Aaron (brother of Moses)
Aaron of York
Abbasid dynasty
Abd al-Rahman III
Abimelech (king)
Abimelech (son of Gideon)
Abrabanel, Isaac
abracadabra
Abraham; his date; as founder of Hebrew religion
Abraham ben David
Absalom
Aden, immigration to Israel from
Adler, Alfred
Adler, Hermann
Adler, Samuel
Adler, Victor
advertising, Jews and
Aelia Capitolina (Jerusalem, q.v.)
aggadah
Agudah
Agudath Yisra’el
Ahab
Ahad Ha’Am
aharonim
Ahimeir, Abba
Akiva ben Joseph, Rabbi
Albo, Joseph
Albright, W. F.
Alexander II, Tsar
Alexander the Great
Alexander Jannaeus
Alexandria
Alfasi, Isaac
Alfonso de Espina, Fra
Algeria, immigration to Israel from
Aliyah, First and Second
Alkalai, Rabbi Judah
Alliance Israélite Universelle
Allon, Yigal
Almohad dynasty
Almoravid dynasty
Alt, A.
Amarna Letters
Amaziah
Ambrose, Bishop, of Milan
American Jewish Committee
Americas, Jews in; see also United States
Amin, Idi
amoraim
Amos
Amsterdam
Anabaptism
Ancona
Ani Ma’amin
Anielewicz, Mordecai
Anti-Semitic League
anti-Semitism, persecution of Jews: in antiquity; Christian; in medieval Spain passim; Philo’s view of; Islamic; in medieval Europe (see also Spain above), passim; well-poisoning accusations; segregation of Jews, see ghettos; in early modern Europe; secular-intellectual; in nineteenth-century Europe; in USA; not a function of capitalism; in Europe in early twentieth century; in Nazi Germany, see Holocaust and under Hitler; in Soviet Union; in post-war France; in Arab world
Antioch
Antigonus (nephew of Hyrcanus II)
Antiochus IV Epiphanes
Antiochus V Eupator
Antiochus VII Sidetes
Antipater
Antwerp
apocalyptic texts
Apocrypha
Apollonius Molon
Aqaba, Gulf of
Arabia; Jews in; see also Yemen
Arabs: in First World War; attitude to Jews during British mandate; nationalism; Peel’s partition plan rejected by; UN partition plan rejected by; war with Israel after Independence; Palestinian refugees; continuing war against Israel; Camp David proposals rejected by; oil prices; growing influence at UN; continued refusal to negotiate with Israel; terrorism by; anti-Semitism
Arafat, Yasser
archaeology
Archelaus
Arenda system
Argentina, Jews in
Aristeas, Letter of
Aristotle
Ark (of the convenant)
Arlosoroff, Chaim
Armenia, Jews in
Artaxerxes
artists, Jewish
arts, Jews and the
Ascalon
asceticism
Ashdod
Asquith, H. H.
Assumptionists
Assyria
Astruk ha-Levi, Rabbi
Atonement, Day of
Attalus
Augsburg, Peace of
Augustine, St
Augustus, Emperor
Auschwitz
Australia and New Zealand, Jews in
Austria, Jews in
Averroes
Avicenna
Baader-Meinhof gang
Baal
ba’al shem
Ba’al Shem Tov (Israel ben Eliezer)
Babel, Isaac
Babylon, Babylonia; Jews exiled to; return from Babylon; Jewish community in
Baeck, Leo
Baer, Dov, see Dov Baer
Baghdad
Bakst, Leon
Balfour, A. J.
