Bibliography

Primary Sources

Manuscript Collections

Black Power Movement Microform Collection

Amiri Baraka Papers

Revolutionary Action Movement Papers

Robert F. Williams Papers

Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center

John Henrik Clarke Africana Collection

Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture

John Henrik Clarke Papers

Julian Mayfield Papers

Larry Neal Papers

Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives

George Breitman Papers

Harold Cruse Papers

Interviews

Muhammad Ahmed, March 4, 2009

Lowell Pierson Beveridge, April 8, 2006; July 14, 2006

Rose Finkenstaedt, July, 2006

Richard Gibson, April 13, 2006

Calvin Hicks, June 13, 2007

Marilyn Lieberman, October 9, 2006

Clayton Riley, April 15, 2006

Carlos E. Russell, March 4, 2006

Charlie L. Russell, June 10, 2006

Ozzie Sykes, June 2, 2006

Askia Toure, February 26, 2009

C. E. Wilson, April 15, 2006

Periodicals and Periodical Collections

The Black Scholar

Marshall Bloom Alternative Press Collection, Amherst College

Chicago Defender

Ebony

Jet

Liberator

The Nation

Negro Digest/Black World

New York Times

Révolution Africaine

Schomburg Clippings File, Amherst College

Soulbook

Third World News

Published Books, Articles, Chapters, and Dissertations

Books

Adams, Maurianne, and John H. Bracey, eds. Strangers and Neighbors: Relations between Blacks and Jews in the United States. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1999.

Ahmad, Muhammad (Max Stanford). We Will Return in the Whirlwind: Black Radical Organizations, 1960–1975. Chicago: Charles H. Kerr, 2007.

Allen, Robert L. Black Awakening in Capitalist America. New York: Doubleday, 1969.

American Society of African Culture, eds. Pan-Africanism Reconsidered. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1962.

Anderson, Carol. Eyes off the Prize: The United Nations and the Struggle for Human Rights, 1944–1955. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.

Ashcroft, Bill, Gareth Griffiths, and Helen Tiffin, eds. Post-Colonial Studies: The Key Concepts. London: Routledge, 2000.

Austin, Algernon. Achieving Blackness: Race, Black Nationalism, and Afrocentrism in the Twentieth Century. New York: New York University Press, 2006.

Baker, Houston A., Jr. Betrayal: How Black Intellectuals Have Abandoned the Ideals of the Civil Rights Era. New York: Columbia University Press, 2008.

Baldwin, James. The Fire Next Time. New York: Dell, 1963.

Baldwin, James, ed. Black Anti-Semitism and Jewish Racism. New York: Shocken Books, 1970.

Bambara, Toni Cade, ed. The Black Woman: An Anthology. 1970. Reprint; New York: Washington Square Press, 2005.

Baraka, Amiri. Black Music. New York: William and Morrow, 1970.

Barbour, Floyd B. The Black Power Revolt: A Collection of Essays. Boston: Porter Sargeant, 1968.

______. The Black Seventies. Boston: Porter Sargeant, 1970.

Barnett, LaShonda Katrice. I Got Thunder: Black Women Songwriters on Their Craft. New York: Thunder’s Mouth Press, 2007.

Biondi, Martha. To Stand and Fight: The Struggle for Civil Rights in Postwar New York City. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003.

Black Issues in Higher Education. Editors of The Unfinished Agenda of Brown v. Board of Education. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2004.

Boggs, James. Racism and the Class Struggle: Further Pages from a Black Worker’s Notebook. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1970.

Boggs, James, and Grace Lee Boggs. Revolution and Evolution in the Twentieth Century. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1974.

Bogle, Donald. Toms, Coons, Mulattoes, Mammies and Bucks: An Interpretive History of Blacks in American Films. 3rd ed. New York: Continuum, 1994.

Bogues, Anthony. Black Heretics, Black Prophets: Radical Political Intellectuals. New York: Routledge, 2003.

Boyd, Herb. Harlem: A Biography of James Baldwin. New York: Atria Books, 2008.

Bracey, John, August Meier, and Elliott Rudwick, eds. Black Nationalism in America. Indianapolis: Bobbs Merrill, 1970.

