1 Charles Vallancey, Collectanea de Rebus Hibernicis (Dublin, 1786), vol. III, pp. 443–4.
2 Sir William Jones to the Second Earl Spencer, 10 September 1787, in Letters of Sir William Jones, ed. G. Cannon (Oxford, 1970), vol. II, pp. 768–9.
3 Ralph and Adelin Linton, Halloween Through Twenty Centuries (New York, 1950), p. 4.
4 Bishop Kyrill of Seattle, ‘On Halloween’, Orthodox Life, XLIII/5 (1993), online at www.holycross-hermitage.com, last accessed 7 March 2012.
5 ‘Art. VIII. – Greenland, the adjacent Seas, and the North-West Passage to the Pacific Ocean; illustrated in a Voyage to Davis’s Strait during the Summer of 1817’, London Quarterly Review, XIX (April 1818), p. 213.
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7 Richard Polwhele, Historical Views of Devonshire (Exeter, 1793), vol. I, p. 29.
8 W. Hutchinson, A View of Northumberland with an Excursion to the Abbey of Mailross in Scotland (Newcastle, 1776), vol. II, p.18.
9 Robert Haven Schauffler, Hallowe’en (Our American Holidays) (New York, 1935), p. ix.
10 Ibid., p. x.
11 Whitley Stokes, ed., The Martyrology of Oengus the Culdee (London, 1905), p. 232.
12 John Brand, Observations on Popular Antiquities (London, 1813), vol. I, p. 309.
13 James A. H. Murray, ed., A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles (Oxford, 1888), vol. I, p. 234.
14 W. Harpley, ed., Report and Transactions of the Devonshire Association for the Advancement of Science, Literature, and Art (Plymouth, 1892), vol. XXVI, p. 297.
15 Brand, Observations on Popular Antiquities, p. 311.
16 John Stow, A Survey of London (London, 1598), p. 252.
17 Heinrich Kramer and Jacob Sprenger, Malleus Maleficarum (New York, 2007), p. 41.
18 Brand, Observations on Popular Antiquities, p. 311.
19 ‘Ancient Scottish Life’, Littell’s Living Age, vol. X (1846), p. 371.
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22 Brand, Observations on Popular Antiquities, p. 313.
23 R. H. Whitelocke, ed., Memoirs, Biographical and Historical, of Bulstrode Whitelocke (London, 1860), p. 57.
24 Jesse Salisbury, A Glossary of Words and Phrases used in S.E. Worcestershire (London, 1893), p. 66.
1 James Cranstoun, ed., The Poems of Alexander Montgomerie (Edinburgh and London, 1887), p. 69.
2 Sir Walter Scott, Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border (Kelso, 1802), vol. I, pp. lxxv–viii.
3 Sir Walter Scott, The Monastery (London and New York, 1896), p. 28.
4 Sir Walter Scott, Waverley; or, ‘Tis Sixty Years Since (Edinburgh, 1814), vol. I, p. 189.
5 Robert Jamieson, Popular Ballads and Songs, from Tradition, Manuscripts, and Scarce Editions (Edinburgh, 1806), vol. II, pp. 187–90.
6 Thomas Hardy, The Return of the Native (New York, 1917), p. 15.
7 David Brown, ‘All-Hallow Eve Myths’, St. Nicholas: An Illustrated Magazine for Young Folks, IX/1 (1881), p. 23.
8 Thomas Pennant, A Tour in Scotland Part II (London, 1772), p. 47.
9 Jack Santino, The Hallowed Eve: Dimensions of Culture in a Calendar Festival in Northern Ireland (Lexington, 1998), p. 90.
10 John Harland and T. T. Wilkinson, Lancashire Folk-lore: Illustrative of the Superstitious Beliefs and Practices, Local Customs and Usages of the People of the County Palatine (London, 1867), p. 211.
11 Lachlan Shaw, The History of the Province of Moray (Elgin, 1827), p. 283.
12 William Hone, The Every-Day Book; or, the Guide to the Year (London, 1825), p. 1412.
13 James Napier, Folk Lore: Or, Superstitious Beliefs in the West of Scotland Within This Century (Paisley, 1879), pp. 179–80.
14 Robert Burns, Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect (Kilmarnock, 1786), pp. 101–17.
15 John Gay, The Shepherd’s Week (London, 1721), pp. 34–5.
16 Ibid.
17 John Gregorson Campbell, Witchcraft and Second Sight in the Highlands and Islands of Scotland (Glasgow, 1902), pp. 285–6.