Balfour Declaration
ballet
Bamberger, Ludwig
Baniyas
Bank of America
Bank of England
banks, see money
Bar Kokhba, Simon
Bar-Lev, Haim
Barbados, Jews in
Baron, Salo
Barruel, Abbé
Barsauma
Baruch
Baruch, Bernard
Bassevi von Treuenberg, Jacob
Bauer, Bruno
Bauer, Otto
Bea, Augustin
Bebel, August
Be’er Toviyyah
Begin, Menachem
Begin, Ze’ev Dov
Beinart, Heim
Belgium, Jews in, Antwerp
Belloc, Hilaire
Belson
Belzec
Ben Gurion, David; his three principles; and Second World War; resistance to Britain; and establishment of state of Israel; opposition to Begin; and post-war reparations; Prime Minister of Israel; mentioned
Ben Sira, see Ecclesiasticus
Benaiah
Benda, Julien
Bene Israel
Benedict XIII, Pope
Benjamin, Walter
Benjamin of Tudela
Bentinck, Lord George
Berbers
Berenson, Bernard
Bergson, Henri
Berlin; Congress of
Berlin, Irving
Bernal, Ralph
Bernardino de Fletre
Bernardino of Siena
Bernstein, Eduard
Bertinoro, Obadiah ben Abraham Yare of
Bet She’arim
Betar (Jewish youth movement)
Betar (town in Judaean hills)
Beth-Shemesh
Bethel
Bevin, Ernest
Bialystok
Bible: as historical record; dating of events in; women in; depiction of individuals in; as statement of theology, God-man relationship; achievement as sign of virtue in; vivid detail in; canon, established version; critical of Jews; devils in; early modern criticism of; see also individual books
Birnbaum, Nathan
Black Death
Blum, Léon
Boas, Franz
Bohemia, Jews in
Bolshevism, Jews identified with
Bomberg, David
books
Börne, Ludwig
Boston
Brandeis, Louis
Braun, Adolf
Brazil, Jews in
Breuer, Issac
Brit Habirionim
Britain, England: Jews in, to eighteenth century; Jews in, in nineteenth century; and Zionism, see under Zionism; Palestine mandate, see under Palestine; Second World War; immigration to Israel from; Jews in, post-war
broadcasting
Budapest
Bulgaria, immigration to Israel from
Bund, the
Byblos
Byzantine empire
Caesarea
Cairo; Fustat
calendar, Jewish
California
Caligula, Emperor
Calvin, Jean
Camp David
Canaan
Canada, Jews in, Montreal and Toronto
Canticles (Megillot)
Cantonist Decrees
Capernaum
capitalism
Carlyle, Thomas
Caro, Joseph
Carolingians
Carter, Jimmy
cathedocracy
Caucasùs, Jews in
Cecil, Lord Robert
celibacy
Céline
Central Conference of American Rabbis
Chagall, Marc
Chaldeans
Chamberlain, Joseph
Charles iv, Emperor
Charles V, Emperor
Charles VI, Emperor
Charles II, King
Chateaubriand, Vicomte de
Chelmno
Chesterton, G. K.
Chicago
Child, Sir Josiah
China, Jews in
Chmielnicki, Bogdan
Christiani, Pablo
Christians, Christianity: early; and Judaism, see under Judaism; Jews disliked, persecuted by; dogmatic theology; established in late Roman Empire; and Turks; Jewish conversion to, in nineteenth century; Jewish adoptions from Christian worship; see also Jesus Christ; Protestantism; Roman Catholic Church
Chronicles
Chrysostom, St John
Churchill, Lord Randolph
Churchill, Winston
cinema, see film industry
circumcision
Cistercian order
Ciudad Real
Claudius, Emperor
Clemenceau, Georges
Clement VI, Pope
Cochin Jews
Codex Alexandrinus
Codex Sinaiticus
Codex Vaticanus
Cohen, Rabbi Abraham
Cohen, Arthur
Cohen, Hermann
Cohen, Mordecai Zemah
Cohn, Ferdinand Julius
Cohn, Harry
Colon, Rabbi Joseph
Colorni, Abraham
Columbus, Christopher
concentration camps, death camps
Constantine, Emperor
Constantinople
conversos, see marranos
Córdoba
Corinthians, First Epistle to
Counter-Reformation
courts, Jewish
Cracow
Crémieux, Adolphe
crime, in USA
Cromwell, Oliver
Crusades
Cypros
Cyrus the Great
Czechoslovakia
Dachau
Damascus
Daniel
Daniel Deronda (Eliot)
Darius
David, King
Dayan, Moshe
d’Holbach, Baron
Dead Sea Scrolls
Deborah, Song of Deborah
Decalogue, Ten Commandments
Decapolis
Defoe, Daniel
Deganya
Deir Yassin
Denmark, Jews in
Depression, Great
Deutero-Isaiah
Deuteronomy
Deutsch, Emmanuel
dhimmis
Dickens, Charles
Diderot, Denis
Dio Cassius
Disraeli, Benjamin
divorce
Dohm, Christian Wilhelm von
Dominican order
Donin, Nicholas
Dov Baer
Dreyfus affair
Drumont, Edouard
Dühring, Eugen
Dura Europus
Eban, Abba
Ebionites
Ebla (Tell Mardikh)
Eblon, King
Ecclesiastes
Ecclesiasticus (Wisdom of Ben Sira)
Eddison, Thomas
Eden, Anthony
Edom
education: in antiquity; in Israel
Edward I, King