Bradley, Stephan M. Harlem vs. Columbia University: Black Student Power in the Late 60s. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2009.

Bradley, Will, and Charles Esche, eds. Art and Social Change: A Critical Reader. London: Tate, 2007.

Breitman, George, ed. Malcolm X Speaks. New York: Grove Press, 1965.

______. The Last Year of Malcolm X: The Evolution of a Revolutionary. New York: Pathfinder, 1967.

Brisbane, Robert H. Black Activism: Racial Revolution in the United States, 1954–1970. Valley Forge, PA: Judson Press, 1974.

Broderick, Francis L., and August Meier, eds. Negro Protest Thought in the Twentieth Century. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merril, 1965.

Brown, Elaine. A Taste of Power: A Black Woman’s Story. New York: Anchor Books, 1993.

Buhle, Paul. Marxism in the United States: Remapping the History of the American Left. London: Verso, 1991.

Burgos, Adrian, Jr. Playing America’s Game: Baseball, Latinos, and the Color Line. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007.

Campbell, James T. Middle Passages: African American Journeys to Africa, 1787–2005. New York: Penguin, 2006.

Carmichael, Stokely (Kwame Ture), and Ekwueme Michael Thelwell. Ready for Revolution: The Life and Struggles of Stokely Carmichael. New York: Scribner, 2003.

Carson, Clayborne. In Struggle: SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960s. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981.

Carson, Clayborne, ed. Malcolm X: The FBI File. New York: Carroll and Graf, 1991.

Clark, Kenneth. Dark Ghetto: Dilemmas of Social Power. New York: Harper and Row, 1967.

Clarke, Cheryl. After Mecca: Women Poets and the Black Arts Movement. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2005.

Clarke, John Henrik, ed. Harlem U.S.A. Brooklyn: A & B Publishers, 1971.

______, ed. Harlem: A Community in Transition. 3rd edition. New York: Citadel Press, 1964.

______, ed. Malcolm X: The Man and His Times. New York: Collier Books, 1969.

______, ed. Black Titan, An Anthology. Boston: Beacon Press, 1970.

______, ed. Who Betrayed the African World Revolution? Chicago: Third World Press, 1993.

Cleaver, Kathleen, and George Katsiaficas, eds. Liberation, Imagination and the Black Panther Party: A New Look at the Panthers and Their Legacy. New York, 2001.

Cobb, William Jelani. The Essential Harold Cruse: A Reader. New York: Palgrave, 2002.

Collier-Thomas, Bettye, and V. P. Franklin, eds. Sisters in the Struggle: African American Women in the Civil Rights–Black Power Movement. New York: New York University Press, 2001.

Collins, Lisa Gail, and Margo Natalie Crawford, eds. New Thoughts on the Black Arts Movement. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2002.

Collins, Patricia Hill. From Black Power to Hip Hop: Racism, Nationalism, and Feminism. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2006.

Cook, Mercer, and Stephen E. Henderson. The Militant Black Writer in Africa and the United States. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1969.

Crawford, Vicki L., Jacqueline Anne Rouse, and Barbara Woods, eds. Women in the Civil Rights Movement: Trailblazers and Torchbearers, 1941–1965. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993.

Crossman, Richard, ed. The God That Failed. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1949.

Cruse, Harold. The Crisis of the Negro Intellectual: From Its Origins to the Present. New York: William & Morrow, 1967.

DeCarava, Roy. The Sound I Saw. New York: Phaidon, 2001.

De Witte, Ludo. The Assassination of Lumumba. Trans. Ann Wright and Renee Fenby. London and New York: Verso, 2001.

Douglas, Robert L. Resistance, Insurgence and Identity: The Art of Mari Evans, Nelson Stevens and the Black Arts Movement. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 2008.

Du Bois, W. E. B. The World and Africa. New York: International Publishers, 1965.

Dudziak, Mary L. Cold War Civil Rights: Race and the Image of American Democracy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000.

Editors of Black Issues in Higher Education. The Unfinished Agenda of Brown v. Board of Education. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2004.

Edwards, Brent Hayes. The Practice of Diaspora: Literature, Translation and the Rise of Black Internationalism. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003.