18 Lady Wilde, Ancient Legends, Mystic Charms, and Superstitions of Ireland (Boston, MA, 1888), p. 110.
19 Burns, Poems, p. 110.
20 Napier, Folk Lore, p. 59.
21 William Sharp, ‘Halloween: A Threefold Chronicle’, Harper’s New Monthly Magazine, LXXIII (1886), pp. 854–6.
22 Charles Kirkpatrick Sharpe, A Historical Account of the Belief in Witchcraft in Scotland (London, 1884), p. 97.
23 Hone, The Every-Day Book, p. 1414.
24 Anne Beale, Traits and Stories of the Welsh Peasantry (London, 1849), p. 75.
25 ‘Legends Respecting Trees’, Chambers’s Edinburgh Journal, vol. I (1844), p. 189.
26 John Brand, Observations on Popular Antiquities (London, 1810), p. 380.
27 William S. Walsh, Curiosities of Popular Customs and of Rites, Ceremonies, Observances, and Miscellaneous Antiquities, (Philadelphia, PA, 1898), p. 507.
28 W. T. Kenyon, ‘Malpas: All Saints’ Day, 1880’, Cheshire Sheaf, II (1880), pp. 185–6.
29 Joseph Train, An Historical and Statistical Account of the Isle of Man, from the Earliest Times to the Present Date; With a View of Its Ancient Laws, Peculiar Customs, and Popular Superstitions (Douglas, Isle of Man, 1845), vol. II, p. 123.
30 Doug Sandle, ‘Hop TuNaa, My Father’s Gone Away – A Personal and Cultural Account of the Manx Halloween’, in Treat or Trick? Halloween in a Globalising World, ed. Malcolm Foley and Hugh O’Donnell (Newcastle upon Tyne, 2009), p. 94.
31 C. W. Empson, ‘Weather Proverbs and Sayings Not Contained in Inwards’ or Swainsons’ Books’, Folk-lore Record, IV (1881), p. 128.
32 A. R. Wright, British Calendar Customs: England: vol. III: Fixed Festivals, June-December, Inclusive, ed. T. E. Lones (London, 1940), p. 135.
33 Robert Fergusson, The Works of Robert Fergusson; with a Short Account of His Life, and a Concise Glossary (Edinburgh, 1805), pp. 137–8.
34 Rev. Alfred Povah, The Annals of the Parishes of St Olave Hart Street and Allhallows Staining, in the City of London (London, 1894), p. 315.
35 Finlo Rohrer, ‘The Transatlantic Halloween Divide’, BBC News Magazine, 29 October 2010), at www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine, last accessed 9 March 2012.
36 Ibid.
37 Andrea Felsted and Esther Bintliff, ‘Halloween Spawns Monster High Street Sales’, Financial Times, 31 October 2009, at www.ft.com, last accessed 9 March 2012.
1 ‘Hallowe’en at Balmoral Castle’, in A Hallowe’en Anthology: Literary and Historical Writings Over the Centuries, ed. Lisa Morton (Jefferson, NC, 2008), p. 42.
2 Elizabeth A. Irwin, ‘A Witches’ Revel for Hallowe’en’, Good Housekeeping, XLVII (1908), p. 393.
3 Iona and Peter Opie, The Lore and Language of Schoolchildren (New York, 2000), p. 268.
4 Martha Russell Orne, Hallowe’en: How to Celebrate It (New York, 1898), p. 27.
5 Emma Woodman, ‘Hallowe’en’, in The School Arts Book, ed. Henry Turner Bailey (Worcester, MA, 1906), vol. V, p. 146.
6 Mary E. Blain, Games for Hallowe’en (New York, 1912), p. 9.
7 George J. Cowan, Window Backgrounds: A Collection of Drawings and Descriptions of Store Window Backgrounds (Chicago, IL, 1912), p. 133.
8 A. J. Edgell, ‘All Hallowe’en Window Displays’, The Jewelers’ Circular-Weekly, LXXVI (1918), p. 103.
9 A. Neely Hall, The Boy Craftsman: Practical and Profitable Ideas for a Boy’s Leisure Hours (Boston, MA, 1905), pp. 281–2.