Egypt (ancient); Exodus from, see under Israel; defeated by Babylon
Egypt (in Graeco-Roman period); Alexandria
Egypt (in Middle Ages); see also Cairo
Egypt (modern state): relations with Israel; Palestinian Arab immigration to; immigration to Israel from
Ehrenburg, Ilya
Enrich, Paul
Ehud
Eichmann, Adolf
Einhorn, David
Einsatzgruppen
Einstein, Albert
Eisenbeth, Maurice
Eisner, Kurt
Ekron (Philistine city)
Ekron (Zionist colony)
Elam
Elath, Eliahu
Elazar, David
Eliezer ben Yehuda
Eliezer ben Yose
Elijah
Elijah ben Solomon Zalman
Eliot, George
Elisha
Elisha ben Avuyah
Encyclopaedia Britannica
Engels, Friedrich
England, see Britain
enlightenment, the
Enoch
Ephraim Solomon ben Aaron
Ephron the Hittite
Erasmus
Esau and Jacob
Esdras
Eshkol, Levi
Essenes
Esther
Estonia
Ethiopia, Jews in
Etting, Solomon
eucharist
Eusebius
excommunication
exilarchs
Exodus (biblical book; see also Exodus under Israel)
Ezekiel
Ezra
Facchinetti, Giovanni Antonio
Falasha Jews
Falcon, Fernan
Falk, Samuel Jacob Hayyim
Farben (IG)
Farissol, Abraham
fasting
Fatah, Al-
Feisal, Emir
Ferdinand II, Emperor
Ferdinand I, King, of Aragon
Ferdinand II, King, of Aragon
Ferrer, Vicente
Feuchtwanger, Leon
film industry, cinema
Final Solution, see Holocaust
finance, see money
Finland, Jews in
First World War
Fisch, Harold
Flick, Friedrich
Flood, Deluge
Florus, Gessius
Forrestal, James
Fourier, François
Fox, William
France: Jews in, before the Revolution; Revolution, enlightenment, Napoleon; Jews granted equal rights with Christians; Jews in, in late nineteenth century; anti-Semitism and Dreyfus case, see Dreyfus; Second World War; immigration to Israel from; Jews in, post-war
Franciscan order
Frank, Jacob
Frankfurt
Frankfurt Institution for Social Research
Frankfurter, Felix
Franzos, Karl Emil
Frederick the Great
Freemasonry
French Revolution
Freud, Sigmund
Fustat (Cairo)
Gallus, Cestius
Gamal
Gamaliel the Elder
Gamaliel II, Rabbi
Gans, Eduard
gaons (geonim)
Gath
Gaza; Gaza Strip
Gederah
Geiger, Rabbi Abraham
Genesis
genizah
Genoa
George III, King
Georgia, Jews in
Gerald of Wales
Gerizim, Mount
Germany: Jews in, before nineteenth century; Jews in; First World War; in Nazi period, see Holocaust, Nazis; immigration to Israel from; Jews in West Germany
Gerónimo de Santa Fé
Gershwin, George
Gezer
ghettos; in Venice; in papal states; folklore of destroyed after French Revolution; in Poland during Second World War
Gibeon
Gide, André
Gideon
Gideon, Samson
Gilgamesh
Glueck, Nelson
gnosticism
Gobineau, Comte Joseph de
God, Jewish; relationship of man to
Goebbels, Josef
Goitein, S. D.
Golan Heights
Goldwyn, Sam
golem
Gordon, Lord George
Göring, Hermann
gospels
Graetz, Heinrich
Granada
Grant, Madison
Grant, General Ulysses S.
Greece (ancient); Alexander’s conquests; Hellenization of western Asia, see also under Palestine; relations with Jews
Greece (modern), Jews in
Gregory the Great, Pope
Gregory IX, Pope
Grey, Sir Edward
Guardians of the City
Gudemann, Moritz
Guide of the Perplexed, see under Maimonides
Ha’Am, Ahad, see Ahad Ha’Am
Habakkuk
Habiru
Hadera
Hadrian, Emperor
Haganah
Haggai
Hagiogrpha (Ketuvim)
Haifa
Hakamim
halakhah
Halévy, Jacques
Hammerstein, Oscar, I and II
Hammurabi
Hanukkah, Feast of
Harden, Maximilian
Harding, G. L.
Harnack, Adolf von
hasidim, Hasidism
haskalah, Jewish enlightenment
Hasmonean family (Maccabees)
Hazor
Hebrew (language)
Hebrew Union College
‘Hebrews’
Hebron
Hecataeus of Abdera
Hegel, G. W. F.
He-Halutz bureau
Heine, Heinrich
Hellman, Lillian
Henry, Jacob
Heraclitus
Heraclius, Emperor
heresies, Christian
Herod Agrippa
Herod Antipas
Herod the Great
Herodium
Herschel, Abraham Joshua
Herzl, Theodor
Hess, Moses
heter iskah
Heydrich, Reinhard
Hiddushim
Hijaz
Hilberg, Raul
Hilferding, Rudolf
Hillel the Elder (Hillel the Babylonian)
Hillesum, Ettie
Himmler, Heinrich
Hiram, King, of Tyre
Hirsch, Baron Maurice de
Hirsch, Rabbi Samson Raphael
Hirsch, Rabbi Samuel
Hirschel, Hans
Hisdai ibn Shaprut
Histadrut
Hitler, Adolf; orders destruction of Heine’s grave; Lippmann’s view of; his anti-Semitism passim; becomes Chancellor; war a product of his anti-Semitism; and Mussolini; see also Holocaust; Nazis
Hittites
Hiya Rabbah, Rabbi
Hobson, J. A.
