NOTES

Editor’s Preface
1.	Melville, Moby Dick, 332.
Introduction
1.	Graeber, The Utopia of Rules, 192. He references Lewis, “Toward a Unified Theory of Cultural Performance,” 47.
2.	Kherdian, Monkey, 58.
3.	See, for example, Pseudo-Dionysius On the Celestial Hierarchy (De Coelesti Hierarchia), as well as Thomas Aquinas, The Mishnah Torah, St. Ambrose, and others.
4.	Harris, et al, “Introduction: Managing Modernity: Beyond Bureaucracy,” in Clegg, Harris, and Höpfl, Managing Modernity, 1.
5.	Clegg, “Under Reconstruction,” in Clegg, Harris, and Höpfl, Managing Modernity, 202, citing Landau, Political Science, 167, and Blau and Meyer, Bureaucracy in Modern Society, 10.
6.	Clegg, Harris, and Höpfl, Managing Modernity, 203.
7.	Mill, Considerations on Representative Government, 114. Mill didn’t like bureaucracy much, though.
8.	Wren and Bedeian, Evolution of Management Thought, 233.
9.	Shapiro, Terrorist’s Dilemma, 16.
10.	Taub, “US Just Declassified al-Qaeda’s Job Application Form.”
11.	Shapiro, Terrorist’s Dilemma, 18.
12.	Reed, “Post-Bureaucratic Organization” in Clegg, Harris, and Höpfl, Managing Modernity, 230, citing Burke and Black, “Al-Qaida.”
13.	Weber, Economy & Society, 971.
14.	Wren and Bedeian, Evolution of Management Thought, 15.
15.	Wren and Bedeian, Evolution of Management Thought, 16.
16.	Wren and Bedeian, Evolution of Management Thought, 14.
17.	Weber, Economy & Society, 970.
18.	von Mises, Bureaucracy, Kindle loc. 285.
19.	Wren and Bedeian, Evolution of Management Thought, 19.
20.	Dickson, People’s Government, 176.
21.	von Mises, Bureaucracy, Kindle loc.1502.
22.	Wren and Bedeian, Evolution of Management Thought, 17. Compare to Weber’s definition of bureaucracy in Chapter 1.
23.	Lactantius, “Of the Manner,” 7.
24.	Lucy Ives in Lapham’s. She attributes the term to Vicent de Gournay.
25.	Merton, Social Theory and Social Structure, 251.
26.	Lucy Ives, Lapham’s.
27.	von Mises, Bureaucracy, Kindle loc. 112.
28.	Graeber, The Utopia of Rules, 192.
29.	Graeber, The Utopia of Rules, 192.

Part I

Overture
1.	“History,” Department of Homeland Security website.
2.	NPR Staff, “Who Oversees Homeland Security?”
Chapter 1
1.	Quoted in Moby Dick, opening sentence of Hobbes’s Leviathan.
2.	There are nuances here; see “‘L’état C’Est à Moi’: Louis XIV and the State,” in Harline, Rhyme and Reason of Politics, 185–198, for a more thorough discussion.
3.	Wren and Bedeian, Evolution of Management Thought, 194.
4.	Clegg, Harris, and Höpfl. Managing Modernity, 203.
5.	Merton, Social Theory and Social Structure, 249.
6.	Weber, Economy & Society, Kindle loc. 6266.
7.	Weber, Economy & Society, Kindle loc. 6215–6228.
8.	Weber, Selections in Translation, Kindle loc. 7991.
9.	Merton, Social Theory and Social Structure, 250.
10.	Weber, Economy & Society, 974.
11.	Buchanan & Fitzgerald, “New Lock, New Stock,” in Clegg, Harris, and Höpfl, Managing Modernity, 58, citing Burns & Stalker, Management of Innovation.
12.	Clegg, “Under Reconstruction,” Clegg, Harris, and Höpfl, Managing Modernity, 204, citing Pugh, “Modern Organization Theory.”
13.	Weber, Economy & Society, 974.
14.	Wilson, Bureaucracy, 375.
15.	Wilson, Bureaucracy, 114.
16.	“The World’s Most Valuable Brands,” Forbes.com.