10 Lenore K. Dolan, The Best Halloween Book (Chicago, IL, 1931), p. 30.
11 ‘Pie Versus the Prankster’, The Rotarian, LV/4 (1939), pp. 50–51.
12 ‘Halloween Pranks Keep Police on Hop’, in The Halloween Catalog Collection: 55 Catalogs from the Golden Age of Halloween, ed. Ben Truwe (Medford, OR, 2003), p. xvii.
13 Doris Hudson Moss, ‘A Victim of the Window-Soaping Brigade?’, The American Home, XXII (1939), p. 48.
14 Kenneth Hein, ‘Private Label Halloween Candy Sales Frightful’, Adweek, 15 October 2009, at www.adweek.com, last accessed 9 March 2012.
15 Ibid..
16 Carl B. Holmberg, ‘Things That Go Snap-Rattle-Clang-Toot-Crank in the Night: Halloween Noisemakers’, in Halloween and Other Festivals of Death and Life, ed. Jack Santino (Knoxville, TN, 1994), pp. 221–46.
17 William Smith, The History and Antiquities of Morley, in the West Riding of the County of York (London, 1876), p. 92.
18 Maria Choi, ‘Trick or Treat for UNICEF 60th Anniversary’, UNICEF USA (2011), at http://inside.unicefusa.org, last accessed 9 March 2012.
19 David J. Skal, The Monster Show: A Cultural History of Horror (New York, 2001), revd edn, p. 266.
20 Tad Tuleja, ‘Trick or Treat: Pre-Texts and Contexts’, in Halloween and Other Festivals of Death and Life, ed. Santino, p. 94.
21 ‘Halloween Egg Sale Ban for Youths’, BBC News, 17 October 2004, at http://news.bbc.co.uk, last accessed 9 March 2012.
22 Gregory Lee, ‘A Darky’s Halloween’, in Halloween Fun Book (Chicago, IL, 1936), p. 28.
23 House of Representatives, Sixty-Seventh Congress, The Ku-Klux Klan: Hearings Before the Committee on Rules (Washington, DC, 1921), p. 131.
24 House Committee on Un-American Activities, Activities of the Ku Klux Klan Organizations in the United States (Washington, DC, 1965), p. 1775.
25 Charles Frederick White, ‘Hallowe’en’, in Plea of the Negro Soldier and a Hundred Other Poems (Easthampton, MA, 1908), pp. 93–4.
26 Jack Kugelmass, ‘Wishes Come True: Designing the Greenwich Village Halloween Parade’, in Halloween and Other Festivals of Death and Life, ed. Santino, p. 197.
27 ‘Fact Sheet 2011’, Village Halloween Parade (2011), at www.halloween-nyc.com/press.php, last accessed 9 March 2012.
28 Lesley Pratt Bannatyne, Halloween Nation: Behind the Scenes of America’s Fright Night (Gretna, LA, 2011), p. 60.
29 Rod Taylor, ‘Trick or Drink?’, Promo Magazine, 1 October 2003, at http://promomagazine.com, last accessed 9 March 2012.
30 Frances Somers, ed., Minneapolis Hallowe’en Fun Book (Minneapolis, MN, 1937), revd edn, p. 18.
31 Bannatyne, Halloween Nation, p. 165.
32 ‘Universal’s Halloween Horror Nights’, The Official Clive Barker Resource – Revelations (2001), at www.clivebarker.info, last accessed 9 March 2012.
33 Craig Wilson, ‘Haunted Houses Get Really Scary’, USA Today, 11 October 2006, at www.usatoday.com, last accessed 9 March 2012.
34 Ibid.
35 ‘Hauntworld Top 13 Haunted Houses 2010’, at www.hauntworld.com (2010), accessed 9 March 2012.
36 Carrie Porter, ‘Haunted House Proposed for Morton Grove’, MortonGrovePatch, 10 May 2011, at http://mortongrove.patch.com, last accessed 9 March 2012.
37 New Destiny Christian Center, ‘Hell House’, at www.godestiny.org, last accessed 9 March 2012.
38 Barbara Mikkelson, ‘Mall-O-Ween’, Snopes.com, 14 March 2008, at www.snopes.com, last accessed 9 March 2012.
39 ‘Industry Statistics and Trends’, American Pet Products Association, at www.americanpetproducts.org, last accessed 9 March 2012.
40 Stephanie Rosenbloom, ‘Good Girls Go Bad, For a Day’, New York Times, 19 October 2006, at www.nytimes.com, last accessed 9 March 2012.
