`Index`

Note: fictional characters are listed by first name.

Abrams, Lise, 104
Accented speech, 77–81, 86, 120
Accommodation (linguistic), 111–112, 121–124, 126
Accommodation (vision), 44, 45, 46
Achilles, 105
Acoustic trauma. See Tinnitus
Acting, 67
Acton, Eric, 62
Adams, Marilyn, 88
Adams, Richard, 146
ADHD, 73
Aerobic fitness, 57
Ageism, 4, 39
Albert, Martin, 60
Alcohol consumption, effects of, 18, 38
Alexia, 72, 73
Allbeury, Ted, 147–148
Alzheimer’s disease, 17–18, 51, 63, 95, 100–101, 129, 153–160
Amelia Bedelia, 118
American Tinnitus Association, 36
Amis, Martin, 157
Amnesia, retrograde, 129
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), 113
Angela’s Ashes (McCourt), 146
Animal-naming test, 95, 96
Anomia, 69
Anticipation (stuttering), 66
Anti-inflammatory drugs, 34
Anxiety, 13, 65, 130, 138, 149, 151, 152
Aphasia, 68–72, 78, 129
Apollo 14, 35
Apple (company), 139
Apraxia, 78
Armenian language, 83
Aronson, Joshua, 13
Arthritis, 37, 136
Articulators, 37
Artificial vision device (AVD), 28–29
Aspirin, 34
Asthma, 38, 136
Astigmatism, 42
As You Like It, 115
Attention, 15–16, 31, 48, 50, 113, 131
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), 73
Au, Rhoda, 58
Autobiographical stories, 104, 141, 157–159

Baby boomers, 32
Baby talk, 123
Baltes, Paul and Margaret, 20
Bambara, 165
Barry, Danielle, 96
Baum, L. Frank, 155
Bayarsaikhan, Enkhtur, 21
Beatles, the, 89
Beethoven, Ludwig, 75
Bergler, Edmund, 148
Berisha, Visar, 156
Bible, the, 119–156
Bilingual advantage, 130–133
Bilingualism, 27, 126–133
Black Beauty (Sewell), 146
Blindness/low vision, 3, 27, 29, 41–44
Blood-brain barrier, 68
Blood pressure, high, 30, 41, 60, 68
Blyton, Enid, 155
Body mass index (BMI), 30, 38
Borges, Jorge Luis, 43
Bortfeld, Heather, 61
Boston Naming Test (BNT), 58–60
Braille, 43–44
Brain injury, 3–4, 57, 17–18, 57, 68–72, 73, 78–79, 95
BrainPort, 28
Brain training, 47, 133
Branson, Richard, 75
Brass Bancroft, 32–34, 36
Brimacombe, Elizabeth, 103–104
Broca, Paul, 70
Brown, Roger, 3, 55–56
Bush, George H. W., 156
Bush, George W., 74
Bush, Neil, 74
Butler, Robert, 141

Cabaret, 35
Cache County Memory Study, 159–160
Caffeine, 36, 38
Camus, Albert, 160
Canterbury Tales, The (Chaucer), 119
Caporael, Linnda, 123
Capote, Truman, 144, 150
Carlson, Stephanie, 128
Carney, Maria, 20
Carrell, Steve, 60
Carroll, Lewis, 66
Catalan language, 129
Cataracts, 41, 43, 44
Causation words, 138
Chaucer, Geoffrey, 119
Chick-fil-A, 89
Choice of Enemies, A (Allbeury), 147
Christie, Agatha, 147, 155
Chute, Beatrice Joy, 97
Circumlocutions, 58–59
City versus urban living, 38
Clapton, Eric, 35
Clark, Herb, 62
Clark, William, 7
Claudius (Roman emperor), 66
Clauses (grammar), 84, 98
Cobb, Ty, 66
Cochlea, 25, 28, 30, 31, 34
Cochlear implant, 28
Code of the Secret Service (film), 32–34
Code switching, 131
Cognitive activity, benefits of, 17
Cognitive-behavioral therapy, 152
Cognitive decline, 12–17, 21, 23, 133, 166
Cognitive impairment, 12, 63, 154–156
Cognitive load, 105
Cognitive perspective, 3, 4
Cognitive reserve, 18, 160, 166
Coherence, narrative, 104, 106
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 150
Collaboration, 107–109
Columbo (TV detective), 105
Common ground, 111–112
Complicated grief disorder (CGD), 135, 137
Confrontation naming, 57–60
Consonants, 30
Contact lenses, 46
Contrast sensitivity, 46–47
Convenience samples, 16, 151
Conway, Andrew, 132
Cooper, Anderson, 75
COPD, 38
Coral Upchurch, 57
Corps of Discovery, 7
Crane, Stephen, 144
Credibility, 103–104
Crisis (Erikson on), 140–141, 143
Cross-sectional studies, 8, 10, 11
Cross-sequential design, 10
Crossword puzzles, 21–22
Cued recall, 57–60
Czech language, 83

