5. The Businessmen
1. Dale Harrington, Mystery Man: William Rhodes Davis, Nazi Agent of Influence, 1st ed. (Virginia: Brassey’s, 1999), 16; Rogge, 239.
2. Rogge, 238.
3. Harrington, 1–10.
4. Harrington, ix, 17.
5. O. D. Tolischus, “American Autos Plan to Invade German Market,” New Castle News [Pennsylvania], January 4, 1929, 9.
6. Edwin Black, IBM and the Holocaust: The Strategic Alliance between Nazi Germany and America’s Most Powerful Corporation, 1st ed. (New York: Crown Publishers, 2001), 46.
7. John Gillingham, Industry and Politics in the Third Reich: Ruhr Coal, Hitler, and Europe, Veröffentlichungen des Instituts für Europäische Geschichte Mainz, Abteiling Universalgeschichte Beiheft (Stuttgart: F. Steiner Verlag Wiesbaden, 1985), 76.
8. J. Adam Tooze, The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy (London, New York: Allen Lane, 2006), 128.
9. “American Factories Help Hitler in War,” Arizona Republic, November 14, 1939, 3.
10. Sally Denton, The Plots against the President: FDR, a Nation in Crisis, and the Rise of the American Right, 1st US ed. (New York: Bloomsbury Press, 2012), 136–37.
11. Denton, 178, 194–97.
12. Denton, 200–201.
13. “The Fascist Plot,” Daily Tribune [Wisconsin Rapids, Wisconsin], November 22, 1934, 4.
14. “The National Whirligig,” Altoona Tribune, November 25, 1934.
15. Cf. Denton, 207.
16. Denton, 211.
17. Denton, 193.
18. John P. Diggins, Mussolini and Fascism: The View from America (Princeton University Press, 1972), 146.
19. “Capitalism’s Frontier,” Barron’s, September 14, 1936, 12.
20. Rogge, 288.
21. Fortune. Roper/Fortune Survey, July 1940 [survey question]. USROPER.40-019.R08. Roper Organization [producer]. Cornell University, Ithaca, NY: Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, iPOLL [distributor].
22. Henry Ashby Turner, General Motors and the Nazis: The Struggle for Control of Opel, Europe’s Biggest Carmaker (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2005), 3; “General Motors and Ford Carry Fight to Germany,” Zanesville Signal [Times Recorder], March 12, 1929, 1.
23. Turner, 5–7.
24. Reinhold Billstein, “1945. How the Americans Took Over Cologne—and Discovered Ford Werke’s Role in the War,” in Reinhold Billstein, Karola Fings, Anita Kugler, and Nicholas Levis, eds., Working for the Enemy: Ford, General Motors, and Forced Labor in Germany During the Second World War (New York: Berghahn Books, 2000), 110.
25. Mark Pendergrast, For God, Country and Coca-Cola: The Definitive History of the Great American Soft Drink and the Company That Makes It, 3d ed. (New York: Basic Books, 2013), 214–15.
26. Pendergrast, 215–16.
27. Turner, 9.
28. Pendergrast, 216.
29. Edwin Black, Nazi Nexus: America’s Corporate Connections to Hitler’s Holocaust (Washington, DC: Dialog Press, 2009), 129–30.
30. Turner, 10, 158.
31. Turner, 18–20.
32. Turner, 21–30.
33. Turner, 29.
34. Pendergrast, 218.
35. Pendergrast, 219–20.
36. “Popular Motor Car Planned in Germany,” Marshfield News-Herald [Marshfield, Wisconsin], February 16, 1935, 13.
37. Turner, 3–6.
38. Billstein, 111.
39. Neil Baldwin, Henry Ford and the Jews: The Mass Production of Hate (New York: Public Affairs, 2001), 59–60.
40. Baldwin, 208–10, 277.
41. Cf. Baldwin, 149, 185.
42. Billstein, 111.
43. “Cantor Calls Ford Foolish for Accepting Hitler Medal,” Los Angeles Times, August 4, 1938, 9.
44. “Appeal to Henry Ford: Ask Him to Give Back Hitler Decoration,” Town Talk [Alexandria, Louisiana], August 6, 1938, 11.