Edwards, Harry. The Revolt of the Black Athlete. New York: Macmillan, 1969.

Elliot, Jeffrey M., ed. Conversations with Maya Angelou. Jackson and London: University Press of Mississippi, 1989.

Enstice, Wayne, and Janis Stockhouse. Jazzwomen: Conversations with Twenty-One Musicians. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2004.

Esedebe, P. Olisanwuche. Pan-Africanism: The Idea and Movement, 1776–1991. 2nd edition. Washington, DC: Howard University Press, 1994.

Evanzz, Karl. The Messenger: The Rise and Fall of Elijah Muhammad. New York: Vintage Books, 2001.

Fanon, Frantz. The Wretched of the Earth. Translated by Constance Farrington. New York: Grove Press, 1963.

______. Toward the African Revolution: Political Essays. Translated by Haakon Chevalier. New York: Grove Press, 1967.

Fairclough, Adam. Better Day Coming: Blacks and Equality, 1890–2000. New York: Penguin, 2001.

Farred, Grant. What’s My Name?: Black Vernacular Intellectuals. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2003.

Ford, Tanisha C. Liberated Threads: Black Women, Style, and the Global Politics of Soul. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2015.

Forman, James. The Making of Black Revolutionaries: A Personal Account. New York: Macmillan, 1972.

______. High Tide of Black Resistance. Seattle, WA: Open Hand Publishing, 1994.

Franklin, John Hope, and August Meier, eds. Black Leaders of the Twentieth Century. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1982.

Gaines, Kevin K. American Africans in Ghana: Black Expatriates and the Civil Rights Era. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006.

Gardell, Mattias. In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and the Nation of Islam. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2005.

Geary, Daniel. Beyond Civil Rights: The Moynihan Report and Its Legacy. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015.

Geiss, Imanuel. The Pan-African Movement: A History of Pan-Africanism in America, Europe, and Africa. Translated by Ann Keep. New York: Africana Publishing Co., 1974.

Geschwender, James A., ed. The Black Revolt. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1971.

Gilroy, Paul. The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993.

Gilyard, Keith. John Oliver Killens: A Life of Black Literary Activism. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2010.

Gomez, Michael A. Black Crescent: The Experience and Legacy of African Muslims in the Americas. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005.

Gomez, Michael A., ed. Diasporic Africa: A Reader. New York: New York University Press, 2006.

Gore, Dayo. Radicalism at the Crossroads: African American Women Activists in the Cold War. New York: New York University Press, 2011.

Gore, Dayo, Jeanne Theoharis, and Komozi Woodard, eds., Want to Start a Revolution? Radical Women in the Black Freedom Struggle. New York: New York University Press, 2009.

Gosse, Van. Where the Boys Are: Cuba, Cold War America and the Making of a New Left. New York: Verso, 1993.

Graham, Hugh Davis. Civil Rights and the Presidency: Race and Gender in American Politics, 1960–1972. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.

Green, Reginald H., and Ann Seidman. Unity or Poverty? The Economics of Pan-Africanism. Baltimore, MD: Penguin, 1968.

Guy-Sheftall, Beverly, ed. Words of Fire: An Anthology of African-American Feminist Thought. New York: New Press, 1995.

Hansberry, Lorraine. A Raisin in the Sun: The Unfilmed Original Screenplay. Edited by Robert Nemiroff. New York: Plume, 1992.

______. The Critical Last Plays. Edited by Robert Nemiroff. New York: Plume, 1983.

Harris, Joseph, ed. Global Dimensions of the African Diaspora. Washington, DC: Howard University Press, 1982.

Harris, William J., ed. The Leroi Jones/Amiri Baraka Reader. New York: Thunder’s Mouth Press, 1991.

Harris, Robert, Nyota Harris, and Grandassa Harris, eds. Carlos Cooks and Black Nationalism from Garvey to Malcolm. Dover, MA: Majority Press, 1991.

Harrison, Paul Carter, et al., eds. Black Theatre: Ritual Performance in the African Diaspora. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2002.

Haywood, Harry. Black Bolshevik: Autobiography of an Afro-American Communist. Chicago: Liberator Press, 1978.

