Richard and John

Index

Acre siege of

agriculture

Albigensians (Cathars)

Alexander the Great

Alice (Alys), daughter of Louis VII

Arsuf (see also battles)

Arthur, King

Arthur, prince of Britanny (son of

Geoffrey)

his place in the Angevin succession

contests succession with John

championed by Philip of France

Baldwin IV, king of Jerusalem

Barbarossa, Frederick, emperor of Germany

Berengaria of Navarre (wife of Richard)

Byzantium (Constantinople)

Caesarea

canon law

Chateau-Gaillard, castle of

besieged by Philip (1203)

fall of

Cistercians

Coggleshall, Ralph of (see also Notes passim)

Comnenus, Isaac, ‘emperor’ of Cyprus

Conrad of Montferrat

Coutances, Walter of

Crete

crusades (see also Richard I on crusade)

Eleanor of Aquitaine,

81-82

personality and characteristics of

early life of

marriage to Henry II

marriage to Louis V11

children of

as parent

travels of

special feeling for Aquitaine

Richard as favourite son of

attitude to John

attitude to Henry, the Young King

attitude to her son Geoffrey

marital privilges of

rebellion against her husband in 1173

imprisoned by Henry II

released by Richard

attends Richard’s coronation in London

hatred of Arthur, prince of Britanny

bamboozled by John

at conference at Dreux (1190)

accompanies Walter of Coutances from Sicily to England (1191)

brings Berengaria to Richard in Sicily (1191)

meets emperor Henry VI,

return journey of, from Messina to Normandy

as Richard’s agent in England (1192)

role of, in Richard’s captivity

threatens John with confiscation of estates

at Mainz conference composes quarrel between Richard and John

at Richard’s funeral

backs John as Richard’s successor

kidnapped by the Lusignans

tries to safeguard Normandy

in danger of capture

old age of

dies

England, as item in Angevin empire,

in Richard’s absence

invasion of by French

excommunication

feudalism, nature of

Fitzwalter, Robert

Flanders and the Flemish (see also mercenaries)

Fontevraud, abbey of

France, Capetian kingdom of

Frederick II, emperor of Germany

Gascony and Gascons

Gaza

Genoa and Genoese

Geoffrey, second son of Henry II, brother of Richard and John

personality of

as duke of Britanny

in the rebellion of 1173

conspiracies of in 1182

hatred of, for Henry II

in the rebellion of 1182-83

plots against Richard

allies himself with Philip of France

death of

his legacy

Geoffrey, Henry II’s bastard son, later archbishop of York

Gerald of Wales (see also Notes passim)

Germany, politics of

Gervase of Canterbury (see also Notes passim)

Gisors, frontier fortress of

personality and characteristics of

restlessness of

feudal position of

sceptical attitude to God

deviousness of

attitude to the crusades

birth of

conquers England

marries Eleanor of Aquitaine

crowned king of England

conflicts of, with Louis VII of France

campaigns of, in France

and rebellion of 1173

at the zenith of his power

policy of, in Aquitaine

plans of, for the Angevin empire

near death of (1170)

womanising and mistresses of

as parent

favouritism of, for John

relations of, with Richard

relations of, with Henry the Young King

attitude to his second son Geoffrey

attitude to his bastard son Geoffrey

financial policy of

Welsh policy of

Irish policy of

campaigns against Philip Augustus (1188-89)

final breach with Richard

final Christmas court of

final defeat and humiliation of,

dies

Henry III, king of England

Henry VIII

Henry, the Young King (Henry II’s eldest

son),

personality and character of

coronation of

jealousy of Richard

rebellion of in 1173-74

defeated by his father

campaigns in Berry (1176)

relations of, with Richard

relations of, with William Marshal

second rebellion against his father (1182-83)

vows to go on crusade

dies

Henry of Champagne

Henry VI, emperor of Germany attitude of, to Richard’s kidnap

Hugh, duke of Burgundy

Hugh, bishop of Lincoln

Hungary

Innocent III, pope struggle of, with John

interdicts

Ireland (see also Henry II, John and William Marshal)

Isabella of Angouleme ( John’s wife)

Isabella of Gloucester

Jaffa (see also battles)

Jerusalem

Jews, in England persecution of

Joan (Richard’s sister)

