PART SIX: HOLOCAUST

1.   Asquith speech in The Times, 10 November 1914.

2.   Interview with Mrs Halperin in Eric Silver, Begin (London 1984), 5, 9.

3.   Ronald Sanders, The High Walls of Jerusalem: A History of the Balfour Declaration and the Birth of the British Mandate for Palestine (New York 1984), 315ff.

4.   Chaim Weizmann, Trial and Error (London 1949), 15-25.

5.   Ibid., 29, 44.

6.   Sanders, op. cit., 64-9.

7.   New Statesman, 21 November 1914, article signed A.M.H. (Albert Montefiore Hyamson).

8.   Michael and Eleanor Brock (eds), H. H. Asquith: Letters to Venetia Stanley (Oxford 1952), 406-7.

9.   Ibid., 477-8; 485.

10.   Quoted in Sanders, op. cit., 313-14.

11.   Miriam Rothschild, Dear Lord Rothschild: Birds, Butterflies and History (London and Philadelphia 1983), 45.

12.   Sanders, op. cit., 69, 133.

13.   Weizmann, op. cit., 144; doubts have been cast on this story; see Sanders, op. cit., 94-6.

14.   Quoted in Sanders, op. cit.

15.   For the collections see Miriam Rothschild, op. cit.

16.   Weizmann, op. cit., 257.

17.   Montagu was not present at the war cabinet of 31 October 1917; see Sanders, op. cit., 594-6, which also gives text of the final letter.

18.   Weizmann, op. cit., 262.

19.   Ibid., 298; Sanders, op. cit., 481.

20.   Weizmann, op. cit., 273-4.

21.   Text of the mandate in David Lloyd George, The Truth About the Peace Treaties, 2 vols (London 1938), ii 1194-1201.

22.   Weizmann, op. cit., 288.

23.   Ibid., 67.

24.   Vladimir Jabotinsky, The Story of the Jewish Legion (trans., Jerusalem 1945); P. Lipovetski, Joseph Trumpeldor (trans., London 1953).

25.   Yigal Allon, The Making of Israel’s Army (New York 1970); J. B. Schechtman, The Vladimir Jabotinsky Story, 2 vols (New York 1956-61).

26.   Amos Elon, Herzl (London 1976), 179.

27.   Neil Caplan, Palestine Jewry and the Arab Question 1917-25 (London 1978), 74, 169ff.

28.   Quoted in S. Clement Leslie, The Rift in Israel: Religious Authority and Secular Democracy (London 1971), 32.

29.   Weizmann, op. cit., 316.

30.   Ibid., 307-8.

31.   Sanders, op. cit., 569-70, for full text of message.

32.   Elie Kedourie, ‘Sir Herbert Samuel and the Government of Palestine’, in The Chatham House Version and Other Middle East Studies (London 1970), 57.

33.   8 June 1920; Letters and Papers of Chaim Weizmann (New Brunswick 1977), xi 355.

34.   Quoted in Kedourie, op. cit., 55-6.

35.   Quoted in Neil Caplan, ‘The Yishuv, Sir Herbert Samuel and the Arab Question in Palestine 1921-5’, in Elie Kedourie and Sylvia G. Haim (eds), Zionism and Arabism in Palestine and Israel (London 1982), 19-20.

36.   Kedourie, op. cit., 60-2.

37.   Quoted in ibid., 65.

38.   Bernard Wasserstein, ‘Herbert Samuel and the Palestine Problem’, English Historical Review, 91 (1976).

39.   Kedourie, op. cit., 69.

40.   Weizmann, op. cit., 325, 494.

41.   Lloyd George, Peace Treaties, 1123ff.

42.   Ibid., 1139.

43.   Caplan, ‘The Yishuv’, 31.

44.   Quoted in Wasserstein, op. cit., 767.

45.   Quoted in R. H. S. Crossman, A Nation Reborn (London 1960), 127.

46.   Weizmann, op. cit., 418.

47.   Quoted in Encyclopaedia Judaica, iv 506.

48.   Weizmann, op. cit., 411.

49.   Quoted in Leslie, op. cit. (1938 interview).

50.   ‘On the Iron Wall’, 1923; quoted in Silver, op. cit., 12.