17.	Graeber, The Utopia of Rules, 11.
18.	Graeber, “In Regulation Nation,” 13.
19.	Weber, Economy & Society, 974.
20.	Weber, Economy & Society, 975.
21.	Graeber, The Utopia of Rules, 15.
22.	Conway, “Conway’s Law.”
23.	Gaunt, “Corporations Are Becoming Expert.”
24.	Orwell, “Politics and the English Language,” 133, in Orwell and Angos, Collected Essays, Journalism, and Letters.
25.	Galore, “The Bureaucracy of Terror.”
26.	Weber, Economy & Society, 983.
27.	Balzac, The Bureaucrats.
28.	Dickens, David Copperfield, Chapter 43.
29.	Weber, Economy & Society, 973.
30.	Arendt, “A Special Supplement.”
31.	Weber, Economy & Society, 987.
32.	Weber, Economy & Society, 993.
33.	Adler, “Building Better Bureaucracies,” 36.
34.	Adler, “Building Better Bureaucracies,” 36.
35.	Wilson, Bureaucracy, 128.
36.	Wilson, Bureaucracy, 324.
37.	Graeber, The Utopia of Rules, 9.
Chapter 2
1.	Clinger Cohen Act of 1996.
2.	Patrick-Goudreau, “A Gaggle of Geese.”
3.	Avery, “Responsible Change,” 22–23.
4.	Department of Homeland Security, Acquisition Directive 102-01, November 7, 2008, B42-45.
5.	Department of Homeland Security, Acquisition Directive 102-01, November 7, 2008, B60.
6.	Schwaber and Sutherland, The Scrum Guide.
7.	The team of brilliantly creative bureaucracy savants included Josh Seckel, Suzi Rizzo, Ken Moser, Darren Hoevel, Bob Payne, Raj Indugula, John Hughes, Rob Brown, Roland Cuellar, Melinda Solomon, and George Dinwiddie.
8.	Rhodes, Office of the Deputy Chief Management Officer, “Revised Department of Defense Order of Precedence.” *Under Code 5, for example.
9.	Office Inspector General, USCIS Automation of Immigration Benefits, 22. This report is filled with inaccuracies and misleading information, so please read it with some skepticism.
10.	“Government Paperwork Elimination Act.”
Chapter 3
1.	Weber, Economy & Society, 88.
2.	Beetham, Bureaucracy, 14, referencing Weber, Theory of Social and Economic Organization, 214.
3.	Gouldner, Patterns of Industrial Bureaucracy, 179, citing Nussbaum, History of the Economic Institutions, 379.
4.	Adler, “Two Types of Bureaucracy,” 67, citing Cyert and Marsh, A Behavioral Theory of the Firm, and Beniger, The Control Revolution.
5.	Weber, Economy & Society, 973.
6.	Scott, Seeing Like a State, 76.
7.	Scott, Seeing Like a State, 2.
8.	Scott, Seeing Like a State, 6.
9.	Schwaber and Sutherland, The Scrum Guide, 6.
10.	Schwaber and Sutherland, The Scrum Guide, 19.
Chapter 4
1.	Shook, “How to Change a Culture,” 83–84.
2.	Wilson, Bureaucracy, 375.
3.	Wilson, Bureaucracy, xviii.
4.	Clegg, “Under Reconstruction,” in Clegg, Harris, and Höpfl, Managing Modernity, 207.
5.	Elizabeth Blair, “A History of ‘Pettifogging.’”
6.	von Mises, Bureaucracy, Kindle loc. 950.
