Chapter 1: The Man From Kerry
1 Memoir of William Melville MVO MBE, 31 December 1917, (TNA KV1/8).
2 For this and other points about the village and its history, I am indebted to T.E. Stoakley’s Sneem: The Knot in the Ring, Sneem Tourist Association 1986.
3 M From Sneem’, by Dan Downing and Ferrie Galway, 1999 edition of Sneem Parish News, incorporating Sneem Past and Present, p.6.
4 Summarised from the diaries of Father John O’Sullivan, later Archdeacon of Kenmare, quoted in Stoakley, ibid.
5 Primary Valuation of Tenements 1852, Parish of Kilcrohane, village of Sneem; The pub/bakery is today known as the Blue Bull in South Square, Sneem. Years later it was named after a line in Synge’s Playboy in the Western World, in Act III of which there is a reference to ‘my blue bull from Sneem’. See Stoakley, ibid.
6 Registration Office, Births, Deaths and Marriages, Southern Health Board, Killarney, County Kerry; Correspondence between the author and Father Patrick Murphy (Parish Priest, Sneem) 8 January 2004, 18 January 2004, 19 March 2004. On early documents and records, the family name appears as Melvin as opposed to Melville.
7 Sneem National School Roll Book. The school operated a six-day week and membership of the class was allowed by ability rather than age, which varied in this case between ten and eighteen.
8 Police Review 26 September 1896.
9 The story about William and his disappearance at the railway station was first published in the 1999 edition of Sneem Parish News, incorporating Sneem Past and Present, p.6. It is from an interview with Val Drummond, a village elder who heard it from Winnie Hurley, whose family ran the Blue Bull when it was known as Hurley’s. The Hurley family took over the pub from the Melville family in the 1920s and ran it until the 1950s.
10 London’s population in 1871 was 3.89 million. B.R. Mitchell, British Historical Statistics, Cambridge University Press 1988, Ch.1 Table 6.
11 Register of E Division, No 310, Metropolitan Police.
12 Family Records Centre, 1871 census. RG 10/657 ff 6-11.
13 Gathorne Hardy’s remark to Disraeli quoted p.81 of Christy Campbell, Fenian Fire: The British Government Plot to Assassinate Queen Victoria, Harper Collins 2002.
14 Information on the police strike of 1872 from Martin Fido and Keith Skinner, The Official Police Encyclopaedia, Virgin Books 2000.
15 The Times 25 September 1876 p.12 col. a (Lambeth).
17 The Times 18 Dec 1877 p.11 col. c (Lambeth Police Court) and The Times 8 January 1878 p.11 col. f (Surrey Sessions).
18 PhD dissertation by Lindsay Clutterbuck of Special Branch, ‘The Methodology of Police Operations’, p.167.
19 The Times Monday 3 Feb 1879 p.12 col. a (Southwark).
20 This is Littlechild’s version. It is one among many, all of them slightly contradictory but emerging at the same point: the admitted corruption of Detectives Meiklejohn and Druscovitch. Sir Basil Thomson’s much later account (Thomson headed the CID before the Second World War) does not mention Littlechild at all. Basil Home Thomson, KCB, The Story of Scotland Yard, 1935. John Littlechild, Reminiscences of John George Littlechild, Leadenhall Press, 1894.
21 S.H. Jeyes, concluded by F.D. How, The Life of Sir Howard Vincent, George Allen and Co. 1912.
22 Quoted in Jeyes, ibid.
23 Jeyes, ibid., p.65.
24 Jeyes, ibid.
25 Ibid., p.69.
26 Patrick McIntyre in Reynolds’ Newspaper, 14 April 1895.
27 George Dilnot, The Story of Scotland Yard, Geoffrey Bles, 1930.
28 The Times Thursday 8 Jan 1880, p.11 col. e.
29 File on Tarn’s Department Store at the Southwark Archive.
30 The Times 29 September 1880, and The Times 22 October 1880 p.9 col. 9.
31 The Times 21 January 1882, p.4 col. f.
32 The Times Tuesday 19 Dec 1882, p.5 col. f.
Chapter 2: Dynamite Campaign
1 Major Henri Le Caron (Thomas Miller Beach), 25 years in the Secret Service: Recollections of a Spy. Reprinted from 10th edition of 1893 by EP Publishing Ltd, Wakefield, Yorkshire, 1974.
2 Sir Robert Anderson KCB, The Lighter Side of My Official Life, Hodder and Stoughton 1910.
3 Sir Robert Anderson, ibid.
4 Sir Robert Anderson, ibid.
5 Quoted in Christopher Andrew, Secret Service: the Making of the British Intelligence Community, Heinemann 1985, p.17.
6 A memo marked ‘secret’ from Sir Robert Anderson dated 6 May 1882. ‘My belief… is very strong that should these events avail to induce the Parliamentary leaders of the LL to abandon their irreconcilable attitude, they will rapidly produce a complete breach between the LL party and the Fenians. The result of course will be a revival of Fenianism pure and simple before the close of the year, and a demand probably for special powers to enable the Govt. to deal with it.’
7 Christy Campbell, Fenian Fire, Harper Collins 2002.
8 As told by Littlechild to a reporter from Cassell’s Saturday Journal, quoted in Stewart P. Evans and Paul Gainey, The Lodger, Century 1995.
9 Bodleian Library Special Collections and Western MS, 4 April 1883.
10 The Times 12 May 1883 p.14 col. b and The Times, Thursday 14 June 1883 p.3 col. a
11 Entry 111, Register of Deaths in the Registration District of West Ham in the County of Essex, 3 July 1883, Margaret Gertie Melville.
12 Christy Campbell, ibid., pp.129-132.
13 Letter from Jenkinson to Earl Spencer, 3 April 1884. Spencer Papers, BL.
14 Sir Robert Anderson, ibid.
15 Sir W. Vernon Harcourt to Sir Henry Ponsonby, 21 November 1883. Bodleian Library Harcourt Collection, WVH691.
16 26 February 1884 TNA HO 144/133. Square brackets indicate gaps where the original has been destroyed.
17 R.C. Clipperton, HM Consul, to Lord Granville, dated Philadelphia 3 March 1884. TNA FO 5/1928.
18 Letter from HM Consul 3 March 1884, ibid.
19 R.C. Clipperton, HM Consul, to Sackville West at the Legation in Washington, dated Philadelphia 4 March 1884. TNA FO 5/1928.
