Introduction
Devine, Daniel James. “Execution, Not Surgery.” January 26, 2008. www.worldmag.com.
Eckholm, Erik and John Schwartz. “Oklahoma Vows Review in Botched Execution.” The New York Times, May 1, 2014.
Gibbs, Renwick. Letter to Stanley Cohen. June 22, 2004. Raleigh, North Carolina.
“Over 4% of US Death Row Prisoners Are Innocent, Finds Study.” April 29, 2014. http://www.countercurrents.org/cc290414A.htm.
Randall, Kate. “Texas Death Row Inmate Granted Last-Minute Stay of Execution.” May 14, 2014. www.wsws.org.
Richard, Heather, Austin Sarat, and Robert Henry Weaver. “Bad Drugs, Veins and Policy: Oklahoma Fits a Pattern of Botched US Executions.” May 2, 2014. Theguardian.com.
“State Killing: Scalia Doesn’t Care Whether You’re Innocent, You Get Executed Anyway.” August 20, 2009. http://deathpenaltynews.blogspot.com/2009/08/state-killing-scalia-doesnt-care.html.
The Editorial Board. “Don’t Be Cruel, Justice Scalia.” January 7, 2008. Theboardblogs.nytimes.com.
“The Supreme Court and Lethal Injection: When Is it Cruel and Unusual?” Abcnews.go.com.
Tosch, Chris. “State: Justices Ask About Pain of Execution.” Tampa Bay Times, April 27, 2006. www.sptimes.com.
Ungar, Rick. “Justice Scalia—Executing the Innocent Does Not Violate the Constitution.” August 17, 2009. Trueslant.com.
Vining, John B. Letter to Stanley Cohen. October 17, 2005. Raiford, Florida.
Part I: Official Misconduct
Kim, Alice & Parkin, Joan. “Meet The Death Row 10; A Victory for the Death Row 10: The Struggle Continues.” www.nodeathpenalty.org.
The New Yorker, August 4, 2014.
Aaron Patterson
Brant, Martha. “Last Chance Class.” Newsweek, May 31, 1999. www.truthinjustice.org.
Sherrer, Hans. “Illinois Governor George Ryan Pardoned Four Innocent Men Condemned to Death on January 10, 2003 and the Next Day He Cleared Illinois’ Death Row.” www.justicedenied.org.
Warden, Rob. “A Tortured Path to Death Row.” Center on Wrongful Convictions website. www.northwestern.edu.
Madison Hobley
Kubilus, Stephanie M. “Meet the Death Row 10: Madison Hobley.” September 2006. www.nodeathpenalty.org.
Sherrer, Hans. “Illinois Governor George Ryan Pardoned Four Innocent Men Condemned to Death on January 10, 2003 and the Next Day He Cleared Illinois’ Death Row.” www.justicedenied.org.
Warden, Rob. “Pardoned Based on Innocence in Concocted Confession Case.” Northewestern University School of Law Center on Wrongful Convictions website.
Leroy Orange
McNulty, Noreen. “Meet the Death Row 10: Leroy Orange’s Fight For Injustice.” www.nodeathpenalty.org.
Sherrer, Hans. “Illinois Governor George Ryan Pardoned Four Innocent Men Condemned to Death on January 10, 2003 and the Next Day He Cleared Illinois’ Death Row.” www.justicedenied.org.
Warden, Rob. Northwestern University School of Law Center on Wrongful Convictions website.
Stanley Howard
Main, Frank. “Cook County Judge Still Faces Claims in Torture Case.” October 22, 2008. www.truthinjustice.org.
Parkin, Joan. “Meet the Death Row Ten: Stanley Howard.” February 2000. www.nodeathpenalty.org.
Sherrer, Hans. “Illinois Governor George Ryan Pardoned Four Innocent Men Condemned to Death on January 10, 2003 and the Next Day He Cleared Illinois’ Death Row.” www.justicedenied.org.
Warden, Rob. “The Supreme Court Found Evidence “Overwhelming,” but Governor Ryan Found Otherwise.” Northwestern University School of Law Center on Wrongful Convictions website.
Glenn Ford
“After Nearly 30 Years on Death row, Glenn Ford is Exonerated.” www.washingtonpost.com.
Ford, Dana. “Louisiana’s Longest-Serving Death Row Prisoner Walks Free After 30 Years.” March 12, 2014. www.cnn.com.
“Glenn Ford, Louisiana Death Row Inmate, Ordered Released After 1984 Murder Conviction is Vacated by Judge.” March 11, 2014. www.cbsnews.com.
Possley, Maurice. The National Registry of Exonerations website.
Joe D’Ambrosio
Patterson, Thom. “Unique Skill Set Helps Save Man From Death Row.” March 21, 2014. www.cnn.com.
Nathson Edgar Fields
Goldbaum, Nate. “Feedom for Nathson Fields.” September 1999. www.nodeathpenalty.org.
Goldbaum, Nate. “Sentenced to Death by a Crook.” February 1998. www.nodeathpenalty.org.
Janssen, Kim. “Jury: Wrongfully Convicted Ex-El Rukn Member was Denied Fair Trial.” April 29, 2014. www.suntimes.com.
The National Registration of Exonerations. www.law.umich.edu.
Walberg, Matthew. “Judge’s injustice is Righted—23 Years Later.” April 9, 2009. articles.chicagotribune.com.