Hochberg, Karl
Hoddis, Jacob von
Holdheim, Rabbi Samuel
Holocaust, Final Solution; planned by Hitler; German people’s knowledge of, acquiescence in; Jews worked to death; German industrialists and; Jews systematically killed; first gas chamber; mobile killing groups; death camps; Christian churches and; numbers of those killed; Austrians and; Rumanians and; French and; Italian resistance to; unsuccessful in parts of occupied Europe; Allied governments and; lack of resistance from Jews; Jews of all ages and conditions killed; final stage of; anti-Semitic reactions to; punishment and restitution; state of Israel and; Soviet-Arab attitude to
Homberg, Napthali Herz
Hong Kong
Horowitz, Isaiah ben Abraham ha-Levi
Hosea
Höss, Rudolf
Hungary, Jews in; in Budapest; immigration to Israel from
Hurrians (Horites)
Husaini, Haji Amin al- (Grand Mufti of Jerusalem)
Hyrcanus, John
Hyrcanus II
Ibn Ezra, Abraham
Ibn Shaprut, Hisdai, see Hisdai ibn Shaprut
Ibn Verga, Solomon
Ibn Yahya, Rabbi Joseph
Idumaea
imprisonment
India: immigration to Israel from; Jews in
Innocent III, Pope
Inquisition, Spanish
Iran/Persia (ancient state), see Persia
Iran/Persia (modern state); immigration to Israel from; Jews in
Iraq; immigration to Israel from
Irgun
Isaac (son of Abraham)
Isaac ben Samuel
Isaac the Blind
Isaacs, Sir Rufus
Isabella, Queen, of Castile
Isaiah
Ishmael
Islam, Moslems
Isocrates
Israel, Israelites (ancient people); religion, see Judaism; twelve tribes of; not all Israelites went to Egypt; Exodus from Egypt; Mosaic legal material; both spiritually advanced and primitive; new kind of society: theocracy; conquest of Canaan completed; and kingship; two kingdoms, northern and southern; lost tribes of; see also Jews
Israel (modern state): creation of (see also Zionism); War of Independence; and Arab refugees; frontiers; Jewish immigration to; religious/secular conflict in; origins of; Nasser and Sinai War; Six Day War; Sadat and Yom Kippur War; American support for; political divisions; peace with Egypt; and Hebrew language; education in; marriage in; pursuit of war criminals; population in 1980s; French Jews and; as armed refuge
Israel, Jonathan
Italy: Jews in; Second World War; post-war Jewish population; see also Venice
Ivan IV, Tsar, ‘the Terrible’
Jabneh (Jamnia)
Jabotinsky, Vladimir
Jacob (patriarch)
Jacob ben Asher
Jael
Jaffa
Jamaica, Jews in
James (brother of Jesus)
James I, King, of Aragon
Janua, Peter de
Jason (high-priest)
Jaspers, Karl
Jebusites
Jefferson, Thomas
Jehiel, Rabbi
Jehoiada
Jehoiakim
Jehu, son of Nimshi
Jephthah
Jeremiah
Jericho
Jeroboam
Jerome, St
Jerusalem: captured from Jebusites by David; Temple, see Temple; Solomon’s building works; northerners resettled in, after Assyrian conquest; refortified by Hezekiah; captured by Babylonians; rebuilt after Babylonian exile; population, in third century BC; Hellenization; religious mob; Herod and; revolt of 66 AD; revolt of 132 AD; Hadrian’s rebuilding; Babylonian Jews and; occupied by Persians, then Moslems; population growth in nineteenth century; captured by Allenby in 1918; UN partition plan of 1947; captured by Arab Legion in 1948; Old City captured by Israel in 1967; Camp David proposals; population (late twentieth century)
Jerusalem, Grand Mufti of, see Husaini
Jesus Christ
Jethro
Jewish Agency
Jewish Brigade
Jewish Colonization Association
Jewish Historical Documentation Centre
Jewish Resistance Movement
Jewish Theological Seminary
Jews; Ashkenazi; as businessmen, see money and trade; city dwellers; education, scholarship, see education and scholarship; elect nation; history written by; identity preserved by writings; literature; as migrants, settlers; name for ancestors of; origin of; persecution of, see anti-Semitism; population figures: Herodian period, tenth century, nineteenth century, 1980s; and radical politics; Sephardi; tenacity; three centres; Zionist definition of a Jew; see also Israel; Judaism
Jezebel
jihad
Job
Joel
Johanan ben Torta, Rabbi
Johanan ben Zakkai, Rabbi
John
John the Baptist
John of Capistrano
John Paul II, Pope
Jonah
Jonathan (high-priest)
Jordan; see also Transjordan
Joseph (son of Jacob)
Joseph (tax-farmer)
Joseph II, Emperor
Joseph ben Issac Sambari, see Sambari
Joseph ibn Awkal
Josephus; on Herod’s Temple; supposed deletions from MSS; mentioned
Joshua
Josiah, King, of Judah
Jost, Issac Marcus
Judah (southern kingdom)
Judah, the Galilean
Judah ha-Kohen ben Joseph
Judah Halevi
Judah Ha-Nasi, Rabbi
Judah of Regensburg
Judaism, Jewish religion (for convenience, the religion of the Jews and that of the ancient Israelites are treated here as one); Abraham as founder of; monotheistic, see also God; two salient characteristics of; sanctity of human life; rationalism in; conservative/ revolutionary; rejection of images, idols; and the state; martyrdom, martyrologies; individual accountability; feasts; inaugurated by Ezra; holy writings; homogeneous and rigorous, after establishment of canon; sectarianism in; reform party in, defeated by Maccabees; death, judgement afterlife; and Christianity; ceases to be national religion, becomes inward-looking cathedocracy; central ethical precept; rejects asceticism; dissentient opinion majorities; man’s physical and moral freedom; communal obligations; repentance and atonement; peace, non-violence; dogmatic theology eschewed; creeds; emphasis on work; irrationalist tradition; see also kabbalah magic and mysticism; medieval; angels and devils; and gentile culture; Reform Judaism; ritual in; perfectionist; see also Bible; Law; Mishnah; rabbis; Talmud; Torah; synagogue
Judas of Gamala
Judas the Maccabee
Judensau
Judges
Judith
Julian, Emperor
Julius III, Pope
Jung, C. G.
