PART TWO: JUDAISM

1.   For Ezekiel, see G. von Rad, Old Testament Theology II (1965), 220-37; Encyclopaedia Judaica, vi 1078-98.

2.   Ezekiel 1:3.

3.   Ezekiel 37:1-10.

4.   Ezekiel 18:1ff.

5.   Deuteronomy 6:6-8.

6.   Isaiah 40:4; see also 10:33; 14:12; 26:5-6; 29:18; 47:8-9.

7.   I Samuel 2:1-10.

8.   S. W. Baron, Social and Religious History of the Jews (2nd edn, New York 1952), i I 22.

9.   B. Porten, Archives from Elephantine: The Life of an Ancient Jewish Military Colony (New York 1968).

10.   W. D. Davies, The Territorial Dimensions of Judaism (Berkeley 1982), 70.

11.   For Cyrus’ religious beliefs and consequences see W. D. Davies and Louis Finkelstein (eds), Cambridge History of Judaism (Cambridge 1984), i 281ff.

12.   Quoted in ibid., 287.

13.   Isaiah 45:1.

14.   Ezra 1:1-4.

15.   Ezra 4:1ff.

16.   Cambridge History of Judaism, 70-4, 135-6.

17.   Nehemiah 4:18.

18.   Cambridge History of Judaism, 344.

19.   Ibid., 398-400.

20.   Nehemiah 10:28.

21.   Judges 8:14.

22.   Baron, op. cit., i I, footnote 8, 323.

23.   Contra Apionem, 1:37.

24.   R. K. Harrison, Introduction to the Old Testament (London 1970).

25.   Deuteronomy 4:2; also 12:32.

26.   I Chronicles 2:5.

27.   Sanhedrin 12:10.

28.   C. D. Ginsburg, Introduction to the Maseretico-Critical Edition of the Hebrew Bible (1966 edn by H. M. Orlinsky); H. B. Swete, An Introduction to the Old Testament in Greek (London 1968); F. G. Kenyon, Our Bible and the Ancient Manuscripts (London 1965); M. Gaster, The Samaritans: Their History, Doctrine and Literature (London 1925); Harrison, op. cit.; Encyclopaedia Judaica, iv 814-36; V 1396ff.

29.   Joshua 8:29; 4:20.

30.   Psalms 3, 5, 6, 7, 9-10, 13, 17, 22, 25-8, 31, 35, 36, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 51, 52, 54-7, 59, 61, 63, 64, 69, 71, 77, 86, 88, 102, 120, 123, 130, 140-3.

31.   Proverbs 22:17 to 23:11.

32.   For Job see especially H. H. Rowley, ‘The Book of Job and its Meaning’, in From Moses to Qumran: Studies in the Old Testament (London 1963) and his Submission in Suffering and Other Essays (London 1951); Harrison, op. cit.; E. F. Sutcliffe, Providence and Suffering in the Old and New Testaments (London 1955); for the literature on the Book of Job, see C. Kuhl in Theological Review, 21 (1953).

33.   Ecclesiasticus 24:3-10.

34.   I Corinthians 1:19-27; see Gerhard von Rad, Problems of the Hexateuch and Other Essays (trans., Edinburgh 1966).

35.   I Maccabees 9:27.

36.   Zechariah 13:3ff.

37.   Ecclesiasticus 24:33; Enid B. Mellor (ed.), The Making of the Old Testament (Cambridge 1972).

38.   Roland de Vaux, Ancient Israel: Its Life and Institutions (trans., New York 1961), 343-4; for earliest references, see Encyclopaedia Judaica, XV 579-81.

39.   Ezra 2:64-5; pop. of Jerusalem in Pseudo-Hecateus, quoted by Josephus: Contra Apionem, 1:197; Encyclopaedia Judaica, xiii 870.

40.   Daniel 7:7.

41.   Ecclesiastes 5:8ff.; 6; see Martin Hengel, Judaism and Hellenism (trans., 2 vols, London 1974), i 14-31.

42.   Davies, op. cit., 61; Harrison, op. cit.

43.   Jonah 4:11. See Michael Grant, A History of Ancient Israel (London, 1984), 194-5.

44.   Hengel, op. cit., i 65-9; ii 46, notes 59-61.

45.   Ibid., i 55-7.

46.   E. Bickermann, From Ezra to the Last of the Maccabees: The Foundations of Post-Biblical Judaism (New York 1962); Hengel, op. cit., i 270.