7.	Merton, Social Theory and Social Structure, 253.
8.	Merton, Social Theory and Social Structure, 254.
9.	Hlavacek, “Bureaucracy and New Product Innovation,” 363–364.
10.	Wilson, Bureaucracy, 221.
11.	Merton, Social Theory and Social Structure, 252.
12.	Merton, Social Theory and Social Structure, 252.
13.	Merton, Social Theory and Social Structure, 251–252.
14.	Muller, Tyranny of Metrics, 41.
15.	Merton, Social Theory and Social Structure, 252.
16.	Merton, cited in Gouldner, Patterns of Industrial Bureaucracy, 19.
17.	Scott, Seeing Like a State, 76–77.
18.	Merton, Social Theory and Social Structure, 256.
19.	Graeber, The Utopia of Rules, 7.
20.	Graeber, The Utopia of Rules, 7.
21.	Lucas and Walliams, Little Britain.
22.	Brady, “Analytics Without Limits.”
23.	von Mises, Bureaucracy, Kindle loc. 1029.
Chapter 5
1.	du Gay, “Without Regard,” in Clegg, Harris, and Höpfl, Managing Modernity, 18, citing Hunter, Rethinking the School, 157.
2.	du Gay, “Without Regard,” in Clegg, Harris, and Höpfl, Managing Modernity, 19.
3.	Clegg, “Under Reconstruction,” in Clegg, Harris, and Höpfl, Managing Modernity, 203.
4.	du Gay, “Without Regard,” in Clegg, Harris, and Höpfl, Managing Modernity, 18.
5.	Willmot, “Back to the Future,” in Clegg, Harris, and Höpfl, Managing Modernity, 259, citing Amy, “The Case for Bureaucracy.”
6.	Merton, Social Theory and Social Structure, 249.
7.	Willmot, “Back to the Future,” in Clegg, Harris, and Höpfl, Managing Modernity, 260.
8.	Clegg, “Under Reconstruction,” in Clegg, Harris, and Höpfl, Managing Modernity, 206.
9.	Clegg, “Under Reconstruction,” in Clegg, Harris, and Höpfl, Managing Modernity, 206.
10.	Adler, “Better Bureaucracies,” 38.
11.	Adler, “Two Types of Bureaucracy,” 65.
12.	Adler, “Two Types of Bureaucracy,” 64.
13.	Wische, “IT Risk Management,” 2, citing Gouldner, Patterns of Industrial Bureaucracy, 10.
14.	Adler, “Better Bureaucracies,” 38.
15.	Willmot, “Back to the Future,” in Clegg, Harris, and Höpfl, Managing Modernity, 257.
16.	Schein, The Corporate Culture Survival Guide, 134.
17.	Schein, The Corporate Culture Survival Guide, 140.
18.	Schein, The Corporate Culture Survival Guide, 47.
19.	von Mises, Bureaucracy, Kindle loc. 767.
20.	Wilson, Bureaucracy, 339.
21.	Adler, “Better Bureaucracies,” 36.
22.	Adler, “Two Types of Bureaucracy,” 67, citing Cyert and Marsh, A Behavioral Theory of the Firm, and Beniger, The Control Revolution.
23.	Takeuchi and Nonaka, “New New Product Development Game,” 144.
24.	du Gay, “Without Regard,” in Clegg, Harris, and Höpfl, Managing Modernity, 20.
25.	Weber, Economy and Society, Kindle loc. 6215.
26.	Willmott, “Back to the Future,” in Clegg, Harris, and Höpfl, Managing Modernity, 261.
27.	Stravinsky, Poetics of Music in the Form of Six Lessons, 65.
28.	Mikkelson, David. “Did Dr. Seuss Write.” *Forty-nine of the words were just a single syllable long!
29.	von Mises, Bureaucracy, Kindle loc. 691–696.
30.	von Mises, Bureaucracy, Kindle loc. 699.
31.	Adler, “Two Types of Bureaucracy,” 78.
32.	Clegg, Harris, and Höpfl, Managing Modernity, 25.

Part II

