1. The Bund
1. Account derived from undercover report of John C. Metcalfe, July 4, 1937, “Daily Notations of Undercover Work,” 1937, John C. Metcalfe Papers, Hoover Institution.
2. “Hitler Rules Bund, Says Dies Witness,” New York Times, September 29, 1938, 5.
3. Howard Hurtig Metcalfe, Die Familie Oberwinder: Genealogical Encyclopedia of the Family Connections of Richard Maria Wilhe[l]m Oberwinder (Decorah, Iowa: Anundsen Pub., 1999), 40.
4. Susan Canedy, America’s Nazis: A Democratic Dilemma: A History of the German American Bund (Menlo Park, CA: Markgraf Publications Group, 1990), 3–4.
5. Canedy, 8–12.
6. Sander A. Diamond, The Nazi Movement in the United States, 1924–1941 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1974), 86.
7. Henry W. Levy, “Germany’s Big Question Mark,” Cincinnati Enquirer, April 23, 1933, 80.
8. “Turn Verein Scores Hitler,” Brooklyn Daily Eagle, June 5, 1933, 1.
9. “Hitler Cheered by German Americans,” Lincoln Star, December 7, 1933, 7.
10. Diamond, 92–96.
11. Diamond, 99–102.
12. Diamond, 112–14; Canedy, 50–51.
13. Diamond, 117, 129 n.2.
14. Diamond, 121–27; Canedy, 51–65.
15. Diamond, 203–212; Canedy, 77. Diamond does not mention Kuhn winning the Iron Cross, perhaps suggesting that this was another inflated aspect of Kuhn’s résumé.
16. Keith Sward, The Legend of Henry Ford (New York: Rinehart & Company, 1948), 457–58.
17. Diamond, 212; Canedy, 78.
18. Canedy, 81.
19. Diamond, 205, 209.
20. Wilhelm, 160–61; Canedy, 82–83.
21. “Pro American Rally and George Washington Birthday Exercises,” pamphlet photocopies, German American Bund propaganda materials, 1939 folder, German American Bund Records, Hoover Institution.
22. Canedy, 92–97.
23. Canedy, 86.
24. Bund sympathizer registration form and sympathizer card, German American Bund membership forms, German American Bund Records.
25. Arnie Bernstein, Swastika Nation: Fritz Kuhn and the Rise and Fall of the German-American Bund, 1st ed. (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2013), 53.
26. The 10,000 or fewer figure is in Canedy, 86; Diamond suggests a figure of 17,000–25,000 (222). Cornelia Wilhelm estimated membership of around 30,000, which puts it in line with the Communist Party’s membership in the 1930s.
27. Kershaw, Hitler: 1889–1936: Hubris (London: Allen Lane, 1998), 179.
28. Diamond, 242; Embargoed transcript of testimony, John C. Metcalfe Papers; Bund Dies Committee Hearings, vol. 6, p. 3384. The figure of twenty-four camps comes from Canedy, 97. Kuhn himself stated that there were approximately twenty camps, while Metcalfe listed the locations of fifteen in his testimony.
29. Embargoed transcript of testimony concerning Bund Youth Division, German American Bund, Dies Committee Hearings, John C. Metcalfe Papers.
30. Canedy, 97.
31. Dies Committee Hearings, vol. 14, p. 8367.
32. Dies Committee Hearings, vol. 6, p. 3758.
33. Dies Committee Hearings, vol. 6, p. 3758.
34. Dies Committee Hearings, vol. 14, pp. 8340–342, 8367–369.
35. “Nazi Past of Long Island Hamlet Persists in a Rule for Home Buyers,” New York Times, October 19, 2015; “New York Enclave Finally Ends Nazi-Era Policies,” New York Post, May 20, 2017, http://nypost.com/2017/05/20/new-york-enclave-finally-ends-nazi-era-policies/.
36. Oetje John Rogge, The Official German Report: Nazi Penetration, 1924–1942 (New York: T. Yoseloff, 1961), 119–120.
37. See Bradley W. Hart, George Pitt-Rivers and the Nazis (London, New York: Bloomsbury Academic, 2015), 126.
38. Rogge, 119; Canedy, 116.
39. Diamond, 266–7.
40. Bund Command 2, October 29, 1936, German American Bund Command No. 1-50, 1936–1941, German American Bund Records.
41. Bund Command 3, October 30, 1936, Command No. 1-50, 1936–1941, German American Bund Records.
42. Bund Commands 4-13, German American Bund Command No. 1-50, 1936–1941, German American Bund Records.
43. Office of United States Chief of Counsel for Prosecution of Axis Criminality, United States Department of State, United States War Department and International Military Tribunal, Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression, 8 vols. (Washington: United States Government Printing Office, 1946), Appendix A, 552–54.
