61. Peters, 290.
62. Prawer, "The Jewish Community in Jerusalem During the Crusader Period," 197-98.
63. Riley-Smith, 48.
64. Armstrong, 275.
65. Prawer, "The Jewish Community in Jerusalem During the Crusader Period," 201.
66. Joseph Brennan, "Jerusalem—A Christian Perspective;" John M. Oester-reicher, Jerusalem (New York: The John Day Company, 1974), 227-28.
67. Graham Tomlin, "Protestants and Pilgrimage," in Craig Bartholomew and Fred Hughs, eds., Exploration in a Christian Theology of Pilgrimage (New York: Ashgate Publishing Company, 2004), 110.
68. Arthur Eyffinger, "How Wondrously Moses Goes Along with the House of Orange! 'Hugo Grotuis' 'De Repuplica Emendana' in the Context of the Dutch Revolt," Hebraic Political Studies, Fall 2005, Volume 1, Number 1, 85-97.
69. Peter W. L. Walker, "Jerusalem and the Church's Challenge," in W. L. Walker, ed., Jerusalem Past and Present in the Purposes of God (Cambridge: Tyndale House, 1992), 175-204.
70. Chidester, 544.
71. David Brog, Standing with Israel: Why Christians Support the Jewish State (Lake Mary: FrontLine, 2006), 100.
72. Ibid., 82-83.
73. Address by President Weizmann in Jerusalem, December 1, 1948. Meron Medzini, ed., Israel Foreign Relations: Selected Documents 1941-1914 (Jerusalem: Ministry for Foreign Affairs, 1976), 221.
74. See Statement to the Trusteeship Council by Ambassador Abba Eban, February 20, 1950. Medzini, 234.
75. Ibid.
76. Middle East Insight, Vol. XIV, No. 1, January/February 1999, 32.
77. Carroll, 600.
78. Sergio I. Minerbi, "Pope John Paul II and the Jews: An Evaluation" Jewish Political Studies Review, Spring 2000.
Chapter 3: Jerusalem as the Third Holiest Place in Classical Islam
1. Hava Lazarus-Yafeh, "Jerusalem and Mecca," Judaism, Spring 1997.
2. Phillip Hitti, History of the Arabs (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1970), 115-16.
3. Moshe Gil, A History of Palestine, 634-1099 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 96.
4. Mohammed Abdul Hameed Al-Khateeb, Al-Quds: The Place of Jerusalem in Classical Judaic and Islamic Traditions (London: Ta-Ha Publishers, 1998), 120.
5. Ibid.
6. Kanan Makiya, The Rock: A Tale of Seventh-Century Jerusalem (London: Constable, 2002), 291.
7. Martin Kramer, "The Temples of Jerusalem" Peace Watch #277, September 18, 2000, Washington Institute for Near East Policy.
8. Yitzhak Hasson, "Jerusalem in the Muslim Perspective: The Qur'an and Tradition Literature," in Joshua Prawer, ed., The History of Jerusalem: The Early Islamic Period (638-1099) (Jerusalem: Yad Izhak Ben-Zvi, 1987), 287-88.
9. C. E. Bosworth, E. Van Donzel, W Heinrichs, and Ch. Pellat, eds., "Mi'radj," The Encyclopedia of Islam Volume VII, (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1993), 98.
10. Bernard Lewis, "I'm Right, You're Wrong and Go to Hell" Atlantic Monthly, May 2003.
11. S. D. Goitein, Jews and Arabs: Their Contacts Through the Ages (New York: Schocken Books, 1967), 86-87.
12. Gil, 11.
13. Bernard Lewis, "Politics and War"; Joseph Schacht, The Legacy of Islam (London: Oxford University Press, 1974), 182.
14. Bernard Lewis, The Political Language of Islam (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991), 75-76.
15. Bernard Lewis, "License to Kill: Usama bin Ladin's Declaration of Jihad," Foreign Affairs, November/ December 1998, 16.
16. Gil, 111.
17. Hitti, 169.
18. W Montgomery Watt, Islamic Political Thought (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1968), 17.
19. C. E. Bosworth, E. Van Donzel, W Heinrichs, and Ch. Pellat, eds., "Al-Kuds," The Encyclopedia of Islam, Volume V (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1986), 323.
20. Gil, 43.
21. Philip Hitti, Makers of Arab History (New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1968), 28.
22. F. E. P'eters, Jerusalem: The Holy City in the Eyes of Chroniclers, Visitors, Pilgrims, and Prophets from the Days of Abraham to the Beginnings of Modern Times (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1985), 176.
2 3. Philip Hitti, History of the Arabs, 145.
24. Bosworth, et al., "Al-Kuds."
25. Peters, 190.
26. Yohanan Friedman, trans., The History of al-Tabari: The Battle of al-Qadisiyyah and the Conquest of Syria and Palestine (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1992), 194-95.
27. Peters, 195-96.
28. Ibid, 184.
29. Gil, 73.
30. Ibid., 70-71.
31. Ibid., 70.
32. Ibid., 71.
33. Shmuel Berkovits, "How Dreadful Is This Placer-. Holiness, Politics and Justice in Jerusalem and the Holy Places in Israel (Jerusalem: Carta, 2006), 102. Berkovits notes that the great Israeli historian Bentzion Dinur first raised the possibility back in 1929 of there being a synagogue on the Temple Mount for 400 years until the First Crusade.
34. Karen Armstrong, Jerusalem: One City, Three Faiths (New York: Ballantine Books, 1997), 233. Moshe Gil, "The Jewish Community" in Joshua Prawer, ed., The History of Jerusalem: The Early Islamic Period (638-1099), (Jerusalem: Yad Izhak Ben-Zvi, 1987), 142.
35. Mark. R. Cohen, Under Crescent and Cross: The Jews in the Middle Ages (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994), 54-60.
36. Eilat Mazar, The Complete Guide to the Temple Mount Excavations (Jerusalem: Shoham Academic Research and Publication, 2002), 94.
37. Abdul Aziz Duri, "Jerusalem m th e Early Islamic Period: 7th—11th Centuries AD," Kamil J. Asali, ed., Jerusalem in History: 3000BC to the Present Day (London: Kegan Paul International, 1997), 112.
38. Bosworth, et al., "Mi'radj," 97.
39. Ignaz Goldziher, Muslim Studies (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1971), 44, footnote 3.
40. Abdul Aziz Duri, 109.
41. Ghada Hashem Talhami, "The Modern History of Jerusalem: Academic Myths and Propaganda," The Middle East Journal, February 2000.
42. Bosworth, et al., U A1-Kuds," 325.
43. Armstrong, 237.
44. Bernard Lewis, "The Revolt of Islam: When Did the Conflict with the West Begin and How Could It End?" Atlantic, November 19, 2001.
45. Oleg Grabar, The Dome of the Rock (Cambridge: Belknap/Harvard Unvier-sity Press, 2006), 90-92.
46. Moshe Sharon, "Islam on the Temple Mount," Biblical Archaeological Review, July/August 2006, 42.
47. Rivka Gonen, Contested Holiness: Jewish, Muslim and Christian Perspectives on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem (Jersey City: Ktav Publishing House, 2003), 87.
48. Hitti, The Arabs in History, 221.
49. Ibid.
50. Cohen, 58.
51. Peters, 235-238.
52. Abdul Azuz Duri, 113.
53. Armstrong, 246.
54. Bosworth, et al, "Al-Kuds," 326.
55. Amin Maalouf, The Crusades Through Arab Eyes (New York: Schocken Books, 1984), xvi.
56. Emmanuel Sivan, "The Sanctity of Jerusalem in Islam During the Period of the Crusades," in Joshua Prawer and Hagi Ben Shamai, eds., The Book of Jerusalem: The Crusader and Ayyubid Period (Jerusalem: Yad Izak Ben Zvi, 1991) [in Hebrew], 288.
57. Sharon, 45.
58. Ibid., 46.
59. Talhami.
60. Peters, 244. The Andalusian legal expert Abu Bakr al-Tartushi, who visited Jerusalem in 1091, reported the popular belief of its residents that if they performed some of the rites in Jerusalem that were normally reserved for the pilgrimage to Mecca every four years, then that would be counted as a real pilgrimage to Mecca. He criticized these practices as bid'a—innovation. See Abdul Aziz Duri, 116.
61. Sivan, 290.
62. Bosworth, et al., "Al-Kuds," 332.
63. Hitti, History of the Arabs, 645-46.
64. Eric H. Cline, Jerusalem Besieged: From Ancient Canaan to Modern Israel (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2004), 184.
65. Niall Christie, "A Translation of Extracts from Kitab al-Jihad of 'Ali ibn Tahir al-Sulami (d. 1106)": http://www.arts.cornell.edu/prh3/447/ texts/Sulami.html. The Arabic text appears in an article by Emmanuel Sivan, in Journal Asiatique 254 (1966), 206-22.
66. Jonathan Riley-Smith, The Crusades: A History (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2005), 110.
67. Stanley Lane-Poole, Saladin: All-Powerful Sultan and the Uniter of Islam (New York: Cooper Square Press, 2002), 199.
68. Lewis, "License to Kill."
69. Meir Ben-Dov, Historical Atlas of Jerusalem (New York: Continuum Publishing Group, 2002), 214.
70. Peters, 353.
71. Donald Little, "Jerusalem under the Ayyubids and the Mamluks: 1187-1516 AD," Asali, 180.
72. Armstrong, 298.
73. Ibid.
74. Little, 183.
75. Ibid.
76. Ibid.
77. Ben-Dov, 219.
78. Bosworth, et al., "Al-Kuds," 331.
79. Sivan, 295.
80. Peters, 373.
81. Ibid, 377.
82. Ibid, 376.
83. Armstrong, 313.
84. Ibid, 310.
85. Sivan, 301.
86. Peters, 417-21.
87. Mordechai Naor, City of Hope: Jerusalem from Biblical to Modern Times (Jerusalem: Yad Izhak Ben-Zvi, 1997), 161.
88. Peters, 406.
89. Oleg Graber, "The Haram al-Sharif: An Essay in Interpretation," BRIIFS, Vol. 2, No. 2, Autumn 2000, Royal Institute for Inter-Faith Studies.
90. K. J. Asali, "Jerusalem Under the Ottomans: 1516-1831 AD," in Asali, ed, 201-02.
91. Ibid, 204.
92. Armstrong, 323-27.
93. Naor, 186.
94. Asali, 209.
Chapter 4: Jerusalem and the Birth of Modern Israel
1. Yehoshua Ben-Arieh, Jerusalem in the 19th Century (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1984), 268.
2. Amnon Cohen found that the Ottoman census in the sixteenth century underestimated the Jewish population of Jerusalem by approximately 20 percent. See Amnon Cohen, The Jewish Community in Jerusalem in the 16th Century (Jerusalem: Yad Izhak ben Zvi, 1982), [in Hebrew], 38.
3. "Report on the Commerce of Jerusalem in the Year 1863," British consulate in Jerusalem, May 1864, Foreign Office Records (FO), 195/808, British National Archives.
4. Martin Gilbert, "Jerusalem: A Tale of One City," New Republic, November 14, 1994.
5. Barbara Tuchman, Bible and Sword: England and Palestine from the Bronze Age to Balfour (Ballantine Books, 1984), 337.
6. Eric. H. Cline, Jerusalem Besieged: From Ancient Canaan to Modern Israel (Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 2004), 227.
7. David Brog, Standing with Israel: Why Christians Support the Jewish State (Lake Mary: Front Line, 2006), 99-101.
8. Ruth Lapidoth and Moshe Hirsch, eds., The Jerusalem Question and Its Resolution: Selected Documents (Dordecht: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1994).
9. These treaties eventually resulted in the emergence of the modern Middle Eastern states of Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Kuwait, Jordan, and Iraq.
10. Document 75: "(Lausanne), Treaty of Peace with Turkey and Accompanying Straits Convention and Declaration on the Administration of Justice, 24 July 1923," in J. C. Hurewitz, ed., The Middle East and North Africa in World Politics: A Documentary Record — Volume 2: British-French Supremacy, 1914-1945 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1979).
