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Note: Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations.
abortion:
anti-abortion activism, 38, 68, 69, 101, 108, 109, 139, 151, 208, 247
changing evangelicals’ views on, 68–69, 258
Reagan’s position on, 104
Roe v. Wade, 68, 82, 101, 251
Access Hollywood tape, 2, 264, 265, 268, 275
Acts 29 network, 199–200, 273, 274
adolescence, 74–75, 80, 170–71, 200
Affordable Care Act, 13, 240, 299
Afghanistan, war in, 184, 197, 216
African Americans: white evangelicals’ differences with, 6–7, 301
Ailes, Roger, 147
Alamo, The (film), 54, 57
American Cowboy, 105
Anani, Zacharah, 223, 224, 225
Anderson, Dianna, 303
Anderson, Leith, 226
Ankerberg, John, 222
Antichrist, 138, 258
Antoon, David, 211–12
apocalyptic prophecies, 20, 69, 89
Arafat, Yasser, 223
authority:
biblical, 5, 25, 75, 76, 297–98
chain of command, 76, 77, 116–17, 272
parental, 79–80, 282
patriarchal, 6, 37, 282; see also patriarchy
submission to, 75–76, 80
Bachmann, Michele, 270, 271
Bakker, Jim, 126–28, 135
Bakker, Tammy Faye, 126–27
Baldwin, Charles, 213
Barton, Bruce, The Man Nobody Knows, 20
Bauer, Gary, 134, 146, 206, 238, 252
Bean, Alan, 59, 258
Beck, Glenn, 252
Bessey, Sarah, 9, 303
Bible:
“Biblical hatred,” 202
Book of Revelation, 138, 165
and gender roles, 27, 108
“Genesis spring,” 164–65
inerrant truths of, 28, 49, 62, 83, 84, 108–9, 298
interpretation of, 18, 19, 108, 109, 151, 193, 194
marketing of, 18, 299
and right to bear arms, 97–98
Song of Solomon, 194–95, 280
as ultimate authority, 5, 25, 75, 76, 297–98
and war, see warrior leader
Bly, Robert, 159, 161, 182
Iron John, 164
Bob Jones University, 92, 107, 110
Bonhoeffer, Dietrich, 243, 262
Boone, Pat, 29, 30, 41, 45, 109
Boone, Wellington, 157
Boykin, William G. (Jerry), 227–30, 239, 241, 247, 252
Braveheart (movie), 174, 183, 195, 196, 211, 217, 270
Bremer, Paul, 231
Bright, Bill, 47, 134, 135, 184, 208
The Coming Revival, 151
Brody, David, 264, 269–71
Brooks, Garth, 124
Broomfield, William, 122
Brown, Helen Gurley, Sex and the Single Girl, 90
Brown v. Board of Education, 37, 39
Bryant, Anita, 63, 74
Buchanan, Pat, 10, 82, 139, 148, 151
Buckley, William F. Jr., 121
Bunker, Archie (fict.), 125–26
Burk, Denny, 201, 260
Bush, George H. W., 137–38, 139, 145
Bush, George W.:
and elections, 208, 228, 230–31, 232, 233
end of presidency, 248
and Iraq war, 184–85, 216, 227, 232
and War on Terror, 219, 227, 231
Bush, Jeb, 254
Bush [W.] administration, 172, 192, 207, 260
California:
cowboy-soldier films from, 31–32, 31, 32, 54–58, 135
evangelical politics in, 39–44
migration to, 28
music in, 28–29
Watts Riots, L.A., 44
Calley, William, 49
Calvin, John, 200
Cambone, Stephen, 228, 231
Cameron, Kirk, 7, 190–91
Campus Crusade for Christ, 29, 47–48, 151
Caner, Ergun and Emir, 220–23
Unveiling Islam, 220–21
Carson, Ben, 252
Carson, D. A., 200
Carter, Jimmy, 100–102, 104, 106, 107, 111, 139, 255, 258
Cash, Johnny, 47
cessationism, 202
Charlton, T. F., 280–81
children:
abuse of, 278, 279–81, 288
day-care centers, 82, 101, 141
gender identity of, 241, 298–99, 300–301
punishment of, 53–54, 77, 78–87, 88, 97, 141, 270, 280, 281, 282, 287
rights of, 141
sexual purity of, 90
Christian Booksellers Association (CBA), 29–30, 63–64, 158–59, 206
Christian Broadcasting Network (CBN), 115, 127, 136, 216, 264
Christian Coalition, 138, 140, 143, 144, 149, 151, 152, 156, 207
Christian consumer market, 7–10, 12, 18, 29–30, 48, 69–70, 81, 190–91, 246, 294, 299–300
Christianity Today, 29, 38, 49, 68, 112, 145, 167, 204, 265, 274–75
Christian masculinity, see masculinity; militant masculinity
Christian Men’s Network, 124–25
Christian Military Fellowship, 25
Christian nationalism:
and evangelical identity, 4, 11–12, 51, 96, 104, 117, 234, 244, 301
and gender roles, 27, 51, 70
and Graham, 25, 27, 38
and militarism, 36, 39, 51, 303
and moral exceptionalism, 31
and Trump, 256, 271
and white racial identity, 7, 234, 235, 301
Christian Reconstructionism, 75, 78, 94, 159, 177, 189, 192
Christian Reformed Church, 7–8
Christian Right, see Religious Right
Christians:
born-again, 5, 29, 45
persecution of, 148
sense of embattlement, 93–94, 99–100, 132, 138, 162–63, 238
Civil Rights Act (1964), 38, 43, 44, 106
civil rights movement, 11, 12, 33, 36, 70–71, 98, 107
and Brown, 37, 39
civil disobedience, 38, 99
Civil War, U.S.:
postwar years, 18, 37
as religious war, 75
Cizik, Richard, 148, 219, 226, 236
Clinton, Bill, 107, 139–44, 147, 168, 169, 230, 264
Clinton, Hillary Rodham, 139–41, 143, 146, 147, 177
It Takes a Village, 141, 250
presidential campaign of, 3, 250–51, 262, 264, 265, 267