“After 11 Years on Death row, Where is the Justice For Nathson Fields?” August 1998. www.nodeathpenalty.org.
Harold C. Wilson
Possley, Maurice. The National Registry of Exonerations. www.law.umich.edu.
“The Story of Harold Wilson: Convicted of Triple Murder Sentenced to Die, Exonerated After 17 Years in Prison.” December 20, 2005. www.democracynow.org.
Gordon “Randy” Steidl
Dardick, Hal. “8 Years Later, Freed Man Wins $3.5 Million Award.” March 28, 2013. articles.chicagotribune.com.
Paul, Jim. “Ill. Man convicted in Killings Goes Free.” May 28, 2004. www.truthinjustice.org.
“Steidl’s Exoneration Pushes error Rate in Illinois Capital Cases to More Than 6%.” Center on Wrongful Convictions. www.law.northwestern.edu.
Sweeney, Annie. “Wrongful Conviction Case Against Police, Prosecutors Win Appeal.” May 30, 2012. articles.chicagotribune.com.
The National Registry of Exonerations. www.law.umich.edu.
Seth Penalver
Olmeda, Rafael. “Jury Finds Penalver Not Guilty in Casey’s Nickelodeon Triple Murder Case.” December 21, 2012. articles.sun-sentinel.com.
Possley, Maurice. The National Registry of Exonerations. www.law.umich.edu.
Wesley Quick
Gross, Alexandra. The National Registry of Exonerations. www.law.umich.edu.
Irsay, Steve. “After Leaving Death row, an Alabama Man is Tried for Burglary.” September 8, 2003. news.findlaw.com.
Lemuel Prion
Gross, Alexandra. The National Registry of Exonerations. www.law.umich.edu.
Innes, Stephanie. “Prion’s Siblings Testify of Father’s Abuse.” June 30, 1999. www.tucsoncitizen.com.
Daniel Wade Moore
Gross, Alexandra. The National Registry of Exonerations. www.law.umich.edu.
Peter Limone
Butterfield, Fox. “Ex-Prosecutor Tells of Ties Between F.B.I. and Mob.” The New York Times, December 6, 2002.
“FBI To Be Sued for $300 Million.” TalkLeft.com, August 25, 2002. http://www.talkleft.com/archives/000759.html.
Finucane, Martin. “Man Freed After Serving 32 Years.” Associated Press, January 5, 2001. Truth in Justice website. http://www.truthinjustice.org/limone.htm.
Lawrence, J.M. “Judge: Lawyer can reveal hit man’s confession.” Boston Herald, December 23, 2000. http://AmericanMafia.com/news/12-23-00_Hit_Mans_Confession.html.
Lawrence, J.M. “Lawyer urges judge to free man jailed in 1965 Mob killing.” Boston Herald, January 2, 2001.
Limone, Olympia with Kathleen Powers. “My Story: I Knew My Husband Was Innocent.” Good Housekeeping, October 2002.
Maguire, Ken. “Wrongly Jailed Man Gets Apology.” Associated Press. Truth in Justice website. http://www.truthinjustice.org/limoneapology.htm.
May, Allan. “Providence Mob.” Court TV’s Crime Library: Crimnial Minds and Methods. http://www.crimelibrary.com/gangers_outlaws/family_epics/providence_mob/1.html.
Prothero, P. Mitchell. “FBI ‘knew innocent men were jailed’.” UPI, 25 April 2001. http://www.gospelcom.net/apologeticsindex/news1/an01042413.html.
Sherrer, Hans. “Four Men Exonerated of 1965 Murder After FBI Frameup is Exposed.” Justice Denied, Vol. 2, issue 5. http://www.justicedenied.org.fourmen.htm.
The Ford Heights 4: Verneal Jimerson, Dennis Williams, Willie Rainge, Kenny Adams
Armstong, Ken, and Robert Becker. “Record Ford Heights 4 Payout May Not Be End.” Chicago Tribune, March 4, 1999. Illinois Death Penalty website. http//sun.soci.niu.edu/~critcrim/wrong/ford4-suit.html.
Armstrong, Ken and Maurice Possley. “Reversal of Fortune.” Chicago Tribune, January 13, 1999. Illinois Death Penalty website. http://sun.soci.niu.edu/~critcrim/wrong/tribpros13.html.
“Former Death Row Inmate Not Angry.” Associated Press. http://www.suburbanchicagonews.com/joliet/prisons/executed/williams.html.
Higgins, Dr. Edmund. “Wrongfully Convicted.”
“Long Road From Death Row to Freedom.” Associated Press. http://www.suburbanchicagonews.com/joliet/prisons/executed/willias.html.
Warden, Rob. Northwestern University School of Law Center on Wrongful Convictions website.
Earl Charles
Death Penalty Information website.
Radelet, Michael L., Hugo Adam Bedau, and Constance E. Putnam. “In Spite of Innocence.”
Radelet, Michael L., Hugo Adam Bedau, Constance E. Putnam. “In Spite of Innocence.”
Warden, Rob. Northwestern University School of Law Center on Wrongful Convictions website.
Michael Graham and Albert Burrell
Campbell, Ward A. “Innocence’ Critique.”
Louisiana Coalition to Abolish the Death Penalty website. http://lcadp.org/janfeb01.htm.
Reynolds, David. “DNA Testing Frees Death Row Inmate.” Inclusion Daily Express, January 3, 2001.
Rimer, Sara. “Two Death-Row Inmates Exonerated in Louisiana.” The New York Times, January 6, 2001.