51.   Robert S. Wistrich, Revolutionary Jews from Marx to Trotsky (London 1976), 77ff.; see also J. P. Nettl, Rosa Luxemburg, 2 vols (London 1966).

52.   Quoted in Wistrich, op. cit., 83.

53.   Letter to Mathilee Wurm, 16 February 1917, quoted in ibid.

54.   Collected Works (London 1961), vii 100ff.; ‘Critical Remarks on the National Question’, 1913; quoted in Wistrich, op. cit.

55.   Isaac Deutscher, The Prophet Armed: Trotsky, 1879-1921 (Oxford 1965).

56.   See K. Pindson (ed.), Essays in Anti-Semitism (2nd edn, New York 1946), 121-44. The Encyclopaedia Judaica, xiv 459, gives the figure as 60,000; H. H. Ben Sasson (ed.), A History of the Jewish People (trans., Harvard 1976), gives 75,000; the Soviet figure is 180,000-200,000.

57.   Bernard D. Weinryb, ‘Anti-Semitism in Soviet Russia’, in Lionel Kochan (ed.), The Jews in Soviet Russia (Oxford 1972).

58.   J. B. Schechtman, ‘The USSR, Zionism and Israel’, in Kochan, op. cit., 101.

59.   Ibid., 107; Guido D. Goldman, Zionism under Soviet Rule 1917-28 (New York 1960).

60.   Isaac Deutscher, The Prophet Unarmed: Trotsky 1921-29 (Oxford 1965), 258.

61.   Quoted in Lionel Trilling, ‘Isaac Babel’, in Beyond Culture (Oxford 1980), 103-25; see also Trilling’s edition of Babel’s Collected Stories (New York 1955), and R. Rosenthal in Commentary, 3 (1947).

62.   Robert Conquest, Inside Stalin’s Secret Police: NKVD Politics 1936-39 (London 1985), 99.

63.   Jewish Chronicle, 2 November 1917.

64.   Quoted in Leon Poliakov, History of Anti-Semitism, vol. iv, Suicidal Europe, 1870-1933 (Oxford 1985), 209.

65.   The Cause of World Unrest, 10, 13, 131-2.

66.   Illustrated Sunday Herald, 8 February 1920, quoted in Poliakov, op. cit.

67.   Morning Post, 6 October 1921, quoted in Poliakov, op. cit.

68.   Robert Wilson, The Last Days of the Romanovs (London 1920), 148.

69.   P. Lévy, Les Noms des Israélites en France (Paris 1960), 75-6.

70.   Quoted in Paul J. Kingston, Anti-Semitism in France during the 1930s: Organization, Personalities and Propaganda (Hull 1983), 4.

71.   Paul Hyman, From Dreyfus to Vichy: The Remaking of French Jewry (Columbia 1979), 35.

72.   Léon Blum, Nouvelles Conversations de Goethe avec Eckermann (Paris 1901), quoted in Wistrich, op. cit.

73.   Harvey Goldberg, ‘Jean Jaurès on the Jewish Question’, Jewish Social Studies (April 1958).

74.   A. Mitchell Palmer, ‘The Case Against the Reds’, Forum, February 1920; Poliakov, op. cit., 231-2.

75.   For Brandeis’ legal philosophy, see Philippa Strum, Louis D. Brandeis: Justice for the People (Harvard 1985).

76.   West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette (1943).

77.   G. Saleski, Famous Musicians of Jewish Origin (New York 1949).

78.   T. Levitan, Jews in American Life (New York 1969), 96-9, 199-203, 245-6.

79.   Quoted in Lary May, Screening Out the Past: The Birth of Mass Culture and the Motion-Picture Industry (Oxford 1980).

80.   See Philip French, The Movie Moguls (London 1967).

81.   Ibid., 21.

82.   For biographical details see French, op. cit.; May, op. cit., 253, table IIIa, ‘Founders of the Big Eight’, and table IIIb for biographies.

