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Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations.
abolition, 29
Abruzzi, 90
Addams, Jane, 230
Adonis, Joe, 226
African Americans:
civil rights and, 133, 156, 217
Italian American murders of, 254
Italian conquest of Ethiopia and, 167
prejudice against, 44
slavery and, 29, 30
suffrage of, 36
as tenant farmers, 30, 31
agricultural industry, 61, 63, 65–66, 67–68
in Italy, 17, 18, 30, 33, 63, 83
alcohol, 137–38, 142, 151
menace of, 135, 135
smuggling of, 138
see also bootlegging; Prohibition
“Alejandro,” 206
Aliano, 26
Alien Registration Division, 185
Allies, 176, 177, 178, 179
Almerigotti, Thea, 148, 148
Ambrogio, Saint, 260
American Federation of Labor, 95
American Folk Art Museum, 266–67
American Home Foods Company, 181
American Madness, 73
American Mafia, 141
American Mercury, 90, 164
American Woolen Company, 93, 94
Amore, B., 46–47
Analyze That, 236
Analyze This, 236
anarchism, 117–30, 123, 125
community circles and, 118, 125, 131
corrupt American system and, 117, 121, 145
in Europe, 117
ideals of, 117–18, 121, 211
publications of, 118
working conditions and, 118, 118, 121, 131
see also Galleanisti; Gruppo Autonomo
anarchist bombings, 117, 121–23, 123, 124
Anastasio, Anthony “Tough Tony,” 226
anti-Fascist Mazzini Society, 168
Antonini, Luigi, 160
Apennines, 5, 25
Apulia, 5, 88
Argentina, 19, 24
Arizona, 146
Armani, Giorgio, 265
Arnold, Dorothy, 190
atheism, 119
Atlantic Monthly, 128
Auriti, Marino, 265–66, 267–69, 267, 268
Austria, 19, 24, 146
Avigliano, 77
Avrich, Paul, 121
Bailey, George (char.), 72–73
Balbo, Italo, 165–66
Baltimore, Md., 5, 51, 255, 256
Balzac, Honoré de, 1
Bambace, Angela, 131–33, 131, 132
Bambace, Giuseppina, 131, 131
Bambace, Maria, 131
banking, 61, 67–70, 68, 73–74
Bank of America, 72, 73–74, 164
Bank of Italy (Banco d’Italia), 69–72, 72, 74
banned books, 219, 220–21
Baraka, Amiri, 219
Barbetta, 180
Barton Fink, 243
Basie, Count, 198
Basilicata, 18, 26, 77, 86
Basilone, John, 178
Bastianich, Lidia, 261
Batali, Mario, 261, 261
Bay City, Mich., 205
Beatles, 197
Beat movement, 214, 219
Beats, 211–12, 211, 213–14
“Because of You,” 198
“Begin the Beguine,” 200
Bellanca, Giuseppe, 147
Bennett, Tony, 178, 198–99, 199, 223
Bernaldo, 26
Bianchi, Willibald C., 178
Bianco, Carla, 8
Biddle, Francis, 173, 192
Biennale, 265, 267
Big Night, 245
Big Stone Gap, Va., 11, 14
“Big Time,” 9, 11, 110
Bill of Rights, U.S., 187, 188
Bishop, Joey, 205
Black Hand, 80, 136, 141
bombings by, 51–52, 52, 54, 62
bootlegging and, 138, 139
extortion by, 50–51, 52, 52, 56, 59
intelligence gathering on, 53, 53, 57–58
kidnapping by, 54–55, 54
Black Shirts, 161, 162, 182
Boiardi, Anna, 181
Boiardi, Hector (Ettore), 176, 180–81
Boiardi, Mario, 180
Boiardi, Paul, 180
Bologna, 170
Bolsheviks, 124, 161
bombings, 51–52, 54, 62, 117, 121–23, 123, 124
Bonanno, Joseph, 141, 229
Bonavita, Rosina “Rosie,” 176–77, 177
Boorman, John, 242
bootlegging, 136–37, 138, 139, 141, 223
Borgnine, Ernest, 58
Born This Way, 206
Boston, Mass., 44, 120, 123, 128
Bourbons, 20
Braintree robbery, 124, 125–26, 128–29
branch banking, 71
Brando, Marlon, 1, 233
Brazil, 269
“Bread and Roses” (Oppenheim), 104
breweries, 137
Bridgewater, Mass., 125
British Isles, 5
Bronx, N.Y., 171, 207–8, 217
Brooklyn, N.Y., 54, 138, 139, 219
Bruhn, John, 7, 8
Buckley, Chris, 68
Buda, Mario, 124
Bulge, Battle of the, 179
Bullets over Broadway, 236
Bureau of Immigration (Louisiana), 30
Burroughs, William S., 211
Bush, George H. W., 249
Caffe Reggio, 260
Calabria, 52
Calatafimi, 20
California, 73
agricultural industry in, 61, 63, 65–66, 67–68
banking in, 61, 67–70, 68
fishing industry in, 61, 63–64, 64, 189
Italian immigrants in, 61–66, 187–88, 190
World War II relocation in, 187–88
California, University of, 219
at Berkeley, 215–17, 218
California Fruit Canners Association, 65
Cambridge, Mass., 213
Campania, 18
campanilismo, 43
Campbell, Joseph, 2
Camponeschi, Oscar, 132–33, 132
Camponeschi, Philip, 132–33, 132
Camponeschi, Romolo, 132–33
Canada, 96, 138
canneries, 63, 65–66
Canonsburg, Pa., 198
capitalism, 118, 121, 123, 141, 162, 211
Capitol Records, 204
Capone, Al, 139–40, 139, 223
Capra, Frank, 72–73, 74, 178
Capra, Frank, Jr., 73
Caprera, 29
Carbone, Mario, 261
Caruso, Enrico, 51, 69, 198, 211
Caruso, Joseph, 97, 103
Catania, 33
Catholic Charities, 212
Catholic Church, American, 107, 109, 114
Catholic Church, Irish, 107, 108–9
Catholicism, 107–14, 120, 122, 123, 146, 205–6
Cavour, Camillo di, 19
Chase, David, 237, 239–42
Chavari, 66
Chef Boiardi Food Company, 181
Chef Boy-Ar-Dee, 176, 180–81
Chicago, Ill., 35, 122, 259
Black Hand in, 51
bootlegging in, 138