Justin, St (Justin Martyr)
Justinian, Emperor
kabbalah, passim
Kadesh
Kafka, Franz
Kairouan
Kalischer, Rabbi Zevi Hirsch
Kalm, Peter
Kaltenbrunner, Ernst
Kappler, Herbert
Karaites
Katz, Sam
Kaufmann, Yechezkel
Kefar Tavor
Kenyon, Kathleen
Kerchemish, battle of
Kerensky, A. F.
Kern, Jerome
Ketuvim (Hagiographa)
Khazars
Khomeini, Ayatollah
Khrushchev, Nikita
kibbutzim
Kierkegaard, Sören
Kiev
King David Hotel
Kings
Kinneret
Kish
Kisling, Moise
Kitchener, Lord
Knights of St John
Knights Templar
Koestler, Arthur
Kohler, Rabbi Kaufmann
Kook, Rabbi Abraham Isaac
Koran
Kovno
Kraus, Karl
Kristallnacht
Krochmal, Nachman
Krupp, Alfred
Ku-Klux Klan
Kun, Bela
kuppah
La Motta, Jacob de, see Motta
La Peyrère, Isaac
Laban
Labour Party, Zionist/Israeli (Mapai)
Lachish
Ladino
Laemmle, Carl
Lagarde, Paul de
Lamentations
Land of Israel movement
Lansdowne, Marquess of
Lasker, Eduard
Lasky, Jesse
Lassalle, Ferdinand
Latvia
Lavater, Johan Caspar
Law, the; legal systems before Moses; dietary; reform movement and; Oral, see also Mishnah; Jesus and; Luke and; Maimonides and; Moses Mendelssohn and; see also Torah
Lawrence, T. E.
Lazare, Bernard
Lazarus, Emma
League of the French Fatherland
Leah (wife of Jacob)
Lebanon
Leeser, Rabbi Isaac
Leghorn (Livorno)
Lehmann, John
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm von
Lenin
Leningrad
Lessing, Gotthold
Levi ben Gershom
Leviticus
Libya, immigration to Israel from
Liebermann, Max
Likud
Lilienthal, Max
Lincoln
Lipchitz, Jacques
Lipman, V. D.
Lippmann, Walter
Lithuania, Jews in; see also Vilna
Lloyd George, David passim
Lodz
Loew, Rabbi Judah, Maharal of Prague
Loew, Marcus
London, Jews in
Lopez, Manasseh
Los Angeles
Louis IX, King, of France
Louis XIV, King of France
Louis XVI, King of France
Lublin, Sigmund
Lucena
Lueger, Karl
Luke
Luria, Isaac ben Solomon
Luther, Martin
Luxemburg, Rosa
Luzzatto, Moses Hayyim
Luzzatto, Simhah
Lydda
Maccabaeus, Simon
Maccabees (apocryphal book)
Maccabees (Jewish family), see Hasmonean family
Maccoby, Hyam
MacDonald, James Ramsay
Machado, Antonio Alvarez
Machaerus
Machpelah, Cave of
magic
Mahler, Gustav
Maimonides (Moses ben Maimon); his thirteen articles; Commentary on the Mishnah; Guide of the Perplexed; other writings; mentioned
Maimonides, Abraham
Maimonides, David
Majdanek
Malachi
Mallowan, Sir Max
Malta
mamram
Manasseh ben Israel
Manetho
Mapai, see Labour Party
Marconi case
Margherians
Mari (Tell Harari)
Maria Theresa, Empress
Mariamne
Marissa
Mark
Marr, Wilhelm
marranos (conversos)
marriage
Marx, Karl
Marx Brothers
Masada
maskilim
masoretes, Masoretic text
Matthew
Matthias, Emperor
Maurras, Charles
Maximilian II, Emperor
Mayer, Louis B.