Thoming-Gale, Stormy. “Free Men Walking.” Justice Denied. Vol. 2, Issue 3.
Joaquin Martinez
Campbell, Ward A. “Innocence’ Critique.”
Nguyen, Dong-Phuong. “Man Once on Death Row Acquitted of 2 Murders.” St. Petersburg Times, June 7, 2001.
“Spaniard Returns Home After U.S. Death Sentence Quashed.” Reuters, June 10, 2001. http://www.gospelcom.net/apologeticsindex/news1/an01061106.html.
Juan Robert Melendez
Berkowitz, Nill. “A Dead Man Walking Toward Freedom?” Working For Change, December 23, 2001. Truth in Justice website. http://www.truthinjustice.org/melendez.htm.
Campbell, Ward A. “‘Innocence’ Critique.”
“Exonerated from Death Row.” Australian Coalition Against the Death Penalty.
Karp, David. “Judge Cites Prosecutor Trickery, Orders Retrial.” St. Petersburg Times, December 6, 2001. http://www.oranous.com/JuanMelendez/cites.htm.
Kerry Cook
Death Penalty Information Center website.
Goldwasser, Amy. “The Exonerated.” Salon.com, October 20, 2000. http://dir.salon.com/news/feature/2000/10/20/exonerated/index.html.
Higgins, Dr. Edmund. “Wrongfully Convicted.”
Part II: Eyewitness Error & False Accusation
Anthony Porter
Warden, Rob. Northwestern University School of Law Center on Wrongful Convictions website.
Rudolph Holton
Goldman, Lawrence & Mason, Cheney. “Holton Case Shows Need for New Law.” January 29, 2003. articles.orlandosentinel.com.
Karp, David. “New Stories Cast Doubt on a Murder Verdict—Witnesses and New Evidence Run Counter to Those Presented at a Man’s Homicide Trial in 1986.” St Petersburg Times, April 24, 2001.
Oprea, Karen. National Registry of Exonerations. www.law.umich.edu.
John Thompson
Fitzpatrick, Anna. “The deep roots of prosecutorial misconduct.” May 24,2013. http://floridainnocence.org/content/?tag=john-thompson.
Grinberg, Emanuella. “Life After Death Row: helping break the ‘jailhouse mentality’.” April 5, 2014. http://www.cnn.com/2014/04/04/05/death-row-stories-thompson/index.html.
Gross, Alexandra. The National Registry of Exonerations. www.law.umich.edu.
“Holding Prosecutors Accountable: A Recent Supreme Court Decision Begs the Question of What, if Anything, Prosecutors Can be Held Accountable For.” Innocence Project. www.innocenceproject.org.
Alan Gell
“Current Status of North Carolina’s Death Penalty.” Home Page for North Carolina Coalition for Alternatives to the Death Penalty.
“NC Will Pay $3.9 Million in Wrongful Conviction Case.” October 1, 2009. www.thecrimereport.org.
Neal, David. “Former Death Row Inmate Alan Gell Aquitted—North Carolina Needs a Moratorium on Executions Now.” February 18, 2004. Death Penalty Information Center. http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/node/1049.
The National Registry of Exonerations. www.law.umich.edu.
Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Gell.
“With Execution Stalled, N.C. Murder Rate Falls.” Home Page for North Carolina Coalition for Alternatives to the Death Penalty website.
Jonathan Hoffman
Gross, Alexandra. The National Registry of Exonerations. www.law.umich.edu.
“Charges Dismissed in case of Wrongfully Convicted Death Row Inmate Jonathan Hoffman.” December 11, 2007. Death Watch North Carolina. http://deathwatch.wordpress.com.
Glen Edward Chapman
Gross, Alexandra. The National Registry of Exonerations. www.law.umich.edu.
“Glen Edward Chapman Wrongfully Sentenced to Die in NC.” 2014. http://nccadp.org/stories/ed-chapman.
“The Long Road from Exoneration to Compensation.” May 22, 2012. www.innocenceproject.org.
Levon “Bo” Jones
Possley, Maurice. The National Registry of Exonerations. www.law.umich.edu.
“Man Wrongfully Convicted of Murder Released from Jail After 20 Years.” August 13, 2013. www.businessinsider.com.
Michael Blair
Innocence Project. http://www.innocenceproject.org/content/Michael_Blair.php.
Gross, Alexandra. The National Registry of Exonerations. www.law.umich.edu.
“Texas Death Row Conviction Overturned.” June 26, 2008. www.innocenceproject.org.
Yancy Douglas and Paris Powell
Gross, Alexandra. The National Registry of Exonerations. www.law.umich.edu.
Anthony Graves
Death Penalty Information Center. http://tcadp.org/get_informed/wrongful-conviction.
“Death Penalty.” Susan Lee Solar Memorial. http://www.aimproductions.com/SusanLee/DeathPenalty.html.
“Anthony Graves: The TT Interview.” The Texas Tribune.
Smith, Jordan. “Holding Prosecutors Accountable: Anthony Graves Seeking Justice for Wrongful Conviction.” January 21, 2014. www.austinchronicle.com.
“Anthony Graves, Former Death Row Inmate, Creates Scholarship in Name of Attorney Who Saved His Life.” Huffington Post, October 17, 2013. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/10/17/anthony-graves-scholarship_n_4118176.html.
Grissom, Brandi. “Comptroller Pays Anthony Graves $1.4 Million.” June 30, 2011. www.texastribune.org.