20 Edward Jenkinson to Earl Spencer 12 April 1884. Spencer Papers, BL.
21 Memo of 6 March 1884 from Jenkinson TNA HO 144/721.
22 Memo from Jenkinson, ibid.
23 Littlechild’s account of the incident is on p.185 of Stewart P. Evans and Paul Gainey, The Lodger, Century 1995.
24 Edward Jenkinson to Sir William Vernon Harcourt, 2 June 1884. Bodleian, Harcourt Collection.
25 Edward Jenkinson to Earl Spencer 15 December 1884. Spencer Papers, BL.
26 Edward Jenkinson to Earl Spencer 15 December 1884. Spencer Papers, BL.
27 5 May 1894 report from the police in Cherbourg, to M. le Sous-Préfet in response to a query about the presence of British police there.
Chapter 3: Plot and Counterplot
1 Sir A. Liddell to his counterpart at FO, Whitehall 4 March 1884. TNA FO 5/1928.
2 Christy Campbell, Fenian Fire, Harper Collins 2002. See also TNA MEPO 3/3070 ‘Police at Ports’ which shows that Moser was assisted by Sergeant (later Superintendent) Frank Forest.
3 Consul General Bernal to FO, Le Havre 17 Dec 1884.
4 Lord Sackville West to Sir Julian Pauncefote, 8 April 1885, TNA FO5/1931.
5 In a memo dated 9 March 1886 Jenkinson acknowledged that there were, from the RIC, ‘nine men and an officer’ in London when Cross came into office in the summer of 1885. TNA HO144/721.
6 In theory, there were to be forty-five Scotland Yard men around the ports and twenty-nine RIC men. Those CID men who reported to Williamson were listed with a W after their names and those who reported direct to Gosselin had a G. Melville reported to Williamson, who in turn was supposed to report to Gosselin anyway, TNA HO 144/133/A34848B, Jenkinson memorandum of 11 March 1884; also TNA MEPO 3/3070, Police at Ports.
7 21 May 1885, Edward Jenkinson to Earl Spencer. Spencer Papers, BL.
8 Christy Campbell, Fenian Fire, Harper Collins 2002 pp.157 and 167 concerning Burkham.
9 Minute of interview of 17 June 1885, TNA HO 144.721.
10 Memorandum, E. Jenkinson 22 June 1885, TNA HO 144.721.
11 Letter from Sir William Vernon Harcourt to James Monro, 22 June 1885, TNA HO 144.721.
12 Note from J. Monro 4 July 1885, TNA HO 144.721.
13 Campbell, ibid., see refs to Carroll-Tevis and Casey.
14 Campbell, ibid., p.177 concerning General Millen.
15 Memo from Edward Jenkinson, 26 September 1885, p.16, TNA 30/6/62.
16 BL MSS Add Gladstone Papers 44493 p.177.
17 Note on Relations between Mr Jenkinson and Metropolitan Police in connection with Fenian conspiracies, &c. Monro 28 May 1886, TNA HO 144/721.
18 Memo, Lushington to Childers, 14 March 1886, TNA HO 144/721.
19 Monro 28 May 1886, ibid.
20 Monro 28 May 1886, ibid.
21 Monro to Sir Charles Warren, Commissioner of Police, 24 September 1886, TNA HO 144/721.
22 Francis Elliot to FO, 10 July 1886, TNA FO 146/2844.
23 HM Consul Le Havre to FO, 26 July 1886, TNA FO 5/1975.
24 Campbell, ibid. see refs. to Maharajah Duleep Singh, Tevis.
25 HM Consul Le Havre to FO, 2 October 1886, TNA FO 5/1975.
26 Cypher communication from Sir R. Monier St Petersburg 4 August 1886.
27 Campbell, ibid., p.201.
28 Matthews to Jenkinson, 11 December 1886, TNA HO 144/157.
Chapter 4: A Very Dangerous Game
1 FO to Captain Surplice, HM Consul at Boulogne, 14 June 1887.
2 Monro report to Matthews marked ‘Secret’ 4 November 1887, TNA HO 144/1537.
3 Monro report, ibid.
4 Monro report, ibid.
5 Campbell, ibid., p.251.
6 Memo from Monro headed ‘secret’, 4 November 1887, TNA HO144/1537.
7 This arises from Monro’s remark (see final Monro quotation below) that Melville had at this time been ‘formerly stationed’ at Le Havre and that the Home Office as Monro said ‘have an agent in Paris’ who was Melville. It was Melville who called at the embassy.
8 See for instance Philip Magnus, King Edward VII, John Murray 1964. There were occasional assassination threats and a Tory Government, at least, was particularly conscious of threats to political stability from royal blackmail, financial scandal, and all the other traps lying in wait for a prince out for a good time. The Ambassador in Paris was reasonably well informed about what was going on in HRH’s life.
9 Campbell, ibid.
10 James Monro, April 1903.
11 Campbell, ibid.
12 James Monro, ibid.
13 James Monro, ibid. This account he could only have received from Melville.
14 George Dilnot, The Story of Scotland Yard, Geoffrey Bles 1930.
15 Christy Campbell, Fenian Fire, Harper Collins 2002, p.294.
16 The Pall Mall Gazette, ‘The Criminals and Police of London: A Report of an Unofficial Commission’, Tuesday 9 October 1888.
17 The Pall Mall Gazette, ibid.
18 The Pall Mall Gazette, ibid.
19 Quoted by George Dilnot, ibid., from Sir Robert Anderson KCB, The Lighter Side of my Official Life, Hodder and Stoughton 1910.
20 The full story of Tumblety’s arrest and flight, together with a copy of the Littlechild letter, is to be found in Stewart P. Evans and Paul Gainey, The Lodger, Century 1995.
21 Evans and Gainey, ibid., p.184.
22 Angust McLaren, A prescription for murder: the Victorian serial killings of Dr Thomas Neill Cream, University of Chicago Press 1993.
23 Evans and Gainey, ibid., p.xi.
24 Evans and Gainey, ibid., favour 22 Batty Street, off Commercial Road, as the site of his lodging.
25 Pearson to Home Under-Secretary, 20 November 1888, TNA HO 144/208/A49500M, sub. 3 (quoted by Bernard Porter).
26 Melville’s eldest son, William, gave a number of talks on Radio Station 2YA, New Zealand, commencing 24 August 1937. Melville’s involvement in the Ripper episode was one of his anecdotes.