Medina
Megiddo
Megillot (Canticles)
Meighen, Arthur
Meir, Rabbi
Meir, Golda
Meisel, Marcus
Melanchthon, Philip
Méliès, Georges
Menahemya
Mendelssohn, Felix
Mendelssohn, Moses
Menelaus (high-priest)
Meneptah
Merchant of Venice, The (Shakespeare)
Meshuararim
Mesopotamia; see also Assyria; Babylon
Messiah, messianism: Jesus as Messiah; in Judaism; in kabbalah; in ghetto folklore; Shabbetean movement; Zionist ideal distinguished
Metullah
Mexico, Jews in
Meyerbeer, Giacomo
Miami
Micah
midrash
Milhaud, Darius
Mintz, Abraham
Mishnah
Mizpah
Mizrachi
Moab
modern movement
Modigliani, Amedeo
Mohammed
Molcho, Solomon
Mommsen, Theodor
monasticism
money, finance, banking; moneylending, usury
monotheism, see under Judaism
Montagu, Edwin
Montaigne, Michel de
Montefiore, Sir Moses
Montreal
Morning Post
Morocco, Jews of
Moscow
Moses; and the Exodus; as central figure in Jewish history; Greeks and; and early anti-Semitism; his law code; his covenant with God; and Joshua; Maimonides on
Moses ben Shem Tov
moshavot
Moslems, see Islam
Motta, Jacob de la
‘Mountain Jews’
Moyne, Lord
Münster, Sebastian
music, Jews and
Mussolini, Benito
mysticism
nabhi, meaning of; see also prophets
Nablus
Nahmanides
Nahrai ben Nissim
Nahum
Naples
Napoleon
Nasser, Gamal Abdul
Nathan of Gaza
Naumann, Dr Max
Nazarites
Nazis (National Socialist Workers Party); in Second World War; trials of; Arabs and; see also Hitler; Holocaust
Nebuchadnezzar
Negev, archaeology in
Nehemiah
Nero, Emperor
Netherlands, Jews in; Amsterdam
New Year
New York
Nice
Nicholas I, Tsar
Nieto, David
Nietzsche, F. W.
Nippur
Nixon, Richard M.
Noah
Noah, Mordecai
Nobel prizes
Nordau, Max
Norsa, Immanuel ben Noah Raphael da
North America, see United States
Norway, Jews in
Norwich
Noth, M.
Numbers
Numenius of Apamea
Nuremberg Decrees
Nuremberg trials
Nuzi
Obadiah
Odessa
Offenbach, Jacques
oil, Middle Eastern
Old Testament
Olympic Games (ancient)
Olympic Games (modern)
Omri, House of
Oppenheimer, David
Oppenheimer, Joseph
Oppenheimer, Samuel
Opper de Blowitz, Adolphe
Origen
Original Sin
Ottoman Empire, see Turkey
Oxford
Pale of Settlement
Palestine: archaeology of; homeland for Israelites in Egypt; geographical variety; origin of name in Philistine settlement; Hellenization; end of stable Jewish rule in; Jews’ claim on; Jewish academies in; Persian invasion; impoverished during Dark Ages; Jewish immigration to, colonies in; as Jewish national home; Jews in, at time of Balfour Declaration; British mandate; see also Canaan; Israel; Jerusalem; Jews; Zionism
Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)
Paley, William
Palmer, Mitchell
Palmerston, Lord
pantheism
Paris
Parrot, A.
Parthians
Pascin, Jules
Passfield, Lord
Passover
patriarchs
Paul, St
Paul III, Pope
Paul IV, Pope
Peel, Lord, Peel Commission
Pellepoix, Darquier de
Pentateuch
Pentecost
Peoples of the Sea
Pereira, Jacob
Peres, Shimon
Persia (ancient)
Persia (Sassanid)
Persia (modern), see Iran
Perushim
Petah Tikva
‘Peter, Gospel of’
Peter V, King, of Aragon
Peter de Janua, see Janua
Pharisees; Jesus and
Philadelphia (America)
Philadelphia (Amman)
Philip II, King, of Spain
Philistines
Philo Judaeus; mentioned
Phocas, Emperor
Pico della Mirandola, Count Giovanni
Pinsker, Leon
Pissarro, Camille and Lucien
Pittsburg Platform
Pius V, Pope
Pius VI, Pope
Pius IX, Pope
Pius XII, Pope
Plato
Plumer, Lord
Poland: Jews in, before partitions; partitions of; Jews in Warsaw in 1880; and Versailles treaty; failure of Bolshevik invasion; Second World War, Holocaust; post-war anti-Semitism; immigration to Israel from; Jewish population in 1980s
Portugal, Jews in
Prado, Juan de
Prague
Pritchard, James
Promised Land
prophets
Protestantism
Protocols of the Elders of Zion
Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph
Proust, Marcel
Proverbs
Prussia, Jews in
Psalms
pseudepigraphs
Ptolemy
Pulgar, Fernando del
Pumbedita
Purim of Vincent
Pythagoras
Qumran
rabbis, rabbinate
Rabin, Yitzhak
Radbaz (David ben Solomon ibn abi Zimra)
radio
Rameses II
Rathenau, Walther
Rauter, Hanns
Raymond de Penaforte
Rebecca (wife of Isaac)
Rechabites
Reformation
Rehoboam
Rehovot
Reinach, Joseph
Reinach family
relativity theory
Remark (Moses ben Jacob Cordovero)
Renan, Ernst
responsa
Reubeni, David
Reuchlin, Johannes
Reuchlin codex
Reuter, Paul Julius
Revisionists (Union of Zionist-Revisionists, later Likud, q.v.)