“Texas Wrongful Convictions: The Anthony Graves Story.” January 8, 2014. http://www.texascjc.org/texas-wrongful-convictions-anthony-graves-story.
Ryan Matthews
Innocence Project. http://www.innocenceproject.org/content/Ryan_Matthews.Php.
International Justice Project. http://www.internationaljusticeproject.org/juvRMatthews.cfm.
Part III: False Forensics
Anthony Ray Hinton
Chandler, Kim. “Alabama Man Freed after Nearly 30 Years on Death Row.” Yahoo News, April 3, 2015.
Phillip, Abby. “Alabama Death Row Inmate is Free after 30 Years. How The Case Against Him Unraveled.” Washington Post.
Silva, Daniella. “Anthony Ray Hinton, Alabama Man Who Spent 30 Years on Death Row, Has Case Dismissed.” www.nbcnews.com.
Faulk, Kent. “Anthony Ray Hinton Free After Nearly 30 Years on Alabama Death Row.” April 3, 2015. AL.com.
Blinder, Alan. “Alabama Man on Death Row for Three Decades is freed as State’s Case Erodes.” April 4, 2015: A11.
Timothy Howard and Gary Lamar James
Gross, Alexandra. The National Registry of Exonerations. www.law.umich.edu.
Trimble, Mandie. “Wrongful Conviction Trial Resumes After a One Day Recess.” March 14, 2006. Wosu.org.
Trimble, Mandie. “Wrongful Conviction: Jury Deliberates.” 14 March 2006. wosu.org.
Trimble, Mandie. “Man Who Wins Million Dollar Settlement in Wrongful Conviction Dies.” March 19, 2007. wosu.org.
Stoddard, Teri. “PR: Wrongful Conviction and Prosecutor Misconduct at Issue in Upcoming Hearing for Arkansas Death Row Man.” October 23, 2013. www.saveservices.org.
Ernest Ray Willis
Gross, Alexandra. The National Registry of Exonerations. www.law.umich.edu.
“Improving Forensics to End Injustice.” Innocence Project. www.innocenceproject.org.
“Collier Double Murder Conviction Overturned.” NBC 2 News, February 24, 2006. http://www.nbc-2.com/news/documents/060223_ballard-overturn.pdf.
“More on the Ballard Case and its Impact.” Daytona Beach New Journal Editorial, February 28, 2006. http://www.tcadp.net/2006/03/02/more-on-the-ballard-case-and-its-impact/.
Radelet, Michael L. “Flight to Avoid Prosecution for Drunk Driving Took Him to the Brink of Execution for Murder.” http://www.law.northwestern.edu/wrongfulconvictions/exonerations/wvabaileyrbsummary.html.
Curtis Edward McCarty
Innocence Project. http://www.innocenceproject.org/content/Curtis_McCarty.php.
Massie, Alana. “After 21 Years in Prison—Including 16 on Death Row—Curtis McCarty is Exonerated Based on DNA Evidence.” Innocence Project. www.innocenceproject.org.
The National Registry of Exonerations. www.law.umich.edu.
Michael Lee McCormick
Coffey, John Mott. “DNA Evidence Set Clear Two Noxubee County Men Convicted of Rape and Murder.” http://truthinjustice.org/kenned-brewer2.htm.
Massie, Alana. “Two Innocent Men Cleared Today in Seperate Murder Cases in Mississippi; 15 Years after Wrongful Convictions.” Innocence Project. www.innocenceproject.org.
“Mississippi Exonerations Spark Reforms.” Innocence Project. www.innocenceproject.org.
The National Registry of Exonerations. www.law.umich.edu
Paul House
Gross, Alexandra. The National Registry of Exonerations. www.law.umich.edu.
Innocence Project. http://www.innocenceproject.org/content/Paul_House.php.
“Paul House Exonerated in Tennessee.” The New York Times, May 13, 2009.
Gussie Vann
Possley, Maurice. The National Registry of Exonerations, March 26, 2014. www.law.umich.edu.
Warden, Rob. Northwestern University School of Law Center on Wrongful Convictions website.
Kirk Bloodsworth
Campaign for Criminal Justice Reform. http://justice.policy.net/cjreform/wrong/.
Chebium, Raju. “DNA Provides New Hope for Wrongly-Convicted Death Row Inmates.” CNN.com, June 16, 2000. http://www7.cnn.com/2000/LAW/06/16/death.penalty.dna.main/.
Chebium, Raju. “Innocence Project Credited With Expanding Awareness of DNA Testing in Law Enforement.” CNN.com, December 22, 2000. http://edition.cnn.com/2000/LAW/12/22/innocence.project.crim/.
Chebium, Raju. “Kirk Bloodsworth, Twice Convicted of Rape and Murder, Exonerated by DNA Evidence.” CNN.com, June 20, 2000/http://www.cnn.com/2000/LAW/06/20/bloodsworth.profile/.
Ray Krone
Death Penalty Information Center website.
“History and Timeline.” The Ray Krone Story. York Daily Record, 2001. http://www.ydr.com/page/krone/background/.
Wagner, Dennis, Beth DeFalco, Patricia Biggs. “DNA frees Arizona inmate after 10 years in prison: 10 years included time on death row.” The Arizona Republic, April 9, 2002.
Part IV: Snitch Testimony
“How the False Testimony of Snitches Results in Wrongful Convictions.” LawInfo website.