John, king of England

personality and character of

as Henry II’s favourite son

hatred of, for Richard

hatred of, for Prince Arthur

attitude to his half-brother Geoffrey

cruelty of

avarice of

unpopularity of

habitual treachery of

nicknamed Lackland

nicknamed ‘John Softsword’

lustfulness and womanising of

anger and rages of

restlessness of

anticlericalism and atheism of,

economic conditions in the reign of

and the legal system

war crimes of

as military commander

as king of England

and his bloodthirsty mercenary captains

reputation of

cinematic portrayals of

modern defenders of

LIFE AND CAREER:

born

physical appearance of

and Eleanor of Aquitaine

early years of

as pawn in Henry II’s dynastic games

as unwitting cause of civil war

as puppet of his brother Geoffrey

as king of Ireland

bids to become king of Jerusalem

collaborates with Richard in 1187

and the crusades

as possible successor to Henry II

as only member of family at Henry’s last Christmas court

as possible husband for Alice

joins the winning side against his father (1189)

confirmed by Richard as Count of Mortain

habitually lenient treatment of, by Richard

accompanies Richard to England

marries Isabella of Gloucester

Richard’s attempts to marginalise

Accompanies Richard to Normandy (1190)

devious dealings with Welsh chiefs

plots in Richard’s absence

returns to England despite promise to Richard

rebels against Richard (1193-94)

relations and intrigues with Philip of France

intrigues against Richard

visits Philip in France

abandons Philip

pardoned by Richard

defeated by Philip at Vaudreuil

disputes succession with Arthur

recognised as heir by Richard

inspects Richard’s tomb

invested as duke of Normandy

crowned king of England

inherits Richard’s army

signs treaty of Le Goulet

tours Continental dominions

accused of surrendering to Philip (1200)

meets William of Scotland

casts off the Lusignans

marries Isabella of Angouleme

visits Paris

wins victory at Mirebeau

throws away fruits of Mirebeau

murders Arthur

loses Normandy

and failed attempt to relieve Chateau-Gaillard

campaigns in Britanny

flees to England

and initial troubles with the barons

plans expedition to Poitou

and his troubled relations with the barons

relations of, with William Marshal

organises defence of England

tours northern England

arrives at La Rochelle (1206)

takes Montauban

avoids pitched battle with Philip

makes peace with Philip (1206)

Scots policy of

Welsh policy of,

Irish policy of

visits Ireland (1210)

founds new towns

and the struggle with Innocent III

seizes Church property

becomes Pope’s vassal

and ambition to reconquer Normandy

builds European coalition

and suspicion of Otto IV of Germany

enlists Otto as ally against Philip

restores William Marshal to favour

prepares army for French campaign

embarks and disembarks

departs to harry the North

campaigns in Poitou

tries to catch Philip between two fires

and the devastating defeat at Bouvines

strategic incompetence of

signs truce with Philip

and the Unknown Charter of Liberties

and the final struggle with the barons (1215-16)

and the 1215 campaign

at Runnymede

seizes Dover Castle

seizes Rochester

makes overtures to Philip (1215-16)

leaves Rochester on march west

ducks a siege of London

harries the North

and the 1216 campaign

marches from North to East Anglia

winning war against the barons

thwarted by French intervention

retreats to the West Country

tries to prevent French from landing

ducks battle with Louis

comforted by Papal legate

tide turning against

retreats before French

takes heart from French failures

skulks in the West Country ( June-July 1216)

worried by junction of Louis and Alexander of Scotland

tide turning in favour of once more

marches east to East Anglia

fails to overhaul Alexander of Scotland

reaches King’s Lynn

cast down by death of Innocent III

acquiesces in surrender of Dover

loses baggage and jewels in the Wash

Louis VI, king of France

Louis VII, king of France

Louis the Dauphin, son of Philip Augustus (later Louis VIII)

Lusignan family

Magna Carta

Marshal, William

character and personality of

early life of,

knightly prowess of

as the Young King’s mentor

quarrel of, with the Young King

reconciled with the Young King

relations of, with Henry II

joins Henry on campaign against Philip Augustus (1188)

urges Henry II to conciliate Richard

attacks Richard but does not kill him (1189)

pardoned by Richard

as Richard’s envoy to release Eleanor of Aquitaine

showered with largesse by Richard

as lord of the Welsh marches

meets Richard in Normandy

at the battle of Fretal

praises Richard at Dangu

angry at papal legate

as Richard’s trusted counsellor

discusses succession with Hubert Walter

backs John as Richard’s successor

hatred of, for Lusignans

criticises John

at siege of Chateau-Gaillard

defeatism of, in Normandy

holds lands in both kingdoms

relations of, with John

feudal arrangements of, with Philip of France

Irish holdings of

in exile in Ireland

restored to favour

loyal friend of the Angevins

refuses to accompany John to Poitou

backs John against the barons

and his son

as peacemaker

embassy of, to Philip

advises John not to fight the French

supports John against the French

appointed Regent by John

as Regent

compels Louis to return to France

Matthew Paris (see also Notes passim)