Clinton administration, 146–47, 148
Coats, Dan, 129
Cohen, Michael, 257
Cold War, 31, 35–37, 95, 110–13, 156
and communism, 12, 26, 27, 111, 113
end of, 132, 138, 139
and militarism, 27, 54–55, 97, 111
nuclear threat in, 43, 112–13
post–Cold War era, 142, 148–49, 172, 218, 230
Cole, Edwin Louis, 124–26
Maximized Manhood, 124, 151, 152, 183
Colorado Springs, 205–6, 209, 218
Colson, Charles, 45, 48, 145, 151, 157, 177, 183, 184, 225, 242
Columbus, Christopher, 244
Combs, Roberta, 236
Command, 131
communism:
and civil rights activism, 37
and culture of fear, 11–13, 35, 59, 132, 138, 149, 219
and Falwell, 96–97, 111
and gender roles, 27, 69, 70
and HUAC, 54
as moral crisis, 26, 42, 59, 90, 97, 132
and nuclear threat, 43, 112–13
and Republican politicians, 40, 44, 104, 113
complementarianism, 166–69, 172, 200, 202, 204, 239, 273, 292–93, 302
Comprehensive Child Development Bill (1971), 82
Concerned Women for America (CWA), 93, 109, 141, 151, 257
conservatives:
grassroots forces of, 100–101, 138–39, 255, 263
neoconservatives, 230–31
networks of, 134–35, 147–48, 290–92
Coughlin, Paul, No More Christian Nice Guy, 182, 187
Council for National Policy, 94–95
Council on Biblical Manhood and Womanhood (CBMW), 166–69, 175, 201, 239, 260, 274, 281, 293, 298
Cowboy Church of the Air, The (radio), 28
cowboy conservatism, 43, 110–11
cowboys:
celebrity, 28
and masculinity, 12, 15, 164, 174, 194
media depictions of, 28–29, 31–32, 31, 56, 135
rugged individualism of, 28–29, 43
Criswell, W. A., 37, 107, 108, 257
Crockett, Davy, 54
Cruz, Ted, 252, 253, 254, 255, 257, 259, 261
Dabney, Robert Lewis, 189–90
Dalbey, Gordon, Healing the Masculine Soul, 159–62, 164, 181–82, 183
Daly, Jim, 224
Daniels, Stormy, 276
Danvers Statement, 167–69
Daschle, Tom, 207
Davis, Kim, 240
Decision, 45, 302
Democratic Party:
Southern Baptists in, 33, 34
white southerners abandoning, 106, 107
DeMoss, Mark, 151, 257
Denhollander, Rachael, 291
Desiring God Conference, 203, 273, 292
Detweiler, Brent, 281, 282
Dever, Mark, 201, 282
DeVos, Richard, 103, 134
Dobson, James, 73, 78–87, 95, 137, 303
and anti-Islam views, 218, 219–20, 226
Bringing Up Boys, 176–77, 179, 182, 183
and culture of fear, 13, 148, 226
Dare to Discipline, 78–82, 85, 122
and Family Research Council, 134, 144, 206
and Focus on the Family, 81, 85–86, 101, 129, 130–31, 134, 151, 160, 176, 206–7
and gender roles, 81, 82, 86, 88, 163, 164, 241
and homeschooling, 188–89
Love Must Be Tough, 144–45
and the military, 129–30
political activism of, 86–87, 93, 134, 143, 197, 206–8, 218, 233, 235–36, 252, 261
and Promise Keepers, 150, 195, 279
and sex scandals, 275, 278, 289
Straight Talk to Men and Their Wives, 83
and strategic networks, 134, 141, 275, 294
Where’s Dad?, 81, 129, 130
Dobson, Ryan, 187–88
Domestic Violence Act, 97, 101
Driscoll, Mark, 240, 275, 302
and culture of fear, 13, 196–97, 225
militant masculinity of, 193–99, 214, 273–74, 287, 294
misogyny of, 193–96, 273, 278–79
and networks, 199, 200, 201, 204, 273, 284
Dru, Joanne, 31
Ducat, Stephen, 144
Duggar family, 19 Kids and Counting, 191, 192, 285–86, 293–94
Dukakis, Michael, 137
Eagle Forum, 93, 109
Eddy, Sherwood, 20
Education Amendment Act (1972), 82
Edwards, Jonathan, 10
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 34–35, 110
Eisenhower administration, 98
Eldredge, John, 217, 294
Wild at Heart: Discovering the Secret of a Man’s Soul, 7, 173–76, 179, 183, 192, 198
Elliot, Elisabeth, 9, 64–65, 73, 109, 164, 171, 298
Elliot, Jim, 64–65
Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), 67–73, 82, 97, 101, 104, 241
evangelicals:
anti-Islam views of, see Islam
changing concepts of, 5–6, 17–22, 135
and Clinton, 139–44
and complementarianism, 167, 204, 292–93
conflicts within, 9, 51–52, 74, 149
conservative, 9, 10, 33, 51–52, 109, 117, 124, 139, 148, 199, 231, 257, 260–61, 293, 301
and consumer culture, 7–10, 12, 18, 48, 74, 81, 159–60, 166, 190–91, 214, 246, 294, 298–301
and cultural Christianity, 246, 298
“establishment,” 8, 10
fundamentalists rebranded as, 22–23
international reach of, 301–2
media supported by, 8, 12, 22, 29–30, 84, 86, 148
men’s movement in, 150–66, 172, 183, 197–99
militant masculinity embraced by, 3, 11, 12–13, 37, 49–50, 129–33, 149, 173–74, 193–94, 210–14, 218, 227–31, 294, 295, 304
networks of, 4, 9, 12, 29, 103, 134–35, 139, 166, 169, 199–201, 204, 280–83, 290–92, 294
and North, see North, Oliver
political force of, 12, 33, 35–37, 39–48, 51, 59, 72, 87, 88–89, 93, 102, 103–4, 106, 114–15, 117, 134–37, 140, 166, 208, 226, 298
pro-Israel sympathies, 219
and prosperity gospel, 125
and race, see race; racism
radicalization of, 204, 210–14, 218