27 Quoted in Evans and Gainey, ibid., p.xii.
28 See report from Montreal in the St Louis Republican of 22 December 1888, quoted by Evans and Gainey, ibid. p. 227.
29 Quoted in Evans and Gainey, ibid., p.225.
30 Evans and Gainey, ibid., p.228 et seq.
31 Evans and Gainey, ibid.
Chapter 5: War on Terror
1 Michael Davitt, Notes of an Amateur Detective, Trinity College Dublin Library, TCD MS 9551.
2 Barry Hollingsworth, The Society of Friends of Russian Freedom: English Liberals and Russian Socialists, 1890-1917, Oxford Slavonic Papers n.s. vol 3 (1970).
3 Correspondence between Foreign Office, Home Office and Anderson, 14 January to 4 February 1890. HO 45/9816/B7734, subs 1-2 (cited by Porter).
4 Hollingsworth, ibid.
5 S. Stepniak, The Dynamite Scares and Anarchy in New Review vol. 6 (1892) p.533.
6 John Sweeney, At Scotland Yard, 1904.
7 Gosselin to Anderson, 12 January 1890, the story re-told that day in Anderson’s letter to Balfour (Secretary of State for Ireland), PRO 30/60/13/2.
8 Bernard Porter, The Origins of the Vigilant State, Weidenfeld and Nicholson 1987.
9 Bernard Porter, ibid.
10 Bernard Porter, ibid., pp.105-106.
11 TNA FO 45/677.
12 Her maiden name was Allen.
13 Entry 88, Register of Marriages in the Registration District of the Isle of Wight, 8 August 1891.
14 Hsi-Huey Liang, The Rise of Modern Police and the European State System from Metternich to the Second World War, Cambridge 1992, and in particular E. Thomas Wood, Wars on Terror: French and British Responses to the Anarchist Violence of the 1890s, MPhil dissertation, 2002, Pembroke College, Cambridge.
15 The Walsall Anarchists: Précis of the Case for the Convicts in Mitigation of Sentence, Walsall Archives A53582/28. Melville said in court in April 1892 that he had known Coulon for two years.
16 Mathieu Deflem, Bureaucratization and Social Control: Historical Foundations of International Police Co-operation, Law and Society Review 34(3): pp.601-40, 2000.
17 ‘It doesn’t matter. You are such and such?’ – ‘Yes.’ – ‘Where do you live?’, J.A. Cole, Prince of Spies; Henri Le Caron, Faber and Faber 1984.
18 Joseph Conrad, The Secret Agent, (Methuen 1907) Folio Society 1999.
19 PhD dissertation by Lindsay Clutterbuck, ‘The Methodology of Police Operations’, pp.173 et seq.
20 The Birmingham News, Saturday 13 February 1892.
21 TNA HO 144/243/A53582C, Letter of 16 May 1892.
22 The Walsall Anarchists, ibid. The spelling of Battola here is incorrect – records show the correct spelling to be Battolla, as used in the main text.
23 TNA FO YS/10259, Memo no. X36450/1, 18 March 1892.
24 From an account (p45) in a supplement to Freedom of June 1892.
25 Zéro no.6, London 23 November 1893. Archives de la Préfecture de Police, Paris (APP).See note 22 above about spelling of Battola.
26 Patrick McIntyre in Reynolds’ Newspaper, 14 April 1895.
27 Clutterbuck, ibid.
28 A homosexual brothel having been raided, titled patrons were named; one fled abroad and another sued the editor of a newspaper. The brothel-keeper was allowed to flee.
29 APP 21000-2-A, Zéro no.2 from London 11 February 1892.
30 APP 21000-2-A, Black from London 26 July 1892.
31 APP 2100-2-A, Black from London 6 April 1892.
32 APP 21000-2-A, Zéro no.2 from London 22 August 1892.
33 APP 21000-2-A, Zéro no.2 from London 3 September 1892.
34 APP 21000-2-A, Zero no.2 from London, 4 October 1892.
35 APP 21000-2-A, Zéro no.2 from London 16 November 1892.
36 Archive of the Imperial Russian Secret Police (Okhrana), Box #35 Index #Vc Folder 1 ‘Relations with Scotland Yard’, Hoover Institution, Stanford, California
37 L’Autorité, 12 April 1892.
38 Williamson died at the end of 1889.
39 Typed report, unattributed, dated 3 May 1892, APP.
40 Confidential letter from Anderson at New Scotland Yard to the Under-Secretary of State at the Home Office, 24 May 1892, TNA HO B2840c.
41 Clutterbuck, ibid.: Williamson as quoted in Frederick Bussey, Irish Conspiracies, Everitt and Co (London) 1910.
Chapter 6: A Man to be Trusted
1 Article in Paris, 13 December 1892.
2 Note to M. l’Officier de Paix de la 1 ére brigade dated 21 December 1892, from the Cabinet of the Préfecture’s premier bureau. Lists official instructions about London clubs to be watched. APP 21000 2 A.
3 Report of agent R, 31 December 1892. APP 21000 2 A.
4 Patrick McIntyre, Scotland Yard: its Mysteries and Methods, in Reynolds’ Newspaper 10 February 1895.
5 Angus McLaren, A Prescription for Murder: the Victorian Serial Killings of Dr Thomas Neill Cream, University of Chicago Press 1993.
6 Christy Campbell, Fenian Fire, Harper Collins 2002.
7 Campbell, ibid.
8 APP 21000 2 A, from Inspector Moser to M. Goron, London 26 April 1893.
9 From McLaren, ibid. p.112: ‘At the end of the report on Haynes’s interview the question was put forward whether Haynes could be relied on. An unidentified officer at Scotland Yard wrote in the margin “no”.’ Cites Scotland Yard 19 May 1892, TNA MEPO 3 144; and also J.B. Tunbridge report, 28 May 1892, TNA MEPO 3 144.
10 Excerpts from various reports, APP 21000 2 A, 1893 first half of year.
11 Memo from Melville at the CID, New Scotland Yard, 24 May 1893, TNA HO 45/9739/A54881.
12 TNA HO 45/9739/A54881.
13 Report from Y3 in Paris, 30 September 1893; APP.
14 Excerpts from various reports, APP 21000 2 A, October and November 1893.
15 The story of congratulations is from a cutting, enclosed with an agent’s report, from Le 19e siècle.
16 Extract from an unnamed French paper, report from London 3 December, APP.
17 Article translated back into English from an undated French paper. The Daily Graphic account would have appeared on Saturday 17 or Monday 19 February 1894, APP.