Normandy reasons for loss of plans for reconquest of by John

Nottingham

Otto IV, German emperor

Outremer (see also Richard I on the Third Crusade), crusader kingdom of Palestine

papacy (see also Innocent III)

Patrick of Salisbury, earl

Pembroke, Richardt earl of, aka ‘Strongbow’

Peter of Blois

Philip Augustus, king of France

character and personality of

political shrewdness of

avarice of

revenues of

timidity of, as commander

relations of, with John

relations with Henry, the Young King

plots against Henry II

begins 30-year war against the Angevins

meets Henry II at Gisors in 1183 and 1186

friendship of, with Geoffrey

intrigues in Britanny

cunning manipulation of Alice issue by

invades Berry (1187 and 1188)

sets Richard against John

early friendship of, with Richard

loans to Richard

attitude of, to crusades

prepares for crusade

plays Richard off against Henry II and vice versa

and final conference at Gisors (1188)

campaigns against Henry II (1188-89)

poisons Richard’s mind against John

achieves final defeat of Henry II

and cooperation with Richard on Third Crusade

and misunderstanding with Richard over crusading oath

increasing tensions of, with Richard

remains neutral in Sicilian conflict

grudgingly cooperates with Richard

manipulates Tancred of Sicily against Richard

and rift with Richard

holds conference with Richard at Messina

leaves Sicily for Acre

arrives at Acre

recognises Conrad as king of Jerusalem

failure of, at Acre

disputes with Richard at Acre

quits the crusade

returns to France

meets emperor Henry VI

doublecrosses Richard

propaganda campaign of, against Richard

and overt hostility to Richard

intrigues with Henry VI

intrigues with John

military campaign against Richard (1193)

defeated outside Rouen

makes peace with Richard 236-37

and his disastrous marriage with Ingeborg

breaks the truce

wars against Richard (1194-99)

conquers eastern Normandy in Richard’s absensce

campaigns in Normandy

digs in in Seine valley

defeats John at Vaudreuil

gets favourable truce (1194)

ducks tournament of champions

doublecrosses Richard at Vaudreuil

switches theatre of war to the south

defeated by Richard at Issoundoun

intervenes in affairs of Britanny

gives asylum to Arthur

recaptures Nonancourt

marriage of, to Agnes

defeated by Baldwin of Flanders

dabbles in German politics

defies papal interdict

hit by war on two fronts

defeated at Dangu

agrees another truce after Dangu

under extreme pressure in Normandy

attacks Le Mans

attacks John in Normandy

backs Arthur for the succession

invades Maine

destroys Richard’s Flanders alliance

under papal interdict

signs treaty of Le Goulet (1200)

entertains John in Paris

attitude of, to John’s second message

appealed to by Lusignans

tries to charm John

loses patience with John

champions Arthur

conquers Normandy

besieges Chateau-Gaillard

takes Chateau-Gaillard

responsible for rise of France

attitude of, to feudal lands

makes triumphal tour of Normandy

suborns English barons

threatens England

invades Poitou,

and new truce with John

intrigues in Scotland

backs duke of Swabia

and German politics

intrigues in Flanders,

invades Flanders

prepares invasion of England

baulked by John’s submission to Innocent III

signs treaty with Frederick

fleet of, destroyed by English

faces war on two fronts

confronts Otto’s army

wins battle of Bouvines

signs truce with John

rejects John’s overtures (1215-16)

sends his son Louis to England

and decisive intervention on side of barons

rejects mediation of papal legate

and machiavellian collaboration with Louis

rebukes Louis for military ineptitude

Pisa and Pisans

Poitou and Poitevins

Puiset, Hugh du

Ralph de Faye, seneschal of Poitou

Ralph of Diceto

Raymond of Tripoli

Reginald of Chatillon

Renaud of Dammartin

Rhodes

Richard I, king of England, the Lionheart

personality and character of

physical appearance of

as Eleanor of Aquitaine’s favourite child

musical talent of

influence on, of troubadours

Angevin legacy of

influence on, of Aquitaine and its ethos and culture

impetuousness of

restlessness of

military genius of

talent of, at siegecraft

as master of strategy and logistics

reputation of

legends of

cinematic portrayals of

as hunter

talent of, as politician

as diplomat

attitude of, to England

as ‘bad king’ of England

grasp of Norman realities of

French as native language of

financial irresponsibility of

counterfactual estimate of

relations of, with Henry II

relations of, with Henry, the Young King

relations of, with his brother Geoffrey

relations of, with his half-brother Geoffrey

habitually lenient treatment of John of

as compared with John

favouritism of, for Otto IV

early betrothal of, to Alice of France (see also Alice)