and Reagan, 106–9, 112–17, 230, 258, 301
on “religious freedom,” 240, 268
and sex scandals, 126–28, 135, 276, 277–95, 303
and sexual purity movement, 166, 169–72, 209, 302–3
shared cultural identity of, 11–12, 22, 50, 72, 86, 87, 102, 109, 295, 298
and Silent Majority, 45, 51, 73
southern, 11, 28, 39–41, 44
theological illiteracy of, 6, 10, 109
Trump opposed by, 259–60, 264, 266, 268
Trump supported by, 1–4, 253–59, 261–63, 264, 266–71, 272, 275, 276
and War on Terror, 184–86
and warrior leader, see warrior leader
whites see white evangelicals
younger, 232, 236, 239, 240
Evans, Dale, 41
Evans, Mike, 220
Evans, Rachel Held, 9
Evans, Tony, Seven Promises of a Promise Keeper, 154, 157
Explo ’72, 47–48
Fairness Doctrine (FCC), 147–48
Falwell, Jerry, 78, 127, 156, 197
anti-Islam view of, 221–22, 225, 226
and culture of fear, 13, 97
death of, 256
“God is Pro-War,” 185
Listen, America!, 96–97, 111
and militancy, 49, 95–100, 129
and Moral Majority, 96, 98, 136, 207
and networks, 134, 135, 137, 201
and patriarchal authority, 97–98, 99
political activism of, 73, 98–100, 103, 106, 109–10, 111–12, 115, 118–19, 136, 137, 143–44, 253
and Religious Right, 88–89, 95, 96, 101, 103, 233
Falwell, Jerry Jr., 255, 256, 257, 258
Family (a.k.a. the Fellowship), 35, 192
Family Research Council, 134, 141, 144, 206, 230, 241, 276
family values:
and baby boom (1950s), 36
and cultural identity, 12, 296
and divorce, 2, 30, 82, 97, 104, 163
and dual-income households, 153–54
and evangelical politics, 12, 39, 86, 88–89, 93, 254, 275, 282
father’s authority in, 76, 88, 97, 154, 159, 169
and gender roles, 26–27, 67, 70, 73, 81–84, 163, 169, 277
and homeschooling, 76, 77–78, 188–92, 301, 303
international reach, 301–2
and the military, 129–33, 141, 212
in 1970s politics, 12, 33, 88–89, 100–102
nuclear family, 36
and race, 12, 38–39
Farrar, Steve, 162–63, 166, 181, 218, 303
Farris, Michael, 134, 188, 189, 191
fear:
culture of, 12–13, 97, 100, 140, 148, 196–97, 225, 248
evangelicals’ stoking of, 11–13, 35, 59, 132, 136, 138, 163, 219, 225–26, 229, 238, 248, 252, 253, 268, 297
Fellowship, The, 35, 192
Fellowship of Christian Athletes, 29, 156, 206
feminists:
and abortion, see abortion
and ERA, 67–73, 82, 97, 101
H. Clinton, 140, 147, 250, 251
strong masculinity vs., 13, 83, 108, 154, 263, 287
“traditional values” vs., 11, 36, 64, 67–73, 82, 101, 107, 146, 156, 179
and women’s rights, 67–78, 71, 82, 145
Ferrell, Will, 199
Field, Samantha, 303
Finn, Nathan, 293
First Baptist Church, Hammond, 52, 287, 288
First Baptist Dallas, 1, 37, 257–58
FitzGerald, Frances, 99, 156
Focus on the Family, 81, 85, 160, 293, 301–2
Alliance Defense Fund, 213
and anti-Islam views, 218, 223, 224, 226
and military, 129–31, 141, 212
and politics, 86, 101, 129, 134, 206–8
and Promise Keepers, 151, 157, 182
Ford, Christine Blasey, 276
Forrest, Nathan Bedford, 212
Fox News, 6, 147–48, 214
freedom forums, 39–41
Friedan, Betty, 64, 72
Fuller, Charles, 95
Fuller Seminary, 29, 226
fundamentalists:
changes throughout history, 18–19, 20–23, 26, 27
masculinizing, 19, 20, 22
and modernists, 18–19, 107
and segregation, 38
and war, 49, 131–32
Gaines, Chip and Joanna, 300
Gaither Vocal Band, 295
gay marriage, 13, 109, 208, 240, 278
gay rights, opposition to, 4, 63, 101, 106, 139, 206, 253
gays in military, 141, 142
gender ideology:
and CBMW, 167–69, 298
and complementarianism, 167–69, 200, 202, 292–93
and evangelical political identity, 72–73, 86, 107–8, 236–37, 240, 251
male/female opposites, 65–66, 67, 69, 82–83, 164, 175
and marketplace, 9, 159–60, 190–91, 294, 299–300
and Title IX, 82
traditional roles, 4, 6, 9, 26–27, 36, 51, 63, 67, 73, 76, 81–84, 91, 142, 152, 169, 178, 280, 296, 298–99
transgender bathroom laws, 13, 71, 241
see also sex
Gerson, Michael, 260, 303
Gibson, Mel, 10, 174, 181, 182, 183, 196, 209, 210–11, 213, 270, 271
Gilder, George, 84, 182
Gilyard, Darrell, 290
Gingrich, Newt, 10
Glass, James, 213
Glover, Voyle, Fundamental Seduction, 287
GodMen revivals, 187, 188
God of Our Fathers (drama), 42
Golden Rule Christianity, 34
Goldwater, Barry, 40, 41, 42–44, 45, 54, 66–67, 96, 104, 271
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 132
Gorman, Marvin, 126, 128
Gospel Coalition, The, 7, 199, 200–201, 274, 281
Gothard, Bill, 13, 74–75, 76–78, 86, 88, 189, 200, 217, 282–83, 294
Graham, Billy, 25–28, 51, 69, 86, 90, 107, 207, 253
and Christian nationalism, 25, 27, 38
and civil rights, 37–38
and Eisenhower, 34–35
and evangelical media, 29, 30, 45, 47
and Goldwater, 44
and Johnson, 43–44
and new evangelicalism, 22–23, 74
and Nixon, 44, 45–47, 46, 48, 50
and nuclear threat, 112