Hill, Errol G., and James V. Hatch. A History of African American Theatre. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.

Hilliard, David. This Side of Glory: The Autobiography of David Hilliard and the Story of the Black Panther Party. Boston: Little, Brown, 1993.

Hilliard, David, and Donald Wiese, eds. The Huey P. Newton Reader. New York: Seven Stories Press, 2002.

Hilliard, David, Keith Zimmerman, and Kent Zimmerman. Huey: The Spirit of the Panther. New York: Thunder’s Mouth Press, 2006.

Hine, Darlene Clark, et al., African Americans: A Concise History. Vol. 1. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2004. 125–26.

Ho, Fred, and Bill V. Mullen, eds. Afro Asia: Revolutionary Political and Cultural Connections between African Americans and Asian Americans. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2008.

Holmes, Linda Janet, and Cheryl A. Wall, eds. Savoring the Salt: The Legacy of Toni Cade Bambara. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2008.

Horne, Alistair. A Savage War of Peace: Algeria, 1954–1962. New York: Penguin Books, 1987.

Horne, Gerald. The Fire This Time: The Watts Uprising and the 1960s. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1995.

Howe, Irving. The Radical Imagination: An Anthology from Dissent Magazine. New York: New American Library, 1967.

Hunton, W. Alphaeus. Decision in Africa: Sources of Current Conflict. New York: International Publishers, 1957.

Isaacs, Harold R. The New World of Negro Americans. New York: Viking Press, 1963.

Iton, Richard. In Search of the Black Fantastic: Politics and Popular Culture in the Post–Civil Rights Era. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.

Jackson, Esther Cooper, ed. Freedomways Reader: Prophets in Their Own Country. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2000.

Jackson, Lawrence P. Indignant Generation: A Narrative History of African American Writers and Critics, 1934–1960. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2011.

Jamal, Hakim A. From the Dead Level: Malcolm X and the Organization of Afro-American Unity. Springfield, MA: Masjid At-Tawhid, 1971.

Jamal, Mumia-Abu. We Want Freedom: A Life in the Black Panther Party. Boston: South End Press, 2008.

James, Darius. That’s Blaxploitation: Roots of the Baadasssss ‘Tude (Rated X by an All-White Jury). New York: St. Martin’s Griffin, 1995.

Jayawardena, Kumari. Feminism and Nationalism in the Third World. London: Zed Books, 1986.

Jeffries, Judson L. Huey P. Newton: The Radical Theorist. Jackson: University of Mississippi Press, 2002.

Jeffries, Judson L., ed. Comrades: A Local History of the Black Panther Party. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2007.

Johnson, Abby Arthur, and Ronald Mayberry Johnson. Propaganda and Aesthetics: The Literary Politics of African-American Magazines in the Twentieth Century. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1979.

Jones, Charles E., ed. The Black Panther Party Reconsidered. Baltimore, MD: Black Classic Press, 1998.

Jones, LeRoi (Amiri Baraka). Home: Social Essays. Hopewell, NJ: Ecco Press, 1998.

Joseph, Peniel E. Waiting ’Til the Midnight Hour: A Narrative History of Black Power in America. New York: Henry Holt, 2006.

Joseph, Peniel E., ed. The Black Power Movement: Rethinking the Civil Rights–Black Power Era. New York: Routledge, 2006.

Kelley, Robin D. G. Freedom Dreams: The Black Radical Imagination. Boston: Beacon Press, 2002.

______. Thelonious Monk: The Life and Times of an American Original. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2009.

Kessler, Lauren. The Dissident Press: Alternative Journalism in American History. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications, 1984.

King, Martin Luther, Jr. The Autobiography of Martin Luther King, Jr. Edited by Clayborne Carson. New York: Warner Books, 1998.

King, Woodie and Earl Anthony, eds. Black Poets and Prophets. New York: New American Library, 1972.

Kofsky, Frank. Black Nationalism and the Revolution in Music. New York: Beacon, 1970.

Legum, Colin. Pan-Africanism: A Short Political Guide. New York: Praeger, 1965.

Lemelle, Sidney J., and Robin D. G. Kelley, eds. Imagining Home: Class, Culture and Nationalism in the African Diaspora. New York: Verso, 1994.