41 Dr Gail Saltz, ‘Sexy Little Devils? Policing Kids’ Costumes’, Today, 29 October 2008, at http://today.msnbc.msn.com, last accessed 9 March 2012.
42 NAMI, ‘NAMI lists nation’s worst “Halloween Horrors”’, 28 October 2002, at http://www.nami.org, last accessed 9 March 2012.
43 Ibid.
44 John Ankerberg and John Weldon, The Facts on Halloween: What Christians Need to Know (Eugene, OR, 1996), pp. 7–8.
45 Douglas Stanglin, ‘Vatican Warns Parents That Halloween is “Anti-Christian”’, USA Today, 30 October 2009, at http://content.usatoday.com, last accessed 9 March 2012.
46 Tito Edwards, ‘Vatican Condemnation of Halloween is False’, The American Catholic, 31 October 2009, at http://the-american-catholic.com, last accessed 9 March 2012.
47 John Wildermuth, ‘Los Altos Schools Ban Halloween / Costumes, Parties said to be “Religious Issues”’, SFGate.com, 12 October 1995, at http://articles.sfgate.com, last accessed 9 March 2012.
48 Sue Shellenbarger, ‘Saying Boo to Halloween’, The Wall Street Journal, 20 October 2010, at http://online.wsj.com, last accessed 9 March 2012.
49 Michael Woods, ‘Births Decrease on Halloween, Study Finds’, TheStar.com, 30 October 2011, at www.thestar.com, last accessed 9 March 2012; Stephanie Newman, ‘Is Halloween the New New Year’s?’, Psychology Today, 26 October 2010, at www.psychologytoday.com, last accessed 9 March 2012.
50 Jack Santino, ‘Flexible Halloween: Longevity, Appropriation, Multiplicity, and Contestation’, in Treat or Trick?: Halloween in a Globalising World, ed. Malcolm Foley and Hugh O’Donnell (Newcastle upon Tyne, 2009), pp. 12–13.
1 Jonas Frykman, ‘Tradition Without History’, in Treat or Trick?: Halloween in a Globalising World, ed. Malcolm Foley and Hugh O’Donnell (Newcastle upon Tyne, 2009), page 131.
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5 Editha Hürandner, ‘Halloween. Ein Druidenfest oder die Liebe zur Kontinuitat’, in Halloween in der Steiermark und anderswo, ed. Editha Hürandner (Berlin, 2005).
6 George Wharton Edwards, Brittany and the Bretons (New York, 1911), pp. 226–7.
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8 ‘A Frenchman’s Description of Hallowe’en’, Hogg’s Instructor (Edinburgh, 1851), n.s. VI, p. 223–4.
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14 Lothar Mikos, ‘How the Pumpkins Conquered Germany: Halloween, Media and Reflexive Modernization in Germany’, in Treat or Trick?, ed. Foley and O’Donnell, p. 128.
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18 Richard Ford, Handbook for Travellers in Spain, Part I (London, 1855), 3rd edn, p. 208.
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25 Ibid.
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1 Mary J. Andrade, Through the Eyes of the Soul, Day of the Dead in Mexico: Puebla, Tlaxcala, San Luis Potosi, Hidalgo (San Jose, CA, 2002), p. 107.
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4 Ibid., p. 40.
5 Carl Christian Wilhelm Sartorius, Mexico: Landscapes and Popular Sketches (New York, 1859), p. 161.
6 Ibid., p. 163.
7 Mary J. Andrade, Through the Eyes of the Soul, Day of the Dead in Mexico: Michoacan (San Jose, CA, 2003), p. 34.
8 Madame Calderón de la Barca, Life in Mexico, During a Residence of Two Years in That Country (London, 1843), p. 371.
9 Mrs V. A. Lucier, ‘“Offrenda” on All Souls’ Day in Mexico’, Journal of American Folk-lore, X/36 (1897), p. 106.
10 ‘Feast for the Dead: A Mexican town enjoys a holiday in its graveyard’, Life, XXVII/22 (1949), p. 36.
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14 Perry Santanachote, ‘New Yorkers Celebrate El Dia de los Muertos (Day of the Dead)’, WNYC Culture, 29 October 2010, at http://culture.wnyc.org, last accessed 21 March 2012.