11. Ibid., Document 70: "The Mandate for Palestine," July 24, 1922, 305-06.
12. Ibid., Document 34: "Tentative Recommendations for President Wilson by the Intelligence Section of the American Delegation to the Peace Conference," January 21, 1919, 132-36.
13. Douglas Feith, William V. O'Brien, Eugene V. Rostow, Israels Legitimacy in Law and History (New York: Center for Near East Policy Research, 1993). See chapter by Paul S. Riebenfeld, 51.
14. Elihu Lauterpacht, Jerusalem and the Holy Places (London: The Anglo-Israel Association, 1968), 7.
15. Hurewitz, ed., Document 69: "Statement of British Policy (Churchill Memorandum), on Palestine" July 1, 1922, 301-05.
16. Ibid., Document 13, "The Husayn-McMahon Correspondence," 46-56.
17. Palestine: A Study of Jewish, Arab, and British Policies, Published for the Esco Foundation for Palestine, Inc. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1947), 187.
18. Joshua Teitelbaum, The Rise and Fall of the Hashemite Kingdom of Arabia (New York: New York University Press, 2001), 195.
19. Esco Report, 143.
20. Hurewitz, ed., Document 33: "Amir Faisal's Memorandum to the Supreme Council at the Paris Peace Conference" January 1, 1919, 132.
21. Esco Report, 143.
22. According to oral and written sources about the largest Bedouin tribe in the Negev area of what is today the State of Israel, arrived to the area about 600 years ago. Like most Negev Bedouin, they trace their origins to the Arabian peninsula, particularly the Hijaz and the Nejd. In contrast, the Bedouin tribes of the Galilee are connected to tribes in western Iraq and the northern Syrian desert. See Joseph-Ben David, The Bedouins in Israel — Land Conflicts and Social Issues (Jerusalem: The Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies, 2004), [in Hebrew], 30, 68.
In general, Palestine had absorbed considerable Arab immigration in recent centuries, including Sudanese who arrived with the Egyptians in the 1830s. Many Gazans had Egyptian origins. See Esco Report, 462. During the 1930s the Jewish Agency protested to the British authorities about the scale of Arab immigration into Palestine that mostly came from Syria and Transjordan, as well as from Egypt. The Royal Institute for International Affairs cited an interview with the Syrian newspaper, La Syrie, with the governor of the Hauran district in southern Syria, who stated that 30,000 to 36,000 Hauranese entered Palestine in a period of a few months. The Jewish Agency charged that these Hauranese workers were behind the outbreak of the disturbances that began in Jaffa in 1936. See Esco Report, 682-83, 805.
23. Memorandum to the Secretary of State, May 17, 1939, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1939, Volume 4 (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1955), 757.
24. Esco Report, 467.
25. Philip Mattar, The Mufti of Jerusalem: Al-Hajj Amin Al-Husayni and the Palestinian National Movement (New York: Columbia University Press, 1988), 6.
26. C. E. Bosworth, E. Van Donzel, B. Lewis, and C. H. Pellat, eds., "Al-Kuds," The Encyclopedia of Islam (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1986), 333.
27. Ibid.
28. Palestine Royal Report, July 1937, Chapter II, 40, cited in Eli E. Herz, Reply to the Advisory Opinion of 9 July 2004 in the Matter of the Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory as Submitted by the International Court of Justice, (Forest Hill: Myths and Facts, 2005), 29.
29. Ibid., 31.
30. Bernard Wasserstein, Divided Jerusalem: The Struggle for the Holy City (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2002), 4-5.
31. Esco Report, 1155.
32. J. C. Hurewitz, The Struggle for Palestine (New York: Schocken Books, 1976), 77-78.
33. Riebenfeld, 41. Paul Riebenfeld was a Zionist delegate to the Permanent Mandates Commission of the League of Nations from 1937 to 1939.
34. Martin Gilbert, Jerusalem in the Twentieth Century (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1996), 174-77.
35. Lauterpact, 16.
36. Lapidoth and Hirsch, eds., Document 4B, "Statement to the Ad Hoc Committee on the Palestine Question by the Representative of the Jewish Agency for Palestine, 2 October 1947," 12.
37. Gilbert, Jerusalem in the Twentieth Century, 179.
38. Trygve Lie, In the Cause of Peace (New York: Macmillan, 1954), 174.
39. Gilbert, Jerusalem in the Twentieth Century, 218.
40. Ibid., 214-24.
41. Ibid., 219.
42. Quoted in Shlomo Slonim, Jerusalem in Americas Foreign Policy, 1941-1991 (The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 1998), 79.
43. "Jerusalem Facing Danger of Destruction, April 1, 1948," in Meron Medzini, ed., Israels Foreign Relations (Jerusalem: Ministry for Foreign Affairs, 1976), 217-19.
44. Cited in Gilbert, Jerusalem in the Twentieth Century, 220.
45. Lapidoth and Hirsch, eds., Document 8, "Progress Report on the U.N. Mediator on Palestine, 16 September 1948 (extracts)," 22.
46. Gilbert, Jerusalem in the Twentieth Century, 223.
47. "Statement to the Knesset by Prime Minister Ben-Gurion, 5 December 1949," in Medzini, ed., 224.
48. Ibid.
49. Ibid., 226.
50. Gilbert, 19.
51. Lauterpacht, 22. See also Yehuda Z. Blum, "The Juridicial Status of Jerusalem," in Msgr. John M. Oesterreicher and Anne Sinai, Jerusalem (New York: John Day, 1974), 110.
52. Chaim Herzog, The Arab-Israeli Wars: War and Peace in the Middle East (New York: Vintage Books, 1984), 106.
53. Lapidoth and Hirsch, eds., Document 16: "Statement by the Foreign Minister of Israel, Moshe Sharett in the U.N. General Assembly on the Position of the Government of Israel Concerning the Proposed Internationalization of Jerusalem, 25 November 1949," 75. The exact number of fallen Israelis in Jerusalem was 1,490.
54. Netanel Lorch, ed., Major Knesset Debates, 1948-1981: The Constituent Assembly — First Knesset 1949-1951 (Jerusalem: Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, 1993), 574.
55. Ibid., 589.
56. "The Consul in Jerusalem (Burdett), to the Secretary of State" May 20, 1949, Foreign Relations of the United States 1949, Volume VI (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1977), 1039-41.
Chapter 5: Jerusalem, the Palestinian Arabs, and the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan
1. For an excellent summary of the Palestinian Arab point of view see Henry Cattan, Jerusalem (London: Saqi Books, 2000). See also Document 22, "The Arab Case for Palestine: Evidence Submitted by the Arab Office, Jerusalem, to the Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry, March 1946," Walter Laqueur and Barry Rubin, eds., The Israeli-Arab Reader: A Documentary History of the Middle East Conflict (New York: Penguin Books, 1991), 94.
2. Ibid.
3. J. C. Hurewitz, The Struggle for Palestine (New York: Schocken Books, 1976), 18-19.
4. Said K. Aburish, Arafat: From Defender to Dictator (New York: Bloomsbury Publishing, 1998), 15.
5. Phillip Mattar, The Mufti of Jerusalem: Al-Hajj Amin al-Husayni and the Palestinian National Movement (New York: Columbia University Press, 1988), 16-17. The Nebi Musa festival was a local tradition that grew over the centuries after local Muslims decided that Moses was buried just southwest of Jericho and not east of the Jordan. The shrine marking the tomb of Moses was built in the thirteenth century and became a pake of pilgrimage for local Muslims who would gather in Jerusalem before heading to the site. See Bernard Wasserstein, Divided Jerusalem: The Struggle for the Holy City (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2002), 102.
6. Wasserstein, 104.
7. Martin Gilbert, Jerusalem in the Twentieth Century (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1996), 90.
8. Mattar, 23.
9. Gilbert, 119.
10. Esco Foundation for Palestine, Palestine: A Study of Jewish, Arab, and British Policies, Volume Two (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1947), 600.
11. See letter of Harry Sacher in the Times, August 29, 1929, quoted in Gilbert, 124.
12. Amikam Elad believes that "towards the end of the seventeenth century the place where al-Buraq was fastened was still identified as that on the outside south-west corner of the wall of the Haram, just as it was described by Ibn al-Faqih and by Ibn Abd Rabbihi in the tenth century." Cited by Wasserstein, 324—25.
13. Shmuel Berkovits, The Battle for the Holy Places: The Struggle overJemsalem and the Holy Sites in Israel, Judea, Samaria, and the Gaza District (Or Yehuda: Hed Arzi, 2000), [in Hebrew], 109-10.
14. "Waqf' in Cyrile Glasse, ed., The Concise Histoiy of Islam (London: Stacey International, 1991), 417.
15. Mattar, 54.
16. Ibid.
17. Report of the Commission Appointed by His Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and with the Approval of the Council of the League of Nations, to Determine the Rights and Claims of Moslems and Jews in Connection with the Western or Wailing Wall at Jerusalem (London: His Majesty's Stationery Office, 1931).
18. Ibid.
19. Esco Report, 614.
20. Y. Porath, The Palestinian Arab National Movement: 1929-1939 From Riots to Rebellion (London: Frank Cass, 1977), 10.
21. Martin Kramer, Islam Assembled: The Advent of the Muslim Conferences (New York: Columbia University Press, 1986), 129.
22. Porath, 11.
23. Gilbert, 132.
24. Porath, 12.
25. Meron Benvenisti, City of Stone: The Hidden History of Jerusalem (Berkley: University of California Press, 1996), 79.
26. Michael C. Hudson, "The Transformation of Jerusalem: 1917-1987 AD," in Kamil J. Asali, ed., Jerusalem in History: 3000 BC to the Present Day (Kegan Paul International, 1997), 256.
27. Document 4: "UN General Assembly Resolution 181 on the Future Government of Palestine," Ruth Lapidoth and Moshe Hirsch, eds., The Jerusalem Question and Its Resolution: Selected Documents. (Dordrecht: Mar-tinusNijhoff Publishers, 1994), 13-14.
28. Tawfik al-Khzlil, Jerusalem from 1947 to 1961 (Amman: Economic Press, no date given), 90-92.
29. Raphael Israeli, Jerusalem Divided: The Armistice Regime 1941-1961 (London: Frank Cass, 2002), 58.
30. Martin Gilbert, "Jerusalem: A Tale of One City," New Republic, November 14, 1994.
31. Israeli, 58.
32. Document 24, "Resolutions Concerning the Annexation of the West Bank (including East Jerusalem), to the Kingdom of Trans Jordan," Lapidoth and Hirsch, eds., 47.
33. HRH Crown Prince Hassan bin Talal, A Study on Jerusalem (London: Longman Group, 1979), 27.
34. Gilbert, Jerusalem in the Twentieth Century, 247.
35. Wasserstein, 186.
36. Quoted in Gilbert, Jerusalem in the Twentieth Century, 249. See also Wasserstein, 189.
37. Daniel Pipes, "The Muslim Claim to Jerusalem" Middle East Quarterly, September 2001.
38. Kimberly Katz, Jordanian Jerusalem: Holy Places and National Spaces (Gainsville: University Press of Florida, 2005), 85.
39. Gilbert, Jerusalem in the Twentieth Century, 248.
40. Mattar, 132.
41. Ibid., 136.
42. Quoted by Yosef Tekoah, Israel's permanent representative to the United Nations in a letter to the UN secretary-general, March 5, 1968. See Msgr. John M. Oesterreciher and Anne Sinai, eds., Jerusalem (New York: John Day, 1974), 281.
43. Gilbert, Jerusalem in the Twentieth Century, 226.
44. Ibid., 223.
45. According to Amos Elon, after the Jewish Quarter surrendered, twenty-two of the twenty-seven synagogues in the Old City were burned down by a mob, while the remaining five synagogues were sacked by the Jordanian Army Elon does not count study halls or Yeshivot, but his data on synagogues is illuminating. See Amos Elon, Jerusalem: City of Mirrors (New York: HarperCollins/Flamingo, 1996), 81.
46. Marie Syrkin, "The Siege of Jerusalem" in Oesterreciher and Sinai, 79.
47. Gabriel Padon, "The Divided City: 1948-1967" in ibid., 101.
48. United Nations, General Assembly, Thirty-Second Session, Official Records, 47th Plenary Meeting, October 26, 1977. A/32/PV.47 See statement of Ambassador Chaim Herzog before the UN General Assembly.
