, Michael, 54
spotted owl, 73
status symbol, of exotic foods, 100, 186
Steffen, Alex, 3
Stewart, Emma, 110
Stoermer, Eugene, 66
stories: Biblical stories of resurrection, 228–29; dangerous knowledge theme, 230–32; importance in framing de-extinction, 250–51; influence of, 229; reintroduction and, 93, 94–95; salvation narratives in de-extinction, 235–36
survivor’s guilt, 237
Swart, Sandra, 230–31, 232, 233
TALENS (transcription activator-like effector nucleases), 49
Tasmanian tiger. See thylacine
Tauros Programme, 38
Taurus project, 38
techniques. See de-extinction—techniques
Temple, Stanley, 6
Thomas, Chris D., 68
thylacine (Tasmanian tiger), 87–93; introduction, 87; appearance, 16, 88–89; Australian Museum plan to revive, 233; cloning project, 90–93; competition with dingoes, 89; cultural narratives about, 93; evolutionary history, 87–88; hunted by settlers and extinction, 89–90; video of last known, 93
toad, golden, 248
Torrance, Andrew, 84, 191–94, 195–96, 198, 199, 200
totipotent stem cells, 40
tourism. See business opportunities
transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENS), 49
Trans Ova Genetics, 42
True Nature Foundation, 37–39, 100
tundra, 118–19. See also Pleistocene Park
typological species concept, 25–26
undifferentiated cells, 40
unextinct species, 16–17. See also de-extinction
Van Dooren, Thomas, 239–44; on emotions for extinctions, 240–41; on ethics of extinction, 244; on extinction as process, 239–40; on keeping faith with death, 243–44; on moral obligation for de-extinction, 242–43; on mourning, 241–42
Weber, Roy, 43
werewolf syndrome, 141
wheat, 223
Whittle, Patrick, 110
Widga, Chris, 128
wildcat, African, 43
Wild Field, 118
Wilmut, Ian, 41
Wilson, E.O., 8
Wilson, Etta, 156
wombs, artificial, 144
woolly mammoth: analysis of remains, 129–30; ancestors and related species, 127, 128–29; April Fool’s story about de-extinction of, 134–35; author on de-extinction of, 148–49; characteristics, 127–28, 129; cloning attempts, 43–45, 135, 136; cold tolerance, 137; coolness factor, 109–10; CRISPR used on, 56; de-extinction attempts, 133–34; dwarfism, 129; ecological alternatives to, 122–23, 148–49; ecological role, 117; ecosystem argument for de-extinction, 145–46, 147; for elephant conservation, 111–12; extinction timeline and theories, 125–26, 130, 133; field research, 130–31; genetic comparison to elephants, 138; genome recreation, 131–33; habitat, 129; hypothetical damage from released, 84; impossibility of exact replication, 12–13; Lynch’s critique of de-extinction of, 145–46, 148; patent issues, 189; Pleistocene Park on, 123–24; range, 126–27; socialization of unextinct, 147–48
—Woolly Mammoth Revival project, 136–44; artificial womb possibilities, 143–44; conservation applications, 207, 252; genetic editing process, 140–42; goal, 136–37; participants, 136; process for getting elephant eggs, 142–43; process of getting stem cells, 138–40; timeline for creating hybrids, 146–47
Woolly Mammoth: The Autopsy (documentary), 43
Wright, Joseph: An Experiment on a Bird in the Air Pump, 230
Yangtze River dolphin, 82–83, 199
yedoma, 114. See also permafrost, carbon in
You, Lu, 199
Zimov, Nikita, 118–20, 121–22, 123–24
Zimov, Sergey, 112, 113, 116–17, 118, 122–23, 124
zombie zoology, 3. See also de-extinction
zoos, 111