15 Mark Stevenson, ‘Church Slams Halloween in Mexico’, The Seattle Times, 31 October 2007, at http://seattletimes.nwsource.com, last accessed 21 March 2012.
16 Ibid.
17 ‘Chavez Calls for Ban on Halloween’, BBC News, 30 October 2005, at http://news.bbc.co.uk, last accessed 21 March 2012.
1 Sir Walter Scott, ed., Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border: Consisting of Historical and Romantic Ballads, Collected in the Southern Counties of Scotland; With a Few of Modern Date, Founded on Local Tradition (Edinburgh, 1812), vol. II, p. 198–9.
2 Robert Chambers, The Book of Days: A Miscellany of Popular Antiquities in Connection with the Calendar (London and Edinburgh, 1832), vol. II, p. 520.
3 M. G. Lewis, ‘Bothwell Bonny Jane’, in Tales of Wonder (London, 1801), vol. I, p. 9.
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6 Sir Walter Scott, The Monastery (London and New York, 1896), p. 114.
7 Arthur Cleveland Coxe, Hallowe’en, A Romaunt, with Lays, Meditative and Devotional (Hartford, CT, 1845), p. 11.
8 Edgar Allan Poe, ‘Ulalume’, in The Poetical Works of Edgar Allan Poe (London, 1882), p. 32.
9 Ibid., p. 35.
10 Edgar Allan Poe, Tales of Mystery and Imagination (London, 1903), p. 254.
11 Nathaniel Hawthorne, ‘Young Goodman Brown’, in Mosses from an Old Manse (New York, 1851), p. 69.
12 Washington Irving, ‘The Legend of Sleepy Hollow’, in The Sketch-book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. (Philadelphia, PA, 1835), vol. II, p. 256 .
13 Irving, ‘Rip Van Winkle’, in The Sketch-book of Geoffrey Crayon, vol. I, p. 52.
14 Meta G. Adams, ‘Halloween, or Chrissie’s Fate’, Scribner’s Monthly Magazine, vol. III (November 1871), p. 26.
15 William Sharp, ‘Halloween: A Threefold Chronicle’, Harper’s New Monthly Magazine, LXXIII (1886), p. 852.
16 Martha Russell Orne, Hallowe’en: How to Celebrate It (New York, 1898), pp. 8–9.
17 Stanley Schell, Werner’s Readings and Recitations No. 31: Hallowe’en Festivities (New York, 1903), p. 11.
18 Ibid., p. 16.
19 Ibid., p. 22.
20 Clara J. Denton, Creepy Hallowe’en Celebrations (Dayton, OH, 1926), p. 91.
21 Elizabeth F. Guptill, ‘Her Opinion’, in Halloween Fun Book (Chicago, IL, 1936), p. 12.
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23 Frances Somers, Minneapolis Hallowe’en Fun Book (Minneapolis, MN, 1937), p. 5.
24 Ruth Edna Kelley, The Book of Hallowe’en (Boston, MA, 1919), p. vii.
25 Ibid., p. 171.
26 Ralph and Adelin Linton, Halloween Through Twenty Centuries (New York, 1950), p. 3, p. 5.
27 Ibid., p. 67.
28 Ibid., pp. 8, 49.
29 Ibid.
30 Ibid., p. 104.
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34 Ray Bradbury, The Halloween Tree (Colorado Springs, co, 2005), p. 310.
35 Ibid., p. 469.
36 Capt. J. E. Alexander, Transatlantic Sketches, Comprising Visits to the Most Interesting Scenes in North and South America, and the West Indies (Philadelphia, PA, 1833), p. 311.
37 Mary D. Brine, Elsie’s Hallowe’en Experience (New York, 1888), p. 55.
38 Richard J. Hand, ‘“Stay Tuned for Tricks, Treats, and Terror”: Halloween and Horror Radio in the Golden Age of American Live Broadcasting’, in Treat or Trick?: Halloween in a Globalising World, ed. Malcolm Foley and Hugh O’Donnell (Newcastle upon Tyne, 2009), p. 225.
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53 Edward Barber and P. H. Ditchfield, Memorials of Old Cheshire (London, 1910), pp. 231.
54 Robert Holland, A Glossary of Words used in the County of Chester (London, 1886), pp. 506–9.
55 Sharp, ‘Halloween: A Threefold Chronicle’, p. 848.
56 Lenore K. Dolan, The Best Halloween Book (Chicago, IL, 1931), p. 147.
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