83.   French, op. cit., 28.

84.   Raymond Durgnat, The Crazy Mirror: Hollywood Comedy and the American Image (London 1969), 150-61; 78-83.

85.   May, op. cit., 171.

86.   Helen and Robert Lynd, Middletown (New York 1929).

87.   Edward J. Bristow, Prostitution and Prejudice: The Jewish Fight Against White Slavery 1870-1939 (New York 1984).

88.   Jenna Weissman Joselit, Our Gang: Jewish Crime and the New York Jewish Community 1900-1940 (New York 1983).

89.   For Jewish gangsters see Albert Fried, The Rise and Fall of the Jewish Gangster in America (New York 1980).

90.   Melvin Urofsky, American Zionism: From Herzl to the Holocaust (New York 1975), 127.

91.   Quoted in Ronald Steel, Walter Lippmann and the American Century (London 1980), 187.

92.   James Grant, Bernard Baruch: The Adventures of a Wall Street Legend (New York 1983), 223ff., shows that he merely salvaged most of his fortune after the market broke; he was never worth more than between $10 million and $15 million.

93.   Ibid., 107-9.

94.   Steel, op. cit., 189.

95.   ‘Public Opinion and the American Jew’, American Hebrew, 14 April 1922.

96.   Quoted in Steel, op. cit., 194.

97.   Quoted in ibid., 330-1.

98.   New York Times, 11 April 1945; for polls see Davis S. Wyman, The Abandonment of the Jews: America and the Holocaust 1941-45 (New York 1984), 8-9.

99.   Fritz Stern, ‘Einstein’s Germany’, in Holton and Elkana, op. cit., 322ff.

100.   Ibid., 324-5.

101.   E. J. Gumpel produced a statistical survey of these murders and sentences, Vier Jahre politisches Mord (Berlin 1922), quoted in Grunfeld, op. cit.

102.   Mein Kampf (1962 edn), 772.

103.   Walter Laqueur, Russia and Germany: A Century of Conflict (London 1962), 109ff.; Poliakov, op. cit., iv 174.

104.   Robert Wistrich, Hitler’s Apocalypse: Jews and the Nazi Legacy (London 1986), 14-19.

105.   Quoted in Raul Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews (rev. edn, New York 1985), i 20-1.

106.   Zentralblatt für Psychotherapie, vii (1934); quoted in Grunfeld, op. cit.

107.   Fritz Stern, The Politics of Cultural Despair (Berkeley 1961), 291.

108.   Fritz K. Ringer, The Decline of the German Mandarins: The German Academic Community 1890-1933 (Harvard 1969), 446.

109.   George L. Mosse, The Crisis in German Ideology (London 1966), 196.

110.   Michael S. Steinberg, Sabres and Brownshirts: The German Students’ Path to National Socialism, 1918-35 (Chicago 1977), 6-7; P. G. J. Pulzer, The Rise of Political Anti-Semitism in Germany and Austria (New York 1964), 285ff.

111.   Dennis E. Showalter, Little Man, What Now? Der Stürmer in the Weimar Republic (Hamden, Connecticut 1983).

112.   Istvan Deak, Weimar Germany’s Left-wing Intellectuals: A Political History of the Weltbühne and its Circle (Berkeley 1968); Harold L. Poor, Kurt Tucholsky and the Ordeal of Germany 1914-35 (New York 1968).

113.   Quoted in Walter Laqueur, Weimar: A Cultural History 1918-1933 (London 1974), 45.

114.   Mosse, op. cit., 144.

115.   Donald L. Niewyk, The Jews in Weimar Germany (Manchester 1981), has a chapter on this subject, ‘The Jew as German Chauvinist’, 165-77.

116.   Laqueur, Weimar, 72.

117.   Ibid., 75ff.

118.   Mosse, op. cit., 242.

119.   Roger Manvell and Heinrich Fraenkel, The German Cinema (London 1971), 7ff.

120.   Laqueur, op. cit., 234ff.

121.   Gershom Scholem, Walter Benjamin: The Story of a Friendship (London 1982); Jews and Judaism in Crisis (New York 1976), 193.