49. Israeli, 74.
50. Padon, 102.
51. Wasserstein, 193.
52. Address of Foreign Minister Abba Eban to the Knesset, June 30, 1971. See John M. Oesterreicher, "Jerusalem the Free," in Oesterreciher and Sinai, 258.
53. Wm. Roger Louis, The British Empire in the Middle East 1948-1951: Arab Nationalism, the United States and Postwar Imperialism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985), 579.
54. Document 31, "Aide Memoire Delivered by the United States Department of State to the Prime Minister of Jordan Concerning the Intention of Jordan to Treat the City of Jerusalem as Its Second Capital, 5 April 1960," in Lapidoth and Hirsch, 160.
55. Katz, 88.
56. Wasserstein, 250. Wasserstein noted that there was no mention of Jerusalem either in its ten-point political statement issued in Cairo on June 8, 1974.
57. Guy Bechor, Lexicon of the FLO (Tel Aviv: Ministry of Defense Publishers, 1991), [in Hebrew], 158.
58. Moshe Shemesh, The Palestinian Entity 1959-1914: Arab Politics and the PLO (London: Frank Cass, 1996), 45.
59. Ibid., 52.
60. Aburish, 7-11.
61. Ibid., 17.
Chapter 6: Jerusalem and the Arab-Israeli Peace Process
1. Document 39, "Nasser's Speech to Arab Trade Unionists," May 26, 1967, Walter Laqueur and Barry Rubin, eds., The Israeli-Arab Reader: A Documentary History of the Middle East Conflict (New York: Penguin Books, 1984), 176.
2. Yehuda Z. Blum, "The Juridicial Status of Jerusalem," Msgr. John M. Oesterreicher and Anne Sinai, eds., Jerusalem (New York: John Day, 1974), 116.
3. These details of the Jordanian artillery barrage appear in Michael Oren, Six Days of War: June 1961 and the Making of the Modern Middle East (New York: Ballantine Books, 2003), 187.
4. Cited in Shlomo Slonim, Jerusalem in Americas Foreign Policy, 1947-1997 (The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 1998), 191.
5. Oren, 186.
6. Slonim, 192.
7. Document 32, "Israel's Protection of the Holy Places Law," June 27, 1967, Ruth Lapidoth and Moshe Hirsch, eds., The Jerusalem Question and Its Resolution: Selected Documents (Dordecht: Martinus Nijihoff Publishers, 1994), 169.
8. Document 45, "Statement made by the Government of Israel on Payment for Damages Caused to Churches and to Church Property in Wars Since 1948, September 11, 1968," in Lapidoth and Hirsch, 231.
9. See Document 100, "The Report of the Commission of Investigation in the Events on the Temple Mount, October 8, 1990," in Lapidoth and Hirsh, 466.
10. See Letter of Foreign Minister Abba Eban to the Secretary-General, July 10, 1967. Cited in Elihu Lauterpacht, Jerusalem and the Holy Places (London: The Anglo-Israel Association, 1968), 50.
11. Document 167, Julius Stone, "Israel, the United Nations and International Law," John Norton Moore, The Arab-Israeli Conflict, Volume IV: The Difficult Search for Peace (1975-1988), Part One (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991), 815.
12. Stephen M. Schwebel, "What Weight to Conquest?" American Journal of International Law, Volume 64 (1970).
13. Dore Gold, Tower of Babble: How the United Nations Has Fueled Global Chaos (New York: Crown Forum, 2005), 45.
14. Slonim, 195.
15. Arthur Lall, The UN and the Middle East Crisis, 1961 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1968), 242.
16. "Foreign Relations of the United States, 1967-1968, volume XIX, Arab-Israeli Crisis and War 1967," http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/frus/john-sonlb/xix/2 8070.htm.
17. Ovadia Soffer, The UN as Peacemaker (Irchester: Mark Saunders Books, 1971), 92.
18. Alan Dershowitz, The Case for Israel (Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, 2003), 96.
19. Slonim, 201.
20. Bernard Wasserstein, Divided Jerusalem: The Struggle for the Holy City (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2002), 231.
21. Ibid.
22. "American Answers to Jordanian Questions," October 1978, Appendix H, William B. Quandt, Camp David: Peacemaking and Politics (Washington: The Brookings Institution, 1986), 388-96.
23. Wasserstein, 248.
24. Howell Raines, "Reagan Urges Link to Jordan and Self-Rule by Palestinians," Transcript of Speeches, New York Times, September 2, 1982. Privately, the Reagan administration did not oppose the participation of East Jerusalem Palestinians in Palestinian elections, but it still insisted on Jerusalem remaining united.
25. Secretary of State George Shultz's address, September 16, 1988: http:// www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_ml 07 9/is_n2140_v88/ai_68 7 62 62.
26. Nabil Shath, "The Oslo Agreement" (an interview), Journal of Palestine Studies, Volume XXIII, Autumn 1993, Issue 89, 7.
27. Ibid.
28. Maariv, October 14, 2006.
29. Reported by Agence France Presse, June 27, 1995.
30. Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, The Peace Process — Key Speeches by Israeli Leaders, "PM Rabin in Knesset—Ratification of Interim Agreement," October 5, 1995.
31. CNN, "Text of Ambassador Albright's Speech to the UN on Mideast," March 18, 1994.
32. Bill Clinton, My Life (New York: Random House, 2004), 679.
33. Transcript, HBO History Makers Series: Samuel Berger, former national security advisor [Rush Transcript: Federal News Service, Inc.] Council on Foreign Relations, New York, New York, September 11, 2006.
34. Benny Morris, "Camp David and After: An Exchange-1. An Interview with Ehud Barak," New York Review of Books, June 13, 2002. http://www. nybooks.com/articles/15501.
35. Menachem Klein, Shattering a Taboo: The Contacts Toward a Permanent Status Agreement in Jerusalem 1994-2001 [in Hebrew] (Jerusalem: The Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies, 2001), 21.
36. Thomas L. Friedman, "Foreign Affairs; Bibi's Playbook," New York Times, December 4, 1997.
3 7. Dennis Ross, The Missing Peace: The Inside Story of the Fight for Middle East Peace (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2004), 208.
38. David Makovsky, "Taba Mythchief," National Interest, Spring 2003, 124, see especially footnote 8.
39. Yael Yehoshua, "Abu Mazen: A Political Profile" MEMRI, Special Report Number 15, April 29, 2003.
40. Ibid.
41. Gilead Sher, Just Beyond Reach: The Israeli-Palestinian Peace Negotiations 1999-2001 (Tel Aviv: Yedioth Ahronot Books, 2001) [in Hebrew]. Sher explains that Barak's backchannel team in the Stockholm channel put off the issue of Jerusalem for a later stage. Shlomo Ben-Ami, Scars of War, Wounds of Peace (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), 252. Ben-Ami reports his optimistic impressions from the Stockholm channel.
42. Haaretz, July 28, 2000.
43. Ibid.
44. Ross, 690; Morris.
45. Charles Enderlin, Shattered Dreams: The Failure of the Peace Process in the Middle East 1995-2002 (New York: Other Press, 2002), 230.
46. Haaretz, July 28, 2000; Yotam Feldner, "The Formulae for a Settlement in Jerusalem," MEMRI, September 13, 2000.
47. Al-Hayat (London-Beirut), November 23-24, 2000, translated by MEMRI, November 28, 2000.
48. Ross, 701.
49. Ibid., 707-08.
50. "East Jerusalem and the Holy Places at the Camp David Summit," MEMRI, August 28, 2000, quoting al-Hayat al-Jadida, August 10, 2000.
51. Interview with Charlie Rose on the Middle East Peace Talks, July 27, 2000.
52. See letter of Giddi Grinstein, in "Camp David: An Exchange," New York Review of Books, September 20, 2001.
53. Wasserstein, 315.
54. Jerusalem Post, August 25,2 000.
55. Interview with Charlie Rose, September 12, 2000.
56. Klein, 53.
57. New York Times, January 6, 2001.
58. "Arafat's Letter of Reservations to President Clinton," January 3, 2001, MEMRI.
59. Ibid.
60. Yehoshua.
61. Ross, 721.
62. Ben-Ami, 327.
63. Shlomo Ben-Ami, A Front Without a Rearguard: A Voyage to the Boundaries of the Peace Process (Tel Aviv: Yedioth Books, 2004) [in Hebrew], 308-09.
64. Al-Ayyam, January 28, 2001, MEMRI.
65. Makovsky, 123.
66. Al-Ayyam, January 29, 2001, MEMRI.
67. Quoted by Makovsky, 124.
68. Al-Quds, January 28, 2001, MEMRI.
69. For references on the German Note Verbale episode, including activities at the UN, see Dore Gold, Jerusalem in International Diplomacy (Jerusalem: Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, 2001), 35.
70. MEMRI Special Dispatch No. 155, "Three Palestinian Viewpoints on the Intifada and the Future of the Palestinian State," November 22, 2000.
71. "Faysal al-Husseini in His Last Interview" MEMRI Special Dispatch No. 236,July2,2001.
72. "Have the Palestinians Abandoned a Negotiated Settlement?" Jerusalem Issue Brief, Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, September 6, 2001.
73. Palestinian Authority and PLO Non-Compliance with Signed Agreements and Commitments: A Record of Bad Faith and Misconduct (Jerusalem: Government Press Office, 2000), 10.
Chapter 7: The Evil Wind: Radical Islam, the Destruction of Holy Sites, and Jerusalem
1. Bernard Lewis, "License to Kill: Usama bin Laden's Declaration of Jihad" Foreign Affairs, November/December 1998, 14-19.
2. This was the analysis of Abu Musab al Suri, who first met bin Laden in 1988, and wrote a book on him titled The International Islamic Resistance Call that was published on jihadist websites. See Peter L. Bergen, The Osama bin Laden I Know: An Oral History ofal Qaedas Leader (New York: Free Press, 2006), 114.
3. Hamid Algar, Wahhabism: A Critical Essay (Oneonta: Islamic Publications International, 2002), 9.
4. Mamoun Fandy, Saudi Arabia and the Politics of Dissent (New York: Pal-grave, 1999), 191.
5. Stephen Schwartz, "From Mecca to Jerusalem," TechCentralStation.com, April 15,2005.
6. Ibid. See also http://www.workforislam.com/html/News/rajab.htm. Sheikh al-Manajid argues that there is no proof the the isra and the mir'aj indeed occurred in the month of Rajab. And if they did occur in Rajab, no ceremony should be practiced since its source is not from the Prophet, his companions, or from the people of his era.
7. Richard Mitchell, The Society of Muslim Brothers (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993), 57-58.
8. Reuven Paz, "From Riyadh 1995 to Sinai 2004: The Return of Al-Qaeda to the Arab Homeland," PRISM Series of Global Jihad, No. 3/2— October 2004, The Global Research in International Affairs Center (GLORIA).
9. Montasser al-Zayyat, The Road to al-Qaeda: The Stofj of Bin Ladens Right-HandMan (London: Pluto Press, 2004), 62.
10. Ibid.
11. Fawaz A. Gerges, The Far Enemy: Why Jihad Went Global (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 11.
12. David Cook, Contemporary Muslim Apocalyptic Literature (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2005), 174.
13. Paz.
14. Michael Griffin, Reaping the Whirlwind: Afghanistan, Al Qa'ida and the Holy War (London: Pluto Press, 2003), 237.
15. Ahmed Rashid, "After 1,700 Years, Buddhas Fall to Taliban Dynamite," Daily Telegraph, March 12, 2001.
16. Ahmed Rashid, Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil and Fundamentalism in Central Asia (New Haven; Yale University Press, 2000), 85.
17. Robert Fisk, "The Taliban, the Buddhas and the Saudi Connection," Independent, March 13, 2001.
18. Rashid, 201.
19. Ibid., 139.
20. Fandy, 206.
21. Ibid.
22. Algar, 43.
23. Irfan Ahmed, "The Destruction of Holy Sites in Mecca and Medina," http://vAvw.islamicmagazine.com/issue-15/preserving-heritage/the destruction-of-holy-sites-in-mecca-and-m.html.