Haymarket Square trial in, 102
housing in, 44
Italian community conditions in, 44
Little Italy in, 230–31
organized crime in, 138, 139, 223
Chicago, University of, 230
Chicago Tribune, 89, 161, 227
Chicago World’s Fair, 165
Chinese immigrants, 30, 44
Christianity, 18, 206
Christ in Concrete (Di Donato), 45
Christ Stopped at Eboli (Levi), 17–18, 26–27
citizenship, 185–86, 189
citizenship test, 186, 190
City Lights Books, 211, 212
City Lights Bookstore, 211–12
civil disobedience, 215–16, 218
civil rights, 225
Italy’s stripping of, 167, 167
World War I restrictions on, 121
World War II restrictions on, 185, 186–87, 188–89, 190, 192–93, 194
Civil War, U.S., 29
Clinton, Bill, 251
Clinton State Prison, 212–13
Clooney, George, 205
Cohen, Robert, 218
Cohn, Harry, 202–3
Colicchio, Tom, 261
Colombo, Joseph, 229
Colonial Sand & Stone Company, 165
Colorado, 136–37
Columbia Pictures, 202
Columbus, Christopher, 160
Columbus Citizens Committee, 160
Columbus Day, 159, 160, 192
“Columbus Day Riot,” 201
Columbus Savings and Loan Association Society, 68
Committee on Immigration and Naturalization, 130
Communism, 160
Como, Perry, 198, 223
compulsory education laws, 84–86
Congress, U.S.:
Hennessy case and, 37
immigration and, 130, 149
Italian Americans in, 145, 147–51, 256, 257
Kefauver Committee hearings and, 227, 228
Lawrence millworkers’ strike and, 100–101
money allocated by, 154
and World War II treatment of Italian Americans, 186
Convent of the Sacred Heart, 206
Coolidge, Calvin, 130, 164
Copacabana, 198
Coppola, Francis Ford, 26, 73, 234, 235, 236, 245
Corleone, Vito (char.), 1, 73, 203, 234, 236
corruption, 227
in Europe, 121
in New Orleans, 34, 35
in New York City, 145, 147, 147, 152, 153
in San Francisco, 68
Corsi, Edward, 153
Corso, Fortunato Samuel, 212, 214
Corso, Gregory, 211–15, 214, 223
Corso, Michelina Colonna, 212, 214
Costello, Frank, 140–41, 142, 165, 223–24, 223
in Kefauver Committee hearings, 226–28, 227, 229
counterculture, 211–21, 223
Covello, Leonard (Leonardo Coviello), 77–80, 82, 82, 84, 86, 142, 153
Coviello family, 78–80
crab, 64
Cronaca Sovversiva, La (“Subversive Chronicle”), 118
Cuomo, Andrea, 248
Cuomo, Andrew, 252, 253
Cuomo, Cara, 253
Cuomo, Mariah, 253
Cuomo, Mario, 3, 247, 247, 248, 249, 250–51, 252, 256–57
Cuomo, Matilda, 250
Cuomo, Michaela, 253
“Custodial Detention List,” 187
Daily News, 237
Daily Picayune, 35
Daily Tribune, 51
D’Alesandro, Thomas, III, 255, 256
D’Alesandro, Thomas J., 247, 252, 255
Daley, Richard J., 230–31, 231
D’Amato, Alfonse, 247
Damone, Vic, 198
Daniello, Teresa, 176
Dannemora, N.Y., 212
Dark Arena, The (Puzo), 233
Davis, Sammy, Jr., 203, 205
“Day of Faith,” 166
de Blasio, Bill, 252–54, 254
de Blasio, Chiara, 253
de Blasio, Dante, 253
de Blasio, Maria, 252–53
Del Monte, 66
Democratic National Convention (1984), 247, 256–57
Democratic Party, 147, 152, 192, 252
De Niro, Robert, 236
Denver, Colo., 90, 136–37
deportations, 41, 122, 124, 149
desegregation, 225
DeWitt, John, 187, 192
Diana, Princess of Wales, 265
Di Donato, Pietro, 45
Di Giorgio Fruit Corporation, 164
DiMaggio, Giuseppe, 190, 190
DiMaggio, Joe, 3, 4, 190, 190, 193
DiMaggio, Rosalie, 190, 190
DiMucci, Dion, 207–9
Dinkins, David, 254
Dion and the Belmonts, 207
Di Palo, Savino, 50
Di Prima, Diane, 219–21, 223
dissent movements, 211, 215–17, 218
Domenici, Pete V., 247
Don Larkin show, 208–9
Dorsey, Tommy, 200
Dos Passos, John, 129
Do the Right Thing, 243
draft-dodgers, 201–2
East Harlem, N.Y., 43, 131, 140, 223, 251
festa in, 110
congressional district of, 152
Italian community in, 77, 77, 78, 110–11, 114, 142, 152–53
racial tension in, 167
Eat, Pray, Love (Gilbert), 262
Eataly, 259, 259
Eboli, 18
economic equality, 93, 149, 150
education, 71–72, 78, 84–86, 85, 139, 148
elections, U.S., of 1917, 147
Eliot House, 213
Ellis Island, N.Y., 40, 146–47, 234
abusive treatment at, 149
officer questioning at, 41–42
physical examinations at, 41, 41, 77, 147
race categorized at, 80
Emancipation Proclamation, 29
embalmed beef scandal, 146
Emilia-Romagna, 180
“Empire State of Mind,” 205
Encyclopedic Palace of the World (Auriti), 265, 267–68, 267, 268, 269
enemy aliens, 4, 190, 194
citizenship and, 185–86, 186, 189–90, 189
contraband of, 186
as disloyal, 185, 190–91
in internment camps, 185, 186, 188, 192
relocation of, 186, 186, 187–88, 189, 192–93
restricted civil liberties of, 185, 186, 188–90, 192–93
English Americans, 5, 7
Episcopalians, 146
Esposito, Susan, 177
espresso, 260, 260
Estes family, 225
Ethiopia, Italian invasion of, 166, 167
Ethnic at Large, An (Mangione), 173–74
Ettor, Joseph, 95–96, 97–98, 98, 102–3, 104, 120, 126
eugenics, 82, 130
Eugenics Research Association, 130