122.   Richard Wolin, Walter Benjamin: An Aesthetic of Redemption (New York 1982), 40-3.

123.   Walter Benjamin, Illuminations (trans., New York 1969), 255: Wolin, op. cit., 50ff.

124.   Terry Eagleton, Walter Benjamin, or Towards a Revolutionary Criticism (London 1981).

125.   Hilberg, op. cit., i 30ff.

126.   Institut für Zeitgeschichte, Munich; quoted in Wistrich, Hitler’s Apocalypse, 31-2.

127.   Max Domarus (ed.), Hitler: Reden und Proklamationen 1932-45 (Würzburg 1962), i 537.

128.   Hilberg, op. cit., i 39.

129.   Ibid., 46, footnote 1.

130.   Ibid., 69-75.

131.   Ibid., 96-107.

132.   Ibid., 190-1.

133.   Ibid., ii 416; Lucy S. Davidowicz, The War Against the Jews, 1933-45 (London 1975), 141; Martin Gilbert, The Holocaust (New York 1986), 526.

134.   Benjamin Ferencz, Less than Slaves: Jewish Forced Labour and the Quest for Compensation (Harvard 1979), 25.

135.   Hilberg, op. cit., i 254.

136.   Ferencz, op. cit., 28.

137.   Robert H. Abzug, Inside the Vicious Heart: Americans and the Liberation of Nazi Concentration Camps (Oxford 1985), 106.

138.   Ferencz, op. cit., 22.

139.   Ibid., appendix 3, 202ff.; Höss affidavit, 12 March 1947.

140.   Ferencz, op. cit., 19.

141.   Hilberg, op. cit., i 87.

142.   David Irving, Hitler’s War (London 1977).

143.   Gerald Fleming, Hitler and the Final Solution (Berkeley 1984), refutes it.

144.   H. R. Trevor-Roper (ed.), Hitler’s Table Talk 1941-44 (London 1973), 154.

145.   Wistrich, Hitler’s Apocalypse, 37; and see his ch. 6, ‘Hitler and the Final Solution’, 108ff.

146.   Davidowicz, op. cit., 132.

147.   Ibid., 134; Alexander Mitscherlich and Fred Mielke, Doctors of Infamy: The Story of the Nazi Medical Crimes (New York 1949), 114.

148.   Hilberg, op. cit., i 281.

149.   Ibid., 308.

150.   Ibid., 332-3.

151.   The camps were listed by the German government, Bundesgestzblatt, 24 September 1977, pp. 1787-1852; the figure of 900 labour camps was given by Höss.

152.   Hilberg, op. cit., i 56.

153.   Davidowicz, op. cit., 130.

154.   Jochen von Lang, Eichmann Interrogated (New York 1973), 74-5.

155.   Louis P. Lochner (ed.), The Goebbels Diaries 1942-43 (New York 1948).

156.   Figures taken from Davidowicz, op. cit., appendix B, 402f.

157.   The basic evidence for Nazi killings comes from Trials of Major War Criminals before the International Military Tribunal, 44 vols (Nuremberg 1947), Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression, 8 vols plus supplement (Washington DC 1946), and Trials of War Criminals before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals under Control Council Law No. 10, 15 vols (Washington DC).

158.   Luba Krugman Gurdus, The Death Train (New York 1979); Martin Gilbert, Final Journey (London 1979), 70.

159.   Hilberg, op. cit., i 581; Gilbert, Final Journey, 78.

160.   For case histories see Leonard Gross, The Last Jews in Berlin (London 1983).

161.   Ibid.

162.   Austria’s anti-Jewish war-record is summarized in Howard M. Sacher, Diaspora (New York 1985), 30ff.

163.   Hilberg, op. cit., ii 457-8.

164.   Figures from Julius S. Fischer, Transnistria, the Forgotten Cemetery (South Brunswick 1969), 134-7.

165.   Davidowicz, op. cit., 383-6.

166.   Bagatelle pour un massacre (Paris 1937), 126; for Céline see Paul J. Kingston, Anti-Semitism in France during the 1930s (Hull 1983), 131-2.