Lewis, David Levering, ed. W. E .B. Du Bois, A Reader. New York: Henry Holt & Company, 1995.

Lincoln, C. Eric. The Black Muslims in America. Boston: Beacon Press, 1961.

Lott, Eric. Love and Theft: Blackface Minstrelsy and the American Working Class. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995.

Lynd, Staughton. Intellectual Origins of American Radicalism. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1982.

Lynn, Conrad. There Is a Fountain: The Autobiography of Conrad Lynn. Brooklyn: Lawrence Hill, 1993.

McCarthy, Timothy, and John McMillian. The Radical Reader: A Documentary History of the American Radical Tradition. New York: New Press, 2003.

McDuffie, Erik S. Sojourning for Freedom: Black Women, American Communism, and the Making of Black Left Feminism. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2011.

Magubane, Bernard M. The Ties That Bind: African-American Consciousness of Africa. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 1994.

Marqusee, Mark. Redemption Song: Muhammad Ali and the Spirit of the Sixties. London and New York: Verso Books, 1999.

Mazrui, Ali A., ed. UNESCO General History of Africa. Vol. 8: Africa since 1935. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999.

Meriwether, James H. Proudly We Can Be Africans: Black Americans and Africa, 1935–1961. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002.

Mills, Nicolaus, ed. Legacy of Dissent: 40 Years of Writing from Dissent Magazine. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1994.

Mills, Nicolaus and Michael Walzer, eds., 50 Years of Dissent. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2004.

Milne, June. Kwame Nkrumah: A Biography. London: Panaf Books, 2000.

Murch, Donna. Living for the City: Migration, Education, and the Rise of the Black Panther Party in Oakland, California. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2010.

Mullen, Bill V., and James Smethurst, eds. Left of the Color Line: Race, Radicalism, and Twentieth Century Literature of the United States. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003.

Nash, Jay Robert, and Stanley Ralph Ross. The Motion Picture Guide, 1927–1983. Vol. 1: A–B. Chicago: Cinebooks, 1985.

Neal, Larry, and Amiri Baraka, eds. Black Fire. Baltimore, MD: Black Classic Press, 1968.

Neal, Larry. Visions of a Liberated Future: Black Arts Movement Writings. Edited by Michael Schwartz. New York: Thunder Mouth’s Press, 1989.

Nelson, Jack, Kenneth Carlson, and Thomas Linton, eds. Radical Ideas and the Schools. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1972.

Nemiroff, Robert, ed. A Raisin in the Sun: The Unofficial Screenplay. New York: Plume, 1992.

______. The Collected Last Plays. New York: Plume, 1983.

Nkrumah, Kwame. Africa Must Unite. London: Heinemann, 1963.

______. Forward Ever: The Life of Kwame Nkrumah. London: Panaf Books, 1977.

Nujoma, Sam. Where Others Wavered: The Autobiography of Sam Nujoma. London: Panaf Books, 2001.

O’Reilly, Kenneth. “Racial Matters:” The FBI’s Secret File on Black America, 1960–1972. New York: Free Press, 1989.

Ogbar, Jeffrey O. G. Black Power: Radical Politics and African American Identity. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004.

Ongiri, Amy Abugo. Spectacular Blackness: The Cultural Politics of the Black Power Movement and the Search for a Black Aesthetic. Charlottesville: University of Virginia, 2010.

Panaf Books, Editors of Panaf Great Lives: Eduardo Mondlane. London: Panaf Books, 1978.

Patterson, William L., ed. We Charge Genocide: The Crime of the Government against the Negro People, A Petition to the United Nations. New York: International Publishers, 1951.

Pearson, Hugh. When Harlem Nearly Killed King: The 1958 Stabbing of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. New York: Seven Stories, 2002.

Perkins, Margo. Autobiography as Activism: Three Black Women of the Sixties. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2000.

Plummer, Brenda Gayle. In Search of Power: African Americans in the Era of Decolonization, 1956–1974. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.

______. Rising Wind: Black Americans and U.S. Foreign Affairs, 1935–1960. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996.