44. For instance, Bund Command 11, July 28, 1937; Bund Command No. 1-50, 1936–1941, German American Bund Records.
45. For instance, Bund Command 17, February 17, 1938, and subsequent orders insisting on fulfillment of orders from national HQ, German American Bund Command No. 1-50, 1936–1941, German American Bund Records.
46. Canedy, 150.
47. Canedy, 142, 149.
48. Metcalfe, 40.
49. Thomas Patrick Doherty, Hollywood and Hitler, 1933–1939 (New York: Columbia University Press, 2015), 101–3; Larry Ceplair and Steven Englund, The Inquisition in Hollywood: Politics in the Film Community 1930–1960 (Berkeley, CA.: University of California Press, 1983), 104–5.
50. See lists of car license plates and owners, German American Bund (1 of 3), box 3, folder 2, Hollywood Anti-Nazi League Papers (Collection 185), Charles E. Young Research Library, Special Collections, University of California, Los Angeles.
51. Account of Deutsches Haus meeting, German American Bund (1 of 3), box 3, folder 2, UCLA. Letters between League officials and Major Julius Hochfelder, 1937 German American Bund (2 of 3), box 3, folder 2, Hollywood Anti-Nazi League Papers.
52. Account of Deutsches Haus meeting, May 10, German American Bund (1 of 3), box 3, folder 2, Hollywood Anti-Nazi League Papers.
53. Account of Deutsches Haus youth meeting, March 11, 1939, German American Bund (2 of 3), box 3, folder 2, Hollywood Anti-Nazi League Papers.
54. Telegram from Schwinn to Dies, August 20, 1938, Dies Committee Hearings—Metcalfe’s Reports/Correspondence, John C. Metcalfe Papers; Ceplair and Englund, 109.
55. Metcalfe, 40.
56. Accounts of Metcalfe travels in Los Angeles, July–August 1937, “Daily Notations of Undercover Work,” box 1, John C. Metcalfe Papers; John W. Sherman, The Mexican Right: The End of Revolutionary Reform, 1929–1940 (Westport, CT; London: Praeger, 1997), 63–64; Stanley G. Payne, A History of Fascism 1914–1945 (London: UCL Press, 1995), 342.
57. Accounts of Metcalfe travels in San Antonio, August 11, 1937, p. 4, box 1, “Daily Notations of Undercover Work,” John C. Metcalfe Papers.
58. Accounts of Metcalfe travels in St. Louis, Cleveland, and Washington, DC, box 1, “Daily Notations of Undercover Work,” box 1, John C. Metcalfe Papers.
59. Account of Metcalfe meeting with Kuhn, 1937, “Daily Notations of Undercover Work,” box 1, John C. Metcalfe Papers.
60. “Nazi Putsch Here Is Quickly Denied,” New York Times, September 10, 1937.
61. Diamond, 297–99.
62. March 9, 1939, report: “The Activities of Mr. Fritz Kuhn and the German-American ‘Bund,’” pp. 3–4, C 3299/94/18, FO 371/23035, National Archives, London.
63. Diamond, 326–27; “Many Injured in Bund Riots,” Los Angeles Times, February 21, 1939, 1.
64. “Many Injured in Bund Riots,” Los Angeles Times.
65. Diamond, 331–33.
66. Embargoed transcript of testimony, p. 3, German American Bund Dies Committee Hearings, John C. Metcalfe Papers; Luther Huston, “Bund Activities Widespread,” New York Times, February 26, 1939, 70.
67. MacDonnell, 65.
68. MacDonnell, 62.
69. MacDonnell, 69; Olson, 365.
70. MacDonnell, 68.
71. MacDonnell, 69–70; Mark Glancy, When Hollywood Loved Britain: The Hollywood “British” Film 1939–1945, 54.
72. Rogge, 128–29.
73. Diamond, 345.
74. “National Leader of Bund Suicides in This County,” Garrett Clipper [Garrett, Indiana], June 18, 1942, 1.
75. Rogge, 129.