24. http://www.oqlaa.com/?section=fatawa_view&id=39.
25. http://saaid.net/VVarthah/Al-Alwan/4htm.
26. http://www.palestine-info.net/arabic/fatawa/index.htm.
27. http://www.diemodernreligion.com/jihad/afghan/qaradawi-latest.html. See also a February 15, 2006, interview with Qaradhawi at http://www. qaradhawi.net/site/topics/articel.asp?cuno=2&itemno=4166&version=l& template id=105&parentid=16.
28. Ursula Lindsey, "Egypt's Grand Mufti Issues Fatwa: No Sculpture," Christian Science Monitor, April 18, 2006.
29. Dore Gold, Hatreds Kingdom: How Saudi Arabia Supports the New Global Terrorism (Washington: Regnery, 2004), [Updated paperback edition], 217.
30. Alex Rodriguez, "Iraqi Shrine Blast Suspect Caught," Chicago Tribune, June 28, 2006.
31. Moonjan Momen, An Introduction to Shi'i Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver ShVism (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1985), 144.
32. "Freedom House Calls for Action after Pakistan Massacre" October 29, 2001, Center for Religious Freedom, Freedom House: http^/freedom-house.org/religion/news/bn2 00 l/bn-2 00 1 -10-29.htm.
33. Justus Reid Weiner, Human Rights of Christians in Palestinian Society (Jerusalem: Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, 2005), 4-5.
34. Mitchell, 222.
35. Ibid., 229.
36. Weiner, 10.
37. Harry de Quetteville, "'Islamic Mafia' Accused of Persecuting Holy Land Christians," Daily Telegraph, September 9, 2005.
38. Weiner, 9.
39. Ibid., 26.
40. Official Vatican spokesmen gave contradictory versions of what transpired; Michel Sabah, Latin patriarch of Jerusalem (the first Palestinian ever appointed to this position), said that the Palestinians were not armed and were willingly given asylum in the church. In contrast, the Franciscans, who represented the Catholic Church as the custodians of the Holy Land (Custodia Francisca Terra Sancta), put out a statement saying that what had occurred was "a violent invasion effected by armed men who thereafter barricaded themselves there." See Sergio Minerbi, "The Vatican and the Standoff at the Church of the Nativity" Jerusalem Viewpoints, Number 515, March 15, 2004, Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs. Associated Press, "Fire Breaks Out at the Church of the Nativity," May 2, 2002, http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,51678,00.html. "Greedy Monsters Ruled Church," Washington Times, May 15, 2002.
41. "Arab Intellectual on the Worsening Situation of Christians in the Muslim World," MEMRI Special Dispatch Series No. 1150, April 28, 2006.
42. Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip (Jerusalem: Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1995), See Article 9, Paragraph 2, 14.
43. Shmuel Berkovits, The Battle for the Holy Places (Jerusalem: Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies/ Hed Arzi Publishing House, 2000) [in Hebrew], 165.
44. Nachman Tal, "The Islamic Movement in Israel," Strategic Assessment, Volume 2, Number 4, February 2000, Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies, Tel Aviv University.
45. Ibid.
46. Tal. Since 1996, there have been two different factions in the Islamic movement in Israel: the "Southern Faction,"headed by Sheikh Abdullah Darwish, which is willing to run in Israeli parliamentary elections, and the "Northern Faction," headed by Sheikh Ra'id Salah, which rejects any integration with the State of Israel and is also far more radical in its outlook.
In 2005, a Haifa court sentenced Sheikh Salah to three and a half years in prison—which included a suspended sentence because of a plea bargain—for funneling cash to Hamas.
47. Raphael Israeli, Fundamentalist Islam and Israel: Essays in Interpretation (Lanham: University Press of America, 1993), 103.
48. Raphael Israeli, "The Islamic Movement in Israel" Jerusalem Letter, Number 416, October 15, 1999.
49. Berkovits.
50. Ibid., 167.
51. Ibid., 74-77. Berkovits has fully examined the understandings between the Waqf and the Israeli Police in Jerusalem. What made this issue more complicated was the unauthorized decision of the Israeli police commander in Jerusalem, Arieh Amit, to put the earlier oral understandings in writing in a letter to the Waqf, which forced them to deny their existence. The Netanyahu government would argue that it was not made aware of the Waqf's written response to Amit.
52. Ibid., 105.
53. "Letter Dated 26 September 1996 from the Permanent Representative of Saudi Arabia to the United Nations Addressed to the President of the Security Council," S/1996/790.
54. Mark Ami-El "The Destruction of the Temple Mount Antiquities" Jerusalem Viewpoints, Number 483, August 1, 2002. Ami-El's analysis is based on discussions with Israeli archeologist Eilat Mazar. See also "The Al-Aqsa Institute for Developing Islamic Sites," http://www.islamonline. net/arabic/famous/2004/07/article03.shtml.
55. Ibid.
56. Adnan Husseini, "Work at the Temple Mount," Letters to the Editor, Washington Post, July 27, 2000.
57. "PA Minister: The Intifada Was Planned from the Day Arafat Returned from Camp David" MEMRI Special Dispatch No. 194, March 9, 2001.
58. Shmuel Berkovits, "How Dreadful is this Place!": Holiness, Politics and Justice in Jerusalem and the Holy Places in Israel (Jerusalem: Carta, 2006) [in Hebrew], 402-03.
59. "Moving Zamzam Waters to the Temple Mount" May 24, 2001. http://islamonline.net/Arabic/news/2 001 -05/2 5/article3 .shtml.
60. Dan Diker, "The Expulsion of the Palestinian Authority from Jerusalem and the Temple Mount," Jerusalem Issue Brief, Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, August 5, 2004.
61. "Temple Mount Mosques Continue to Serve as Breeding Grounds for Anti-Israeli and Anti-American Incitement in the Post-Arafat Era," Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center and the Center for Special Studies, Special Information Bulletin, December 2004.
62. "The Temple Mount Mosques as a Focus for Incitement and Inflammation against the United States and its Allies," Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center at the Center for Special Studies, Special Information Bulletin, June 2003.
63. http://www.islamonline.net/SiteDirectory/English/subcategories.aspPid =387 http:www.alokab.com/forums/lofiversion/index.php/tl5253.html.
64. Asaf Maliach, "The Islamic Liberation Party: From Pragmatism to Radicalism?" Institute for Counter-Terrorism, December 6, 2005, http://www.ict.org.il/articles/articledet.cfrn?articleid=551.
65. Zeyno Baran, "Fighting the War of Ideas," Foreign Affairs, November/ December 2005, 68.
66. Zeyno Baran, Hizb ut-Tahrir: Islam s Political Insurgency (Washington: The Nixon Center, 2004), 19-20.
67. Baran, "Fighting the War of Ideas," 69.
68. Olivier Roy, Globalized Islam: The Search for a New Ummah (New York: Columbia University Press, 2004).
69. Baran, "Fighting the War of Ideas," 77-78.
70. Lt. Col. (res.), Jonathan D. Halevi, "Understanding the Direction of the New Hamas Government: Between Tactical Pragmatism and Al-Qaeda
Jihadistsm," Jerusalem Viewpoints, Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, May 1,2006. 71. Ibid.
Chapter 8: Jerusalem as an Apocalyptic Trigger for Radical Islam
1. Bernard Lewis, "August 22: Does Iran Have Something in Store," Wall Street Journal, August 8, 2006.
2. "Hidden Imam" in Cyril Glasse, The Concise Encyclopedia of Islam (London: Stacey International, 1991), 155.
3. Patrick Poole, "Ahmadinejad's Apocalyptic Faith," FrontPageMagazine.com, August 17, 2006. Scott Peterson, "Waiting for the Rapture in Iran," Christian Science Monitor, December 21, 2005. Jackson Diehl, "In Iran, Apocalypse vs. Reform," Washington Post, May 11, 2006. John Daniszzewski, "Messianic Fervor Grows Among Iran's Shi-ites," Los Angeles Times, April 15, 2006.
4. Diehl.
5. See also "Ayatollah Nouri-Hamedani: 'Fight the Jews and Vanquish Them So as to Hasten the Coming of the Hidden Imam," MEMRI Special Dispatch No. 897, April 22, 2005. Ayatollah Nouri-Hamedani met with members of the Mahdaviyat Studies Institute, which studies the doctrine of the Hidden Imam.
6. "Iranian President at Tehran Conference: 'Very Soon, This Stain of Disgrace [i.e. Israel] Will Be Purged From the Center of the Islamic World— and This Is Attainable,'" MEMRI, Special Dispatch No. 1013, October 28,2005.
7. Address by H.E. Dr. Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, president of the Islamic Republic of Iran, before the sixtieth session of the UN General Assembly, September 7, 2005, www.un.org.
8. Anton La Guardia, "'Divine Mission Driving Iran's New Leader," Daily Telegraph, January 14, 2001. See also Charles Moore, "There's A Method in the Mahdi Madness of Iran's President," Daily Telegraph, January 14, 2006.
9. http://albehari.tripod.com/quds4.htm.
10. Reuven Paz, "Hotwiring the Apocalypse: Jihadi Salafi Attitude towards Hizballah and Iran," The Project for the Research of Islamist Movements (PRISM), Global Research in International Affairs (GLORIA), Volume 4 (2006), Number 4 (August 2006).
11. Tomothy R. Furnish, Holiest Wars: Islamic Mahdis, Their Jihadis, and Osama bin Laden (Westport: Praeger Publishers, 2005), 30-71.
12. David Cook, Understa?iding Jihad (Berkley: University of California Press, 2005), see all of chapter 1.
13. Furnish, 74.
14. Aziz al-Azmeh, Ibn Khaldun: An Essay in Reinterpretation (London: Frank Cass, 1982), 80. Mohammed Abdul Hameed al-Khateeb, Al-Quds: The Place of Jerusalem in Classical Judaic and Islamic Traditions (London: Ta-Ha Publishers, 1998), 166.
15. The History of al-Tabari: The Battle of al-Qadasiyyah and the Conquest of Syria and Palestine, Yohanan Freidman, trans. (Albany; State University of New York Press, 1992), 189.
16. David Cook, Contemporary Muslim Apocalyptic Literature (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2005), 173. See also references to the article of Osama Azzam, from March 9, 2003, cited in Reuven Paz, "Global Jihad and the Sense of Crisis: Al-Qai'idah's Other Front," Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center, Center for Special Studies.
17. Moshe Gil, A History of Palestine: 634-1099 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 297.
18. Ibid.
19. Thus an Egyptian apocalyptic writer named Amin Jamal al-Din identifies the Taliban with the black flags supporting the Mahdi. The Western war on Afghanistan serves as "the precursor of the battle of Armageddon." Cook, Contemporary Muslim Apocalyptic Literature, 180.
20. Ibid., 175-76.
21. Ibid., 181.
22. Paz, 5.
23. Barbara Freyer Stowasser, "The End Is Near: Minor and Major Signs of the Hour in Islamic Texts and Contexts," http://research.yale.edu/ycias/ database/files/MESV6-3.pdf#search=%22%22Muhammad%20Daud%22 %22.
24. Muhammad Isa Da'ud, Armageddon and What Is After Armageddon (Cairo: Madbuli al-Saghir, undated), [in Arabic], 165-205.
25. Cook, Contemporary Muslim Apocalyptic Literature, 140.
26. Ibid.
27. Gershom Gorenberg, The End of Days: Fundamentalism and the Struggle for the Temple Mount (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), 185.
28. Ibid., 189.
29. Ehud Ya'ari, "Mahdi Now," Jerusalem Report, March 24, 2003.
30. Paz, "Hotwiring the Apocalypse," 4.
31. Gorenberg, 193.
32. Ziad Abu-Amr, Islamic Fundamentalism in the West Bank and Gaza: Muslim Brotherhood a?id Islamic Jihad (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994), 32.
33. "The Distribution of Virulent Anti-Israeli and Anti-Semitic Hate Propaganda Continues in the West Bank and Gaza Strip, Although Incitement in the Official Media Has Abated under Abu Mazen," Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center for Special Studies at the Center for Special Studies, December 5, 2005.