Plummer, Brenda Gayle, ed. Window on Freedom: Race, Civil Rights, and Foreign Affairs, 1945–1988. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003.

Porter, Eric C. What is this Thing Called Jazz? African American Musicians as Artists, Critics and Activists. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002.

Powell, Richard J. Black Art and Culture in the 20th Century. New York: Thames and Hudson, 1997.

Prashad, Vijay. Everybody Was Kung Fu Fighting: Afro-Asian Connections and the Myth of Cultural Purity. Boston: Beacon Press, 2001.

Quaison-Sackey, Alex. Africa Unbound: Reflections of an African Statesman. New York: Prager, 1963.

Rabaka, Reiland. Africana Critical Theory: Reconstructing the Black Radical Tradition from W. E. B. Du Bois and C. L. R. James to Frantz Fanon and Amilcar Cabral. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2009.

Rainwater, Lee and William L. Yancey, eds. The Moynihan Report and the Politics of Controversy. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1967.

Roberts, Dick. Revolution in the Congo (pamphlet). New York: Pathfinder Press, 1965.

Robinson, Cedric. Black Marxism: The Making of the Black Radical Tradition. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000 (1983).

Robinson, Jackie. Baseball Has Done It. New York: Ig Publishing, 2005.

Roth, Betina. Separate Roads to Feminism: Black, Chicana, and White Feminist Movements in America’s Second Wave. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.

Said, Edward. Representations of the Intellectual. New York: Vintage, 1996.

Sales, William W., Jr. From Civil Rights to Black Liberation: Malcolm X and the Organization of Afro-American Unity. Boston: South End Press, 1994.

Saul, Scott. Freedom Is, Freedom Ain’t: Jazz and the Making of the Sixties. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003.

Schrecker, Ellen. Many Are the Crimes: McCarthyism in America. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1998.

Schulman, Bruce J. Lyndon B. Johnson and American Liberalism: A Brief Biography with Documents. 2nd edition. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2007.

Scott, Jack. The Athletic Revolution. New York: Free Press, 1971.

Self, Robert O. American Babylon: Race and the Struggle for Postwar Oakland. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003.

Shapiro, Herbert. White Violence and Black Response: From Reconstruction to Montgomery. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1988.

Singh, Nikhil Pal. Black Is a Country: Race and the Unfinished Struggle for Democracy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004.

Singham, A. W., and Shirley Hune. Non-Alignment in an Age of Alignments. Westport, CT: Zed Books, 1986.

Sitkoff, Harvard. The Struggle for Black Equality, 1954–1992. Rev. ed. New York: Hill & Wang, 1993.

Smethurst, James. The Black Arts Movement: Literary Nationalism in the 1960s and 1970s. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2005.

Springer, Kimberley. Living for the Revolution: Black Feminist Organizations, 1968–1980. Durham, NC, and London: Duke University Press, 2005.

Springer, Kimberley, ed. Still Lifting, Still Climbing: African American Women’s Contemporary Activism. New York: New York University Press, 1999.

Spivak, Gayatri. The Post-Colonial Critic: Interviews, Strategies, Dialogues. Edited by Sara Harasym. New York: Routledge, 1990.

Staniland, Martin. American Intellectuals and African Nationalists, 1955–1970. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1991.

Steinberg, Stephen. Turning Back: The Retreat from Racial Justice in American Thought and Policy. Boston: Beacon Press, 1995.

Stetson, Erlene, ed. Black Sister: Poetry by Black American Women, 1746–1980. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1981.

Theoharis, Jeanne, and Komozi Woodard, eds. Freedom North: Black Freedom Struggles Outside the South, 1940–1980. New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2003.

______. Groundwork: Local Black Freedom Movements in America. New York: New York University Press, 2005.

Ture, Kwame and Charles V. Hamilton. Black Power: The Politics of Liberation. New York: Vintage, 1992.

Turner, W. Burghardt, and Joyce Moore Turner, eds. Richard B. Moore: Caribbean Militant in Harlem, Collected Writings, 1920–1972. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992.

Tyson, Timothy. Radio Free Dixie: Robert F. Williams and the Roots of Black Power. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999.