Chapter 6
1.	Johnston, “History Lessons.”
2.	Adler, “Better Bureaucracies,” 37.
3.	Schwartz, A Seat at the Table, 105–107; Schwartz, War & Peace & IT, 107–110.
4.	Weber, Economy and Society, 974.
5.	Weber, Economy and Society, 223.
6.	Weber, Selections in Translation, Kindle loc. 7973.
7.	Buchanan and Fitzgerald, “New Lock, New Stock,” in Clegg, Harris, and Höpfl, Managing Modernity, 58.
8.	Buchanan and Fitzgerald, “New Lock, New Stock,” in Clegg, Harris, and Höpfl, Managing Modernity, 74.
9.	Buchanan and Fitzgerald, “New Lock, New Stock,” in Clegg, Harris, and Höpfl, Managing Modernity, 74.
10.	Gouldner, Patterns of Industrial Bureaucracy, 164.
11.	Willmott, “Back to the Future,” in Clegg, Harris, and Höpfl, Managing Modernity, 285.
12.	Reed, “The Post-Bureaucratic Organization,” in Clegg, Harris, and Höpfl, Managing Modernity, 237.
13.	Gouldner, Patterns of Industrial Bureaucracy, 164.
14.	Willmott, “Back to the Future,” in Clegg, Harris, and Höpfl, Managing Modernity, 285.
Chapter 7
1.	Adler, “Two Types of Bureaucracy,” 623.
2.	Weber, Economy and Society, Kindle loc. 6254, and The Theory of Social and Economic Organization, 349.
3.	Muller, Tyranny of Metrics, 33, citing Frederick W. Taylor, Principles of Scientific Management, cited by David Montgomery, The Fall of the House of Labor, (New Haven, 1989), 229. *This quote is just too good—it’s obviously making the rounds.
4.	Muller, Tyranny of Metrics, 32.
5.	Weber, Economy & Society, 967–968.
6.	Adler, “Better Bureaucracies,” 41.
7.	Bogsnes, Implementing Beyond Budgeting, Kindle loc. 181–185.
8.	Gouldner, Patterns of Industrial Bureaucracy, 163; 170; 174.
9.	Gouldner, Patterns of Industrial Bureaucracy, 162.
10.	Gouldner, Patterns of Industrial Bureaucracy, 207.
11.	Gouldner, Patterns of Industrial Bureaucracy, 208.
12.	Gouldner, Patterns of Industrial Bureaucracy, 187.
13.	Gouldner, Patterns of Industrial Bureaucracy, 189.
14.	Adler, “Coercive vs Enabling,” 75.
15.	Adler, “The ‘Learning Bureaucracy’: New United Motor Manufacturing, Inc.,” 75, citing Herzberg, F., Work and the Nature of Man, Cleveland: World Publishing, 1966.
16.	Adler, “Two Types of Bureaucracy,” 62.
17.	Adler, “Two Types of Bureaucracy,” 63.
18.	Adler, “Two Types of Bureaucracy,” 69.
19.	Adler, “Two Types of Bureaucracy,” 65.
20.	Adler, “Two Types of Bureaucracy,” 66.
21.	Gouldner, Patterns of Industrial Bureaucracy, 192.
22.	Adler, “Two Types of Bureaucracy,” 64, citing Ronald E. Michaels, William L. Cron, Alan J. Dubinsky, and Erich A. Joachimsthaler, “Influence of formalization on the organizational commitment and work alienation of salespeople and industrial buyers.” Journal of Marketing Research, 25: 376–383, 1988.
23.	Adler, “Two Types of Bureaucracy,” 66.
24.	Adler, “Two Types of Bureaucracy,” 64, citing Fariborz Damanpour, “Organizational innovation,” Academy of Management Journal, 34: 555–591, 1991.
25.	Adler, “Two Types of Bureaucracy,” 67.
26.	Buchanan and Fitzgerald, “New Lock, New Stock,” in Clegg, Harris, and Höpfl, Managing Modernity, 75.
27.	Gawande, The Checklist Manifesto, 48.
28.	Gawande, The Checklist Manifesto, 79.
29.	Gawande, The Checklist Manifesto, 73.
30.	“FISMA NIST 800-53 Rev. 4 Controls—by the Numbers.”
31.	Adler, “Better Bureaucracies,” 41.
32.	Adler, “Better Bureaucracies,” 42–44.
Chapter 8
1.	Batkins, “Testimony.”
2.	“Testimony of John Roth.”