Ricardo, David
Richard the Lionheart
Richelieu, Cardinal
Richmond, Ernest T.
Riehl, Wilhelm Heinrich
Riesser, Gabriel
Rishon-le-Zion
Robles, Antonio Rodrigues
Rodgers, Richard
Roger of Wendover
Roman Catholic Church; see also Counter-Reformation
Romans, Roman empire
Rome (city), Jews in
Roosevelt, Franklin D.
Rosenberg, Alfred
Rosenblatt, Zevi
Rosenstock-Huessy, Eugen
Rosenzweig, Franz
Rosh Pinha
Rossi, Azariah dei
Rossini, G. A.
Roth, Cecil
Roth, Leon
Rothschild (N. M.)
Rothschild, Edmund de
Rothschild, Lionel (father of Ist Lord Rothschild)
Rothschild, Baron Louis
Rothschild, Miriam
Rothschild, Nathan, 1st Lord Rothschild
Rothschild, Nathan Mayer
Rothschild, Walter, 2nd Lord Rothschild
Rothschild family
Rubinstein, Anton and Nikolay
Rudolph II, Emperor
Rumania, and the Jews; in Second World War; immigration to Israel from
Ruppin, Arthur
Russia: Jews excluded from; partitions of Poland, Pale of Settlement; Jews in before the Revolution; Revolution; Second World War; and creation of state of Israel; immigration to Israel from; Jewish population in 1980s, big cities; Jews under Soviet rule; anti-Zionism
Ruth
Saadiah Gaon (Saadiah ben Joseph)
Sabbath
sacrifice, human
Sadat, Anwar
Sadducees
Safed
St Thomas, Jews in
Saladin
Salanter, Israel
Salome (widow of Alexander Jannaeus)
Salonika
Samaria, Samaritans
Sambari, Joseph ben Isaac
Samson
Samuel, passim
Samuel, Herbert
Sanhedrin
Sarah (wife of Abraham)
Sargon I
Sargon II
Sarnoff, David
Sassanids
Saukel, Fritz
Saul, King
Schary, Dore
Schechter, Solomon
Schenck, Joseph
Schiff, Jacob Henry
Schnitzler, Arthur
scholarship: Babylonian academies; medieval
Scholem, Gershom
Schönberg, Arnold
Scott, C. P.
scribes
Scythopolis
Sebaste (Samaria, q.v.)
Second World War
Seleucus, Seleucids
Seligman, Joseph
Sennacherib
Septuagint
Seyss-Inquart, Arthur
Shabbetai Zevi
Shaftesbury, Lord
Shamir, Yizhak
Shammai the Elder
Sharett, Moshe
Sharon, Ariel
Sheba, Queen of
Shechem
shekhinah
Shenazar
Sherira, Rabbi
Shibboleth
Shomerin
Shuruppak
Sicarii
Sidon
Simeon ben Lakish
Simon bar Kokhba, see Bar Kokhba
Simon Maccabaeus
Sinai; monastery; Mount Sinai
Singapore
Singer, Isaac Bashevis
Singer, Paul
Sippar
Six Day War
Sixtus IV, Pope
Skippen, Philip
slavery: in biblical times; Malta slave-trade
Slouschz, Nahum
Sobibor
social Darwinism
Society for Jewish Culture and Sciences
Solomon, King
Solomon, Song of, see Song of Songs
Solomon, Wisdom of
Solomon ben Samson, Rabbi
Sombart, Werner
Song of Songs, Song of Solomon
Sonnenfeld, Rabbi Joseph Hayyim
South Africa
Soutine, Chaim
Spain, Jews in
Spalato (Split)
Spinoza, Baruch
Stalin
Stanley, Lord
Stavsky, Abraham
Stephen, St
Stern, Fritz
Stern Gang
stock exchanges
Stoeker, Adolf
Straton’s Tower
Strauss, Johann
Streicher, Julius
Stürmer, Der
Suez Canal
suicide
Sumer, Sumerians
Sura
Surinam
Switzerland, Jews in
Sykes-Picot agreement
synagogue
Syria; war against Israel; Jewish immigration to Israel from; see also Damascus
Syrkin, Nachman
Tabernacles, feast of
Tacitus
Talmud
tannaim
Tarragona
Tawney, R. H.