Urban, Wayne. Black Scholar: Horace Mann Bond, 1904–1972. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1992.

Van De Burg, William L. New Day in Babylon: The Black Power Movement and American Culture, 1965–1975. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1992.

Vogel, Todd, ed. The Black Press: New Literary and Historical Essays. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2001.

Von Eschen, Penny. Race against Empire: Black Americans and Anticolonialism, 1937–1957. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1997.

wa Thiong’o, Ngugi. Writers in Politics: A Re-Engagement with Issues of Literature and Society. 1981. Reprint; Portsmouth, NH: Heineman, 1997.

Wagstaff, Thomas. Black Power: The Radical Response to White America. Beverly Hills, CA: Glencoe Press, 1969.

Wald, Alan. Writing from the Left: New Essays on Radical Culture and Politics. New York: Verso, 1994.

Ward, Stephen M., ed. Pages from a Black Radical’s Notebook: A James Boggs Reader. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press, 2011.

Washington, James M., ed. A Testament of Hope: The Essential Writings and Speeches of Martin Luther King, Jr. New York: HarperCollins, 1991.

Watts, Jerry G. Amiri Baraka: The Politics and Art of a Black Intellectual. New York: New York University Press, 2001.

Watts, Jerry G., ed., Harold Cruse’s The Crisis of the Negro Intellectual Reconsidered. New York: Routledge, 2004.

Weinstein, James. The Long Detour: The History and Future of the American Left. Cambridge, MA: Westview Press, 2003.

West, Cornel, ed., The Radical King. Boston: Beacon Press, 2015.

Whalen, Carmen Theresa, and Victor Vasquez-Hernandez, eds. The Puerto Rican Diaspora: Historical Perspectives. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2005.

Williams, Rhonda Y. Concrete Demands: The Search for Black Power in the 20th Century. New York: Routledge, 2015.

Wilmore, Gayraud S. Black Religion and Black Radicalism: An Examination of the Black Experience in Religion. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1973.

Wilson, Sandra Kathryn, ed. In Search of Democracy: The NAACP Writings of James Weldon Johnson, Walter White and Roy Wilkins, 1920–1977. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.

Woodard, Komozi. A Nation within a Nation: Amiri Baraka and Black Power Politics. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999.

Wright, Richard. The Color Curtain: A Report on the Bandung Conference. 1956. Reprint; Jackson, MS: Banner Books, 1994.

X, Malcolm. The Autobiography of Malcolm X. New York: Ballantine Books, 1964.

______. By Any Means Necessary. Edited by George Breitman. New York: Pathfinder, 1970.

______. The Final Speeches: February 1965. New York: Pathfinder, 1992.

Young, Cynthia A. Soul Power: Culture, Radicalism and the Making of a U.S. Third World Left. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2006.

Zinn, Howard. SNCC: The New Abolitionists. 1964. Reprint; Cambridge, MA: South End Press, 2002.

Zirin, Dave. A People’s History of Sports in the United States. New York: New Press, 2008.

Articles, Book Chapters, and Dissertations

Ahmad, Muhammad (Max Stanford). “The Roots of the Pan-African Revolution.” Black Scholar, May 1972, 48–55.

Allen, Ernest, Jr. “The New Negro: Explorations in Identity and Social Consciousness, 1910–1922.” In The Cultural Moment, ed. Adele Heller and Lois Rudnick, 48–68. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1991.

______. “When Japan Was Champion of the Darker Nations: Satokata Takahashi and the Flowering of Black Messianic Nationalism.” Black Scholar 24 (Winter 1994): 23–46.

______. “Waiting for Tojo: The Pro-Japan Vigils of Black Missourians, 1932–1943.” Gateway Heritage 16 (Fall 1995): 38–55.

______. “Minister Louis Farrakhan and the Continuing Evolution of the Nation of Islam.” In The Farrakhan Factor: African American Writers on Leadership, Nationhood, and Minister Louis Farrakhan, ed. Amy Alexander, 52–102. New York: Grove Press, 1998.

Anon. [Ernest Mkalimoto]. “Revolutionary Nationalism and the Class Struggle.” Unpublished pamphlet of the League of Revolutionary Black Workers, 1970.

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