“Snitch Testimony. ” Midwest Innocence Project website.
Sonia Jacobs
“Florida’s Exonerated Death Row Prisoners.” Floridians for Alternatives to the Death Penalty website.
Freedberg, Sydney P. “Freed From Death Row.” Death Penalty Information Center website.
Grassroots Investigation Project of Equal Justice, U.S.A. “Reasonable Doubts: Is the U.S. Executing innocent People?” Equal Justice, U.S.A. October 26, 2000. http://www.quixote.org/ej/grip/reasonabledoubt/reasonabledoubt.pdf.
Warden, Rob. Northwestern University School of Law Center on Wrongful Convictions website.
Joseph Amrine
Gross, Alexandra. the National Registry of Exonerations. www.law.umich.edu.
“State of Missouri v. Joseph Amrine.” Death Penalty Information Center. www.deathpenaltyinfo.org.
The Justice Project- Profile of Injustice. www.victimsofthestate.org.
Laurence Adams
Gross, Alexandra. The National Registry of Exonerations. www.law.umich.edu.
Lawrence, J.M. “Laurence Adams: Man Ends 30 Wrongful Years Behind Bars Today.” Boston Herald,” May 20, 2014.
Dan L. Bright
Gross, Alexandra. The National Registry of Exonerations. www.law.umich.edu.
Innocence Project New Orleans. http://ip-no.org/exonoree-profile/dan-bright.
Derrick Jamison
Gross, Alexandra. The National Registry of Exonerations. www.law.umich.edu.
“Ohio Inmate Becomes 119th Innocent Person Freed From Death Row.” Death Penalty Information Center. http://truthinjustice.org/jamison.htm.
Witness to Innocence. http://www.witnesstoinnocence.org/exonerees/derrick-jamison.html.
Michael Toney
Gross, Alexandra. The National Registry of Exonerations. www.law.umich.edu.
Wrongful Conviction- TCADP. http://tcadp.org/get-informed/wrongful-conviction.
Reginald Griffin
Possley, Maurice, The National Registry of Exonerations, www.law.umich.edu, October 29, 2013.
Sherrer, Hans. “Reginald Griffin’s 1988 Murder Conviction Based on Jailhouse Snitch Testimony Overturned by Missouri Supreme Court.” August 5, 2011. http://justicedenied.org/wordpress/archives/1413.
Nicholas Yarris
Innocence Project. http://www.innocenceproject.org/content/Nicholas_Yarris.php.
The National Registry of Exonerations. http://www.innocenceproject.org.
“Compensating Wrongly Convicted James Richardson.” www.wjhg.com.
James Creamer
Georgia Moratorium Campaign. http://www.georgiamoratorium.org/.
Higgins, Dr. Edmund. “Official Misconduct.” http://www.dredmundhiggins.com/officialmisconduct.htm.
Higgins, Dr. Edmund. “Wrongfully Convicted.”
Radelet, Michael L., Hugo Adam Bedau, and Constance E. Putnam. In Spite of Innocence.
Warden, Rob. Northwestern University School of Law Center on Wrongful Convictions website.
Neil Ferber
Equal Justice, U.S.A. “Police Abuses in Philadelphia.” http://www.quixote.org/ej/archives/mumia/corr2.html.
“Exonerated from Death Row.” Australian Coalition against the Death Penalty.
Fazlollah, Mark, Mark Bowden, and Richard Jones. “City Will Pay $1.9 Million to Man over Unjust Jailing.” Philadelphia Inquirer, August 15, 1996.
Illinois Death Penalty Education Project. “Summaries of 46 Cases in Which Mistaken or Perjured Eyewitness Testimony Put Innocent Persons on Death Row.” IllinoisDeathPenalty.com. Chicago, IL. http://www.illinoisdeathpenatly.com/eyewitness.html.
Warden, Rob. Northwestern University School of Law Center on Wrongful Convictions website.
Willie Brown and Larry Troy
Campaign for Criminal Justice Reform website. The Justice Project.
Campbell, Ward A. “ ‘Innocence’ Critique.”
Illinois Coalition Against the Death Penalty. http//www.icadp.org/.
Warden, Rob. Northwestern University School of Law Center on Wrongful Convictions website.
Walter McMillian
Amnesty International. “Appendix: Statement of Joseph ‘Shabaka’ Green Brown.” From “Fatal Flaws: Innocence and the Death Penalty.”
Halperin, Rick. “Death Penalty News and Updates.” http://people.smu.edu/rhalperi/.
Halperin, Rick. “Death Penalty News: October 1997.” Abolish Archives. http://venus.soci.niu.edu/~archives/ABOLISH.
Halperin, Rick. “Death Penalty News: October 2000.” Abolish Archives. http://venus.soci.niu.edu/~archives/ABOLISH.
Humes, Edward. Mean Justice. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1999. Excerpted on Steven Shurka and Associates. www.crimlaw.org/defbrief63.html.
Illinois Coalition Against the Death Penalty. http://www.icadp.org/.
Protest Net. http://www.protest.net.
Sealey, Geraldine. “Society’s Debt: Who Pays When Innocent Men Go to Jail? Sometimes No One.” ABCNEWS.com. August 8, 2002. http//abcnews.go.com/sections/us/DailyNews/compensation020808.html.
Warden, Rob. Northwestern University School of Law Center on Wrongful Convictions website.