and Truman, 33–34
and Vietnam, 33, 43, 46, 48–50
and Youth for Christ, 24, 25
Graham, Franklin, 13, 219, 238, 264, 300, 302
Grant, Robert, 128
Green Berets, The (film), 54–55, 55, 57
Grinalds, John S., 121, 131
Grudem, Wayne, 144, 167, 169, 202, 239–40, 252, 261, 264, 298
Gulf War, 141, 161
gun rights, 4, 90, 296–97, 300
Hagee, John, 224
Haggard, Ted, 208–10, 214, 218, 220, 278
Hahn, Jessica, 127–28
Hamblen, Stuart, 27–29, 30
Hargis, Billy James, 41, 42, 44, 90
Harris, Josh, 170–71, 201, 218, 280
I Kissed Dating Goodbye, 171, 198, 303
Hatfield, Mark, 51, 112
Hatmaker, Jen, 9
Hayford, Jack, 208
Health, Education, and Welfare Department, U.S., 97
Henley, Wallace, 47–48
Henry, Carl, 49
Herbster, Carl, 184
Hill, Anita, 145–46
Hill, E. V., 157
hippies, 47, 105, 120
Hitler, Adolf, 184, 262
Hobby Lobby, 299–301
Holton, Chuck, 216–18, 220, 303
home, see family values
homeschooling, 76, 77–78, 139, 171, 177, 188–92, 193, 301, 303
homosexuals, 13, 53, 63, 83, 97, 135, 151–52, 159, 202, 204
House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), 54
Howard, Doug, 224
Huckabee, Mike, 189, 251–52, 254, 260
Hussein, Saddam, 137–38, 184, 232
Hybels, Bill, 201, 226, 289
Hyles, Dave, 287
Hyles, Jack, 225, 287
How to Rear Children, 52–54
“I Love America” rallies, 96
immigrants:
from Europe, 16
intolerance toward, 4, 13, 39, 70
Trump’s attitude toward, 4–5, 260, 297, 303
imperialism, 16, 31, 56
Independent Fundamental Baptists, 290–91
“In God We Trust,” motto, 35
Institute in Basic Life Principles (IBLP), 75, 77, 189, 282
Iran:
Iran-Contra hearings, 115–17, 116, 118, 119, 122–23, 132
Shah overthrown, 101
US hostages kidnapped in, 101, 106, 115, 228
war in, 227, 231
Iraq:
Kuwait invaded by, 137
US war in, 137–38, 184–85, 197, 208, 209, 216, 227, 231–32, 235
Ireland, Patricia, 150–51
Islam, perceived threat of, 4, 10, 13, 215, 218, 219–27, 228–30, 238–40, 248
“It Is No Secret” (song), 28
Jackson, Stonewall, 190
Jacobson, Don, 303
Jeffress, Robert, 1, 13–14, 37, 255, 257–58, 265
Jesus:
atonement of, 5, 27, 200, 204
as both tender and tough, 125, 152
masculinity of, 20, 23, 99, 161, 165, 181, 193–94, 294, 304
Oliver North compared to, 118
personal faith in, 5, 34, 85
salvation through, 19, 98
second coming of, 19, 20, 94
and Triune God, 298
as warrior, 3, 161, 194, 212, 217, 247, 248, 295
“Jesus and John Wayne” (song), 295
John Birch Society, 40, 66, 90, 93
Johnson, Lyndon B., 43–44, 51, 106
Jones, Bob III, 110
Jones, Mike, 278
Jones, Robert P., 268
Jung, Carl, 159
Kanakuk Kamps, 279
Kavanaugh, Brett, 276–77
Keller, Tim, 200, 274
Kennedy, D. James, 78, 103, 132, 134, 135, 137, 184
Kennedy, John F., 39–40, 41, 44, 54
Kennedy, Robert F., 120
Kent State shootings (1970), 105
King, Martin Luther Jr., 37, 38, 120
Klein, Linda Kay, 303
Knott, Walter/Knott’s Berry Farm, 43
Knox, John, 202, 270
Kovic, Ron, Born on the Fourth of July, 55–56
Kristofferson, Kris, 47
Ku Klux Klan, 90, 212
LaHaye, Beverly, 95, 175, 280
and The Act of Marriage, 90–93, 178
and Concerned Women for America, 93, 109, 151
and Religious Right, 88–89, 101, 103
The Spirit-Controlled Woman, 93
and strategic networks, 103, 134–35
LaHaye, Tim, 115, 137, 175, 224, 280
The Act of Marriage, 90–93, 178
and culture of fear, 13, 93–94
How to Be Happy Though Married, 89–90
influence of, 95, 106
Left Behind books, 89
and patriarchal authority, 91–92
and Religious Right, 88–89, 94–95, 101, 103
and strategic networks, 78, 95, 103, 134–35, 148
Lakoff, George, 86
Lamb, Scott, 269–71
Land, Richard, 86, 144, 169, 184–85, 236, 237
Landry, Tom, 103
Lane, David, 253
LaRoche, Adam, 296
law and order, 4, 54, 297
racial undertones of, 39, 44–45, 105, 107
leadership:
Christian/spiritual, 4, 107–8, 167, 168, 198, 227, 277, 292
female, 107–8, 167, 236
and Hitler, 262
in the home, 4, 50, 53, 80, 125, 130, 163, 167, 190, 277, 280, 292
male, 53, 83, 91, 92, 98, 102, 106, 108, 125, 130, 144, 163, 167–68, 277, 280
servant, 153–55, 162, 167, 169, 171, 200
strong style, 5, 13, 130, 137, 184, 211, 272, 289
and Trump, 251, 261, 262, 272
warrior, see warrior leader
white, 57
League of Nations, 138
Lee, Richard, 123
Lee, Robert E., 37, 42, 212
Lewinsky, Monica, 142–44
Lewis, C. S., 112, 183
Lewis, Sinclair, 21
Liberty University, 78, 118, 119, 223, 233, 255, 256, 257
Limbaugh, Rush, 147, 148, 301
Lincoln, Abraham, 42
Lindsey, Hal, 111, 138
Luce, Ron, 183
MacArthur, Douglas, 10, 34, 42, 53, 58, 176–77, 182, 270
MacArthur, John, 199, 201, 202, 274, 275
MacDonald, James, Act Like Men, 274–75
Mahaney, C. J., 201, 202, 274, 275, 279–82, 291, 292
Malcolm X, 234
manhood:
alpha male, 273, 274
and gun rights, 296–97
