6. The Students
1. “Cottrell Upholds Books Censored by Germany,” Stanford Daily, October 11, 1933, 1.
2. “Over-Zealous Nazi Students Attempt to Burn Cultural History,” Stanford Daily, April 27, 1933, 2.
3. “German Plays to Be Presented,” Stanford Daily, May 15, 1939, 2.
4. “Frost Views Germany: People Not Anxious to Fight,” Stanford Daily, May 11, 1939, 4.
5. United States Congress, House Special Committee on Un-American Activities (1938–1944), Investigation of Un-American Propaganda Activities in the United States (Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office), vol. 2, p. 1133.
6. Stephen Norwood, The Third Reich in the Ivory Tower: Complicity and Conflict on American Campuses (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009); Stephen Norwood, “The Expulsion of Robert Burke: Suppressing Campus Anti-Nazi Protest in the 1930s,” Journal for the Study of Antisemitism 4 (1) (2012), 89–113.
7. Norwood, Third Reich, 99.
8. Norwood, “Expulsion,” 89.
9. Albert Grzesinsky and Charles E. Hewitt Jr., “Hitler’s Branch Offices, U.S.A.,” Jewish Veteran, December 1940, 12.
10. “Goettingen Cites Three Americans,” New York Times, June 28, 1937, 19; “Gauss-Johnson Engineering Building and Laboratory, 1941–,” http://www.lib.uidaho.edu/digital/campus/locations/Gauss-JohnsonEngineeringBuildingandLaboratory.html.
11. “Faculty Member Discusses European Trip Impressions,” California Daily Bruin, October 3, 1938, 1. After leaving UCLA, Hoffman moved to New York and practiced as a psychoanalyst. He was found dead alongside his wife in the burned-out vacation cabin of Fortune magazine editor John Knox Jessup in 1951. The police ruled the grisly case a murder-suicide, despite the subsequent discovery of a third body near the scene: “Fire-Swept House Yields New Bodies,” New York Times, March 31, 1951, 19; “Third Body Found Near Burned Cabin,” New York Times, April 2, 1951, 18; “Couple’s Death Settled,” New York Times, April 3, 1951, 18.
12. “Nazi Plot at UCLA Comes to Grief,” Long Beach Independent [California], March 7, 1939, 8.
13. “Storm Boils over Asserted Nazi Influence at U.C.L.A.,” Los Angeles Times, February 26, 1939, 3.
14. “Towards Academic Democracy,” California Daily Bruin, February 27, 1939, 2.
15. “German Enrollment in American Institutions of Higher Learning,” German Quarterly 7 (4) (November 1934), 129.
16. “German University Summer Schools,” Monatshefte für Deutschen Unterricht 27 (4) (April 1935), 149.
17. W. H. Cowley and Willard Waller, “A Study of Student Life,” Journal of Higher Education, 6 (3) (March 1935), 141.
18. Evans, 294.
19. Evans, 298.
20. “Fraulein, Co-Ed Compared: Conventions Don’t Bother German Students,” Stanford Daily, August 2, 1932, 1.
21. Evans, 291–92; Charles Beard, “Education under the Nazis,” Foreign Affairs, April 1936, 440.
22. Evans, 293–94.
23. “Nazi Education,” School Life, February 1934, 113; Evans, 295.
24. “Nazi Education,” School Life, February 1934, 113; Evans, 298.
25. I. L. Kandel, “Education in Nazi Germany,” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 182 (November 1935), 153–63.
26. Evans, 303–5.
27. Charles A. Beard, “Education under the Nazis,” Foreign Affairs, April 1936, 452.
28. Bernhard Rust and Ernst Krieck, Das nationalsozialistische Deutschland und die Wissenschaft; Heidelberger Reden von Reichsminister Rust und prof. Ernst Krieck (National Socialist Germany and the Pursuit of Learning), Schriften des Reichsinstituts für Geschichte des Neuen Deutschlands (Hamburg: Hanseatische Verlagsanstalt), 11.
29. Rust and Krieck, 16.
30. Memo from Agent Edward J. Conway, point 7, p. 1: FBI interview of Cyrus Follmer, September 2, 1943 (Karl L. Falk FBI file, 65-HQ-25294, National Archives, College Park, Maryland).
31. Norwood, Third Reich, 124.
32. Norwood, Third Reich, 122.
33. Norwood, Third Reich, 126.
34. “German Camp Chooses Two,” Stanford Daily, May 12, 1938, 4; “Exchange Student Speaks of Nazi Colonial Demands,” Stanford Daily, October 25, 1938, 2.
35. Phyllis White, “German Instructor Heads Trip Abroad,” Stanford Daily, October 25, 1937, 2.
36. Malcolm Letts, Nazi Germany: “I Lived with the Brown Shirts” (Los Angeles: M. Letts, 1933), foreword.
37. Letts, 6.
38. Letts, 7–8.
39. Letts, 16.
40. Letts, 16.
41. E. W. H. Cruickshank, “Impressions of Nazi Germany,” Dalhousie Review 13 (4) (1934), 410–11.
42. John L. Spivak, Plotting America’s Pogroms: A Documented Exposé of Organized Anti-Semitism in the United States (New York: New Masses, 1934), 73.