Weinstein, Henry. “Death Penalty Foes Focus Effort on the Innocent.” Los Angeles Times, November 16, 1998. http://www.texas-justice.com/latimes/latimes981116.htm.
Curtis Kyles
Amnesty International USA Death Penalty website.
Campbell, Ward A. “ ‘Innocence’ Critique.”
Fight the Death Penalty in the U.S.A. http://www.fdp.dk/uk/released.html.
Illinois Coalition Against the Death Penalty. http://www.icadp.org/.
Illinois Death Penalty Education Project. “Summaries of 46 Cases in Which Mistaken or Perjured Eyewitness Testimony Put Innocent Persons on Death Row.”
Lovinger, Caitlin. “Death Row’s Living Alumni.” The New York Times, August 22, 1999. www.protest.net/view/cgi?view=1501.
Robinson, Mary. “Re: Feingold Sponsoring Bill to Abolish Death Penalty.” Abolish Archives. http://venus.soci.niu.e4du/~archives/ABOLISH/dec99/0097.html.
“Testimony of Brian A. Stevenson.” Post-Conviction DNA Testing and Preventing Wrongful Convictions of the Innocent. United States Senate Judiciary Committee. June 13, 2000. http://judiciary.senate.gov/oldsite/6132000_bas.htm.
Part V: False Confession
Henry Lee McCollum and Leon Brown
Blinder, Alan. “Pardons Elude Men Freed After Decades in Prison”. The New York Times, March 17, 2015.
Eckholm, Erik & Katz, Jonathan M. “DNA Evidence Clears Two Men in 1983 Murder.” September 2, 2014. NYTimes.com.
Eckholm, Erik & Katz, Jonathan M. “DNA Evidence Clears Two Men Convicted In Girls’ 1983 Murder” The New York Times, September 3, 2014: A14.
Katz, Jonathan M. “From Death Row to Unfamiliar World.” The New York Times, September 4, 2014: A17.
Oppel Jr., Richard A. “As Two Men Go Free, A Dogged Former Prosecutor Digs In.” The New York Times, September 8, 2014: A13.
“The Innocent on Death Row.” The New York Times, September 4, 2014: A26.
Ronald Kitchen and Marvin Reeves
“Burge Victim Ronald Kitchen Latest Illinois Death Row Exoneree.” www.law.northwestern.edu.
“Chicago Mayor Rahm Emanuel issues Apology for Police Torture in Decades-long Scandal.” http://www.law.northwestern.edu/.
“Finance committee Approves $12.3 Million Settlement with Police.” www.law.northwestern.edu.
“Ronald Kitchen sues Burge, Daley, Others for Torture and Wrongful Conviction.” August 10, 2010. www.law.northwestern.edu.
Torture Victims Ronald Kitchen and Marvin Reeves.” September 6, 2013. www.law.northwestern.edu.
The National Registry of Exonerations. www.law.umich.edu.
Robert Springsteen and Michael Scott
“Lehmberg Answers Springsteen Suit: D.A. argues innocence cannot be declared in civil court.” April 11, 2014. www.austinchronicle.com.
Possley, Maurice. The National Registry of Exonerations. www.law.umich.edu.
Smith, Jordan. “Springsteen Sues for Wrongful Conviction.” May 31, 2013. www.austinchronicle.com.
Damon Thibodeaux
Gross, Alexandra. The National Registry of Exonerations. www.law.umich.edu.
Innocence Project. http://www.innocenceproject.org/content/Damon_Thibodeaux.php.
Warden, Rob. “False Confession Sent Him to Death Row; DNA Exonerated Him 15 Years Later.” www.law.northwestern.edu.
Kevin Richardson, Yusef Salaam, Kharey Wise, Raymond Santana, Antron McCray
Otis, Ginger Adams. “‘Jogger’ Wrong Righted: central park five get $40M settlement in ’89 rape case.” Daily News, June 20, 2014.
Weiser, Benjamin. “Settlement Approved in ’89 Jogger Case, City Deflects Blame.” The New York Times, September 6, 2014.
Aucoin, Laurie. “Righting Wrongful Convictions.” Northwestern Magazine. Spring 1999. http://www.northwestern.edu/magazine.northwestern/spring99/convictions.htm.
Lovinger, Caitlin. “Death Row’s Living Alumni.” The New York Times, August 22, 1999.
Rummel, Carolyn. “Exonerated: Powerful Anti-Death Penalty Theater.” People’s Weekly World, October 19, 2002.
Warden, Rob. Northwestern University School of Law Center on Wrongful Convictions website.
“The Wrongly Convicted.” The Patrick Crusade website. http://www.patrickcrusade.org/wrongful.htm.
Robert Lee Miller Jr.
“The 17 Innocent People Who Lived.” American Civil Liberties Union website. http://archive.aclu.org/issues/death/17exonerated.html.
Higgins, Dr. Edmund. “Wrongfully Convicted.”
“Innocence and the Death Penalty.” Death Penalty Institute of Oklahoma website. March 18 2001. http://www.dpio.org/issues/innocence.html.
“News Archives: June 2000.” Death Penalty Institute of Oklahoma website. March 18, 2001. http://www.dpio.org/archives/News/News_2000_06.html.
Scheck, Barry, Peter Neufeld, and Jim Dwyer. Actual Innocence. New York: Doubleday, 2000.
David Keaton
“Exonerated from Death Row.” Australian Coalition Against the Death Penalty.
Floridians for Alternatives to the Death Penalty website.