34. Ibid.
35. Itamar Marcus, "Islam Is at War Against the Jews and Israel in Palestinian Authority Religious Teaching" Special Report No. 37, March 2002, Palestinian Media Watch. See also Itamar Marcus, Palestinian Media Watch, "Palestinian TV. Radio, Newspapers—in Teaching the Islamic Attitude Toward Jews—Have Fueled an Intense Hatred for Israel and Promoted Violent Jihad," July 22, 2001.
36. Al-Bayan (UAE), July 10, 2003.
37. http://www.islamonline.net/net/livedialogue/arabic/ Browse.asp?hGuestID=t2gH5q.
38. http://islamicweb.com/goldenbook/israel.htm.
39. Paz, "Hotwiring the Apocalypse," 5.
40. For a conventional view of Islamic eschatology, see al-Khateeb, 176. According to a hadith collected by al-Bukhari, "it is related that 'Awf ibn Malik said, "I went to the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, during the Tabuk expedition while he was in a hide tent. He said, 'Count six signs before the Hour: my death, then the conquest of Jerusalem, then a plague which will carry you off like the sheep disease, the the increase of wealth so that a man will be given a hundred dinars and remain displeased, the a civil war (fitna), which will not fail to enter every house of the Arabs, and then a truce between you and the Greeks who will act treacherously and come at you under eighty flags with twelve thousand men under every flag.'" From the website SunniPath, see the Sahih Collection of al-Bukhari at http://www.sunnipath.com/Resources/Print-media/Hadith/H0002P0000.aspx.
41. A radical Islamic perspective summarizing the current eschatological thinking about Jerusalem may be found in Khaled Abul Wahhab, The End of Israel and the United States of America, www.go.ac.kalwia7index.htm, 2004.
42. Gorenberg, 191.
43. Mukhlis Barzak, Al-Wa'ad Min Khaibar ilia al-Quds, http://www.pales-tine-info.info/arabic/books/alwad/2.htm (this book appears on the website of Hamas).
44. Carl Brockelmann, History of the Islamic Peoples (New York: Capricorn Books, 1960), 28.
45. Niall Christie, "A Translation of Extracts from Kitab al-Jihad of 'Ali ibn Tahir al-Sulami (d. 1106)," http://www.arts.cornell.edu/prh3/447/ texts/Sulami.html. The Arabic text appears in an article by Emmanuel Sivan, in Journal Asiatique 254 (1966), 206-22.
46. Barzak.
47. "Former Pakistan Intelligence Chief on Al-Jazeera: 'Israel Is Our Main Enemy'; as Mel Gibson Said, 'The Jews Caused All the Wars,'" MEMRI Special Dispatch No. 1254, August 17, 2006.
48. David Cook, Contemporary Muslim Apocalyptic Literature, 113.
49. David Cook, "Muslim Fears of the Year 2 000," Middle East Quarterly, June 1998.
50. http ://www. qaradawi.net/site/topics/article. asp ?cuno=2&item no=2509&version=l&template id=105&parent id=16.
51. "Leading Sunni Sheikh Yousef Al-Qaradhawi and Other Sheikhs Herald the Coming Conquest of Rome," MEMRI Special Dispatch Series No. 447, December 6, 2002.
52. Loretta Napoleoni, Insurgent Iraq: Al Zarqawi and the New Generation (London: Constable, 2005), 30.
53. http://www.dini.gov/release_letter_101105.html. See also Rita Katz, "The Coming New Wave of Jihad," Boston Globe, March 13, 2006.
54. "Syrian Security Forces Kill Five Militants in Clash," Al-Sharq al-Awsat, September 4, 2005.
55. "IDF Intelligence: Al-Qaeda Already Operating in Gaza," Maariv [Hebrew], October 17, 2005.
56. This was the interpretation of Major General Yair Naveh, who commanded the Israeli Central Command. See Yaakov Katz, "Naveh: Zarqawi Trying to Get Better Grip" Jerusalem Post, February 22, 2006.
57. "Communique from "Al-Qaida's Jihad in Palestine," Evan Kohlmann, ed., Global Terroralert, October 6, 2005, http://www.globalterroralert.com/ pdf/1005/qaidapalestine 1005 .pdf.
58. "The Egyptian Interior Ministry Exposed Operative Collaboration between Terrorist Elements in Sinai (Connected to the Global Jihad and Suspected of Involvement in the Arracks at Dahab), and Palestinian Terrorist Elements in the Gaza Strip (Whose Identity is Unclear)," Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center at the Center for Special Studies, May 26, 2006.
59. "A Terrorist Cell Was Exposed in Nablus Which Was Handled by Global Jihad Operatives in Jordan. Palestinian Terrorists Suggested a Mass-Mur-deer Attack in Jerusalem and the Global Jihad Financed Its Preparations," Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center at the Center for Special Studies, March 22, 2006.
60. Ibid.
61. Ghasan Charbel, "Abu Mazen: 'There Are Signs of Al-Qaeda in Gaza and the West Bank, and the Consequences Will Destroy the Entire Region.'" Al-Hayat, March 3, 2006, http://english.daralhayat.com/Spec/03-2006/Article-20060303-c098ab0b-c0a8-10ed-00cl-5565d99fB0a7story.html.
62. Lt. Col. (res.) and Jonathan D. Halevi, "Understanding the Direction of the New Hamas Government: Between Tactical Pragmatism and Al-Qaeda Jihadism" Jerusalem Viewpoints, Number 542, May 1, 2006.
63. Amos Harel, "IDF: Gaza Is Wide Open to Weapons Smuggling and Entry of Terrorists," Haaretz, April 6, 2006.
64. Halevi.
65. Al-Jazeera, April 26, 2006, http://www.al-jazeera.net/news/archives? ArchiveId-324854.
66. "Al-Zarqawi's Message to the Fighters of Jihad in Iraq on September 11, 2004," MEMRI Special Dispatch Series No. 785, September 15, 2004.
67. Ibid.
68. "Commander of Shura Council of Jihad Fighters in Iraq: Al-Zarqawi's Death Will Be Incentive for Jihad and Martyrdom" MEMRI Special Dispatch No. 1192, June 28, 2006.
69. Ibid. See also Youssef Ibrahim, "Zarqawi May Be Dead, but His Terrorist Creed Lives on in the Mosques," New York Sun, June 12, 2006.
70. Evan Kohlmann, "Al-Zarqawi Group Aims to Strike Beyond Iraq," MSNBC, July 25, 2006.
71. Khaled Abu Toameh, "Hamas Denies Statement Mourning Zarqawi," Jerusalem Post, June 11, 2006.
72. Jonathan Schanzer, Al-Qaedas Armies: Middle East Affiliate Groups & the Next Generation of Terror (Washington: The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 2005), 49.
73. Miral Fahmy, "Al-Qaeda Threatens Attacks in Gulf, Israel," Reuters, September 11, 2006.
74. Yaakov Katz, "General Predicts 'Global Jihad Tsunami,"' Jerusalem Post, May 15, 2006.
75. International Crisis Group, "The Jerusalem Powder Keg," August 2, 2005, http://www.crisigroup. org/home/index.cfm?id=3588.
76. Cook, "Muslim Fears of the Year 2000."
77. Ibid.
Chapter 9: The West and the Freedom of Jerusalem
1. "Blair Calls for World to Unite After Bush Win," Associated Press, November 4, 2004, http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,137541,00.html.
2. Con Coughlin, American Ally: Tony Blair and the War on Terror (New York: HarperCollins, 2006), 155-56, 164-65, 177, 184-85, 193-94, 227-28.
3. "London: A Center-Stage for Radical Islamic Incitement to Anti-American and Anti-Israeli Violence and Hatred," Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center at the Center for Special Studies.
4. Dennis Ross, The Missing Peace: The Inside Stoty of the Fight for Middle East Peace (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2004), 783.
5. "President Bush Calls for New Palestinian Leadership," The White House, June 24, 2002. http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/ 2002/ 06/20020624-3.html.
6. Chris Patten, Not Quite the Diplomat: Home Truths About World Affairs (London: Allen Lane, 2005), 197.
7. Nicholas Watt, "EU Shelves East Jerusalem Report over Fear of Alienating Israel," Guardian, December 13, 2005.
8. http://www.cipmo.org/attivita/eu-projects_en.html. Whether the EU also financed the well-known Geneva Initiative that proposed dividing Jerusalem is unclear. Its leaders, former Israeli justice minister Yossi Beilin and former Palestinian information minister Yasser Abd Rabbo, met with Solana and Patten, along with European Commission president Ramano Prodi, on February 2, 2004. According to the Europeans' account, the
Geneva team sought EU political and financial support for their initiative. See Euromed Synopsis, weekly newsletter of the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership and the MEDA Programme, Issue No. 258, February 5, 2004.
9. Search for Common Ground in the Middle East, Program Update 2006. To its credit, Search for Common Ground, which is a U.S.-based as well as a European-based organization, is transparent about its funding sources. It explains that its activities "are funded by the European Union and the Canadian, Dutch, German, Norwegian, Spanish, UK, and US governments." The U.S. involvement, while troubling, has to be weighed against the involvement of multiple European countries.
10. Michael Bell, Michael J. Molloy, John Bell, and Maraketa Evans, The Jerusalem Old City Initiative: Discussion Document (Toronto: University of Toronto, no date given). The University of Toronto summary of the initiative states that it was subsidized by Canada's Department of Foreign Affairs. There is no mention of the EU at this stage.
11. The acclaimed Geneva Agreement, reached between Israeli and Palestinian on official teams in late 2003, showed signs of falling apart even before it was formally announced. For example, in the document's pre-amble, it clearly states that it was "[a]ffirming that this agreement marks the recognition of the right of the Jewish people to statehood..." Yet in the London-based Arabic daily al-Hayat on October 14, 2003, Qaddoura Fares, one of the leaders of the Palestinian delegation denied that Geneva Agreement stated that Israel will be a Jewish state. See Y. Yehoshua, "Palestinian Reactions to the 'Geneva Understanding," MEMRI, Inquiry and Analysis Series—No. 154, November 11, 2003. What Camp David had shown was that backchannel understandings reached between Israel and the Palestinians in the past melted down when the moment of truth arrived and they were tested in official negotiations.
12. Al-Sharq al-Awsat, November 19, 2005.
13. http://albehari.tripod.com/quds4.htm.
14. http://www.alrased.net.
15. Moshe Amirav, The Palestinian Struggle for Jerusalem (Jerusalem: The Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies, 2002) [in Hebrew], 63.
16. Raphael Israeli, The Armistice Regime: 1947-1961 (London: Frank Cass, 2002), 74.
17. Edgar Lefkovits, "Jordan Plans New Temple Mt. Minaret," Jerusalem Post, October 11, 2006.
18. Amnon Ramon, "The Christian Institutions and the Separation Fence in the Jerusalem Area" in Israel Kimhi, (ed.) The Security Fence in Jerusalem: Its Impact on the Citys Residents [in Hebrew] (Jerusalem: The Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies, 2006), 111-118.