Europe:
American propaganda in, 23, 30, 62, 94, 177–78
Fascist aggression in, 160
evil eye (malocchio), 8, 8
ex combattenti, 187
Executive Order 9066, 187
extortion, 50–51, 52, 52, 56, 59
Fabiano, Laurie, 55
Faicco’s Pork Store, 50
Fante, John, 90–91
Farini, Luigi Carlo, 22
Fasanella, Ralph, 266, 267
fasces, 161
Fascism, Fascists, 159–70, 159, 191, 197, 201, 253
in Italy, 18, 159, 160, 161–63, 173
opposition to, 18, 26, 159, 160, 163, 167, 174, 269
propaganda of, 159, 160, 161–63, 164, 165, 167, 168, 175
Feast of San Gennaro, 107, 109
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 168, 175, 187
Ferlinghetti, Lawrence, 211, 212
Ferrara, Antonio, 259–60
Ferraro, Geraldine, 247, 248, 248, 249, 251, 256–57
Ferrone, Margaret, 176
fifth column, 186, 187
fig trees, 261
Fiorito, Jennie, 177
Firmani, B. G., 266–67
First Communion, 108
Fischer, Marie, 151
Fisherman’s Wharf, 4, 63, 64, 188, 190
fishing industry, 31, 61, 63–64, 64, 189–90, 189
Five Points, 50
Floating Bear, The, 219
Florida, 146
Flynn, Bina, 212
Flynn, Elizabeth Gurley, 212
Foggia, 146
Fontana, M. J., 65–66
Fontane, Johnny (char.), 203
Fonzarelli, Arthur “Fonzie” (char.), 238
Fortunate Pilgrim, The (Puzo), 233
Fortune, 166
Forty Thieves, 50
Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, The, 88
France, 19, 20, 24, 117, 168, 220–21
Francis, Connie, 198
Frankfurter, Felix, 128
Free Speech Movement, 215–17, 216, 218
free speech, 163–64
Freshman, The, 236
Friends, 238
From Here to Eternity, 202
Fuller, Alvan T., 128
Fusco, Joe, 241
gabellotti, 33, 34
Gaga, Lady, 206–7, 206
Galleani, Luigi, 118, 118, 120, 121, 123, 123
Galleanisti, 121, 122, 141
Gambino, Carlo, 229
Gambino family, 236, 236
gambling, 136, 139, 141, 156, 156, 224, 225, 233
gangsters:
arrests of, 155–56
Hollywood films about, 73, 228, 233, 234–36, 242, 245
Kefauver Committee hearings and, 225–29
Prohibition and, 136–37, 138, 223
violence and, 139–40
Gardner, Ava, 202–3
Garibaldi, Anita, 25
Garibaldi, Giuseppe, 19–21, 21, 22, 23, 24–25, 24, 29, 169
Garibaldi-Meucci Museum, 24, 25
garment industry, 14, 131, 133, 150–51, 150, 175
Gasoline (Corso), 211, 212
Gatsby, Jay (char.), 88
Gazzetta del Massachusetts, 163
General, The, 242
Genet, Jean, 219
Genna brothers, 138, 138
Gennaro, Saint, 107, 109
Genoa, 19, 62, 63, 65, 66
Genovese, Vito, 229
Gentile, Don, 178
Georgia, 14, 122
German Americans, 5, 7, 56, 107, 175, 185, 186, 187, 188
Germany, 117
Ghirardelli, Domenico, 65, 261
Giacosa, Giuseppe, 44
Giamatti, A. Bartlett, 247
Giannini, Amadeo Peter (A. P.), 4, 66, 67–74, 68, 70, 164
Giannini, Luigi, 66–67
Giannini, Virginia, 66–67
GI Bill, 180
Gigante, Vincent “the Chin,” 236
Gilbert, Elizabeth, 262
Gilded Age, 93
Gimbel Brother bombs, 121–22
Ginsberg, Allen, 211, 213, 219
Gioni, Massimiliano, 265
Giovannitti, Arturo, 4, 126
arrest and imprisonment of, 97–98, 98, 102–4, 120, 164
Lawrence millworkers’ strike and, 95, 96, 97, 103–4, 120, 164, 215
as speaker, 97, 103, 215, 218
writing of, 105, 163, 164
“Giovinezza,” 160, 170
Giuliani, Rudolph, 251–52
Godfather, The (film), 1, 203–4, 233, 234–36, 235, 236, 237, 238, 245, 250–51
Godfather, The (Puzo), 203, 233–34, 234
Godfather, The: Part II (film), 234
Golden Gate Bridge, 72
gold horn (cornetto), 8, 8
gold rush, 62, 63, 66
Goodfellas, 213, 235–36
Gotti, John, 236, 236
Gotti, John, Jr., 236
graft, 152, 156
Grand Central Station, 99, 100
Grand Opera House, 69
Grant, Ulysses, 25
Gravano, Salvatore “Sammy the Bull,” 236
Great Depression, 141, 151, 154, 173–74, 197, 264
Great San Francisco Earthquake (1906), 64, 66, 66, 69–71
Greenwich Village, N.Y., 50, 260, 260
Gruppo Autonomo, 120, 121, 123–24
Guadalcanal, 179
guido, 238
Guthrie, Woody, 129
Haitian Americans, 115
Hamill, Pete, 200
Happy Days, 238
Harvard University, 95, 213
Havana, Cuba, 202
Hawke, Ethan, 214
Haymarket Square trial, 102
Haywood, “Big” Bill, 98, 100
HBO, 241
heart disease, 7, 8–9, 12
Heart Is the Teacher, The (Covello), 86
Hell’s Kitchen, 233
Hennessy, David, 32, 32, 34, 34, 36, 37, 225
Hennessy, Mike, 34
Hennessy case, 34–37, 225
Hill, Henry (pseud.), 236
Hitler, Adolf, 178
Hobbesian philosophy, 117
Hoboken, N.J., 199
Holiday, Billie, 198
Hollywood, 2, 72–73, 88–89, 202–4, 233–45
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 121
Holy Name Society, 114
Homer, 1
Hoover, Herbert, 151
Hoover, J. Edgar, 186–87
Hope, Bob, 198
Hotel and Restaurant Workers union, 100
House of Representatives, U.S., 252, 255, 257
housing:
in Chicago, 44
in Lawrence, Mass., 93, 94
in New Orleans, 32
in New York City, 43–44, 49, 77, 148, 148, 150, 153, 155
in San Francisco, 61, 62, 65
“Howl” (Ginsberg), 219
How the Other Half Lives (Riis), 44
Hull House, 230–31