“The Wrongly Convicted.” The Patrick Crusade website.
Johnny Ross
Amnesty International. “Indecent and Internationally Illegal: The Death Penalty Against Child Ofeenders.” 25 September 2002. Amnesty International website. http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/engAMR511442002?Opend-Document&of=COUNTRIES?OpendDocuments&of=COUNTRIES.
Berrigan, Patrick J., and Jennifer Brewer. “Appellants Suggestions as to the Applicability of Aitkens v. Virginia to the Issues in Mr. Simmons’ Case.” State of Missouri v. Christopher Simmons. Case No. SC84454. 20 July 2002. http://www.abanet.org/crimjust/juvjus/simmonsatkins.pdf.
Campbell, Ward A. “Innocence Critique.”
“The Wrongly Convicted.” The Patrick Crusade website.
Part VI: Long-Term Confinement
The Scarcella Factor
Bandler, Jonathan. “Deskovic to Get Trial vs. Putnam.” The Journal News, 29 June 2014.
“Brooklyn D.A. Clears 7th Convict in Case Review.” Associated Press, June 3, 2014.
Clifford, Stephanie. “Another Man Freed as Brooklyn District Attorney’s Office Reviews Cases.” The New York Times, June 4, 2014.
“Officials Affirm Conviction in ‘03 Murder.” The New York Times, January 13, 2015.
“Take Steps to Prevent Wrongful Convictions.” The Journal News, June 8, 2014.
David Ranta
Clifford, Stephanie. “Family of Framed Man Sues City and Police.” June 19, 2014.
Hays, Tom. “Louis Scarcella, Retired NYPD Detective with Storied Career, Defends Record in David Ranta Case.” March 30, 2013. www.huffingtonpost.com.
“Witness Who Helped Put David Ranta in Prison for Murder of Rabbi Werzberger Reveals Why he Recanted Testimony.” May 4, 2015. www.matzav.com.
Love, David A. “Dirty Ex-Cop Louis Scarcella’s Framing of Innocent Black Men is Costing NYC Millions.” January 14, 2015.
Derrick Hamilton
Clifford, Stephanie. “Ex-Detective Defends His Methods Again.” The New York Times, December 5, 2014.
Clifford, Stephanie. “Wrongly Convicted Man was His Own Best Advocate.” The New York Times, January 10, 2014.
Flynn, Sean. “Brooklyn’s Baddest Cop: Louis Scarcella.” GQ Magazine, August 14, 2014.
The Three Brothers
Clifford, Stephanie. “Judge Voids Murder Convictions For 3 Half Brothers Linked to Detective.” The New York Times, May 7, 2014.
Clifford, Stephanie & Robles, Frances. “3 Exonerated in Cases Tied to a Detective.” The New York Times, May 6, 2014.
Clifford, Stephanie and Weiser, Benjamin. “City Settles Three Brothers’ Wrongful Conviction Cases for $17 Million.” The New York Times, January 12, 2015.
Davis, Lorri & Echols, Damien. Yours for Eternity: A Love Story on Death Row. New York: Penguin Random House, 2014.
Hays, Tom and Peltz, Jennifer. “Brooklyn Prosecutor to Re-examine 90 Convictions.” The New York Times, May 26, 2014.
Love, David A. “Dirty Ex-Cop Louis Scarcella’s Framing of Innocent Black Men is Costing NYC Millions.” January 14, 2015. www.thegrio.com.
“New York to pay brothers $17 million in wrongful conviction settlements.” Reuters, January 2015.
The National Registry of Exonerations website.
“Three Men to be Exonerated in Scarcella Review.” The Innocence Project website.
Rosean S. Hargrave
Clifford, Stephanie. “Court and Brooklyn District Attorney’s Office Revisit 2 Contested Convictions.” The New York Times, September 17, 2014.
Clifford, Stephanie. “Ex- Detective, Defending Work in Disputed ’91 Murder Case, Points to Role of Prosecutors.” The New York Times, September 25, 2014.
Clifford, Stephanie. “Brooklyn District Attorney to Appeal New Trial for Man Convicted in 1991 Killing.” The New York Times, May 11, 2015.
Love, David A. “Dirty Ex-Cop Louis Scarcella’s Framing of Innocent Black Men is Costing NYC Millions.” January 14, 2015. www.thegrio.com.
Santora, Marc and Schweber, Nate. “Convicted of 1991 Murder, Man is Ordered Released.” The New York Times, April 15, 2015.
Troiano, Charisma L. “One Detective’s History of Providing False Evidence Gives Grounds for Brooklyn Defendant’s New Trial.” Brooklyn Daily Eagle, April 15, 2015.
“Man Convicted in 1991 Murder Released, Gets New Trial.” April 15, 2015. www.UPI.com.
Shabaka Shakur
Clifford, Stephanie. “New Trial is Ordered for Man Convicted in 1988 Killings.” The New York Times, June 3, 2015.
Clifford, Stephanie. “Prosecutor Won’t Retry Man Granted New Trial in 2 Killings.” The New York Times, June 4, 2015.
Clifford Stephanie and John Surico. “Judge Orders Man Freed after 27 Years Behind Bars.” The New York Times, June 5, 2015.
Remrick, Noah. “Released After 27 Years, An Ex-Inmate is Mindful of a Detective’s Cases.” The New York Times, June 9, 2015.
Eltman, Frank. “Man Vows to Fight for Justice.” The Journal News, May 2014.