nature of, 125, 145, 149, 159–60, 164–65, 243, 273
and warrior leader, see warrior leader
Wayne as icon of, see Wayne, John
white, 258
see also masculinity
Marcos, Ferdinand and Imelda, 135
Marsden, George, 23
Mars Hill Church, Seattle, 193, 197, 273
masculinity:
and authority, 76, 163, 272, 287
books on, 124–25, 151–52, 159–66, 167–68, 173–74, 176–79, 181–83, 192, 217
changing ideas of, 15–25, 27, 59, 149, 150, 153, 296–98, 304
Christian, 10–11, 15, 17–18, 95, 149, 214, 240, 246, 294, 304
and complementarianism, 167–69, 292–93
“crisis” in, 52, 174
cultural differences in, 301–2
and heroes, 174, 199, 243–44
male bonding, 151–59
male supremacy, 154–55, 277
militant, see militant masculinity
models of, 64, 67, 164–66, 172, 174–75
in national politics, 16–17, 37, 102
New Calvinist doctrine, 199–200, 203
rugged icons of, 10–11, 28, 37, 52, 56–59, 89, 110
and social class, 162
and sports metaphors, 155–57
strength and power in, 13, 59, 95, 111, 263, 287
testosterone-driven, 13, 176, 187, 260, 268, 272, 277
unbalanced, 161
violent, 16, 20, 54, 56, 58, 59, 100, 111, 179, 302
of warrior leader, see warrior leader
white, 39, 56–57
McCain, John, 217, 233, 236, 237, 251
McCartney, Bill, 150, 151, 152, 155, 157
McDougall, John, Jesus Was an Airborne Ranger, 247
McDowell, Josh, Why Wait? What You Need to Know about the Teen Sexuality Crisis, 170
McGovern, George, 46–47, 51, 139
McIntire, Carl, 21, 49
McLaren, Brian, 226
media:
Christian marketplace, 7–8, 12, 18, 29–30, 81, 159–60, 214–15, 299–301
Christian media, 7, 8, 12, 22, 29–30, 48, 63–64, 84, 126, 218, 220, 246, 294
and Cold War propaganda, 35
conservative views spread by, 7–9, 81, 83, 96, 114–15, 130, 148, 150, 158–59, 198, 201–2, 204, 211, 245–46
corruptive influence of, 93–94, 125–26
Fairness Doctrine in, 147–48
and fund-raising, 127
and men’s movement, 158–66, 246–48
and military books, 214–18
and political strategies, 47–48
televangelist scandals, 126–28, 135
and Vietnam War, 54–56, 94, 121, 216
megachurch model, 201, 208, 226, 258, 289
Mencken, H. L., 21
Metaxas, Eric, 242–44, 243, 262–63, 264
Meyer, Joyce, 7
Midnight Cowboy (film), 58
militant masculinity:
and child-rearing, 53–54
Christian, 10–11, 17–18, 32, 214–15, 217, 241–42, 246–47, 294
and complementarianism, 167–68
and conservatism, 54, 56, 132–33, 203
and Driscoll, 193–94, 214, 273–74, 287, 294
evangelicals’ embrace of, 3, 11, 12–13, 37, 49–50, 131–32, 149, 173–74, 188, 193–94, 210–14, 218, 227–31, 294, 295, 304
and Falwell, 49, 95, 96–98, 100
networks of, 4, 12, 147–48, 166–69, 199–200, 204, 273–74, 280–83, 290–92, 294
and patriarchy, 37, 167, 302
in Promise Keepers, 155–57
and Trump, 253, 263, 268–71, 301
and Vietnam, see Vietnam War
and warrior myth, 12, 32, 164–65, 212
and World War I, 19–20
see also masculinity
military:
brutality of, 49, 211
chain of command in, 76, 116–17, 209, 272
civilian control of, 248
and Cold War, 27, 36, 37, 55, 132
evangelical infiltration of, 212–14, 218, 303
and family values, 129–33, 141, 212
as force for good, 11, 32, 48
gays in, 141, 142
immorality in, 24–25
as mission field, 25, 197
peacekeeping forces vs., 142, 230
revitalizing, 97, 111, 129
sex scandals in, 142
and Vietnam War, 48–52, 54–56, 88, 129; see also Vietnam War
and women, 70, 99, 141, 142, 168, 197, 214, 230, 231, 241
and World War II, 24–25
Miller, Marion, 40
Mitchell, George, 123
Mixed Martial Arts (MMA), 187–88
modernists, 18–19, 107
Mohler, Al, 109, 144, 169, 197, 201, 226, 281, 292
Moore, Beth, 265
Moore, Roy, 206, 275–76
Moore, Russell, 252–53, 254, 259–60, 265, 268, 276, 292
Moral Majority, 3, 96, 98, 136, 151, 189, 207, 266, 275
Morgan, Marabel, 73, 74, 83, 178, 280
The Total Woman, 60–64, 61, 65, 91
Motion Picture Alliance for the Preservation of American Ideals (MPA), 54
Mouw, Rich, 226
Mulder, Mark, 175–76
Murrow, David, Why Men Hate Going to Church, 182–83
Nance, Penny, 257
Nassar, Larry, 291
National Association of Evangelicals (NAE):
and civil rights, 38
and family values, 129
formation of, 21–22
and four evangelical distinctives, 5–6
influence of, 22, 114–15, 208
and militarism, 36
and Reagan, 112–13, 114–15
and SBC, 107
and sex scandals, 278
“Statement of Conscience,” 148–49
and strategic networks, 29, 114, 139, 226
National Organization for Women, 150
National Prayer Breakfast, 35, 192, 242
National Rifle Association, 296
Navigators, 25, 131, 206
Nazarene Bible College, 205
Neff, David, 226
New Calvinism, 199–201, 202, 203
New Life Church, 208–10, 212, 218, 278
Newman, Pete, 279
New Yorker, 99
Nicaragua, 101
Nicaraguan Contra War, 113–17, 228
Nixon, Richard M., 44–48, 46, 50, 51, 54, 82, 106
Norman, Larry, 47