Hunter High School, 219
Iacocca, Lee A., 247
Iceman Crucified #3 (Fasanella), 266–67, 266
Il Giardino d’Italia, 181
Illinois, University of, 230
immigration laws, 53, 80
proposed “illiteracy act” and, 83
quotas and, 130, 149
immigration reform, 149
Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), 95, 96, 98, 117
“In Paradise” (‘N paraviso), 109–10
Internal Revenue Service (IRS), 228
International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union (ILGWU), 133, 160
International Longshoremen’s Association, 141
internment camps, 185, 186, 186, 187, 188, 188, 192
Irish Americans, 107, 147, 147
as bootleggers, 138
gangs of, 50, 56, 140, 223
immigrants, 56
Irish hierarchy, 107, 109, 111, 112
Italia, La, 163, 164, 167, 187, 191
Italian Americans, 18, 61, 137
African Americans and, 29, 30, 31, 167, 254
agricultural industry and, 63, 65–66
anarchism and, 117–30, 125, 131, 132
as anti-Fascist protesters, 159, 160, 163, 167
artistic achievements of, 46–47, 264–68
banking and loans for, 68–69, 70–71
as bootleggers, 136–37, 138, 139, 141, 151
citizenship and, 185–86, 188, 189–90
close-knit communities of, 5–9, 13, 43, 49
culinary traditions of, 65, 259–61
culture of, 1, 4, 79, 87, 107–13, 259
dissent movements and, 215–17, 218
education and, 71–72, 78, 84–86, 85, 87, 139
as enemy aliens, 4, 185–86, 185, 186, 188, 189, 190, 192–93, 194
English language and, 36, 42, 61, 86, 87, 186, 190
family valued by, 4, 17, 24, 84, 85
as Fascist sympathizers, 159, 159, 160, 164
first generation history of, 3, 55–56
fishing industry and, 63–64, 64, 189–90, 189
as food merchants, 31, 49–50, 49, 50, 63, 65, 175
generational divide among, 79, 85
graduation rates among, 86
harsh conditions encountered by, 39, 40–41, 43–44, 49, 77, 93–94, 120, 149
Hennessy murder and, 32, 34–35
in Hollywood, 88–89, 202–4
Hollywood depictions of, 1, 233, 234, 236–37, 238
housing conditions of, 32, 43–44, 61, 62, 65, 77, 93, 94, 148
interdependent communal behavior of, 7, 8–9, 13, 84
in internment camps, 186, 186, 188, 192
as laborers, see laborers
literacy of, 185–86, 188–89
lynching of, 29, 35–36, 36, 37
move into suburbs by, 114, 224
Mussolini as source of pride for, 159, 161, 162–63, 165
names anglicized by, 79–80, 180, 198, 200, 217, 241–42
nutrition of, 7, 78–79
as organ-grinders, 149, 149, 156
organized crime and, 136–37, 139–42, 223–24, 235, 237
patriotism of, 173, 177–78, 177
on plantations, 29, 30–31
poetry and, 211–12, 213–14, 214
in politics, 68, 145–56, 145, 191, 247–57, 247, 248, 250
as pop culture icons, 197–201, 202, 204–7, 223
population of, 49, 64–65, 77, 78, 145, 153
poverty of, 3, 32, 39, 40, 43–44, 49, 61, 65, 68, 78, 94
prejudice against, 34, 36, 37, 44, 61, 65, 71, 80, 82, 82, 130, 145, 162, 180, 224
Prohibition and, 136–37, 137, 138–39, 141, 142
Protestant social workers and, 79, 79
public displays of faith by, 107, 108, 109, 111, 112, 112, 117
religious devotion of, 107–14, 108, 115, 117
relocation of, 186, 187, 189, 192, 193
repatriation of, 3, 37, 39, 40, 42, 62, 83
restricted civil liberties of, 185, 186, 188–89, 192–93
saints depicted by, 108–10, 207
as seamstresses, 150, 150
second-generation assimilation of, 79, 80, 83, 85, 86–87, 87, 90
secret intelligence missions for, 178–79
self-imposed isolation of, 5–6, 17, 24, 32, 56, 185–86
stereotypes of, 1, 34, 37, 56, 82, 86, 149, 149, 156, 162, 238, 238, 250, 251
as strike leaders, 93, 94–96, 97, 98, 102–4, 131
as targets of extortion, 50–51, 52, 55
tension between Southern and Northern communities of, 62, 63
“two-ness” dilemma of, 173–75, 173, 182–83
in U.S. military, 146, 173, 174, 178–79, 179, 185, 192
wages of, 5, 31, 40, 41–42, 65, 78, 93, 119, 120
World War II war efforts by, 175, 176–78
see also Italian immigration; Italy
Italian Hour, The, 177–78
Italian immigration, 17, 31–32, 37, 61–62, 83–84
American propaganda as encouragement for, 23, 23, 30, 62, 94
journey of, 2–3, 39, 40–44, 77–78
laws and quotas on, 80, 130, 149
rates of, 23–24, 31, 49, 64
reasons for, 3, 4–5, 29, 39, 62, 78, 84, 96
Italian Jews, 146
Italian Legion, 19, 24
Italian Squad (Bomb Squad), 53, 53, 58
Italian Swiss Agricultural Association, 65
Italian unification, 17, 19, 20–21, 22, 24, 25, 33, 81
Italy, 11–12, 24–25, 39, 119
agricultural depression in, 63
Allied American voice in, 177–78
American perception of, 34
anarchism in, 117
civil liberties in, 162, 163–64, 167, 167
Columbus Day in, 159
craftsmanship in, 157, 261–64
cultural divide in, 17–18, 18, 21–22, 80–82
culture and values in, 13, 17, 70–71, 259, 261–64, 263
“Day of Faith” in, 166
emigration discouraged by, 23
Ethiopia invaded by, 166, 167
fascism in, 18, 159, 160, 161–63, 173