18 Later in the year, when an Italian anarchist assassinated President Carnot in Lyons, Fédée pointed out that he had passed on a warning to the Lyons police but it was evidently disregarded. See l’Echo de Paris, 20 June 1894.
19 George Dilnot, Great Detectives and their Methods Houghton Mifflin Co, NY 1928.
20 The Standard, 23 April 1894. Cutting in HO 144/259/ASS860.
21 ‘Anarchist leader at Bow Street’ from the Standard of 24 April and the Daily Chronicle of 25April 1894. Cuttings in TNA HO 144/259/ASS86022TNA B280c/42a.
Chapter 7: The Lodging House
1 The weekly Illustrated London News was first. The Daily Mail was using half-tone photographs by the end of the century.
2 Police Review and Parade Gossip, May 17 1895, citing the Daily Chronicle.
3 For instance, a letter from the Austro-Hungarian Embassy to Earl Kimberley, and Sweeney’s reply, respecting a couple of Bohemian anarchists. Melville adds in a postscript that the only Bohemian anarchist paper is printed in America. January 1885. TNA HO/144/SP7 B2840C/54.
4 Police Review and Parade Gossip, 2 October and 9 October 1896.
5 Charles Kingston, A Gallery of Rogues, London 1924. Ch. XVIII, quoted in Kimball, The Harassment of Russian Revolutionaries Abroad: the London Trial of Vladimir Burtsev in 1898.
6 Barry Hollingsworth, The Society of Friends of Russian Freedom: English Liberals and Russian Socialists, 1890-1917. A paper read at the Anglo-Soviet Conference of Historians in London, September 1969.
7 Sigmund Rosenblum changed his name to Sidney Reilly in June 1899 and he joined the Secret Intelligence Service in 1918 under that name. Dubbed ‘Britain’s Master Spy’ and the ‘Ace of Spies’, his exploits were serialised in the 1930s by the London Evening Standard and syndicated in the foreign press. Shortly after the publication of the first James Bond novel Casino Royale in April 1953, Ian Fleming told a contemporary at The Sunday Times, where he worked as Foreign Manager, that he had created James Bond as the result of reading about the exploits of Sidney Reilly in the archives of the British Secret Services during the Second World War. For a full account of Reilly, his life and associations, refer to Andrew Cook, Ace of Spies – The True Story of Sidney Reilly, Tempus Publishing (second edition) 2004.
8 Report by V. Rataev (Okhrana, Paris) to Department of Police, St Petersburg, 24 February 1903, Fond 102, Inventory 316, 1898, Article 1, Section 16, Paragraph A, pp.84-85, State Archive of the Russian Federation (GARF), Moscow.
9 Bernard Porter, The Origins of the Vigilant State, The Boydell Press 1991, Chapter 9.
10 Okhrana Archive, Box #35, Index #Vc, Folder 3, ‘Relations with Scotland Yard’, Hoover Institution, Stanford, California.
11 Hollingsworth, ibid.
12 Confidential Memorandum on the Publication in Russian enclosed in M. Lessar’s Note Verbale of 6 September 1897, TNA FO 65/1544.
13 Parliamentary Debates IVth series, vol. 53 (Loodon 1898) cols. 879, 1209-10, cited in Kimball, ibid.
14 Unsigned letter to ‘Cher Monsieur Melville’, Okhrana Archive, Box #35 Index #Vc Folder 3 ‘Relations with Scotland Yard’, Hoover Institution, Stanford, California.
15 Cook, ibid.
16 Entry 17, Register of Births in the Registration District of Belmullet, County Mayo, 1 February 1878.
17 E. Thomas Wood, Wars on Terror: French and British responses to the anarchist violence of the 1890s, MPhil dissertation, 2002, Pembroke College, Cambridge.
18 Written as ‘Je n’ai pas besoin d’ajouter que tout individu soupconné d’avoir l’intention decommettre un des actes criminels précités en contravention de la loi anglaise est soumis à l’observation policière’. TNA HO 45/10254/X36450.
19 TNA FO YS 102SY.
20 Foreign Office minute initialled K.E.D. (Digby), 2 January 1899, TNA FO YS 102SY.
21 Robin Bruce Lockhart, Ace of Spies, Hodder and Stoughton 1967.
22 Cook, ibid, p.49ff.
23 The papers and recollections of Beatrice Houdini were published in Houdini, His Life Story by Harcourt, Brace and Company, New York, 1928.
24 Porter, ibid., makes this point.
25 The hated regulation boots were abandoned in 1897 in favour of a boot allowance for uniformed men.
26 An account of the Legitimation League affair is in Porter, ibid.
27 All biographies of Havelock Ellis tell the story. See also The Times, 1 November 1898.
28 Porter, ibid.
29 John Sweeney, At Scotland Yard, London 1904.
30 APP 310000-18-A, Letter from Euréka, London 4 October 1899.
31 Assistant Commissioner Henry’s report to Home Office, 7 January 1902, TNA FO YS 102SY.
32 Harold Brust, I Guarded Kings, Hillman-Curl, Inc. New York, 1936, relates both the Prince of Wales’s brush with death (pp48-50) and the murder of King Humbert (p80).
33 Copy Sanderson’s Foreign Office response to H.E. Count Hartsfeldt, 9 August 1900. TNA HO 144/527/X7983/2.
34 Sanderson’s response, ibid.
35 The story is told in his autobiography, Steinhauer, published in English by The Bodley Head in 1930. It was ‘edited by’ Sidney Felstead.
36 He was fifty-one years old.
37 At the inquest, held on 25 April 1901 by Edward N. Wood, Deputy Coroner for London, the unidentified body was said to be that of a twenty-four-year-old woman found in the afternoon of 23 April, Inquest ref. # DAZ 067009.
38 The one-armed anarchist was I. Blumenfeld, executed in Warsaw in January 1906 (source Politicheskie partii Rossii: istoriia i sovremennost, glava X, Anarkhisty, Rosspen, Moskva, 2000).
39 Assistant Commissioner Henry’s reports to Home Office, ibid., 7 January 1902 and 28 April 1902. The April report is a response to a German query. All quotations here are from the January report.
40 Postponed from 1901, when he had appendicitis.
41 A detailed account of Rubini’s time in England, signed by Melville, was submitted on 3 December 1902, TNA HO 45/10482/X77377.