47.   Jad. 4:6 (first century AD).

48.   Isocrates, Panegyr, 4:50; H. C. Baldry, The Unity of Mankind in Greek Thought (Cambridge 1966), 69ff.

49.   Sota 49b; quoted Hengel, op. cit., i 76; see also ibid., 300ff.

50.   II Maccabees 4:12-14.

51.   H. H. Ben Sasson (ed.), A History of the Jewish People (trans., Harvard 1976), 202ff.

52.   Sukk. 56b.

53.   Ezra 7:26.

54.   II Maccabees 13:3ff.; Josephus, Antiquities, 12:384.

55.   I Maccabees 13:42.

56.   I Maccabees 13:51. For details of the crisis, see Ben Sasson, op. cit., 202-16.

57.   Hengel, op. cit., 291ff.

58.   E. Ebner, Elementary Education in Ancient Israel during the Tannaitic Period (New York 1956).

59.   Deuteronomy 31:19.

60.   Josephus, Antiquities, 13:280.

61.   Ibid., 13:300.

62.   Sanhedrin 19a; Sot. 47a; Kid. 66a.

63.   Josephus, Antiquities, 14:380.

64.   For Herod see Stewart Perowne, The Life and Times of Herod the Great (London 1956); F. O. Busch, The Five Herods (New York 1958).

65.   Encyclopaedia Judaica, xiii 871.

66.   Deuteronomy 16:16; Exodus 23:17.

67.   For Herod’s Temple, see Joan Comay, The Temple of Jerusalem, with the History of the Temple Mount (London 1975); Kathleen Kenyon, Digging Up Jerusalem (London 1974); Encyclopaedia Judaica, viii 383-5; XV 961ff.

68.   Antiquities, 15:380-425; Wars, 5:184-247.

69.   Josephus, Wars, 4:262; 5:17; Antiquities, 16:14.

70.   Josephus, Wars, 6:282.

71.   For Greeks and Jews, see Hengel, op. cit., esp. 310ff.; W. W. Tarn and G. T. Griffith, Hellenist Civilization (3rd edn, London 1952).

72.   Thanksgiving Psalm from Qumran Cave One; cf. Encyclopaedia Judaica, iii 179ff.

73.   Daniel 12:1-2.

74.   Enoch 1-5; 37-71. See H. H. Rowley, The Relevance of Apocalyptic (London 1947).

75.   Numbers 25:7-15.

76.   Josephus, War, 2:118.

77.   See, for instance, S. G. F. Brandon, Jesus and the Zealots (London 1967) and The Trial of Jesus of Nazareth (London 1968); W. R. Farmer, Maccabees, Zealots and Josephus (London 1956).

78.   A. Dupont-Sommer, The Jewish Sect of Qumran and the Essenes (New York 1954); H. A. Butler, Man and Society in the Qumran Community (London 1959).

79.   Ben Sasson, op. cit., 253-4; C. F. Kraeling, John the Baptist (London 1951).

80.   Isaiah 40:3.

81.   II Samuel 7; 23:1-5; 22:44-51.

82.   For instance, Psalm 18; Amos 9:11-12; Hosea 11:10; Ezekiel 37:15ff.

83.   Acts of the Apostles 5:34-40.

84.   M. Hooker, Jesus and the Servant (London 1959).

85.   John Bowker, Jesus and the Pharisees (Cambridge 1983), esp. 1-20.

86.   G. F. Moore, Judaism in the First Centuries of the Christian Era (London 1927) i 72-82; Bowker, op. cit., 32-3.

87.   Pes. 66a; Suk. 20a; see Encyclopaedia Judaica, viii 282-5.

88.   Shab. 31a.

89.   Mark 7:14-15; Bowker, op. cit., 44ff.

90.   E. Bamel (ed.), The Trial of Jesus (London 1970), esp. ‘The Problem of the Historicity of the Sanhedrin Trial’.

91.   J. Blinzner, ‘The Jewish Punishment of Stoning in the New Testament Period’, and E. Bammel, ‘Crucifixion as a punishment in Palestine’, in E. Bammel, op. cit., 147-61 and 162-5.

92.   Encyclopaedia Judaica, X 12-13 and bibliography; H. Cohn, The Death of Jesus (New York 1971); S. G. F. Brandon, The Trial of Jesus of Nazareth (London 1968).

93.   By, for example, E. R. Goodenough, ‘Paul and the Hellenization of Christianity’, in J. Neusner (ed.), Religions in Antiquity (Leiden 1968), 22-68.

94.   Samuel Sandmel, Judaism and Christian Beginnings (Oxford 1978), 308-36.

95.   E. P. Sanders, Paul and Palestinian Judaism (London 1977), 555-6.

96.   Mark 14:24-8.

97.   Galatians 3:29; Romans 4:12-25.

98.   Paul to the Colossians, 3:9-11.

99.   Acts of the Apostles, 7:48-60.

100.   Acts 15:5ff.; Galatians 2:6-9.

101.   J. N. Sevenster, The Roots of Pagan Anti-Semitism in the Ancient World (Leiden 1975), 89ff.

102.   Quoted in ibid., 90.

103.   Contra Apionem, 1:71.

104.   Diodorus, Bibliotheca, 34:1, 1ff.; quoted in Encyclopaedia Judaica, iii 87ff.

105.   Wisdom of Solomon 12:3-11.

106.   Sevenster, op. cit., 8-11.

107.   Josephus, Antiquities, 14:187, 190ff.

108.   Ibid., 19:286ff.

109.   Quoted in Encyclopaedia Judaica, iii 90.

110.   Tacitus, Histories, 5:13.

111.   Ben Sasson, op. cit., 296ff.

112.   Shaye J. D. Cohen, Josephus in Galilee and Rome: His Vita and Development as a Historian (Leiden 1979), appendix 1, 243ff.; 253ff.