fashion style in, 265
Jews in, 146, 167
literacy rates in, 84
loss of free press in, 162
Mafia in, 33
money sent back to, 42–43
oppression in, 103
popular art in, 207
preservation of tastes from, 65, 259–60
reasons for leaving, 3, 4–5, 29, 39, 63, 78, 96
Italy (continued)
repatriation to, 3, 37, 39, 40, 42, 62, 83
secret police in, 166, 171
strikes in, 98–99, 99, 161, 162
surrender of, 179
U.S. relations with, 37, 166–67
wages in, 40
war declared on U.S. by, 169, 178
white widows in, 42
World War I and, 147
World War II and, 173, 174, 177–78, 182–83
see also Northern Italy, Northern Italians; Sicily; Southern Italy, Southern Italians
It’s a Wonderful Life, 72
“I’ve Got the World on a String,” 204
Iwo Jima, 179
James, Harry, 200
Japan, 169, 178
Japanese Americans, 175, 187
in internment camps, 186, 188
Jay-Z, 205
Jersey Shore, 238, 239, 245
Jesus Christ, 18, 19, 113, 119
Jewish immigrants, 131, 156
as bootleggers, 138
as criminals, 56
as gangsters, 140, 141, 142, 223
prejudice against, 44
quotas and, 149
Jews, Judaism, in Italy, 146, 167
Johnson, Albert, 130
Johnson-Reed Act, 130, 149, 269
Jones, James, 202
J. P. Morgan bank, 68, 124, 162
“Judas,” 206
“Just Dance,” 206
Justice Department, U.S., 185, 187, 192
Kefauver, Estes, 224–25, 226, 228
Kefauver Committee, 224–28, 229, 233
televised hearings of, 226–27, 226, 227
Kennedy, Robert, 228
Kerouac, Jack, 211
Kerr, Clark, 216
kidnappings, 54–55
laborers, 39–40, 42, 61, 65–66, 154
children as, 84, 100–101, 102
exploitation of, 39, 44–45, 45, 61, 93–94, 100–101, 102, 104, 118, 118, 131, 133
in garment industry, 150–51
in mills, 6, 43, 93–95, 93, 96, 100–101
padrone system and, 42
on plantations, 29, 30–31
in slate quarries, 5
slaves as, 29, 30, 42
wages of, 5, 31, 40, 41–42, 65, 78, 93, 119, 120
see also strikes; unions
La Follette, Robert, 149
La Guardia, Achille, 146
La Guardia, Fiorello, 3, 145–56, 145, 147, 148, 149, 151, 152, 156, 159, 160, 168, 178, 192, 228, 256
La Guardia, Fioretta, 148, 148
La Guardia Airport, 155
Laine, Frankie, 198
Lang, Violet “Bunny,” 213
Lansky, Meyer, 142, 223
La Scala, 170
La Sorte, Michael, 262
Latinos, 3, 83
Latin Quarter, San Francisco, 63
Laughlin, Harry, 130
Lawford, Peter, 205
Lawrence, Mass., 93–96, 97–102, 162, 212
children’s exodus from, 99, 100, 101, 102
Lawrence Commons, 97
Lawrence millworkers’ strike, 93, 94–96, 96, 97–100, 101–4, 104, 162, 163, 212
League of Nations, 167
Le Donne’s, 6
Lehman, Herbert, 159
Leonardo da Vinci, 61
Letters of Sacco and Vanzetti, 129
Levi, Carlo, 17–19, 26–27, 27
“Like a Virgin,” 206
Lincoln, Abraham, 29, 157
Lindsay, John, 250
literacy, 82, 83, 84, 185–86, 188–89
Little Caesar, 227
Little Italies, 49, 56, 86, 107
loans, 68–69, 70, 70, 71
Loero, Celestina Stagnaro, 186
Lombardi, Annunciata, 255
LoPizzo, Anna, 97, 100
Los Angeles, Calif., 73, 138
Louisiana, 4, 30–32, 31
Lucania, 18, 26, 39
Lucchese, Gaetano, 229
Luce, Henry, 166
Luciano, Charlie “Lucky,” 140–41, 202, 212–13
Lucy, Saint, 109
Lupo, Ignazio, 51
Luzzatto-Coen, Irene, 146
lynching, 29, 36–37, 36, 37, 225
Mac, 243, 245
macaroni factory, 45
Madeiros, Celestino, 126, 128
Madonna (singer), 204, 205–7, 265
Madonna (Virgin Mary), 9, 11, 108, 109, 110, 111–13, 112, 113, 114–115, 114, 207
Mafia, 32–34, 36, 61–62, 141, 242
Black Hand tied to, 51, 80
five “families” of, 229, 229, 236
Hollywood’s portrayal of, 233, 234, 235, 236, 238, 244–45
Italians stereotyped as, 35, 37, 56, 80, 202, 250, 251
Kefauver Committee hearings and, 224–25, 228–29
silence code (omertà) of, 228, 236
use of term, 33, 34, 225
see also organized crime
Maggio, Angelo (char.), 202, 204
Magliocco, Giuseppe, 229
Maida, 182
malocchio (evil eye), 8, 8
Mangione, Jerre, 173–74
Manhattan College, 217
Marcantonio, Vito, 78, 152–53, 152, 160
“March on Rome,” 161, 169
“Marriage,” 214
Married to the Mob, 236
Martello, Il, 163
Martin, Dean, 198, 199, 203, 205, 223
Martin, Peter, 211–12, 211
Martini, Allen V., 178
Maryland, 133, 255
Massachusetts, 4, 94, 120, 124, 125–26, 128–29
Massachusetts state militia, 95
Massachusetts Supreme Court, 128
Matera, 26
materialism, 8, 11, 211, 217
Mathis, June, 88
Matranga (Italian stevedore), 34–35
Mayes, Frances, 262
Mayor La Guardia Calling Rome, 178
Mazzini, Giuseppe, 19, 96, 168
McCormick, Anne O’Hare, 161
McCray, Chirlane, 253–54
McGill University, 96
McKinley, William, 124
Medicare, 190
Mencken, H. L., 90, 163–64
Men of Respect, 245
Messina, 33
Metropolitan Opera, 170
Metternich, Prince Klemens von, 21
Meucci, Antonio, 25
Michelangelo, 61
Mickey Blue Eyes, 236
Milan, 82, 91, 260, 265
military, U.S., 173, 176
Millay, Edna St. Vincent, 129
Miller, Henry, 219
Miller’s Crossing, 245
Milton, Pa., 181