Abadin, Abd al-Qadir, 15-16
Abbas, Mahmoud, 12, 190, 192, 229, 253; al-Qaeda and, 248^9; Beilin-Abu Mazen agreement and, 179-82; Bush, George W. and, 226
Abbasid caliphate, 29, 104-06
Abdullah, King, 135, 155, 156, 157, 159
Abdullah II, King, 269
Afghanistan, 8, 31; al-Qaeda in, 244; Bamiyan Valley in, 20; Soviet Union and, 24-25, 199, 202, 257, 263; Taliban in, 235
Agrippa II, 48
Ahbar, Ka'b al-, 96-97
Ahmadinejad, Mahmoud, 231-33,264-65
Ahmadinejad and the Next Global Revolution, 265
Akiva, Rabbi, 51
Ala', Abu, 191-92, 194
al-Aqsa Intifada: Arafat, Yasser and, 5,6, 11, 19, 185, 195, 222; Hamas and, 5; holy sites, war against and, 5-6, 18-22; Jerusalem and, 5; Palestinian Arabs and, 5; PLO and, 5; Sharon,
Ariel visit to Temple Mount and, 5
al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigade, 210
al-Aqsa Mosque, 2, 5, 79, 90, 103, 104-05
Al-Ayyam newspaper, 12, 194
Albright, Madeleine, 7, 178
Al-Buraq, 89,231
Alexander the Great, 45
al-Hayat, 11,249
al-Hayat al-Jadida, 195
Ali, Muhammad, 119, 120
Ali, Shawkat, 151
al-Jalalayn, 17
al-Jazeera, 12, 23, 195, 208, 242, 243, 265, 266
al-Masih al-Dajjal (The Antichrist) (Ayyub), 236
Al-Mujahidin, 201
al-Qaeda: in Afghanistan, 244; apocalyptic thought and, 235; Arab-Israeli conflict and, 201-02; bin Laden, Osama and, 244, 257; birth of, 199-200, 244, 257; Clinton, Bill and, 7; in Gaza Strip, 26, 246-49; Hamas and, 229, 247; Hizb ut-Tahrir (Islamic Liberation Party) and, 227-28; ideology of,
22, 27; in Iraq, 250; Islam, radical and, 243-51; Jerusalem and, 8, 27, 199, 200, 243-51; jihad and, 25, 31; September 11 and, 7, 202; terrorism and, 7-8; Zarqawi, Abu Musab al- and, 20 al-Ta'ifa al-Mansura (the Victorious Community), 243, 265 al-Tawhid wal-Jihad, 248 Amayra, Issam, 226 Anglican Church, 80, 82 Annan, Kofi, 194, 204 Ansar al-Islam, 208, 244 Antichrist (dajjal), 23,
234,238,243,252,265 Antiochus Epiphanes, 45 Antiochus VII, 45 anti-Semitism, 81, 83, 237 Antonius, George, 124 Arab Higher Committee,
152 Arab-Israeli conflict: al-Qaeda and, 201-02; Barak, Ehud and, 177-85, 222-23; Bush, George W. and, 255-59; Camp David summit (2000) and, 1, 3, 181-84, 192-96; Clinton, Bill and, 6, 7, 187-92, 222-23; EU and, 258-61;
363
Index
Arab-Israeli conflict (continued): holy sites, protection of and, 168-71; Jerusalem, future of and, 267-73; Jerusalem and, 165-96; Muslim Brotherhood and, 201; Oslo Accords (1993) and, 176-77; PLO and, 195-96; Saudi Arabia and, 269-70; Six-Day War (1967) and, 165-68, 168-77; terrorism and, 7-8; UN Security Council Resolution 242 and, 172-76. See also Jerusalem; Palestinian Arabs
Arab-Israeli War (1948), 201
Arab League, 134, 266
Arab Legion, 135, 138, 140, 141, 153, 157, 158, 168, 267
Arab Revolt (1936), 152
Arafa, Salah al-Din Abu, 235
Arafat, Yasser, 25, 151, 179; al-Aqsa Intifada and, 5,6, 11, 19,185, 195, 222; Arab-Israeli conflict and, 189-90; Beilin-Abu Mazen agreement and, 181; Bush, George W and, 10, 257; Camp David summit (2000) and, 1, 3,4,182, 183-84; Clinton, Bill and, 6; Clinton Parameters and, 9; Fatah movement and, 213; holy site vandalism and, 28; Jerusalem, internationalization of and, 137; Jerusalem, redivision of and, 4, 8; Oslo Accords (1993) and, 6, 196; Palestinian
Authority and, 210;
Palestinian exclusivity
and, 219, 222; PLO
and, 161-63; Temple
Denial and, 12, 18, 152;
Vatican and, 210 Arif, Muhammad Izzat,
242 Armageddon and What
Comes After Armageddon
(Da'ud),235 Armenian Church, 187 Armistice Agreements
(1949), 141-43, 153,
165,171, 176, 293-302 Ash at al-Ansar, 250 Ashrawi, Hanan, 19 Assal, Riah Abu al-, 212 Assyrian Empire, 43, 45 Atta, Muhammad, 227 Ayyub, Sayyid, 236 Aziz, Umar ibn Abd al-,
58,99 Azzam, Abdullah, 8, 201,
202,244
Baal Shem Tov, 59
Babylonian captivity, 13, 44
Babylonians, 2
Bakr, Abu, 90, 93-94, 95, 106
Baldric of Bourgueil, 79
Baldwin II, King, 79
Balfour Declaration (1917), 82, 122, 123, 129
Bamiyan Valley, Afghanistan, 20,203-05
Bannah, Hasan al-, 200-201
Barak, Ehud, 25, 120; Arab-Israeli conflict and, 222-23; Camp David summit (2000) and, 1-2, 3-4, 6-7, 11, 177-79, 182-83, 192; Clinton Parameters
and, 9; Jerusalem, redivision of and, 3-4; Jerusalem, shift on and, 177-85; Rabin, Yitzhak and, 177-78; replacement of, 10 Barghouti, Marwan,
195-96,213 bar Giora, Simon, 49, 50 Barkai, Gabi, 16-17 Bar Kochba revolt (132-135 CE), 50-51, 65,70 bar Kosiba, Shumon, 51 Bartinurah, Ovadiah, 59 Basic Law (1980), 260 Basri, Hasan al-, 90 Baydawi, Abdullah ibn
Omar, 17 Baz, Abd al-Aziz bin, 204,
205, 206-07 Begin, Menachem, 175 Beilin, Yossi, 179-82 Beilin-Abu Mazen agreement, 179-82, 186 Ben-Ami, Shlomo, 25, 181, 186-87, 189-91, 193 Benedict XVI, Pope, 230 Ben-Gurion, David, 130, 194, 267; First Arab-Israeli War and, 137, 138,140-41 Benjamin of Tudela, 150 Berard, Armand, 307-08 Berger, Sandy, 3, 179,
185 Berlin, Treaty of, 121 Bible: Jerusalem in, 35; Temple Denial and, 11, 14 bin Laden, Osama, 8, 23, 202, 204-05, 206-07, 228, 242;al-Qaedaand, 244, 257; apocalyptic thought and, 235; Clinton, Bill and, 7; ideology of, 22; Wahhabism
365
and, 199-200; Zawahiri, Ayman al- and, 8 Blackstone, William, 82,
121 Blair, Tony, 255-58 A Brief Guide to al-Haram al-SharifJerusalem, 151 Britain: Ottoman Empire and, 121-22; Palestine Mandate of, 122-30, 145-46, 218-85 Brown, George, 174, 306 Bush, George H. W, 175 Bush, George W., 4; Abbas, Mahmoud and, 226; Arab-Israeli conflict and, 255-59; Arafat, Yasser and, 10, 257; Clinton diplomacy and, 9-10; Jerusalem, redivision of and, 10; Sharon, Ariel and, 258, 315-17
Caesar, Augustus, 45 Camp David Accords, 175 Camp David summit
(1978), 175 Camp David summit (2000): Arab-Israeli conflict and, 181-84, 192-96; Arafat, Yasser and, 1,3,4,182, 183-84; Barak, Ehud and, 1-2,3-4,6-7, 11, 177-79, 182-83, 192; Clinton, Bill and, 1, 4-5,6,11,178-79, 181-84; failure of, 4-5, 185, 192-93, 199; Israeli-Palestinian conflict and, 1; Jerusalem, redivision of and, 1-3; Middle East peace process and, 3; Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) and, 178; PLO and, 192; Temple
Denial and, 11; Temple Mount and, 1
Caradon, Lord, 172-76
Carter, Jimmy, 27, 174, 175
Catholic Church, 58-59, 187; Crusades and, 72-81
Cattan, George, 21, 213
Centro Italiano per la Pace in Medio Oriente (Italian Center for Peace in the Middle East), 260
Chancellor, Sir John, 149, 268
Christianity: anti-Semitism and, 82, 83; birth of, 63; Constantine and, 55, 67-69, 72, 73; Crusades and, 72-81; Jerusalem, declining sanctity of and, 66-72; Jerusalem, religious approach to of, 30, 63-85; Jerusalem in modern era and, 81-85; Jordan, Hashemite Kingdom of and, 159; Judaism vs., 64, 68; Temple Mount and, 70-71; Zionism and, 82-83
Christopher, Warren, 258
Churchill, Winston, 124, 146-53, 158
Church of the Holy Sepulchre, 2, 8, 28, 73-74, 96, 105, 109, 136-37
Church of the Nativity, Bethlehem, 19-20, 69, 212
Clarke, Richard, 7
Clinton, Bill: al-Qaeda and, 7; Arab-Israeli conflict and, 222-23; Arafat, Yasser and, 6; bin Laden, Osama and,
7; Camp David summit (2000) and, 1,4-5,6, 11,178-79, 181-84; Jerusalem, plan for of, 187-92; Jerusalem, redivision of and, 4-5, 6-10; Middle East peace process and, 6, 7; Oslo Accords (1993) and, 6, 8, 202; Rabin, Yitzhak and, 6, 178-79; terrorism and, 7-8; Washington Declaration (1994) and, 314
Clinton Parameters, 9, 187-92
Cole, USS, 7, 202
Committee for the Defense of the Buraq-el-Sharif, 148
Congress of the Islamic World, 150
Constantine, 2, 55, 67-69, 72,73,98
Constantinople, 72, 107-8
Cook, David, 251, 253
Copenhagen School, 13, 39
Coptic Christians, 20, 21, 209,210-11
Corriere della Sera, 247
Council of Clermont, 74, 76-77
Council of Nicaea, 67, 73
Crusades, 28-29, 31,57, 58; Jerusalem, history of and, 72-81; Saladin and, 107-9,113
Curthose, Robert, 77
Cyril of Jerusalem, 69
Cvrus, King of Persia, 44, 45
dajjal (Antichrist), 23, 234, 238,243,252,265
Darius, King of Persia, 45
Index
Da'ud, Muhammad Isa,
235-36 David, King, 13-14, 18;
Jerusalem, history of
and, 35, 36, 38-41;
Jesus Christ and, 63 Dawla, Iftikhar al-, 79 Dawood,NJ.,90 Dayan, xMoshe, 168,302 Declaration of Principles
(1993). See Oslo
Accords (1993) Dershowitz, Alan, 173-74 Der Spiegel, 259 DimNural-, 107 Dio Cassius, 50-51, 52,
53 Diocletian, 67 The Disappearance of Israel
Qarrar),237 Dome of the Rock, 2, 79,
97, 101-03, 104-05
Eastern Orthodox Church, 72
East Jerusalem. See Jerusalem
Eban, Abba, 167
Egypt, 8; Coptic Christians in, 20, 21, 209, 210-11; First Arab-Israeli War and, 134-3 8; Jerusalem, internationalization of and, 134-35
Erekat, Sa'eb, 12, 183, 192
Eudocia, 56-57
European Union (EU), 193-94,254,258-61
Eusebius, 53, 67-69, 70
Eutychius, 70, 97
Fadail al-Quds (Praises of
Jerusalem), 107 Fahmi, Khalid bin Thabit
al-, 96 Faisal, Emir, 125-27, 146
Faluji, Imad, 5, 222 Faraj, Muhammad Abd
al-Salam, 201 Faruk, Muhammad ibn,
115 Fatah movement, 195-96,
210,213 Fatimid caliphate, 28-29,
77-79, 105, 106 Finkelstein, Israel, 40-41 First Arab-Israeli War,
134-38, 140-43;
Armistice Agreements
(1949) and, 141-43,
153,165,171,176,
293-302 First Crusade (1096),
28-29,57,72,74,218 First Temple (Temple of
Solomon), 2, 11, 12-14,
15-18,35,36-38,45,
49-50 Frankenstein, Ernst, 128 Frederick II, Emperor,
110-11 freedom of worship, 28 Freij, Elias, 211 Friedman, Thomas, 180 From Kabul to Jerusalem