45. Tooze, 133.
46. Harrington, 1–10.
47. Jane Mayer, Dark Money: The Hidden History of the Billionaires Behind the Rise of the Radical Right, 1st ed. (New York: Doubleday, 2016), 29–30; Harrington, 11–19.
48. Rogge, 239.
49. Harrington, 21, 23, 32.
50. Harrington, 42; “Secret $175,000 Contribution to Democrats Made by Oil Man Davis,” St. Louis Post-Dispatch, April 7, 1940, 3A.
51. Harrington, 44–47.
52. Harrington, 46–48.
53. Harrington, 50, 57; Rogge, 240.
54. “American Gives Details of Oil Deal with Mexico,” St. Louis Post-Dispatch, August 5, 1938, 7A.
55. “Secret $175,000 Contribution to Democrats Made by Oil Man Davis,” St. Louis Post-Dispatch.
56. Harrington, 82.
57. Handbook of Labor Statistics: 1950, US Bureau of Labor Statistics, 139.
58. Saul David Alinsky, John L. Lewis: An Unauthorized Biography (New York: Putnam, 1949), 203.
59. Alinsky, 169–71.
60. Robert H. Zieger, John L. Lewis: Labor Leader, Twayne’s Twentieth-Century American Biography Series (Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1988), 107; Melvyn Dubofsky and Warren R. Van Tine, John L. Lewis: A Biography (New York: Quadrangle/New York Times Book Co., 1977), 332.
61. William B. Breuer, Hitler’s Undercover War: The Nazi Espionage Invasion of the U.S.A., 1st ed. (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1989), 127.
62. Breuer, 127; Rogge, 242; Harrington, 89.
63. Harrington, 88.
64. Cf. Rogge, 245.
65. Cf. Breuer, 128.
66. Harrington, 93.
67. Cf. Harrington, 97–99; Rogge, 246–48.
68. Rogge, 250–51; Harrington, 105–7.
69. Breuer, 128; Harrington, 118–19. Harrington and Breuer disagree as to when Davis actually became an Abwehr agent, with Breuer suggesting he was already formally working for the Germans before his trip to Italy.
70. Harrington, 118–19.
71. Louise Overacker, “Campaign Finance in the Presidential Election of 1940,” American Political Science Review 35 (4) (August 1941), 701–27.
72. Rogge, 248.
73. Rogge, 253.
74. Rogge, 249.
75. Billstein, 112.
76. Billstein, 115.
77. Turner, 88–89.
78. Turner, 91–98.
79. Turner, 98.
80. Turner, 102, 127–28.
81. “American Factories Help Hitler in War,” Arizona Republic, November 14, 1939, 3.
82. Dubofsky and Van Tine, 333.
83. Cf. Turner, 111.
84. Turner, 120–24.
85. Drew Pearson and Robert S. Allen, “The Washington Merry-Go-Round,” Gazette and Daily [York, Pennsylvania], March 11, 1941, 6.
86. James Stewart Martin, All Honorable Men, 1st ed. (Boston: Little, Brown, 1950), 24.
87. Graeme Keith Howard, America and a New World Order (New York: C. Scribner’s Sons, 1940), 90–105.
88. Howard, 110–16.
89. Howard, 121.
90. Robert E. S. Thompson, “Three Facets of Our Battle for Freedom,” Philadelphia Inquirer, October 9, 1940, 17.
91. Higham, Trading with the Enemy: An Exposé of the Nazi-American Money Plot, 1933–1949 (New York: Delacorte Press, 1983), 166.
92. Testimony of Heribert von Strempel, February 15–18, 1946, Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression, Appendix A, 584.
93. Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression, Appendix A, 584.
94. Higham, 171–72.
95. Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression, Appendix A, 585.
96. “‘G’ Men on Nazi Agent’s Trail in U.S.,” Des Moines Register, August 2, 1940, 11; “Baroness Aids Nazi Envoy,” Pittsburgh Press, August 2, 1940, 15.
97. Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression, Appendix A, 585.
98. Rogge, 296; Martin, 53.
99. Harrington, 142–3.
100. Gallup Organization, Gallup Poll (AIPO), March 1940 [survey question]. USGALLUP.40-188. QT04C. Gallup Organization [producer]. Cornell University, Ithaca, NY: Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, iPOLL [distributor].