113.   Listed in ibid., 3-23.

114.   Ibid., 238-41.

115.   Ibid., 181.

116.   For analysis of Josephus’ account, see ibid., 230ff.

117.   Josephus, Wars, 2:408, 433.

118.   Yigael Yadin, Masada: Herod’s Fortress and the Zealots’ Last Stand (London 1966).

119.   For Tacitus’ anti-Semitism, see Histories, 5:1-13; Annals, 15:44; see also Juvenal’s poem, Saturae, 14:96ff.

120.   Cassius Dio, Roman History, book 69.

121.   Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History, 4:6, 2; Numbers 24:17.

122.   Jerusalem Talmud, Ta’an 4:7, 68d; quoted Encyclopaedia Judaica, ii 488-92.

123.   For Akiva see L. Finkelstein, Akiva, Scholar, Saint and Martyr (New York, 1962 edn). On the question of his joining the revolt see Chaim Raphael, A Coat of Many Colours (London, 1979), 190-8.

124.   Ta’an 4:68d; Encyclopaedia Judaica, vi 603.

125.   Yigael Yadin, Finds from the Bar Kokhba Period in the Cave of Letters (New York 1963).

126.   Cassius Dio, Roman History, book 69.

127.   Quoted in Comay, op. cit.; Kenyon, Digging Up Jerusalem.

128.   S. G. Wilson, Luke and the Law (Cambridge 1983), 103-6.

129.   S. G. F. Brandon, The Fall of Jerusalem and the Christian Church (2nd edn, London 1957).

130.   Barnabas Lindars, Jesus Son of Man: A Fresh Examination of the Son of Man Sayings in the Gospels in the Light of Recent Research (London 1983).

131.   See, for instance, Geza Vermes, Jesus and the World of Judaism (London 1984).

132.   Franz Mussner, Tractate on the Jews: The Significance of Judaism for Christian Faith (trans., Philadelphia 1984), 180ff.

133.   4 Q Fl 1:8, quoted in Mussner, ibid., 185; John 8:37-44.

134.   Matthew 27:24ff.

135.   E. Hennecke and W. Schneemelcher, New Testament Apocrypha (Philadelphia 1965), 1:179ff.

136.   Ecclesiasticus 36:7.

137.   Wayne A. Meeks, The First Urban Christians (Yale 1984).

138.   Philo’s Complete Works, ed. and trans. F. H. Colson and G. H. Whitaker, are in 12 vols (Cambridge 1953-63); E. R. Goodenough, Introduction to Philo Judaeus (London 2nd edn 1962).

139.   Aboth Derabbi Nathan B, 31.

140.   G. Bader, Jewish Spiritual Heroes (New York 1940), i 411-36.

141.   Rachel Wischnitzen, The Messianic Theme in the Paintings of the Dura Synagogue (Chicago 1948).

142.   C. Hollis and Ronald Brownrigg, Holy Places (London 1969); Moshe Perelman and Yaacov Yanni, Historical Sites in Israel (London 1964).

143.   For the full list of subjects covered, see Encyclopaedia Judaica, XV 751.

144.   Ibid., 1283-5.

145.   Leviticus Rabbah 34,3; Philo, Leg. All. 3:69; De Pot. 19-20; Taanit 11a; Yer. Nedarim 9,1 (41b); quoted in Samuel Belkin, In His Image: The Jewish Philosophy of Man as Expressed in the Rabbinical Tradition (London 1961).

146.   Sanhedrin 4, 5.

147.   Hilkot Rozeah 1, 4.

148.   Sifra on Leviticus 22:6; Mekilta on Exodus 22:6; quoted in Belkin, op. cit.

149.   Deuteronomy 17:15; Philo, Spec. Leg., 4:157, quoted in Belkin, op. cit.

150.   Abot 4, 8.

151.   Berakot 55a.

152.   Yer. Shabbat 3d.

153.   Horayot 3, 7-8, quoted in Belkin, op. cit.

154.   Baba Kamma 8, 1.

155.   Baba Bathra 2b; Baba Metziah 108b; Baba Bathra 6b, 21a. Quoted in Belkin, op. cit.

156.   Belkin, op. cit., 134ff.

157.   Philo, De Sacr. Ab., 121-5.

158.   Proverbs 3:17.

159.   Psalms 29:11; Tractatus Uksin 3:12; quoted in Meyer Waxman, Judaism, Religion and Ethics (New York 1958).

160.   Isaiah 52:7.

161.   Quoted in Waxman, op. cit., 187-90.

162.   Contra Apionem, ii 177-8.

163.   Kiddushin 71a.

164.   Ben Sasson, op. cit., 373-82.

165.   F. Holmes Duddon, The Life and Times of St Ambrose, 2 vols (Oxford 1935).

166.   Charles C. Torrey, The Jewish Foundation of Islam (Yale, new edn 1967).