(Azzam), 8, 201 Fuller, Melville, 121
Gaza-Jericho Agreement (1994), 202
Gaza Strip: al-Qaeda in, 26, 246-49; Israeli withdrawal from, 26, 246-47, 263-64
General Moslem Conference, 148
Genghis Khan, 111
George, Lloyd, 120
Germany, 121-22
Gessius Florus, 48
Gil, Moshe, 56
Gischala, John, 50
Goldberg, Arthur, 172, 173-74
Golgotha, 2, 69
Great Revolt (66-67 CE), 47-50
Greek Orthodox Church, 109, 187,215,216
Gregory of Nyssa, St., 67
Grinstein, Giddi, 188
Guilbert de Nogent, 75, 79
Gul, Hamid, 242
Gulf Cooperation Council, 194
Haaretz, 180, 192
Habash, Sakher, 195, 196
Hadi, Awni Abdul, 129-30, 160
Hadrian, Emperor, 51-53,55,56,65,70, 98, 120
Haj, Nadia Abu El, 13-14
Hakim, A1-, 105
Halevi, Judah, 58
Hamas, 27, 202; al-Aqsa Intifada and, 5; al-Qaeda and, 229, 247; Muslim Brotherhood and, 5, 210-11; Palestinian Arabs and, 21-22; Palestinian Authority and, 213, 249; rising power of, 28; terrorism and, 19
Haniyah, Ismail, 253
Haram al-Sharif(xhe Noble Sanctuary), 2, 18, 110, 114, 286. &f also Temple Mount
Harpers magazine, 14
Harrison, Benjamin, 82, 121
Hashemite Kingdom, 153-60,229-30
Hebron Protocol (1997), 202
Hegesippus, 53
Heraclius, 57, 71,95
367
Herod, King, 17,48
Herzog, Chaim, 136
Hezekiah, King, 43
Hiram, King, 38, 39, 45
History of Palestine (Gil), 56
Hitler, Adolf, 152
Hizballah, 25-26, 233
Hizb ut-Tahrir (Islamic Liberation Party), 24, 226-28,235
Hojjatieh Mahdavieh Society, 231-32
Holbrooke, Richard, 191
Hoist, Johanjorgan, 15, 214
House of David, 35, 38-41
Hulagu, 111
Hussein, Abdullah ben al-, 155
Hussein, King of Jordan, 24, 127, 161; Six-Day War (1967) and, 166-67; Washington Declaration (1994) and, 312-14
Hussein, Saddam, 20, 208, 244
Hussein, Sharif, 124—25, 145, 155
Husseini, Abdul Qader al-, 162
Husseini, Adnan, 221
Husseini, Faisal al-, 163, 176,195,214
Husseini, Hajj Amin al-, 18, 161, 268; holy sites, protection of and, 148-51; Jerusalem as political weapon and, 146-53; replacement of, 156
Husseini, Jamal al-, 152
Ignatieff, George, 308 Immer, Galihu Ben, 16 Immer, Pashur Ben, 16
Interim Agreement (1995), 202
International Commission for the Wailing Wall, 149,151,190
International Court of Justice, 123
internationalization, 30, 31,83, 123; failure of, 131-43
Iran: nuclear weapons and, 255; Shiism in, 231-33; U.S. containment of, 7
Iraq: al-Qaeda in, 250; U.S. containment of, 7
IraqWar(2003),244,251
Irenaeus, 66
Islam: as apocalyptic movement, 22-31; birth of, 87; Crusades and, 72-81; Jerusalem, ambivalence about and, 104-7; Jerusalem, early rule of and, 92-100; Jerusalem, excessive veneration of and, 111-15; Jerusalem, history of and, 87-115; jihad and, 22, 107-11, 113-14; Night Journey of Muhammad and, 89-92,102,112,200, 252; salafi doctrine and, 20-21; Sunnism vs. Shiism and, 20; Ummayad caliphate and, 100-04; Wahhabism and, 20-21, 199-200, 205-9; West vs., 30-31. See also Islam, radical
Islam, radical: al-Qaeda and,199-203,243-51; holy sites, vandalism of and, 203-13; Jerusalem and, 199-230,231-54; jihad, global and, 239-43; Sunni apoca-
lyptic movements and, 233-39
Islamic Jihad, 19,201,243
Islamic Liberation Party (Hizb ut-Tahrir), 226-28
Israel: al-Qaeda and, 8; Armistice Agreements (1949)and, 141-43, 153, 165, 171, 176, 293-302; East Jerusalem and, 15; Jordan and, 153-60; Lebanon, withdrawal from of, 25-26; legacy of ancient, 35-61; Palestine Mandate and, 122-30; Treaty of Peace (1994) and, \S. See also Arab-Israeli conflict; Jerusalem
Israel Antiquities Authority, 16
Israeli-Palestinian conflict. See Arab-Israeli conflict
Jabari, Sulayman al-, 15
Jehoida, 42-43
Jerome, St., 67, 70
Jersalem Embassy Act (1995), 3
Jerusalem: al-Qaeda and, 8,27,199,200,243-51; as apocalyptic city, 22-31,72,231-54; Arab-Israeli conflict and, 165-96; Christianity and, 63-85; demographics of, 276-77; future of, 267-73; historical record of, 30, 35-61; historical truth, battle for and, 1-31; Husseini, Hajj Amin al-era and, 146-53; internationalization of, 30, 31,83, 123, 131-43;
Index
Jerusalem (continued): Islam, classical and, 87-115; Islam, radical and, 199-213,231-54; jihad and, 22-31, 107-11,113-14, 2 3 9^4-3; modern Israel, birth of and, 119-43; Oslo Accords (1993) and, 6-7, 11, 15; Palestinian exclusivity in, 213-30; political freedom and religious spirituality in, 41-44; Temple Denial and, 10-15, 15-18; West and freedom of, 255-73. See also Arab-Israeli conflict
Jerusalem Post, 212, 306
Jesus of Nazareth, 2,19, 23; Jerusalem, history of and, 63-65; second coming of, 75
Jewish Agency, 131, 132, 134,137
Jibrin, Sheikh ibn, 205
jihad: al-Qaeda and, 31; apocalyptic thought and, 22-31; Islam and, 22; Jerusalem and, 22-31, 107-11,113-14, 239-43; Khaybar and, 240-42; Wahhabism and, 22; withdrawal galvanizing, 25-27, 246-47, 263-64
Jirrar, Bassam, 237, 239
jizya (non-Muslim poll tax), 98, 103, 120,213
Joash, King, 42-43
John Paul II, Pope, 84, 270
Johnson, Lyndon B., 171, 173, 174,307
John Tzimisces, Emperor, 73
Jordan: Armistice Agreements (1949) and,
141-43,153,165, 171, 176,293-302; Hashemite Kingdom of, 153-60,229-30; Jerusalem, future of and, 268-69; Jerusalem's Christian population and, 2-3; Jews, eviction from Jerusalem of by, 2-3; Palestinian Authority and, 30; PLO and, 15-16, 160-61; Six-Day War (1967) and, 166-68, 168-71, 171-77; Temple Mount and, 15, 30, 225; Treaty of Peace (1994) and, 15
Joseph, Nehemiah ben Hushiel ben Ephraim ben, 57
Joseph's Tomb, 5, 18
Josephus, 17,45,48,49, 52
Josiah, King, 43^44
Jubair, Muhammad bin, 204-5
Judaism: Christianity vs., 64, 68; House of David, debate over and, 38-41; Jerusalem, history of and, 30, 35-61; Jerusalem, Roman conquest of and, 47-50, 50-54;Judea,fallof and, 54—61; particularism vs. universalism and, 45-47; political freedom and religious spirituality in, 41-44; tolerance and, 29
Julian, Emperor, 55-56, 71
Julius Severus, 52
Jundi, Ahmed Sudki E1-, 302
Justin, 66
Justinian, 71
Kathir, Ibn, 238 Kedar, Binyamin, 58 Khaldun, Ibn, 23, 233-34 Khalidi, Hussein Fakhri
al-, 160 Khattab, Umar bin al-,
18,29-30,94,96,109,
228,234,270 Khaybar, jihad and,
240-42 Khurasan, 234-35 Khusra, Nasir-i, 106-07 Kidwa, Nasser al-, 194 King Abd al-Aziz University, 202 Knesset, 138, 141, 168,
176, 177 Knights Templar, 79, 109,
218 Koran: apocalyptic
thought and, 22;
Jerusalem in, 17, 89;
Mahdismand, 234;
Muhammad and, 88;
Night Journey of
Muhammad and, 252;
Temple Denial and, 17,
18; tolerance and, 93 Kosygin, Alexei, 173 Krauthammer, Charles,
27 Kurdistan, 208, 244 Kuznetsov, Vasily, 173,
307-08
Lansing, Robert, 129 Lausanne Treaty, 122 Lawrence, T E.
(Lawrence of Arabia),
124 League of Nations: Jewish
historical rights and,
121-30; liquidation of,
131; Palestine Mandate
and, 218-85 Lebanon, 25-26 Lemenche, Niels Peter,
39
369
Levy, David, 4 Lewis, Bernard, 8 Lie,Trygve, 135, 170-71 Livingstone, Ken, 208 London subway bombings (2005), 228, 256 London Sunday Times, 228 Luria, Yitzhak, 59 Luther, Martin, 80
Maayte, Mohamed, 302 Maccabees, 45 Mahdism, 232-33; apocalyptic traditions, Islamic and, 23-24; Koran and, 234; Sunni apocalyptic movements and, 233-38 Maher, Ahamd, 227 Maimonides, 51, 58 Makarios, 68 Malik, Abd al-, 101-03,
105,112,218 Ma'mun, al, 104-05 Mansur, al-, 104 Maqdasi, Abu Muhammad al-, 201, 237 Marwan, Caliph, 218 Mashaal, Khaled, 229,
249 Mazar, Eilat, 14, 39-40 Mazen, Abu. See Abbas,
Mahmoud McKinley, William, 121 McMahon, Sir Henry,
124-25 Mecca, 87-88, 93 Medina, 87-88, 89, 93 Mesh, King of Moab, 40 Middle East Insight, 178 Middle East peace process. See Arab-Israeli conflict millennialism, 29, 76, 79 Ministry of Aqgivaf (Religious Endowment) Affairs, 15, 169,268 Mofaz, Shaul, 9
Mongols, 111-12 Moratinos, Miguel, 192 Mu'awiya, Caliph, 90,
100-01 Mu'azzam, al-, 109-10 Mubarak, Hosni, 186,
201,247 Muhammad, 93, 94, 100; ascension to heaven of, 2; Dome of the Rock and, 2; Islam, birth of and, 87, 88; Koran and, 88; Night Journey of, 17-18,89-92, 102,112, 200,252 Muhammad, Khalid
Sheikh, 201 Muhammad bin Saud
Islamic University, 13 mujahidin, 24—25 Munajid, Muhammad bin
Salah al-, 200 Muqadassi, al-, 58, 104 Musharaf, Pervez, 227-28 Muslim Brotherhood, 20-21,23,25,135, 157, 202; Arab-Israeli conflict and, 201; Hamas and, 5,210-11; Jerusalem and, 200-201 Mustazhir, al-, 105-6 "Mysteries of Shimon Bar Yochai," 98
Nabhani, Taqi al-Din al-,
227 Nachmandides, 58, 114 Na'im,Bilal,233 Nashashibi, Ragheb Bey
al-, 151 Nasi, Don Joseph, 115 Nasser, Gamal Abd al-,
165-66 Nazrallah, Hasan, 25 Nebuchadnezzar, King,
44 Negroponte, John D.,
246
Nero, Emperor, 49, 52 Netanyahu, Benjamin,
218,219 New York Times, 3, 125,
174, 180,266 Nurhasin, Amrozi bin,
241-42 Nusseibah, Anwar, 160
OIC. See Organization of the Islamic Conference Old City, 1-2 Omar, Mohammad, 204 Omri, King of Israel, 40 Operation Nachshon, 137 Organization of Islamic
States, 266 Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC), 190 Oslo Accords (1993), 6, 11, 163,176,179, 309-10; Arab-Israeli conflict and, 176-77; Arafat, Yasser and, 6, 196; Bethlehem, jurisdiction over and, 19; Clinton, Bill and, 6, 8, 202; PLO and, 162-63, 176; Rabin, Yitzhak and, 6, 176-77,213; Temple Mount and, 15 Ottoman Empire, 114-15,120, 121-22, 126, 129
Pakistan, 155, 171 Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO): al-Aqsa Intifada and, 5; Arab-Israeli conflict and, 195-96; Arafat, Yasser and, 161-63; Camp David summit (2000) and, 178, 192; Jerusalem and, 160-63; Jordan and, 15-16, 1*60-61;