North, Oliver, 10, 131, 134, 230, 235, 271
American Heroes, 215–16, 218
anti-Islam views of, 215, 218, 220
and Fox News, 214
fund-raising, 123–24, 135
as hero, 118–24, 128–29
and Iran-Contra, 115, 116–17, 116, 118, 122–23
Mission Compromised, 214–16
as NRA president, 296
and “Olliemania,” 118–19, 214
Under Fire, 123
and Vietnam War, 120–21, 129
nuclear threat, 43, 112–13
Obama, Barack, 233–42, 244, 248–49, 250, 253, 258, 263, 264, 276, 302
and Affordable Care Act, 240, 299
and birther movement, 238, 256
election of (2008), 13, 238, 239, 248
Obama, Michelle, 234
Ockenga, Harold John, 22, 24, 29, 36, 47
Officers’ Christian Fellowship, 25, 122, 131, 206
Old Fashioned Revival Hour (radio), 95
Oliver, Gary, Real Men Have Feelings Too, 152–53
Olsen, Ted, 201
Olson, Roger, 200
Operation Desert Storm, 137
O’Reilly, Bill, 147–48
Palin, Sarah, 183, 189, 236–37, 251
Parks, Rosa, 206
Passion [of the Christ], The (film), 7, 181, 182, 209, 210–11
Paterno, Joe, 279
patriarchy:
“biblical,” 203, 282–83, 293, 298
and complementarianism, 167–68, 200, 202, 204, 292
and cultural identity, 87
in the home, 12, 26–27, 37, 54, 76, 91, 125
masculine authority, 74, 76, 87, 88, 91, 94, 97–98, 109, 147, 155, 168, 190, 209, 244, 272, 283, 289, 290–91, 296, 298
patriarchal power, 200, 202, 204, 275
“soft,” 172
white, 12, 33, 37
Patrick, Darrin, 274, 275
patriotism, 20, 47, 52, 97, 190
Patterson, Paige, 108, 144, 169, 226, 257, 289–90
Patton, George S., 10, 119, 182, 270, 295
Paul, apostle, 17, 108, 155, 165
Payne, Leanne, Crisis in Masculinity, 159
Pence, Mike, 261–62
Pepperdine College, 39, 41
Perkins, John, 157
Perkins, Tony, 134, 208, 236, 252, 276
Perot, H. Ross, 139
Perry, Rick, 189
Peter, Saint, 161
Phillips, Doug, 78, 189–91, 192, 199, 270, 275, 283, 293, 294
Phillips, Holly, 154
Phillips, Howard, 78, 96, 134, 189
Phillips, Randy, 154
Phoenix Program, 228
Piper, John, 202, 218, 303
and complementarianism, 167, 169, 200, 292–93, 302
influence of, 7, 198, 199, 201
and political activism, 236, 241, 251, 265
and Reformed theology, 201
and scandals, 273–74, 281, 293, 294
and strategic networks, 169, 201, 203, 204, 273
Pledge of Allegiance, 35
populists, 18, 52
postmillennialism, 94
premillennialism, 94
Pressler, Paul, 108, 290
Price, John, America at the Crossroads, 111
Prohibition, end of (1933), 11
Promise Keepers, 7, 150–59, 155, 165, 166, 179, 182, 183–84, 195, 220, 279
Protestantism:
church-centered, 18
liberal, 18–20, 24
and Vietnam War, 50
PTL Club, The (TV), 126, 127
Putin, Vladimir, 302
Quakerism, 45
Quiverfull movement, 191, 220, 283
race:
civil rights movement, 11, 33, 36, 37–39, 70–71
and evangelicals, 38, 238
and family values, 12, 38–39
and forced busing, 39, 70, 71, 107
interracial dating, 90
and “segregation academies,” 39, 98, 107
“racial reconciliation,” 157–58
racism, 4–5, 51
coded language of, 39, 44–45, 70–71, 105, 107
and Obama, 233–34, 237–39, 248–49, 253
and violence, 44, 71, 107
and white identity, 6–7, 56–57, 267
Rader, Paul, 45
Ramsey, Dave, 9
Ray, Ronald D., 141
Reagan, Ronald, 104–16, 137, 166, 255, 271, 300
anticommunist views of, 40–41, 43
at Brandenburg Gate, Berlin, 132
and conservative evangelicals, 106–9, 112–17, 230, 258, 301
elected president, 105, 106, 109–11
and foreign policy, 110–13, 116, 135
reelection of, 135
and Republican Party, 104, 106
and sexual purity, 171–72
and Wayne, 104–5, 135
Reagan administration, and Iran-Contra, 113–17, 119, 122–23, 132
Red River (film), 31, 31, 32
Reed, Ralph, 124, 138, 143, 146, 149, 156, 264
Reformed theology, 201
religion:
“old-time,” 18, 21–22
in suburbia, 36
and war, 48–49
Religious Right, 38, 51, 66, 78, 258
architects of, 84, 88–89, 94–95, 101
and culture of fear, 140, 248, 253
declining numbers in, 236, 265
and Dobson, 84, 95, 101, 207, 233
and Falwell, 88–89, 95, 96, 101, 103, 233
Islamophobia of, 239
and LaHayes, 88–89, 94–95, 101, 103
and Moral Majority, 96, 265–66
networks of, 134–35, 139
and North, 117, 122, 128
and Promise Keepers, 151–52
and Reagan, 103–4, 106, 110, 112
and Republican Party, 95, 106
rising political power of, 51, 95, 106
and Schlafly, 70, 73, 88, 95, 101, 103, 146, 263
strategic networks of, 146, 189, 206, 209
waning political power of, 13, 135–36, 149, 232
Religious Roundtable (1980), 103
Republican Party:
evangelical support of, 6, 33, 34, 44, 48, 73, 103–6, 107, 109, 137, 139, 236
and homeschooling, 192
and Reagan, 104, 106
Rightward movement of, 95, 106
and states’ rights, 44
revivalism, 18, 25–26, 27, 151, 187, 200
Rice, John R., 44
Richardson, Cecil, 213
Robertson, Pat, 7, 78, 146, 148, 233
anti-Islam views of, 219, 225
and Christian Coalition, 138, 143, 207