167.   Jean Laloum, La France Antisémite de Darquier de Pellepoix (Paris 1979).

168.   M. R. Marrus and R. O. Paxton, Vichy France and the Jews (New York 1981), 343.

169.   André Halimi, La Délation sous l’occupation (Paris 1983).

170.   Herzl’s diary, 23 January 1904; Cecil Roth, The History of the Jews of Italy (Philadelphia 1946), 474-5.

171.   Meir Michaelis, Mussolini and the Jews (Oxford 1978), 52.

172.   Ibid., 11ff., 408; Gaetano Salvemini, Prelude to World War II (London 1953), 478.

173.   Michaelis, op. cit., 353-68.

174.   Oral History Collection, The Reminiscences of Walter Lippmann, 248-50; Meryl Secrest, Being Bernard Berenson (New York 1979).

175.   Holocaust statistics vary. I have taken the Hungarian figures from Monty Noam Penkower, The Jews Were Expendable: Free World Diplomacy and the Holocaust (Chicago 1983), 214. See the set of figures, and sources, in Encyclopaedia Judaica, viii 889-90.

176.   F. E. Werbell and Thurston Clarke, Lost Hero: The Mystery of Raoul Wallenberg (New York 1982); Alvar Alsterdal, ‘The Wallenberg Mystery’, Soviet Jewish Affairs, February 1983.

177.   David S. Wyman, The Abandonment of the Jews: America and the Holocaust, 1941-5 (New York 1984), 97.

178.   Penkower, op. cit., 193.

179.   Charles Stember (ed.), Jews in the Mind of America (New York 1966), 53-62; Wyman, op. cit., 10-11.

180.   Boston Globe, 26 June 1942; New York Times, 27 June 1942. The Times had an extensive summary of the report on 2 July, however.

181.   Nation, 19 May 1945; Abzug, op. cit., 136-7.

182.   Wyman, op. cit., 313 and footnote.

183.   Ibid., 112ff.

184.   Penkower, op. cit., 193.

185.   Wyman, op. cit., 299.

186.   Hilberg, op. cit., i 358.

187.   Wyman, op. cit., 4-5.

188.   For Betar see Marcus, Social and Political History of the Jews in Poland 1919-38, 271-3; Silver, op. cit., 19ff.

189.   Hilberg, op. cit., i 186-7.

190.   About one-third of it has been published: Lucjan Dobroszynski (ed.), The Chronicle of the Lodz Ghetto, 1941-44 (Yale 1984).

191.   Penkower, op. cit., 292, 337-8, note 10.

192.   Gilbert, The Holocaust, 426-7.

193.   Davidowicz, op. cit., 301.

194.   Ibid., 289.

195.   Deuteronomy 28:66-7.

196.   Yaffa Eliach (ed.), Hasidic Tales of the Holocaust (Oxford 1983).

197.   Arnold J. Pomerans (trans.), Etty: A Diary, 1941-3 (London 1983).

198.   For Warsaw, see Yisrael Gutman, The Jews of Warsaw, 1939-43: Ghetto, Underground, Revolt (trans., Brighton 1982); Hilberg, op. cit., ii 511-12.

199.   See ‘Rose Robota, Heroine of the Auschwitz Underground’, in Yuri Suhl (ed.), They Fought Back (New York 1975); Philip Muller, Auschwitz Inferno: The Testimony of a Sonderskommando (London 1979), 143-60.

200.   Ferencz, op. cit., 21.

201.   Ibid., 20.

202.   Gilbert, The Holocaust, 461.

203.   Hilberg, op. cit., ii 438.

204.   Gilbert, The Holocaust, 457.

205.   Abzug, op. cit., 106.

206.   Gilbert, The Holocaust, 419.

207.   Ibid., 808, 793.

208.   International Military Tribunal Nuremberg, Document NG-2757, quoted in Gilbert, The Holocaust, 578.

209.   Abzug, op. cit., 152ff.

210.   Ibid., 160.

211.   Gilbert, The Holocaust, 816ff.

212.   For statistics of war trials, see Encyclopaedia Judaica, xvi 288-302.

213.   For a useful summary, see Howard Sachar, op. cit., 7-13.

214.   Quoted in Ferencz, op. cit., Introduction, xi.

215.   Ibid., 189.

216.   The Council debates are summarized in Bea’s own book, The Church and the Jewish People (London 1966), which gives the text of the Declaration in appendix I, 147-53.