Index
Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) (continued): Oslo Accords (1993) and, 176; Rabin, Yitzhak and, 162-63; Temple Denial and, 12, 15-16
Palestine Mandate, 278-85; Arab Palestinian opposition to, 127-30, 132, 134, 145^6; legality of, 129-30; modern Israel, birth of and, 121-30
Palestine National Council, 157, 195
Palestinian Arabs: al-Aqsa Intifada and, 5; Hamas and, 21-22; intolerance of, 209-13; Islam, Radical and, 209-13; Jerusalem, exclusivity in of, 213-30; Jerusalem as political weapon and, 146-53; Jordan, Hashe-mite Kingdom of and, 153-60; Palestine Mandate and, 127-30, 132, 134, 145-46; Temple Denial and, 15-16; Temple Mount and, 8. See also Arab-Israeli conflict
Palestinian Authority (PA), 176, 178; Bethlehem, jurisdiction over and, 19; Fatah movement and, 210; Hamas and, 213, 249; Jordan and, 30; Temple Denial and, 15
Paris Peace Conference (1919), 123, 125-27, 129
Pasha, Mustafa, 115
Patten, Chris, 259
Paul VI, Pope, 72,84, 159
Peace, Treaty of (1994),
15 Peel Commission (1937),
130 People's Crusade, 76 Peres, Shimon, 15, 181,
214,217-18,219 Permanent Court of
International Justice,
123 Petrus Cunaeus, 80 Philo, 60
Pliny the Elder, 45 Pompey, 45-46 Pontius Pilate, 48 Popular Front for the
Liberation of Palestine,
243 Proof of the Gospel (Euse-
bius), 68 Protection of Holy Places
Law, 168 Protestant Reformation,
80 Ptolemy III, 45
Qahtani, Muhammad al-,
233,236,242 Qaradhawi, Yusuf al-, 23,
208,215,237,265 Qatada, Abu, 23 Qutb, Sayyid, 211
Rabbo, Yasser Abd, 12, 195
Rabin, Yitzhak: Barak, Ehud and, 177-78; Camp David summit (2000) and, 11; Clinton, Bill and, 6, 178-79; Jerusalem, redivision of and, 3; Oslo Accords (1993) and, 6, 176-77, 213; Palestinian exclusivity and, 214; PLO and, 162-63; Temple Mount, Jordan's status on and, 15; Washington
Declaration (1994) and,
312-14 Radio Palestine, 5 Rashid, Harun al-, 72,
104 Reagan, Ronald, 27,
175-76 Reed, T.B., 121 ReynaldofChatillon, 108 Richard the Lion
Hearted, 109 Rida, Rashid, 23 Rifa'i, Samir al-, 154 Risalat al-Ikhwan (The
Message of the Brotherhood), 256 Robert the Monk, 74, 79 Rockefeller, John D., 121 Romans, 2, 17, 18,47-50,
50-54 Roosevelt, Franklin D.,
128 Ross, Dennis, 180,182,
183,184 Rostow, Eugene V, 307
Sabri, Ikrima, 16, 214,
226 Sadat, Anwar, 175 Sadiq,Ja'far al-, 91 Said, Nuri al-, 126 Saladin, 29, 80, 107-09,
113,216 Salah,Ra'id,215 Saud, Abdul Aziz ibn,
150 Saudi Arabia: Arab-Israeli
conflict and, 269-70;
holy sites, attacks on
and, 20; Islamist radi-
calization and, 20-21;
Taliban and, 204-05;
Temple Denial in, 12,
13;Wahhabismin,
199-200, 206 Sawma, Bar, 56 Sayyam, Sa'id, 249 Schmidt, Karl Ludwig, 81
371
Schwebel, Stephen,
170-71 Second Intifada, 199,212 Second Temple, 2, 12, 14,
44, 45-47 Sennacharib, King, 43 September 11, 7, 24, 199,
202, 206-07, 226 Sevres, Treaty of, 122 Sha'ath, Nabil, 12,176 Shalom al Yisrael synagogue, 19 Sharansky, Natan, 3-4 Sharett, Moshe, 135, 136,
141-42 Sharon, Ariel, 10,222,
223, 225; Bush, George
W. and, 258, 315-17;
Gaza Strip, withdrawal
from and, 26; Temple
Mount, visit to by, 5 Shaw Commission, 149,
151,190 Sher, Gilead, 181, 188 Shiism: in Iran, 231-33;
Sunnism vs., 20 Shiloah, Reuven, 154,302 Shu'aibi, Hamud bin
Ugla, 22, 206-07 Shukeiry, Ahmad, 160 Shultz, George, 176, 258 The Signs Before the Day of
Judgement (Kathir), 238 Silberstein, Neil Asher,
40^11 Silos, Geraldo de Car-
valho, 308 Silver, Abba Hillel, 132 Simon the Just, 45 Sisco, Joseph, 307 Six-Day War (1967), 1,
15, 165-68; Arab-Israeli
conflict and, 168-77 Sneineh, Yusuf, 226 Society for Protection of
the Moslem Holy
Places, 148 Solana, Javier, 259
Solomon, King, 36, 38, 41,42,45
Solomon's Stables, 218, 220-22
Solomon's Temple, 2, 11, 12-18,35-38,45-47, 49-50
Sophronius, 95, 96, 97-98
Soviet Union, 170; Afghanistan and, 24—25, 199, 202, 257, 263; Six-Day War (1967) and, 165
Spanish Inquisition (1492), 115
Stewart, Michael, 306
Sulami, Ali ibn Tabir al-, 107
Sulayman the Magnifi-cient, 59, 104, 114-15
Sunnism: apocalyptic thought and, 233-39; Shiism vs., 20
Supreme Muslim Council, 18, 147, 150, 151-52,156
Tabari, Abujafar Muhammad al-, 18, 96, 234 Tahboub, Hasan, 214 Tahrir, Hizb ut-, 24 Tal, Abdullah al-, 157 Talabanijalal, 208 Talib, Ali ibn Abi, 100 Taliban, 20, 229; in Afghanistan, 235; apocalyptic thought and, 235; holy sites, destruction of and, 28, 203-05, 208; Saudi Arabia and, 204-05 Talmud, 45, 51,56 Tauran, Jean-Louis,
83-84 Taymiyya, Taqiyy al-Din ibn, 112-13,200,224 Temple Denial, 10-15,
15-18; Arafat, Yasser and, 12,18, 152; Bible and, 11, 14; Camp David summit (2000) and, 11; Clinton Parameters and, 188-89; Copenhagen School and, 13; Islamic tradition of, 17-18; Koran and, 17, 18; minimalists and, 14-15; Palestinian Arabs and, 15-16; PLO and, 12, 15-16; refutation of, 15-18
Temple Mount: al-Aqsa Intifada and, 5; Camp David summit (2000) and, 1; Christianity and, 70-71; Israeli control of, 10-15; Jerusalem, *' early Islamic rule of and, 97-98; Jerusalem and, 2; Jordan and, 15, 30, 225; Oslo Accords (1993) and, 15; Palestinian exculsivity and, 8, 217-28; Sharon, Ariel visit to, 222
Temple of Solomon (First Temple), 2, 11,12-18, 35-38,45-47,49-50
Templum Domini, 79
Templum Salomonis, 79
terrorism: al-Qaeda and, 7-8; Clinton, Bill and, 7-8; Hamas and, 19; Islamic jihad and, 19; Middle East peace process and, 7-8
Thant, U, 165
Theodosius I, 71
Theophanes, 96
Titus, 17,49,50
Toameh, Khaled Abu, 212
Treaty of Berlin, 121
Treaty of Peace (1994), 15,214
Treaty of Sevres, 122
Index
Ulwan, Sulayman al-, 22,
206-07, 238 UmarH, 103 Union of Good, 237 United Arab Emirates, 12 United Monarchy, 39, 40,
42,45,218 United Nations (UN):
charter of, 318-23;
Jerusalem, internationalization of and, 30, 83,
131-43 UN General Assembly
Resolution 181, 134,
193-94, 196, 266,
2*7-92 UN Partition Plan,
131-34, 139-40 UN Security Council
Resolution 242,
172-76, 191, 192, 196,
257,259-60,303-04,
306-08 UN Security Council
Resolution 338, 175,
257, 305 UN Security Council
Resolution 1073, 220 Urban II, Pope, 72,73,
74, 76-77 Utaibi, Juhaiman al-, 233,
236 Uzbekistan, 235 Uziah, King, 42-43
Vespasian, 17, 49 Vilna Gaon, 59
Wahhab, Amina bint, 206-07
Wahhab, Muhammad ibn Abd al-, 200, 205, 206
Wahhabism, 20-21, 25, 199-200; holy sites, destruction of and, 20-21, 205-09; jihad and, 22; in Saudi Arabia, 206
Waisiti, Abu Bakr al-,
106 Walid, Khalid bin al-, 95,
102, 103 Warren, Charles, 41 Washington Declaration
(1994), 214, 268,
311-14 "The Way to Jerusalem
Passes Through Cairo"
(Zawahiri), 8 Weizmann, Chaim,
82-83, 126 West: Islam vs., 30-31;
Jerusalem, freedom of
and, 255-73 Western Wall, 2, 8; Clinton Parameters and, 9;
Israeli sovereignty over,
9; Jewish-Arab disputes
over, 148-51; vandalism
of, 6 Western Wall Tunnel,
218-20 William the Conqueror,
77 Wilson, Woodrow, 123,
130 World Islamic Conference, 150 World Trade Center
attack (1993), 202 World War I, 120,
121-22, 128, 130, 145,
146 World War II, 131 Wyw Agreement (1998),
202
Yadin, Yigael, 41
Yarmuk University, Jordan, 13
Yassin, Ahmad, 215, 228, 237
Yediot Ahronot, 9
Yost, Charles, 175
Yotam, 42^13
Yousef, Hasan, 226
Za'anun, Salim, 195 Zahar, Mahmoud al-, 27,
215,228,247 Zakai, Yohanan ben, 50,
55 Zamzam well, Mecca,
223-24 Zangri, Imad al-Din, 107 Zarqawi, Abu Musab al-,
20, 201, 237, 245; al-
Qaeda and, 249-50;
apocalyptic thought
and, 22, 250; death of,
250; jihad and, 22 Zawahiri, Ayman al-: al-
Qaeda and, 250-51; bin
Laden, Osama and, 8;
Jerusalem and, 8, 201;
jihad and, 244-46 Zedekiah, King, 40, 44 Zeevi, Aharon, 246 Zindani, Abd al-Majid al-,
229 Zionism, 82-83, 130, 140,
232 Zionist Organization,
122, 126, 130 Zubair, Abdullah ibn al-,
101, 102 Zubayr, ibn al-, 112 Zuhri, Sami Abu, 250
s
-
CONTINUED FROM FRONT FLAP
in Palestine—it acknowledged their pre-c
right to do so m The role of radical Islam in the "intifada" a.
Israel 3$ Why any future negotiations between Israel and
the Palestinian Authority over the status of
Jerusalem have very little chance of producing
an agreement
Holy site, center of the Arab-Israeli conflict, and emerging focal point of radical Islam's jihad against the West: no city is more important to the peace of the world than Jerusalem. And no book is more important to understanding how that peace can be safeguarded than Dore Gold's The Fight for Jerusalem.
Dore Gold is the author of the New York Times bestseller Hatreds Kingdom and the president of Jerusalem Center for Public A He served as Israel's ambis^l the United Nations from 191 through 1999, was foreign policy advisor to Prii Minister Benjamin Netanyahu of Israel, has been-diplomatic envoy to the leaders of Egypt, Jordan, thl Persian Gulf states, and the Palestinian Authority, ani has been intimately involved in Arab-Israeli negotiations. Ambassador Gold, who earned his Ph.D. in International Relations and xMiddle East Studies from Columbia University, has written numerous books and articles on the Middle East. His articles have appeared in such publications as the New York limes, the Washington Post, the Wall Street Journal, Commentary, and the Daily Telegraph. He lives in Jerusalem with his wife and two children.
Since 1947
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