and media, 125, 126–27, 224, 225
and networks, 103, 134
The New World Order, 138
and politics, 115, 136–37
Robertson family:
Duck Dynasty, 244–46, 271, 299
and Trump, 269
Robison, James, 29, 103, 106, 110, 137
Roe v. Wade, 68, 82, 101, 251
Rogers, Roy, 41
Roosevelt, Theodore, 10, 16–17, 20, 31, 40, 56, 174, 182, 183, 190, 230, 262
Rough Riders, 16
Roys, Julie, 265
Rubio, Marco, 252, 253, 254, 255, 259
Rumsfeld, Donald H., 227–28, 231
Rushdoony, Rousas John, 75–76, 78, 94, 134, 177, 189
Ryun, Jim, 192
Ryun, Ned, 192
St. James, Rebecca, Wait for Me, 175
Saleeb, Abdul, 10
Saleem, Kamal, 223–25, 230
same-sex marriage, 13, 109, 208, 240, 278
Sandinistas, 113–15, 228
Sands of Iwo Jima (film), 10, 32, 32, 55, 57
Sandusky, Jerry, 279
Savage, Andy, 288–89
Scalia, Antonin, 252
Schaap, Jack, 287–88
Schaeffer, Francis, 78
Schlafly, Phyllis, 66–73, 177
A Choice Not an Echo, 66–67
and Clintons, 141, 142–43, 148
death of, 263
and Eagle Forum, 93, 109
and ERA, 67–71, 72
and family values, 88, 101
and Hill, 145–46
“How to Take Back America,” 239
and networks, 103, 134
The Phyllis Schlafly Report, 67
The Power of the Christian Woman, 69–70
and Religious Right, 73, 88, 95, 101, 103, 146, 263
“Vision for America,” 70
and warrior culture, 180–81, 237
Schuller, Robert, 29, 201
Schwartz, Fred, 40
Schwarzkopf, Norman, 165
Scopes Monkey Trial (1925), 11
secular humanism, 13, 94
self-denial, 15, 17, 65
September 11 attacks (2001), 13, 179–81, 183
aftermath of, 187–88, 197, 204, 211, 214, 219–20, 223, 225, 227, 231, 234
and War on Terror, 180, 184–86, 214, 219, 226, 227, 228
servant leadership, 153–55, 162, 167, 169, 171, 200
Sessions, Jeff, 275
700 Club (TV), 125, 127
sex:
abstinence, 171–72
changing norms, 11, 13, 26, 68
education about, 90
female ideas of, 61, 68
male ideas of, 58, 178–79
marital sex guides, 90–92
and “new morality,” 90, 91
and patriarchal authority, 91, 92
and rape, 146
scandals among evangelists, 126–28, 135, 275–95, 303
scandals in the military, 142
and Song of Solomon, 194–95
see also gender ideology
sexual purity movement, 90, 166, 169–72, 175, 192, 209, 277, 279, 280, 283, 302–3
Sharlet, Jeff, 192, 209
Shoebat, Walid, 223, 224
Silent Majority, 45, 51, 66, 73
Sitler, Steven, 284–85
Skinner, Tom, 47
slavery, defense of, 39, 75, 202–3
Smith, James K. A., 175–76
Smith, Michael W., 185–86
Sojourners, 114, 226
South, US:
in Civil War, 75
evangelicals in, 11, 28, 39–41, 44
Lost Cause of, 37
male dominance in, 17, 71
Nixon’s southern strategy, 44, 106, 107
Southern Baptist Convention (SBC), 86, 107–9, 123, 144, 158, 268, 274
on abortion, 68
on biblical inerrancy, 108–9
and CBMW, 166–69
and Christian marketplace, 9, 211
conservative takeover of, 108–9, 117, 139, 168–69, 257, 289
sexual abuse in, 289–92
Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, 109, 226, 282, 289
Southern Seminary, 169, 201
Soviet Union:
as “evil empire,” 112
fall of, 138
Spanish-American War, 16
Spock, Benjamin, 79, 105, 270
Sproul, R. C., 10, 199, 201
Spurgeon, Charles, 190
Starnes, Todd, 10
Stetzer, Ed, 265
Stevenson, Adlai, 34
Stine, Brad, 187
Stinson, Randy, 169, 175
Studies in Faith and Freedom (documentary), 122
Sunday, Billy, 17–18, 19, 53, 155
Sun Myung Moon, 135
Supreme Court, U.S.:
and abortion, 82
appointments to, 3, 145–46, 251, 252, 267–68, 276–77
and civil rights, 37, 38
on same-sex marriage, 240
Swaggart, Jimmy, 126, 127, 135, 253
terrorism, see September 11 attacks
“There She Stands” (song), 186
Thomas, Clarence, 145, 146
Thomas Road Baptist Church, 95, 99, 156
Thune, John, 207
Thurmond, Strom, 41, 42
Together for the Gospel (T4G), 201, 274, 281, 293
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 112, 166
Torres-Manteufel, Lourdes, 283
Truman, Harry S., 25, 26, 33–34
Trump, Donald J., 251–71
anti-immigrant views of, 4–5, 260, 297, 303
draft deferment of, 270
election of, 4–5, 265–69, 303–4
loyal supporters of, 1–5, 253–59, 261–63, 265–71, 272, 275, 276
and militant masculinity, 253, 263, 268–71, 301
opposition to, 259–60, 264, 265, 266, 268
political rise of, 3–4, 13, 254, 256, 262
power displays by, 3, 257, 260–61
presidential campaign of, 8, 251–65
racism of, 4–5, 258, 260, 267
sexual indiscretions of, 2, 258, 259, 260, 261, 263, 264–65, 268, 275, 276
on shooting someone on Fifth Avenue, 1, 257
“spiritual biography” of, 269–71
and “Trump effect,” 268
Unification Church, 135
United Nations, 13, 43, 138, 141, 142
United States:
as Christian nation, 11–12, 35, 38, 39, 271
as doomed to destruction, 94
as God’s chosen nation, 4, 303
historical development of, 11–14
imperialism in, 16, 31, 56
war for soul of, 139, 148–49, 166