42 Memorandum (Immediate and Secret) from Sir Edward Bradford, 24 May 1902, TNA HO 144/545 /A55176.
43 Memorandum of 24 May, ibid.
44 So is he said to have cried to the police who arrested him. Brust, ibid., p.48. See also pp.60-61.
45 Letter to ‘Murdoch’ from Sir E. Bradford, 21 November 1902, TNA HO 144/668/X84164.
46 Report by W. Melville MVO, 25 November 1904, MI5 file PF NE 4570.
47 Ibid.
48 Ibid.
49 Ibid.
50 Ibid.
51 Ibid.
52 Ibid.
Chapter 8: W. Morgan, General Agent
1 Probably the Eagle Insurance Office, where James Melville later worked according to his Who Was Who entry.
2 From the will of William Melville, proven in April 1918: ‘I bequeath to Bridget Moore (née Joyce) of Plymouth the sum of thirty pounds free of duty in recognition of her kindness and the excellent manner in which she looked after my children on the death of my first wife.’ (Family Division of the High Court of Justice, Principal Probate Registry, 20 April 1918, No.864).
3 A thought which occurred to Bernard Porter as late as 1985 when ‘One of the very few files from this period to which the Home Office still denies access is one which contained correspondence about the expenses he claimed… It is unfortunate for his memory that the available historical record is so incomplete, giving rise to what may be unworthy and are certainly uncorroborated qualms.’ Bernard Porter, The Origins of the Vigilant State, Weidenfeld and Nicolson 1985. These documents are now available and give evidence of payments to, for instance, Coulon.
4 Quoted in Michael Smith, The Spying Game: The Secret History of British Espionage, Politico’s Publishing 2003.
5 Christopher Andrew, Secret Service, Heinemann 1985.
6 Smith, ibid.
7 Smith, ibid.
8 Smith, ibid.,p. 55.
9 Andrew, ibid.
10 Note of 30 November 1906 from Major George Cockerill at the War Office to Sir Charles Hardinge, who has recently taken over from Sir Thomas Sanderson at the Foreign Office: ‘I promised to enquire whether we had any record here of the origin of the system under which we obtain Secret Service funds from the Foreign Office. I have ascertained that it dates from the early part of 1886 and that the arrangement was initiated by Mr Sanderson (as he then was) and Sir Henry Brackenbury.’ TNA HO 3/133.
11 Quoted in Andrew, ibid., p.31.
12 Memo from Sir Thomas Sanderson annotated by Lord Lansdowne, 16 September 1903.
13 Sir Edward Henry to Sir Thomas Sanderson, 28 September 1903. The money discussion must by now have taken place. To a great extent arrangements were in place well before anything was put in writing by the parties concerned.
14 Memoir by William Melville MVO MBE, TNA KV1/8, p.3.
15 Vernon Kell’s curriculum vitae, attached to letter dated 19 September 1909 to the War Office, TNA KV 1/5.
16 For a full account of this period in Reilly’s life see Andrew Cook, Ace of Spies – The True Story of Sidney Reilly, Tempus Publishing 2004.
17 Anthony Wood, Great Britain 1900-1965, Longman 1978, p.49.
18 Wood, ibid., points out that this treaty was key to the eventual Entente (1904) between England and France. The French were already committed by treaty to come to the aid of Russia if required; any Japan v. Russia conflict might draw them into a war with England.
19 Armgaard K. Graves, Secrets of the German War Office, T. Werner Laurie 1914.
20 Graves, ibid., p.41.
21 Graves, ibid, p.45.
22 British intelligence reports to this effect from 1918 are listed in Cook, ibid., notes to Chapter 8.
23 Letter from E.G. Pretyman MP, Civil Lord of the Admiralty, to Sir Charles Greenway, 30 April 1919 (Record of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company Ltd, Volume 1, (1901-18), pp.50-51, BP Archive, University of Warwick.
24 See Cook, ibid., in particular the chapter ‘The Broker’ in which his skills at misinformation on the one hand, and public relations on the other, are described.
25 ‘Lenin, Iskra and Clerkenwell’, edited version of the lecture given by Tish Collins, (Librarian, Marx Memorial Library) at the 69th Marx Memorial Lecture (Marx Memorial Library, London); Lenin by Robert Service, p.169ff.
26 Herbert Fitch, Traitors Within, p.11ff.
27 MI5 file PF NE 4570.
28 Memoir by William Melville MVO MBE, TNA KV1/8, p.8; Julian Marchlewski (1866–1925) alias Kujawiak and Karskii was the anarchist Melville met in Whitechapel. In 1893 he collaborated with Rosa Luxemburg to form a socialist underground movement in Russian Poland. A delegate to the Second International, he edited a socialist publication for several years in Poland and then went into exile. He was considered by other revolutionaries to be more committed to Polish independence than to the overall Marxist cause.
29 Report by V. Rataev (Okhrana, Paris) to Department of Police, St Petersburg, 24 February 1903. Fond 102, Inventory 316, 1898, Article i, Section 16, Paragraph A, pp.84-85, State Archive of the Russian Federation (GARF), Moscow.
30 Akashi Motojiro, Rakka ryusui, Colonel Akashi’s Report on his Secret Co-operation with the Russian Revolutionary Parties during the Russo-Japanese War, Finnish Historical Society, Helsinki, 1988, p.46.
31 Akashi, ibid., pp. 32, 47, 52.
32 Memoir by William Melville, ibid., p.9 et seq.
33 Memoir by William Melville, ibid.
34 Memoir by William Melville, ibid.
35 Memoir by William Melville, ibid.
36 Memoir by William Melville, ibid.
37 Letter from Colonel Davies at War Office (Winchester House, St James’s Square) to Sir Thomas Sanderson, 5 January 1905, TNA HD 130.
38 Sir Edward Henry refers to a claim for defamation by a man called Parmeggiani who claimed not to be the anarchist of that name referred to in Sweeney’s memoir. The outcome, in October 1905, was unsuccessful for the plaintiff.
39 Sir Edward Henry to Colonel Davies, 21 January 1905, TNA HD 3/130.
40 From Colonel Davies to Sir Thomas Sanderson, 23 January 1905, TNA HD 3/130.
41 Note from Sir Thomas Sanderson initialled at end by L, 25 January 1905, TNA HD 3/130.
42 From Colonel Davies to Sir Thomas Sanderson, 31 January 1905, TNA HD 3/130.
43 Memoir by William Melville, ibid., p.9.
44 Sir Thomas Sanderson to ‘Johnstone’, 10 October 1905, TNA HD 3/131.
45 Sir George Clarke to M.D. Chalmers, 7 February 1905, TNA HD 317/43.
46 M.D. Chalmers to Sir George Clarke, 7 February 1905, TNA HD 317/43.
47 Report of 18 November 1905, TNA HD 3/131.
48 Under the Official Secrets Act of 1889.
49 Report of 21 November 1905, TNA HD 3/131.
50 Note scribbled on Sanderson’s cover note of 29 November 1905: ‘Yes: the suggestion at the end seems a reasonable one L’.