3.	Rockwell, “CBP Closes In.”
4.	Scott, Seeing Like a State, 327.
5.	Scott, Seeing Like a State, 327.
6.	Starr, Golden Dreams,” 251–254.
7.	Kelman, “Bureaucracies as Learning Organizations.”
8.	Kelman, “Bureaucracies as Learning Organizations.”
9.	Shook, “How to Change a Culture,” 64.
10.	Adler, “Time and Motion Regained.”
11.	Adler, “Time and Motion Regained,” 21.
12.	Shook, “How to Change a Culture,” 67.
13.	Weber, Economy and Society, Kindle loc. 6254.
14.	Adler, “The ‘Learning Bureaucracy’: New United Motor Manufacturing, Inc.,” 66.
Chapter 9
1.	United States Office of Personnel Management, “Paperwork Reduction Act (PRA) Guide.”
2.	This description of the classics of literature comes from Parks, “Literature and Bureaucracy.”
3.	MD-102, Appendix B, 22.
4.	Department of Homeland Security. “Acquisition Instruction/Guidebook #102-01-001.”
Chapter 10
1.	Doerr, Measure What Matters, 8, 10.
2.	Attributed to Peter Drucker. Some have traced the concept as far back as Rheticus in the 16th century. See: http://www.matthewcornell.org/blog/2007/7/30/whats-your-feed-reading-speed.html#1.
3.	The term “hyper-bureaucratic” is used, for example, in Willmot, “Back to the Future,” in Clegg, Harris, and Höpfl, Managing Modernity, 262, to refer to various types of “post-bureaucratic” organizations.
4.	Willmot, “Back to the Future,” in Clegg, Harris, and Höpfl, Managing Modernity, 276.
5.	Willmot, “Back to the Future,” in Clegg, Harris, and Höpfl, Managing Modernity, 276–277.
6.	Willmot, “Back to the Future,” in Clegg, Harris, and Höpfl, Managing Modernity, 276.
7.	Graeber, The Utopia of Rules, 19–20.
8.	Graeber, The Utopia of Rules, 21.
9.	Muller, Tyranny of Metrics, 8.
10.	Muller, Tyranny of Metrics, 8, 45, 74.
11.	Muller, Tyranny of Metrics, 170.
12.	Muller, Tyranny of Metrics, 171.
13.	This includes reporting against the budget. Bogsnes, Implementing Beyond Budgeting, Kindle loc. 986, citing Hackett Group study. Bogsnes provides no further details on the study.
14.	Reed, “Post-Bureaucratic Organization,” in Clegg, Harris, and Höpfl, Managing Modernity, 242.
15.	Muller, Tyranny of Metrics, 169. The term surrogation is defined in “Don’t Let Metrics …”.
16.	Muller, Tyranny of Metrics, 116.
17.	Harris and Tayler, “Don’t Let Metrics Undermine Your Business,” 64–66.
18.	Scott, Seeing Like a State, 47.
19.	Muller, Tyranny of Metrics, 20.
20.	Muller, Tyranny of Metrics, 36.
21.	Chrystal and Mizen, “Goodhart’s Law,” 4.
22.	“‘Did You Lose the Keys Here?’”
23.	Scott, Seeing Like a State, 81.
24.	Wilson, Bureaucracy, 161.
25.	Bogsnes, Implementing Beyond Budgeting, Kindle loc. 869, citing benefits consulting firm William S. Mercer.
26.	Scott, Seeing Like a State, 289.
27.	Wikipedia, “Spherical Cow”; see also “Spherical Cow.”
28.	Muller, Tyranny of Metrics, 45.
29.	Graeber, The Utopia of Rules, 75.
30.	Muller, Tyranny of Metrics, 61.

Part III

Chapter 11
Chapter 12
1.	Kafka, The Trial.
2.	Avery, Responsible Change, 3.
3.	Weber, Economy & Society, 971.
4.	Shook, “How to Change a Culture,” 66.
5.	“The Signifying Monkey.”
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Chapter 15
1.	Muller, Tyranny of Metrics, 41.
2.	Cohn, Succeeding with Agile, 115.
3.	Cohn, Succeeding with Agile, 221. Italics mine.