Mission District, San Francisco, 63
Mississippi Freedom Summer campaign, 217
Missoula, Mont., 185, 187, 188
Mob Wives, 238, 239
Molinari, Filippo, 187
Molise, 96, 255
Mondale, Walter, 248, 248, 249
moonshine, 138
Moonstruck, 238
Moore, Fred, 126
moralism, 135
Moran, George “Bugs,” 140
Morelli, Joe, 126
Morgan, J. P., 68, 121, 162
Mount Carmel Catholic Church, 207–8
Murray, Natalia Danesi, 177–78
Murray, William, 178
Mussolini, Benito, 159–67, 168, 169–70, 174, 187, 217, 253
Black Shirt army of, 161, 162, 182
civil liberties suppressed by, 162, 163–64, 167, 167
as idol for Italian Americans, 159, 161, 162–63, 165
secret police of, 166, 171
World War II and, 169, 177–78, 193
My Cousin Vinny, 238
Naples, 18, 39, 77, 82, 107, 109, 243, 253
Napoleonic Wars, 17
National Broadcasting Company (NBC), 171, 177, 227
Symphony Orchestra of, 171
National Organization for Women, 247
Nazis, Nazism, 178, 197
Neapolitan troops, 20
Near West Side Planning Board, 230
Never-Ending Wrong, The (Porter), 128–29
New Deal, 148, 151, 153–54, 225, 247
New Jersey, 55, 123, 159, 178, 182, 199, 200, 209, 214, 237, 241
New Left, 218
New Orleans, La., 29–33, 31, 32, 34–37, 34, 247
corruption in, 34, 35
housing conditions in, 32
lynchings in, 29, 36–37, 36, 37, 225
New Orleans, Port of, 31
newspaper strike, 155
New York, N.Y., 58, 88, 89, 145, 171, 180, 200, 219, 251, 252–54, 264
annual budget of, 148
banned books sold in, 220–21
Catholic faith in, 107, 110–12, 114
corruption in, 145, 147, 147, 152, 153
elections in, 151–52
fascism in, 159–60
finances of, 153–55
garment strike (1926) in, 151
housing in, 43–44, 49, 77, 148, 148, 150, 153, 155
as immigration port, 30, 66, 77–78, 146–47
Italian education in, 86–87, 87
Italian immigrant food shops in, 49–50, 259–60, 259
Italian population in, 49, 64, 77, 78, 145, 153
Kefauver Committee hearings in, 226–28
La Guardia’s contributions to, 154–56
Littly Italy in, 49, 50, 51, 57, 58, 236, 260
organized crime in, 136, 140–41, 223
poverty and deprivation in, 43–44, 49, 120
Prohibition in, 136, 140–41
strikers’ children sent to, 99, 100, 101
terrorism in, 51–55, 62, 117, 121–22, 124
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire in, 97–98, 131, 133
New York City Center, 155
New York City Police Department, 57
New York Harbor, 39, 43
New York Philharmonic, 155, 170
New York Poets Theatre, 219
New York Public Library, 154
New York State, 252
New York Times, 11, 36, 57, 160, 161, 251
New York Times Magazine, 247–48
New York University, Law School at, 146
Niceforo, Alfredo, 81–82
Normandy, Battle of, 179
North Beach, Calif., 61, 65, 66, 69, 71
Northern Exposure, 239
Northern Italy, Northern Italians:
achievements of, 17, 162
immigrants from, 61–63, 65
landscape of, 17
physical appearance of, 62
Southern Italians compared to, 17, 61–62, 80–82
Southern Italy as perceived by, 18, 22, 81
Not Fade Away, 239
O Brother, Where Art Thou?, 243
Ocean City, N.J., 182
Ocean’s Eleven, 205
Odyssey (Homer), 1
“Odyssey of a Wop, The” (Fante), 90–91
Old World in the New, The (Ross), 82
Olympia Press, 220
Onesti, Alberto, 173, 174
Opinione, L’, 163
Oppenheim, James, 104
organized crime, 139–42, 251
bootlegging and, 136–37, 138, 139, 141, 223
Hollywood films on, 234, 236, 237
Kefauver Committee hearings on, 224–28, 226, 227
law enforcement of, 155–56, 156, 234–35
Prohibiton as catalyst for, 135, 136–37, 141, 142, 223
violence of, 139–40
see also Mafia
Other Italy, The (de Blasio), 253
Our Lady of Mount Carmel, 9, 11, 110, 111, 114–15, 114
Our Lady of Mount Carmel Church (PA), 11
padrone system, 42, 44
Palermo, 20, 30, 33, 58, 82
Palestine, 171
Palmer, A. Mitchell, 122–23, 123, 124
Palmer raids, 124
Papal States, 17
Paramount Theatre, 197, 199, 201
Parker, Charlie, 198
Parkerson, William S., 35–36
Passione, 243, 245
Patrizi, Ettore, 164, 191
Pay or Die (film), 58
payroll robberies, 124, 125–26, 128–29
Pearl Harbor attack, 168, 169, 185, 187
Pelosi, Nancy, 247, 252, 252, 255–57
Pennsylvania, 4, 5, 11–12, 43, 97
Pennsylvania Railroad, 165
Perry Como Show, The, 198
Petrosino, Adelina, 58
Petrosino, Giuseppe “Joseph,” 53, 53, 54, 57–58
Philadelphia, Pa., 100
Phoenix bookstore, 219, 220
Piacenza, 180
Piccirilli Brothers, 154, 157
Piedmont, 62, 82, 119
Pileggi, Nicholas, 235–36
Pitt, Brad, 205
Pittsburgh, Calif., 187–88
Pittsburgh, Pa., 51
Planned Parenthood, 99
plantations, 29, 30–31
Plasterer’s union card, 154
Plaza Hotel, 180
Poconos, 4, 7
poetry, 211–12, 213–14, 214, 219
Poet’s Press, 219
Polish criminals, 56
Polla, 110, 111, 115
Pontillo, Giovanna, 52–55
Pope, Generoso, 160, 165, 166–67, 168, 168, 191
Portale, Alfred, 261
Porter, Cole, 200
Porter, Katherine Anne, 128–29
Portuguese immigrants, 93