Tel Aviv
television
Templars, see Knights Templar
Temple: of Solomon; worship concentrated in; destroyed by Babylonians; rebuilt after Babylonian exile; Hellenization; Sadducees and; rebuilt by Herod; Jesus and; destroyed by Romans; Temple Mount
Ten Commandments, Decalogue
terrorism: Jewish, in post-war Palestine; against Jews
theatre
Theodore of Mopsuestia
Theodosius I, Emperor
Theodosius II, Emperor
Therapeuta
Theresienstadt
Theudas
Thirty Years War
Tiberias
Tiglath-pileser III
Times, The
Tirzah
Titus (son of Emperor Vespasian)
Tobit
Tolstoy, Count Leo
Torah; Agudath Yisra’el and
Toronto
Torquemada, Tomás de
Tosefta
Toussenel, Alphonse
trade, commerce
Transjordan; see also Jordan
Treblinka
Treitschke, Heinrich von
Trilling, Lionel
Tripoli
Trollope, Anthony
Trotsky, Leon
Truman, Harry S.
Trumpeldor, Joseph
Tucholsky, Kurt
Tunisia, immigration to Israel from
Turgenev, Ivan Sergeevich
Turin
Turkey (Ottoman Empire); and Shabbetai Zevi; in nineteenth century; and Kaiser Wilhelm II; and Versailles treaty
Turkey (modern state)
Tyre
Uganda, as Jewish national home
Ugarit
Ukraine, Jews in
Ummayid dynasty
Union of American Hebrew Congregations
Union of Zionist-Revisionists, see Revisionists
United Nations Organization (UN): and Palestine problem; and Arab refugees; and Suez Canal; Sinai peacekeeping force; and Arafat; and Amin
United States of America (North America, to Independence): Jews in, before 1881; Ashkenazi immigration to; and Zionism; Bolshevik scare and Jewish immigration; Jewish community in; Second World War; and creation of state of Israel; support for Israel
universities, medieval
Ur
Ur-Nammu
Usha
Ussishkin, Menachem
usury, see moneylending under money
Vaux, Père Roland de
Vega, Joseph de la
vegetarianism
Venice, Jews in
Versailles peace treaty
Vespasian, Emperor
Victor Emmanuel III, King, of Italy
Victoria, Queen
Vienna
Vilna
Vital, Hayyim
Voltaire
Wagner, Richard
Wailing Wall
Wallenberg, Raoul
Wandering Jew
war-crime trials
Warner Brothers
Warren, Sir Charles
Warsaw
Washington DC
Wasserman, Jakob
Waugh, Evelyn
Webb, Beatrice
Weber, Max
Weizmann, Chaim: and Zionism passim; and post-war reparations; Israel’s first president
Wellhausen, Julius
Wertheimer, Samson
Wesley, John
Wessely, Hartwig
West Bank
Wiesenthal, Simon
Wilhelm II, Kaiser
William III, King (William of Orange)
Wilson, President Woodrow
wisdom texts
Wise, Isaac Mayer
Wise, Rabbi Stephen
Wistrich, Robert
Witte, Count Serge
Wolf, Abraham
Wolf, Immanuel
Wolf, Joseph
Wolf, Lucien
Wolffsohn, Daniel
women: in the Bible; and Jewish scholarship
Woolley, Sir Leonard
World Jewish Congress
writing, early
Yadin, Yigael
Yahweh
Yare, Obadiah ben Abraham, of Bertinoro
Yavne’el
Yellin-Mor, Nathan
Yemen
yeshivot
Yesud ha-Ma’ala
Yiddish
Yom Kippur War
Yugoslavia, Jews in
zaddik
Zadkine, Ossip
Zadok of Lublin
Zalman, Elijah ben Solomon, see Elijah ben Solomon
Zanuck, Darryl
Zealots
Zechariah
Zedekiah (governor of Judaea)
Zedekiah (prophet)
Zephaniah
Zeurubbabel
Zevi, Shabbetai, see Shabbetai Zevi
Zikhron Yacov
Zionism; Palestine as national home for Jews, see under Palestine; and Hebrew language; Tsarist Russia and; USA and; religious or secular plans for; Britain and; Jewish opposition to; Ashkenazi support for; First Zionist Congress; Soviet Union and; last phase of; ultimate aim of; condemned by UN; see also Israel
Ziusudra
Zohar (Sefer-ha-Zohar)
Zola, émile
Zukov, Adolphe
Zunz, Leopold