51 Letter from M.D. Chalmers in the office of the Secretary of State, Home Department, to Sir Thomas Sanderson, 30 November 1905, TNA HD 3/131.
Chapter 9: Shifting Sands
1 I am indebted to Dr Nicholas Hiley for the information that the article and the letter appeared in the Daily Express of 28 February 1906 (p2 col. 8) and 2 March 1906 (p5 col. 7) respectively.
2 From the outside, there is today only one clue to Melville’s decade there: an unusually robust cast-iron garden gate, tall and ornate, with a design of Tudor roses. The black iron railings, no doubt removed during some munitions drive in the Second World War, remain as a row of stumps half-hidden by a hedge.
3 Memoirs of William Melville MVO MBE, p.15, PRO KVi/8.
4 Melville memoirs, ibid, p.16.
5 Armgaard K. Graves, Secrets of the German War Office, T. Werner Laurie 1914. His account is to be treated with circumspection. Steinhauer, who had not hired him and was probably miffed at the amount of money this man had got out of the War Office, says all Graves ever sent to Berlin was either worthless information or requests for money. See Steinhauer, below.
6 Steinhauer, the Kaiser’s Master Spy, ed. Sidney Felstead, The Bodley Head, 1930.
7 Letter from Captain Repington to Sir Charles Hardinge, 21 March 1906, TNA HD 3/133.
8 Letter from Cleays to Captain Repington, 19 March 1906, TNA HD 3/133.
9 Sir Thomas Sanderson to Sir Charles Hardinge, 22 March 1906, TNA HD 3/133.
10 Lt-Col Charles A’Court Repington, Vestigia, Constable and Co., 1919.
11 Felstead, ibid., p.ii.
12 Major Cockerill to Sir Charles Hardinge, 30 November 1906, TNA HD 3/133.
13 Melville memoirs, ibid.
14 Melville memoirs, ibid.
15 Michael Smith, The Spying Game: the secret history of British espionage, Politico’s Publishing 2003.
16 Melville memoirs, ibid.
17 Melville memoirs, ibid.
18 Melville memoirs, ibid.
19 History of the Development of Military Intelligence, The War Office 1855 to 1939, Lt-Col William R.V. Isaac, TNA WO106/6083.
20 Details about the 1907 study are to be found in Nicholas P. Hiley, The Failure of British Espionage against Germany 1907-1914, Historical Journal 26, 4 (1983) pp. 867-89.
21 Steinhauer, ibid.
22 Steinhauer, ibid.
23 Christopher Andrew, Secret Service, Heinemann 1985. Rué later became a double agent and was responsible for entrapping the inept British ‘spy’ Bertrand Stewart in 1911.
24 Hiley, ibid. Hiley says there was a man at Kiel but does not name him; but Hector C. Bywater and H.C. Ferraby, Strange Intelligence: Memoirs of Naval Secret Service, Constable 1931, strongly suggests Bywater.
25 Smith, ibid., p.63 says that this information appears in a series of articles about the Secret Service printed in the Daily Telegraph in September 1930. The author was almost certainly H.C. By water.
26 Hiley, ibid., mentions that mail could have been sent to another London office. According to the December 1908 Secret Service account (TNA HD3/138) E was already receiving £5 for ‘rent’ and a separate annual payment of £200 paid half-and-half by the Secret Service fund and the Admiralty; who E was and why rent was paid is unclear. The three offices known to have been clearing-houses for mail were at 24 Victoria Street (Melville until – almost certainly - December of 1908), Temple Avenue after that date (Melville again) and (from autumn of 1908) the 64 Victoria Street office of Edward Drew who was known as D.
27 Letter marked ‘Private’, Lord Fisher to Sir Charles Hardinge, 30 January 1909, TNA HD3/139.
28 Quoted in Hiley, ibid.
29 Letter from Sir Charles Hardinge to the British Ambassador at Constantinople, 12 January 1909, TNA HO 3/139.
30 Hiley, ibid.
31 Letter from Vernon Kell to the War Office, 19 September 1909, TNA KV 1/5.
32 Note prepared for DMO on 4 October 1908, almost certainly by James Edmonds. At this date Edmonds and his assistant were both writing briefing documents for the DMO in an attempt to get a reorganisation of the Secret Service. TNA KV i/i.
33 Secret Service accounts for August 1909 submitted to General Staff, TNA HD 3/138.
34 Alan Judd, The Quest for C: Mansfield Cumming and the Founding of the Secret Service, Harper Collins 2000, p. 144.
35 Judd, ibid. , p. 144.
Chapter 10: The Bureau
1 The affair of wide repercussions in which a French army officer called Dreyfus was vilified and exiled from causes rooted in anti-semitism in the French military establishment. Emil Zola’s J’Accuse was the key document in the fight to clear his name.
2 Central Officer’s Special Report, Enquiry re Kaulitz Farlow, signed P. Quinn Chief Inspector; MacNaghten’s covering note dated 31 March 1902. PRO HO 45 /1042/X77377.
3 See Andrew Cook, Ace of Spies – The True Story of Sidney Reilly, Tempus Publishing 2004, p.78ff.
4 Cook, ibid., for more about the St Petersburg paper, and the Ozone Preparations Company and its business in patent medicines. The location in Fleet Street is interesting but its significance in news-gathering or placing news remains a matter for speculation.
5 George Dilnot, Great Detectives and their Methods, Houghton Mifflin 1928.
6 Judd, The Quest for C: Mansfield Cumming and the Founding of the Secret Service, Harper Collins 1999, has details of this period.
7 For instance the nitpicking opposition to a claim for £2 p.a. from the Consul General in Genoa in return for news of ships coming and going from the port, TNA HO 3/139.