press, 37
anarchist, 118
fascist propaganda and, 159, 160, 161–63, 164, 165, 167, 168, 175
Italian restrictions on, 163–64
patriotic, 173
see also specific publications
“Prisoner of Love,” 198
Proclamation 2527, 185
Progressive Party, 148–49
Progresso, Il, 160, 164, 165, 167, 168, 168, 173, 176, 178, 191
Prohibition, 135–42, 145, 151, 151
as catalyst for organized crime, 135, 136–37, 141, 142, 223
end of, 141
see also bootlegging
Proletario, Il, 95
propaganda:
American, 23, 30, 62, 94, 177–78
Italian, 159, 163, 165, 168
Protestant lawmakers, 135, 135
Protestant reformers, 142
Protestant social workers, 79, 79
Provenzano (Italian stevedore), 34
Pug Uglies, 50
pushcarts, 49–50
Puzo, Mario, 203, 233–34, 234, 236
Queen, 206
Queen of the Big Time, The (Trigiani), 11
Queens, N.Y., 57, 198, 217, 243, 248
Queens College, 217
Questione Meridionale (Niceforo), 81–82
Quiz Show, 243
Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO), 234–35
racketeering, 234–35
radio, 175–76
Raffetto’s pasta shop, 50
Rat Pack, 203, 205, 207
Ravenite Social Club, 236
Reagan, Ronald, 218, 249, 250
real estate, 61, 68
Real Estate Board of New York, 150
Real Housewives of New Jersey, The, 238
Recollections of My Life as a Woman (Di Prima), 219–21
Red and the Black, The (Stendhal), 213
Red Scare, 124
Red Shirts (Thousand), 20, 24, 169
Reed, Jimmy, 207
Reggio di Calabria, 265
Reininger, Gustave, 214
relocation program, 186, 187, 188, 189, 192, 193
rent control bill, 150
Republican Party, 147, 147, 152, 167, 251
Resistance, 178
Rhode Island, 81
Riddle, Nelson, 204
Riis, Jacob, 44
Rimbaud, Arthur, 213
Ripabottoni, 96
Risorgimento, 20–21, 81, 84
Roach Guards, 50
“Roberto” (Rome, Berlin, Tokyo), 186
Rocco, Angelo, 95–96
Rockefeller, John D., 121, 122, 162
Rockford Files, The, 239
Roman Empire, 159, 161, 166
Romano, Michael, 261
Rome, 24, 25, 33, 166
Italian annexation of (1870), 17
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 122, 145, 145, 165, 168, 168, 217
Columbus Day and, 159
elected president, 151
Italian fascism and, 160, 166–67, 191
New Deal and, 151
World War II and, 185, 187, 192
WPA created by, 153, 154
Roosevelt, Theodore, 58
Rosetans, 4–9, 6
Roseto, Pa., 5–10, 6, 11–14, 17, 110, 268
“Roseto Effect,” 7, 249
Roseto Valfortore, 4–5, 6–7, 11–12, 269
Rosie the Riveter, 176, 177, 177
Ross, Edward Alsworth, 82
Rossi, Angelo, 145, 145, 190–91, 191
Rothstein, Arnold, 141
Russia, 117, 124, 176
Russian criminals, 56, 235
Rustic Cabin, 200
Sabetti, Luigi, 5
Sacco, Nicola, 118–20, 118, 121, 123–26, 125, 127, 128–29, 130, 133, 162
Sacrament, Calif., 62
St. Patrick’s Cathedral, 107
saints, patron, 108–11, 117, 207
St. Valentine’s Day Massacre, 139, 140
Salem, Mass., 103
Salerno, 57, 110
Salute è in voi!, La (Galleani), 121
Salvemini, Gaetano, 168
San Francisco, Calif., 61–72, 61, 145, 145, 191
banking in, 67–70, 73–74
corruption in, 68
Great Earthquake in, 64, 66, 66, 69–71, 264
housing in, 61, 62, 65
Italian neighborhoods of, 63
Italian population of, 64
Latin Quarter of, 63
rebuilding of, 66, 70, 71
restricted zones in, 188
San Gennaro, Feast of, 107
Sanger, Margaret, 99
San Mateo, Calif., 69
Sardinia, Kingdom of, 20
Saturday Evening Post, 161, 162
Saturday Night Fever, 238, 238
Savio, Dora, 217
Savio, Joseph, 217
Savio, Mario, 211, 215–19, 216, 223
Sbarboro, Andrea, 65
Scala, Charles, 231
Scala, Florence, 230–31, 231
Scalia, Antonin, 249–50, 250
Scarface, 227
Scatena, Lorenzo, 67–68, 69
Scorsese, Martin, 227, 235–36
seamstresses, 150, 150
Sebastian, Saint, 109, 207
Selassie, Haile, 166, 167
Senate, U.S., 226, 228, 229, 249
Sephardic Jews, 145
“Sermon on the Commons,” 97
Sforza, Carlo, 168
Shahn, Ben, 129
Shakespeare, Joseph A., 32, 34
Shark Tale, 236
Sheik, The, 89
Shelley, Percy Bysshe, 213
Sicilian immigrants, 52
agricultural background of, 30
appearance of, 32, 80
as California fishermen, 63–64, 190
in Louisiana, 30, 31, 32–33, 36, 247
Mafia and, 32–33, 36, 56, 61–62
on plantations, 29, 30–31
as stereotype of southern Italian immigrants, 80, 81, 82
Sicily:
agricultural society in, 30, 33
conditions in, 21, 30
Garibaldi’s army in, 19–21, 21, 25, 29, 169
Mafia in, 33, 34
peasants from, 19, 20, 21, 21
Petrosino’s murder in, 53, 57, 58
in World War II, 178–79
Siegel, Benjamin “Bugsy,” 142, 223
Siena, Angelina, 54–55, 54, 56
Siena, Rocco, 52, 55
Sierra Nevada, 62
Silone, Ignazio, 22
Sinatra, Frank, 3, 197, 197, 198–203, 201, 203, 204, 207, 211, 223
Sinatra, Nancy (daughter), 205
Sinatra, Nancy (wife), 202
Sinclair, Upton, 125, 129
slate quarries, 5, 6, 11
slaves, slavery, 29, 30
padrone system compared to, 42
slot machines, 156, 156, 224
Small Business Administration, 14
smallpox, 44