United States Air Force Academy, 176, 205, 206, 208, 211, 212, 213–14, 225
United States Naval Academy, 120
values:
abandonment of, 3, 268, 277
family, see family values
Vander Plaats, Bob, 253
Victorian Era, 15, 17
“Vietnam syndrome,” 161
Vietnam War, 33, 36, 43, 104
aftermath of, 11, 88, 244
escalation of, 45, 46, 49
and evangelical identity, 50–51, 129–33
Gulf of Tonkin, 120
and male identity, 161, 162, 164
and media, 54–56, 94, 121, 216
My Lai massacre, 49, 57, 121
opposition to, 45, 46, 47, 48–52, 58, 80
Tet Offensive, 50, 120
as watershed, 50–52
Viguerie, Richard, 96, 124, 128, 134, 207
Vines, Jerry, 211, 221, 226, 290
Violence Against Women Act (1994), 146, 274
Vision Forum, 189–90, 192, 283
Walker, Edwin, 41, 42
Walker, Scott, 254
Wallace, George, 44
Wallace, William (fict.), 10, 174, 217, 271, 295, 301
Wallis, Jim, 9, 47, 114, 226
Walton, Rus, One Nation Under God, 131–32
war:
crusade theory of, 132
global free-fire zone, 228
just, 184, 248
and masculinity, 168–69, 194, 263
morality of, 48–49, 131, 230
perpetual, 231
preemptive, 131–33, 185, 220, 231, 240
sacrifice required by, 247
for the soul of the nation, 139, 148–49, 166
spiritual, 220
Ware, Bruce, 298
“War on Christmas,” 148
War on Terror, 180, 184–86, 211, 214, 219, 226, 227, 228
Warren, Rick, 226, 236
warrior leader, 211–12, 231, 232, 247–48, 249, 256–57
culture warrior, 78, 148, 163, 174, 180–81, 191–92, 197, 237, 245, 258, 276, 286
masculine, 12, 161, 164–66, 168, 173–74, 176, 183, 191, 217, 246, 271, 296
military, 165, 176, 209, 211–13, 216–17, 246, 248, 256–57, 299
spiritual/Christian, 3, 9, 14, 161, 165, 173, 176, 183, 185, 194, 209, 212, 246, 247, 248, 295
tender, 159, 162, 164–66, 172, 181
Washington, George, 244
Watchman, The (TV), 230
Watergate, 48, 102, 244, 287
Wayne, Aissa, 258, 259
Wayne, John, 30–32, 41, 43, 67
conservative activism of, 54–56
in cowboy films, 28, 31–32, 31, 32, 54–58, 135
death of, 104–5
as icon of Christian masculinity, 10–11, 15, 54, 59, 165–66, 243–44, 258–59, 263, 270, 295, 301
as model of American manhood, 10–11, 54–59, 105, 181, 215, 243–44, 258–59, 263, 270
“John Wayne syndrome,” 56
and memorabilia market, 10, 300
racism of, 56–57, 258
on sex, 58
traditional virtues scorned by, 11, 30–31, 58–59
Trump as reincarnation of, 271
Weber, Stu, 157, 216, 217, 218, 230, 247, 303
Tender Warrior, 162, 164–66, 182
Weida, Johnny A., 210, 211
Weinstein, Mikey, 210, 211
Welch, Bobby, You, the Warrior Leader, 211–12
Welch, Robert, 66
Wells, Bob, 42
Weyrich, Paul, 96, 134, 146
“What Would Jesus Do?” (WWJD), 3
Wheaton College, 29, 47, 75
Where’s Dad? (video), 81, 129, 130
White, Joe, 279
White, Reggie, 157
white evangelicals:
black Protestants’ views vs., 6–7, 301
identity of, 6–7, 11, 12, 296–97
and Obama, 234, 237–38, 240
and Trump, 1, 2, 259–63, 266–71, 272
Whitefield, George, 10
Whitehead, John W., 78
White House Conference on Families, 100–102
Wickham, John A. Jr., 129–31
Wight, Jamin, 285
Wilson, Douglas, 199, 202–4, 214, 270, 273, 280, 283–85, 294
Evangellyfish, 204, 284
Future Men: Raising Boys to Fight Giants, 177–79, 183, 194, 202
Southern Slavery: As It Was, 202–3
Wilson, Nate, 204
Wolf, Frank, 129
Wolfowitz, Paul, 231
women:
abuse and harassment of, 144, 145, 146, 213–14, 231, 275–77, 278, 280, 282–84, 288–94
begging for men to lead, 125, 161
in church leadership, 108, 167, 168, 291
and complementarianism, 167–69, 292–93
conservative, 60–73, 74, 93, 109, 140, 265, 300
and domestic violence, 144–45, 146
education of, 16, 75
and ERA, 67–73, 82, 97, 101, 104, 241
feminist, see feminists
and military, 70, 99, 141, 142, 168, 197, 214, 230, 231, 241
protection of, 20, 27, 71, 83, 84, 277, 284, 294
and public office, 236–37, 251
rights of, 27, 67–68, 71, 82, 90, 250, 251
and SBC, 108–9, 144, 167–69, 289–92
and sexual purity, 170–72, 175, 209, 277, 280, 283, 302–3
of Silent Majority, 66, 73
“smokin’ hot wives,” 199
submissive, 12, 53, 61, 65, 76, 88, 167, 169, 178–79, 189, 190, 202, 209, 277–79, 282, 284, 287, 294, 298
subordination of, 12, 26, 88, 92, 108–9, 169, 283, 298
and Title IX, 82
traditional roles of, 9, 12, 17, 26–27, 64–66, 69, 73, 83, 301
Trump’s mistreatment of, 2, 258, 259, 260, 261, 263, 264–65, 268, 275, 276
voting rights of, 182
working, 61, 82, 140, 153–54
women’s liberation, 64, 67–70, 108
Woodson, Jules, 288
World Conference on Women (1995), 146
World magazine, 273, 274
World Prayer Center, 209
World War I, 17–20, 24
postwar era, 21
World War II, 23–25, 32, 46
postwar years, 52, 74
Wright, Jeremiah, 234–35
Xtreme Ministries, 187, 188
“Yale Letter,” 226
Youth for Christ (YFC), 24, 25, 206
Zionism, 219
Zondervan publishers, 123