8 Judd, ibid., p. 120.
9 Diary of Vernon Kell: 1910/1911, TNA KV 1/10. The order would be rescinded following a meeting held on 30 August.
10 Judd, The Quest for C: Mansfield Cumming and the Founding of the Secret Service, Harper Collins 1999.
11 Diary of Vernon Kell, ibid.
12 Hector C. Bywater and H.C. Ferraby, Strange Intelligence: Memoirs of Naval Secret Service, Constable 1931.
13 Judd, ibid. , p. 203.
14 They were caught spying while on leave in August 1910 and jailed. For reference to the internal naval enquiry that followed their release see Judd, ibid., p.237. They told Cumming they blamed Regnart for what happened to them (Judd, ibid., p.259). Kell’s diary for 11 October reveals that one of them, before leaving England, had told his barber in Portsmouth that he was just off to do some spying in Germany.
15 She was possibly related to Major Wodehouse, Assistant Commissioner, Metropolitan Police, who instructed the Superintendent of Portsmouth Dockyard in October to communicate ‘anything of importance’ directly to Kell ‘so as to lose no time’. See Diary of Vernon Kell, ibid., 12 October and 17 October 1910.
16 Diary of Vernon Kell, ibid., 6 September 1910.
17 The Times Thursday 8 September 1910 p.4 col. e.
18 Diary of Vernon Kell, ibid., 6 September 1910.
19 The Times 10 September 1910 p.5 col. e quotes both German papers.
20 The Times 16 September p.7 col. d, 21 September 1910 p.7 col. b, and 29 September 1910 p.9 col. e.
21 The Times 11 November 1910 p.4 col. d and 15 November 1910 p.5 col. e.
22 Mistakenly identified by the press at the time as ‘Dr Phil Max Schultz’ because he was a DPhil.
23 The Times 29 August 1911 p.4 col. c.
24 The Times 4 November 1911 p.9 col. g.
25 Inspector Herbert Fitch, a former Scotland Yard Special Branch officer, in Traitors Within published in 1933 by Doubleday Doran of New York, was able to take entire credit for investigating this case and several others. He joined Special Branch in 1903 and claims to have spoken four languages. It is certain that he sometimes made arrests in Melville’s cases and was used by Melville on shadowing duty. He was demoted to the rank of sergeant on 6 December 1923 for ‘rendering himself unfit for duty through drink while on duty’ and resigned from the Metropolitan Police a month after his demotion on 8 January 1924, PRO, MEPO 4/347, 4/447, p.120.
26 Diary of Vernon Kell, ibid., 11 August 1910. Churchill was Home Secretary 1910-11.
27 MI5 file PF 363/1: Steinhauer, Gustav, TNA KV 4/112.
28 The ‘chance remark on a train’ version is also ascribed to Captain Eric Holt-Wilson, who replaced Stanley-Clarke as Kell’s assistant several months after the event. It seems to this author that something is lacking, and that is the account of the further surveillance in London which comes from Bywater and Ferraby, below. Steinhauer, whose book is commended in his MI5 file as ‘a very fair account of his organisation in this country’ blames the carelessness of an unnamed German Admiralty official. Others have named the man as Captain von Rebeur-Paschwitz, who was connected with German naval intelligence.
29 Hector C. Bywater and H.C. Ferraby, ibid.
30 MI5 file PF 363/1: Steinhauer, Gustav, TNA KV4/112.
31 Steinhauer, ed. Sidney Felstead, The Bodley Head 1930.
32 This emerged at Ernst’s trial in 1914.
33 Judd, ibid., p.95.
34 Diary of Vernon Kell, ibid., 13 October 1910.
35 Estimates vary between twenty and thirty thousand.
36 Michael Smith, The Spying Game, the Secret History of British Espionage, Politico’s Publishing 2003.
37 Diary of Vernon Kell, ibid., 16 August 1910. The ‘Stores’ refers to the Army and Navy Stores in Victoria Street.
38 MI5’s Seniority List and Register of Past and Present Members made up in 1919 shows that the service believed in keeping secrets within the family: the Chief Clerk, employed from March 1910, was J.R. Westmacott.
39 Judd, his biographer, ibid.,(p121) refers to Ashley Gardens in the Vauxhall Bridge Road – it was actually Ashley Mansions.
40 Diary of Vernon Kell, ibid., 3 March 1911. Maybe this led to the flushing-out operation which took place in July, when the SSB placed a news item about wireless telegraphy experiments near Dorking and Kell and Melville went down there to see if any foreigners turned up to watch (ibid., 7 and 8 July 1911) Unfortunately they arrived a day late, when the Royal Engineers had demonstrated their skill and left.
41 Diary of Vernon Kell, ibid., 24 February 1911. Kell’s friend is still so important that his name is blanked out of the records. Alfred Harmsworth, Lord Northcliffe, is a possible candidate; owner of the Daily Mail, he was convinced that Germany could and would attack.
42 The Times Wednesday 26 July 1911 p.12 col. a.
43 The Act quoted in The Security Service 1908-1945: the Official History, PRO Publications 1999, p.68.
44 The Times Wednesday 26 July as above.
Chapter 11: Drift to War
1 Correspondence between the police and MI5 concerning Jacob Peters began in 1920; he later became Vice Chairman of the Cheka, a forerunner of the KGB. His daughter, who years afterwards worked at the British Embassy in Moscow, was at one point scrutinised by MI5. (See TNA KV 3/1026). Correspondence about what happened to Peter the Painter, greatly illuminated by people who were part of the émigré political scene at the time, is in TNA KV 3/39 and includes material from after the Second World War. The conclusion was that Peter the Painter later returned to Britain after the First World War and worked for ARCOS as Anton Miller (maliar is Russian for ‘painter’). He may have been wrongly executed as a British spy in the mid-1920s. The Sidney Street file compiled by the Okhrana, State Archive of the Russian Federation (GARF), Moscow, Fond 102, Osobiy Otdel, 1910, article 359.
2 Harold Brust, I Guarded Kings, Hillman-Curl Inc., New York 1936.
3 The Political Background of the Houndsditch murders and the Sidney Street Siege, undated report with appendices, TNA KV3/39.
4 The Times, 9 May 1911.
5 Frederick Porter Wensley, Detective Days, Cassell and Co, 1931.
6 Appendix to The Political Background of the Houndsditch Murders, &c, ibid. Gardstein was the wounded man who died.
7 Houndsditch 1910 in TNA KV 3/39.
8 He was hidden for four days at 24A, Dock Road, North Woolwich, before getting out of the country. See note 1 above.
9 Archie Potts’s account of James Melville’s life (Metropolitan Police Museum) cites The Times of 3 May 1911.
10 Private letter to Archie Potts from Mary Melville (James’s daughter), 29 March 1988, Metropolitan Police Museum, ibid.