Smeal, Eleanor Cutri, 247
socialism, 117, 132
Social Security, 190
Soderbergh, Steven, 205
Sole, 163
Sonoma State University, 218–19
Soprano, Livia (char.), 242
Soprano, Tony (char.), 141, 237, 241
Sopranos, The, 237, 237, 239, 241, 242
Sourian, Peter, 213
South Braintree, Mass., 124, 125
Southern Italy, Southern Italians:
agrarian economy of, 30, 33, 83
agricultural landscape of, 17, 18, 30, 31
American propaganda in, 23, 62, 94
Bourbon dynasty in, 20
culture of, 8, 85–86
education of, 84
immigrants from, 4–5, 17, 23, 23, 29, 41, 62, 65, 78, 80, 83–84
literacy of, 82, 84
Northern Italians compared to, 17, 61–62, 80–82
as peasants, 5, 8, 17–24, 18, 21, 27, 29, 31, 39, 44, 83, 108
poverty and harsh conditions in, 17–19, 21–23, 26–27, 27, 30, 40, 41, 61
religious devotion of, 107–8, 109
revolts in, 22
stereotypes of, 80, 81, 82
suffrage in, 22
taxes of, 21, 22
wages of, 18, 19
see also Sicilian immigrants; Sicily
Spain, 50
Spanish-American War, 146
speakeasies, 135, 136, 136, 140, 141
Springsteen, Bruce, 207
Stampa, La, 163
State Department, U.S., 29, 163
Staten Island, N.Y., 24, 25
Stendhal, 213
Steubenville, Ohio, 198
Stevenson, Adlai, 225
Stewart, Jimmy, 72
stock market crash (1929), 151
strikes, 93–104, 96, 104, 120, 151, 155
children sent away during, 99, 99, 100, 101, 102
Italian Americans as leaders of, 93, 94–96, 97, 98, 102–4, 131
in Italy, 98–99, 99, 161, 162
see also specific strikes
Supreme Court, U.S., 231, 249, 250
syphilis, 140
Taft, Howard, 100
Talese, Gay, 182–83
Tammany Hall, 145, 147, 147, 152, 153, 155, 228
Tampa, Fla., 29
Target, 263
Tarrytown, N.Y., 176–77
tax evasion, 140, 228
Teamsters, 141
Telegraph Hill, San Francisco, 63, 69
tenant farmers, 30, 31
tenements, 43–44, 49, 77, 148, 148, 153, 207
Tennessee, 224–25
Teoli, Camella, 100–101
Terkel, Studs, 230, 231
terrorism, 51–55, 62, 117, 121–22, 124
textile mills, 93, 101, 102
“That’s Amore,” 198
Thayer, Webster, 125, 126, 128
“These Boots Are Made for Walkin’,” 205
Thousand (Red Shirts), 20, 24, 169
Time, 166, 223–24
Tivoli, 225
Tombs, 212
Torremaggiore, 119
Torrio, John, 139–40
Torrisi, Rich, 261
Toscanini, Arturo, 155, 169–71, 178
Toscanini, Claudio, 169
trachoma, 27, 41, 149
Travolta, John, 238
Trenton, N.J., 214
Tresca, Carlo, 121, 163–64, 167–68, 211, 212
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire, 97–98, 131, 133
Tribbiani, Joey (char.), 238
Tribuna d’America, La, 163
Trieste, 146, 148
Trigiani, Adriana, 11–14
Trigiani, Viola, 14
tuberculosis, 44, 148
Tucci, Stanley, 245
Turkey, 221
Turturro, John, 243–45
Tuscany, 25, 62, 262
typhoid, 44
Umbria, 174
Under the Tuscan Sun (Mayes), 262
unemployment, 154
Union army, 29
unions, 95, 96, 98, 100, 101, 103, 121, 127, 131, 133, 141, 154, 157
United States Conference of Mayors, 154
Unto the Sons (Talese), 182
Uruguay, 19, 24
Utopian beliefs, 117
Valachi, Joseph, 228–29, 230, 233
Valdinoci, Carlo, 122, 123–33
Vale, Jerry, 198
Valentino, Rudolph (Rodolfo Guglielmi), 88–89, 107
Vanzetti, Bartolomeo, 118–19, 118, 120–21, 124–26, 125, 127, 128–29, 130, 133, 162
Vatican, 162
vendetta, 80
Venice Biennale, 265, 267–68, 267
Veniero’s Pastry Shop, 50
Venturi, Robert, 247
Verdi, Giuseppe, 61
Versace, Gianni, 265
Vestal Lady on Brattle, The (Corso), 213
Vesuvius, eruption of (1631), 109
Victor Emmanuel II, King of Italy, 19, 20, 22, 91, 161
Vietnam War, 217, 234
Villafalletto, 119
vineyards, 65
Virginia, 133
“Volare,” 198
Volstead, Andrew J., 135
Volstead Act, 135, 151
Vorse, Mary Heaton, 125
wages, 5, 18, 19, 40, 41–43, 65, 78, 93, 93, 94, 100, 101, 119, 120
Walker, Jimmy, 152
Wallrich, Larry, 219, 220–21
Wall Street explosions, 124
War Department, U.S., 185, 186, 187, 192
War on Poverty, 14
war production, 176–78, 192, 197
Washington, Booker T., 30
Washington, D.C., 122, 147, 148, 153–54
Washington Square Park, San Francisco, 65
Wayne, John, 202
Welsh Americans, 5, 7
Western Defense Command, 187
white separatists, 35–36
Why We Fight, 178
Wickliffe, John, 35–36
Wilhelm, Warren, Sr., 252
Williams, Hank, 207, 208, 209
Wilson, Woodrow, 129–30, 180, 255
WNEW, 200
Wolf, Stewart, 7, 8
Wood, William Madison, 93, 121
workers, see laborers
Works Progress Administration (WPA), 154–55, 154
World Heritage Site, 26
World War I, 121, 147–48, 187
World War II, 173–79, 175, 177, 178, 182, 185–93, 190, 197, 198, 238
American internment camps of, 185, 186, 186, 187, 188, 188, 192
American propaganda in, 177–78
Italian American “two-ness” dilemma during, 173–75, 173, 182–83
prohibited zones in, 187–88
relocation program, 186, 187, 188, 189, 192, 193
women and, 113, 175, 176–77, 179
Yale, Frank, 138
Yankees, 190
Young Italy, 19
Zaccaro, John, 251
Zarillo, Carmela, 176