“Marty Tankleff Considering Run for Congress After Earning Law Degree.” CBS New York.
“Martin Tankleff Gets $3.7 Million for Wrongful Murder Conviction.” www.huffingtonpost.com.
“Martin Tankleff to Receive Law Degree.” Newsday.
“Marty Tankleff, Wrongfully Imprisoned NY Man, Settles Suit Against NY State.” January 8, 2014. CBS News.
Ricky Jackson
“Ohio: Man Convicted in 1975 Killing is to be Freed.” The New York Times, November 20, 2014.
“Ricky Jackson, Wrongfully Convicted of Murder, to be Freed After 39 Years in Prison.” November 21, 2014.
Apuzzo, Matt & Smith, Mitch. “Police in Cleveland Accept Tough Standards on Force.” The New York Times, May 27, 2015.
“Cleveland Police Cited for Abuse by Justice Department.” December 4, 2014. NYTimes.com.
Dewan, Shaila & Oppel Jr., Richard A. “Many Errors by Cleveland Police, Then a Fatal One.” The New York Times, January 23, 2015.
“Prosecutors dismiss 39-year-old Murder Charges against Kwame Ajamu, Wiley Bridgeman and Ricky Jackson.” November 20, 2015.
“Ricky Jackson and Wiley Bridgeman: Exonerated Friends Leave Prison After 39 Years Behind Bars.” November 20, 2014. Cleveland.com.
The National Registry of Exonerations. www.law.umich.edu.
“Two Men Wrongfully Convicted Released from Prison After 39 Years.” WTOC-TV website.
Michael Morton
Kristof, Nicholas. “When They Imprison the Wrong Guy.” July, 6 2014.
The Innocence Project website.
Dewey Bozella
Berger, Joseph. “Wrongfully Serving 26 Years, Man Settles Case.” The New York Times, January 13, 2015.
Denzel, Stephanie. National Registry of Exonerations. www.law.umich.edu.
Afterword: United States vs. Criminal Justice
“A Lifetime on California’s Death Row.” The New York Times, July 21, 2014.
Douthat, Ross. “The Dannemora Dilemma.” June 2015.
“Exonerated Death Row Inmate Glenn Ford Dies of Cancer.” KSLA News 12.
“Four Decades of Solitary in Louisiana.” The New York Times, November 22, 2014.
Goldstein, Dana. “Too Old to Commit Crime?” The New York Times, March 22, 2015.
Goode, Erica. “Judge’s Decision to Hear Inmates’ Case threatens Practice of Solitary Confinement.” The New York Times, June 4, 2014.
“Justice Kennedy on Solitary Confinement.” The New York Times, June 20, 2015.
“Justice Kennedy’s Plea to Congress.” The New York Times, April 5, 2015.
Liptak, Adam. “With Subtle Signals, Justices Request the Cases They Want to Hear.” The New York Times, July 7, 2015.
Robertson, Campbell. “The Man Who Says Louisiana Should ‘Kill More’.” The New York Times, June 8, 2015.
“Steering a 1787 Convention to Produce a Document for Nation-Building.” The New York Times, June 30, 2015.
Swanson, David. “’The degree of civilization in a society,’ said Dosteyevsky ‘can be judged by entering its prisons.’.” r3volution! News website.
Weber, Bruce. “Glenn Ford, Spared death row, Dies at 65.” The New York Times, July 3, 2015.
Kalief Browder
Dwyer, Jim. “A Life That Frayed as Bail Reform Withered.” The New York Times, June 10, 2015
Schwirtz, Michael, and Michael Winerip. “Man Held at Rikers Jail for 3 Years Without Trial Commits Suicide at 22.” June 7, 2015.
“Suicide Prompts Remarks by Mayor: Man served time as teen on Rikers Island.” Associated Press, June 9, 2015: 11A.
“The Death of Kalief Browder.” The New York Times, June 10, 2015.
Bail System
Dewan, Shaila. “Poor, Accused and Punished by Bail System: Critics point to debt and ruined lives.” The New York Times, June 11, 2015.
Incarceration
International Centre for Prison Studies website.
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development website.
“Prisoners Per 100,000: US Has Highest Incarceration Rate in the World.” Wikipedia.org.
Scommegna, Paula and Tysen Tsai. Population Reference Bureau.
“U.S. Has World’s Highest Incarceration Rate.” Wikipedia.org.
“United States Incarceration Rate.” Wikipedia.org.
Albert Woodfox, Angola 3
The Woodfox case proceeded as this book was being written. Articles from day-to-day articles in The New York Times, beginning on June 11, 2015, were our chief source of information.
“The Last of the Angola Three still in Prison Waits Again To Be Released, or Retried.” The New York Times, June 11, 2015.
Glenn Ford
The Glenn Ford case is covered in detail in Part 1. The aftermath—the apology offered by the prosecuting attorney, the state of Louisiana Justice, and finally Ford’s death—were covered in The New York Times and the Shreveport Times.
Swanson, David. “War is a Lie.” Published in April. Just World Books.
President Obama
Baker, Peter. “Obama Calls for Effort to Fix a ‘Broken System’ of Criminal Justice.” The New York Times.
Baker, Peter. “President Visits Federal Prison: Reflecting on turns he might have taken.” The New York Times, July 17, 2015.
“Mr. Obama Takes On the Prison Crisis.” The New York Times, July 17, 2015: A26.