11 Anthony Wood, Great Britain 1900-1965, Longman 1968, p.72.
12 The Ilfracombe holiday is referred to in the diary of Vernon Kell, 3 and 5 September 1910, TNA KV 1/10 and in the Ilfracombe Gazette and Observer, 29 August 1910.
13 See The Times 18 March 1912 p.3 col. D, and 23 March 1912 p.7 col. a.
14 Christopher Andrew, Secret Service, Heinemann 1985, p.61.
15 Steinhauer, the Kaiser’s Master Spy, ed. Sidney Felstead, The Bodley Head 1930.
16 Hampshire Telegraph, Friday 16 February 1912.
17 The Times Saturday 10 February 1912 p.7 col. a. He was released after hostilities began in 1914 and put on the ‘watch’ list rather than being interned. He died before the end of the war.
18 Steinhauer, ibid.
19 Dr Armgaard Karl Graves, Secrets of the German War Office, T. Werner Laurie 1914.
20 Graves, ibid.
21 Steinhauer, ibid., p. 19.
22 20 Michael Smith in The Spying Game, Politico’s Publishing 2003, cites (p73) Holt-Wilson for Melville’s authorship of the list. However there was more than one, as later notes to this chapter confirm.
23 S.W. List XX: List of persons to be arrested in case of war, TNA KV 1/7.
24 The Times, Thursday 21 November 1912, p.4 col. c.
25 Steinhauer, ibid. pp.67 et seq. According to Steinhauer, Hentschel had been recruited in 1908, when he was a waiter in London.
26 Steinhauer, ibid.
27 The Times Thursday 21 November 1912, p.4 col. c.
28 Witnesses called to the hearing attested to his travel and also his bank payments. The Times, 4 December 1912, p.3 col. g.
29 The Times, Tuesday 19 November 1912, p.4 col. f.
30 The Times, Friday 17 January 1913, p.38 col. e.
31 Melville’s detectives appear from TNA KV 1/44 f.57 (re Hagn) to have been known as the Special Staff; this would date from 1913-14 when their number began to increase.
32 Steinhauer, ibid.
33 Steinhauer, ibid., p.64.
34 MI5 Steinhauer file, ibid.
35 Losel was known to the authorities. He was on a list of persons to be jailed on the outbreak of war.
36 Steinhauer, ibid.
37 MI5 Steinhauer file, ibid.
38 TNA KV 1/7, ff45-7 ‘persons to be arrested in case of war’ last amended on or after 30 July 1914; Daily Chronicle, 15 July 1915. I am indebted to Nick Hiley for his research and observations concerning the 1914 arrests on which I have relied in this chapter.
39 Hector C. Bywater and H.C. Ferraby, Strange Intelligence: Memoirs of Naval Secret Service, Constable 1931.
40 Hector C. Bywater and H.C. Ferraby, ibid.
Chapter 12: G Men
1 TNA DPP 1/29 Court Martial of Carl Hans Lody otherwise Charles A. Inglis, held at Westminster Guildhall 30 October to 2 November 1914.
2 Sidney T. Felstead, German Spies at Bay, Hutchinson and Co 1920; also John Fraser, then a Yeoman Warder of the Tower, whose sensitive account is reproduced in ‘Stephen’s Study Room’ at www.stephen-stratford.co.uk/karl_lody.htm_.
3 MI5 records (TNA KV 1/59 and TNA KV 1/69) list them as John Regan (joined 7 June 1911), Henry Fitzgerald (1 November 1912), William Burrell (5 May 1915), Arthur Hailstone (6 June 1915), C. Tartellin (17 December 1915), A. Regan sic (18 September 1916) and P. Whittome (1 November 1916). They were collectively known as the ‘Special Staff’.
4 Chart marked ‘Secret’, Directorate of Special Intelligence Showing Channels of Control, Templewood Papers, II, 4a (3), Cambridge University Library.
5 See Stella Rimington, Open Secret, Hutchinson 2001, and Christopher Andrew, Secret Service, Heinemann 1985.
6 Felstead, ibid.
7 Bernard Porter, Plots and Paranoia: the History of Political Espionage in Britain 1790-1988, Routledge 1989, p.135. The information comes from a handwritten memoir that belongs to Professor John Dancy whose father, Dr Jack Dancy, wrote it half a century later (dancy Memoirs, pp.1132, 1460, 1481ff, 1690ff, 1912, 1937ff). Alan Judd, in The Quest for C: Mansfield Cumming and the Founding of the Secret Service, Harper Collins 2000, quite rightly casts doubt on the claim that Sidney Reilly was present at a lecture in 1915.
8 Michael Smith, The Spying Game: the Secret History of British Espionage, Politico’s Publishing 2003.
9 Letter from John Ross, Specialist Crime Directorate, New Scotland Yard to the author, 18 December 2003.
10 Judd, ibid., p. 377.
11 ‘They were given a history lesson by a cousin of the current Lord Chancellor, who taught them how espionage had a long, continuous and proud tradition in Britain, right back to the time of Walsingham.’ – Bernard Porter, ibid., p.135. Porter’s book was published in 1989. The Lord Chancellor until 1987 was Quintin Hogg, Lord Hailsham.
12 Felstead, ibid.
13 Felstead, ibid. The ‘police’ are detectives from Melville’s section. (In Felstead’s account, written with information supplied by Basil Thomon of Special Branch, they are referred to as police).
14 TNA KV 1/41 and 42, TNA KV 1/39-44, and TNA WO 141/2/2.
15 TNA KV 1/42 p.72 et seq.
16 General Court Martial of Willem Johannes Roos and Haicke Marinus Petrus Janssen held at Westminster Guildhall 17 July 1915. TNA WO 71/1312.
17 Fitch, ibid.
18 TNA KV1/42 para. 1251.
19 TNA KV1/42 para. 1258.
20 She died in Broadmoor, the asylum for the criminally insane, in 1921.
21 Roland Wild and Derek Curtis-Bennett, Curtis, Cassell and Co. 1937.
22 Herbert Fitch in Traitors Within, ibid., relates the case; it is among those of which Melville (who is not mentioned) had charge.
23 Information on George Vaux Bacon and associated cases is from TNA KV 1/42 series p.155.
24 TNA KV 1/44, f57, Felstead, in German Spies at Bay, ibid.
25 p.113 in the Folio Society edition of 1999.
26 Will of William Melville, Esq, ibid.