becomes duke of Aquitaine

as lord of Aquitaine

in the rebellion of 1173-74

pardoned by Henry II

appointed the king’s agent in Aquitaine

campaigns in Gascony and the south (1176)

shows early military prowess

and struggle for mastery in Aquitaine

takes ‘impregnable’ Taillebourg castle

campaigns in Angouleme (1182)

fights the rest of his family for Aquitaine

campaigns against Raymond of Toulouse (1185)

and Berry campaign of 1187

suspicious of his father’s intentions for John

makes peace with Henry II (1187)

takes the Cross

and early friendship with Philip of France

makes preparations for crusade

campaigns against rebels in Aquitaine (1188)

final breach with Henry II

attacked by William Marshal

succeeds Henry II as king of England

early actions of, as king

and dealings with Philip of France when king

showers William Marshal with largesse

visits England (1189)

crowned king of England

and the arrangements for England before going on crusade

tries to neutralise John while on crusade

raises money for crusade

Welsh policy of

Scots policy of

travels through France on way to crusade

signs non-aggression pact with Philip Augustus

marries Berengaria

and the draconian order to his troops ,

journeys through Italy

arrives in Sicily

leaves Sicily and reaches Cyprus

campaigns in Cyprus

and the Third Crusade

at the siege of Acre

ill at Acre

negotiates surrender of Acre

alienates Leopold of Austria

negotiates terms with Saladin

slaughters Muslim prisoners

marches south from Acre

wounded

negotiates with Safadin

wins battle of Arsuf

reaches Jaffa

narrowly escapes capture

thinking of, concerning Jerusalem

marches on from Jaffa

moves his headquarters to Latrun

ponders military options at New Year, 1192

negotiates with Conrad and Guy of Lusignan

gets bad news from England

opts for Conrad as king of Outremer

sells Cyprus to Lusignans

blamed for murder of Conrad

summer campaign (1192) of

attacks Darum

glimpses Jerusalem

makes devastating attack on Saladin’s supply lines

wins battles of Jaffa

defeats Saladin’s commando attack

illness of

impact of, on Third Crusade

departs for Acre

lands at Corfu

intentions of, when leaving Acre

charters privateer galleys

lands at Ragusa

lands in estuary of Tagliamento

travels in disguise to Vienna

recurrence of illness of

arrested

imprisoned at Durnstein

ransom of

as prisoner of the German emperor

trial of, at Speyer

peacemaking role of, in German politics

at conference of Worms

at conference at Mainz

regains freedom

vows vengeance on Philip

German policy of

celebrates freedom in Cologne

lands in England

recoronation of

dealings of, with William of Scotland

makes war on Philip (1194)

wins victory at Angouleme

reconciled with Berengaria

intrigues with emperor Henry VI

defeats raiders of Dieppe

defeats Philip at Issoundoun

agrees truce at Louviers

invades Britanny (1196)

checked at Aumale

wounded

builds Chateau-Gaillard

abandons 40-year war against Toulouse

constructs alliance against Flanders

revival of military fortunes of (1197)

begins two-pronged offensive against Philip

agrees new truce with Philip

recognises John as his heir

intervenes in German politics

winning the battle against Philip

defeats Philip at Dangu

loses patience with papal legate

and his suspicions of John

campaigns around Limoges

hatred of, for Philip

and the Lusignans

death of

Richard of Devizes (see also Notes passim)

Robin Hood

Roger of Howden (see also Notes passim)

clashes with crusader states

defeats crusaders at Hattin (1187)

and power struggles within the Islamic world

and unsuccesful siege of Tyre (1187-88)

defensive campaign of, in 1189-90

and siege of Acre

negotiates with Richard

reaction of, to slaughter of Muslim prisoners

military technology of

military tactics of

defeated at Arsuf,

strategy of, after Arsuf

and the defence of Jerusalem

and the Assassins

cast down by the defeat of his supply caravan

attacks Jaffa,

commando attack of, on Richard’s camp

further discouraged by two defeats at Jaffa

opinion of, of Richard

Salisbury, William Longsword, earl of

Scotland

seapower and navies

Shakespeare

sheriffs and sheriffdom

Sicily description of

Tancred of Lecce, king of Sicily

tournaments , Richard’s attitude to

Tripoli

troubadours, importance of and influence

William the Conqueror

William, king of Scotland

William le Breton (see also Notes passim)

William of Newburgh (see also Notes passim)

William de Barres

women, role of (see also Eleanor of Aquitaine, Berengaria, Isabella of Angouleme, Joan, Alice)

wool trade

William des Roches