43. Spivak, 75–76.
44. Spivak, 76.
45. Spivak, 74.
46. “Col. Hadley, 80, Business Man and Writer, Dies,” Chicago Tribune, February 17, 1953, 41.
47. Cf. Spivak, 74.
48. “Spivak Charges Dean Alexander and Student Conduct Anti-Semitic, Pro-Nazi Activities Here,” Columbia Daily Spectator, November 19, 1934, 1, 4.
49. Norwood, Third Reich, 83; “Notable Events at Columbia in 1934,” Columbia Daily Spectator, January 7, 1935, 4; “T.C., New College Will Make Trip to Berlin Games,” Columbia Daily Spectator, February 7, 1936, 1.
50. Norwood, Third Reich, 36–37, 106–7.
51. “Exchange Student Speaks of Nazi Colonial Demands,” Stanford Daily, October 26, 1938, 2.
52. “Nazi Party Member Accepts A.S.U. Debate Invitation,” Stanford Daily, May 24, 1939; Andries Deinum, “Deinum Speaking,” Stanford Daily, May 25, 1939, 4.
53. “Ex-Matean on List as Nazi,” San Mateo Times [California], March 1, 1947, 2.
54. “E. Pluribus Unum,” Columbia Daily Spectator, December 11, 1933, 2; “Dennis to Talk before Institute,” Columbia Daily Spectator, January 14, 1935, 1;
55. Horne, 17–27.
56. Horne, 17–19.
57. Horne, 24–25.
58. Rogge, 174–76.
59. Horne, 61–66.
60. Rogge, 179–80.
61. Horne, 71–73, 85.
62. Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression, Appendix A, p. 567.
63. Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression, Appendix A, p. 567.
64. Lawrence Dennis, The Coming American Fascism, 1st ed. (New York: Harper, 1936), 308.
65. John R. Commons, “Review: The Coming American Fascism by Lawrence Dennis,” American Economic Review 26 (2) (June 1936), 298–300.
66. “A Rose by Any Other Name,” Columbia Daily Spectator, January 16, 1936, 2.
67. “Fife Recalls Arrested Nazi,” Columbia Daily Spectator, October 3, 1940, 4.
68. “Fife Recalls Arrested Nazi,” Columbia Daily Spectator.
69. Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression, Appendix A, 556.
70. Norwood, Third Reich, 83.
71. Norwood, Third Reich, 79–80.
72. Norwood, Third Reich, 85–99; Frank C. Hanighen, “Foreign Political Movements in the United States,” Foreign Affairs, October 1937, 16.
73. Norwood, Third Reich, 101.
74. Letter from Madden to Heinz Rüdiger, April 24 [1930], Correspondence—1930, Henry Madden Papers, University Archives, Henry Madden Library, California State University, Fresno.
75. “Itch Powder Discourages Nudist Cult,” San Bernardino Daily Sun [California], May 10, 1932, 1.
76. Letter from Madden to Heinz [Rüdiger], December 14, 1935, Correspondence—1935, University Archives, Henry Madden Library.
77. Letter from Madden to “Edward,” February 12, 1935, folder 7 of 7, Correspondence—1935, University Archives, Henry Madden Library.
78. Letter from Madden to “Pontchen,” April 3, 1935, Correspondence—1935, University Archives, Henry Madden Library.
79. Letter from Shanahan to Madden, January 2, 1936, Correspondence—1936, University Archives, Henry Madden Library.
80. Letter from Shanahan to Madden, October 9, 1936, Correspondence—1936, University Archives, Henry Madden Library.
81. Letter from Madden to his mother, June 30, 1936, Correspondence—1936, University Archives, Henry Madden Library.
82. Letter from Shanahan to Madden, updated [likely September 1936] on reverse of letter dated October 9, 1936, Correspondence—1936, University Archives, Henry Madden Library.
83. Letter to Madden from “Bissell,” February 6, 1937, Correspondence—1937, University Archives, Henry Madden Library.
84. Williamson, 16.
85. Williamson, 42.
86. Williamson, 69–70.
87. Williamson, 250–59.
88. “Laney Wins Tarver Award: Frost Writes from Heidelberg,” Stanford Daily, May 10, 1939, 2.
89. “Farm Soph Flees Nazi Air Attack,” Stanford Daily, September 26, 1939, 1.
90. Letter from Shanahan to Madden, September 3, 1939, Correspondence—1939 University Archives, Henry Madden Library.
91. “Bowman, Rubinstein, Stout, Swope to Speak at Forum in McMillin at 11 A.M.,” Columbia Daily Spectator, April 18, 1941, 1.
92. “Farm Hears Heated War Symposium,” Stanford Daily, May 20, 1941, 1.
93. Letter from Madden to Col. Edgar Erskine Hume, June 20, 1942, Correspondence—1942, University Archives, Henry Madden Library.
94. Williamson, 258.
95. “America First and the Colleges” secret report, Appendix B, p. 1, FO 1093/167/1.