Dahlgren, Donna, 56–57
Danner, Deborah, 159
Darconville’s Cat (Theroux), 90
Dartitus, 66
da Vinci, Leonardo, 75
Deafness/hearing loss, 30–32
Deceit, 49, 113
Decision making, 15
Def Leppard, 89
DeLoss, Denton, 46–47
Dementia, 12–13, 17–18, 29, 51, 63, 71, 75, 95, 100–101, 104, 113, 124, 129, 133, 153–160
Dench, Judi, 154
Depression, 18, 69, 148, 151
Deschanel, Mary Jo, 67
Deser, Toni, 102
Development, stages of, 8, 139–141
Developmental perspective, 3
Developmental psychology, 129
Diabetes, 30, 41, 42
Diabetic retinopathy, 41
Dialect, 84, 120
Diary studies, 55
Dictionary, 91
Digital natives and immigrants, 11
Disclosure, levels of, 137
Discourse goals, 114, 165
Domains of language, 3, 4
Dracula (Stoker), 146
Drusen, 42
Dyscalculia, 73
Dyslexia, developmental, 73–77
Dyslexic Advantage, The (Eide and Eide), 76–77
Dyslexie, 76
Dysphonia, 38
Dystonias, action, 66

Education, effects of, 11, 12, 14, 18, 59–60, 90, 95–96, 131, 163
Einstein, Albert, 75, 114
Einstein, Eduard, 114
Elder abuse, 20
Elder orphans, 20
Elderspeak, 122–126
Ellis, Bret Easton, 144
Ellison, Ralph, 150
Emotional intelligence, 50
Emotion recognition, 48–51, 63
Emotions, 63, 69, 126, 136, 137–138, 159
Empathy, 50, 123, 133, 161–162
Emphysema, 38
English, American, 84
English, British, 62, 84
English language, 21, 27, 74, 79, 80, 84, 85–86, 87, 91, 95, 98, 105, 119, 127, 130, 132
Epilepsy, 71, 151
Erard, Michael, 128
Erikson, Erik, 139–143
Erikson, Joan, 143
Exaggeration, 114
Executive function, 15–16, 60, 95, 100–101, 112, 130–132
Exercise, 30, 17, 57
Expertise, 96–97, 145
Exposure to print, 161–163
Extenders, 63
Extrasensory perception (ESP), 26
Extreme talkers, 102
Eye gaze, 113
Eyeglasses, 27–28, 46–47
Eyewitness testimony, 103–104

Facebook, 119
Facial expressions, 48–50, 51, 116
Falk, Peter, 105
Family support, 72
Farsightedness, 42
FAS test (verbal fluency), 94–95, 96, 97
Fellini, Federico, 126
Fiction, importance of reading, 160–163
Figurative language, 114–118
Filler words, 60–62, 154, 155, 156
Finnegans Wake (Joyce), 43
Firth, Colin, 64
Fish Called Wanda, A, 64–65
Fitzgerald, F. Scott, 144
Flaherty, Alice Weaver, 150–151
Flynn, James, 12
Flynn effect, 11–12
Folktales, 105
Foreign accent syndrome (FAS), 77–81
Formulaic language, 63
Fovea, 41, 42, 45
Fowler, Gene, 148, 149
Fox Tree, Jean, 62
Frankenstein (Shelley), 144
Franklin, Benjamin, 46
Freeman, R. A., 155
French language, 84, 130
Frequencies, sound, 29–30
Freud, Sigmund, 148
Frontier words, 91
Froot Loops, 89

Gardner, Howard, 68
Garrard, Peter, 154
Gender, effects of, 30, 36–37, 59–60, 62, 63, 65, 73, 100, 108, 112
Generativity versus stagnation, 140–141, 142
George VI, King, 64, 67
German language, 74, 84, 128
Germine, Laura, 92
Gerrig, Richard, 162
Gertrude (Hamlet’s mother), 102
Gestures, 48, 49
Gesture salad, 71
Giles, Howard, 122
Glaucoma, 42–44
Glenn, Annie and John, 67
Glosser, Guila, 102
Glottic incompetence, 37, 40
Glover, Danny, 75
Godwin, Gail, 57
Good Morning America, 74
Google, 76, 87
Gracián, Baltasar, 86
Grammar, 73, 79–80
Grammatical complexity, 97–101, 102, 106, 154, 155, 157, 158–159
Greek language, 130
Greene, Graham, 150
Grey, Zane, 146–147
Grief Cottage (Godwin), 57
Grisham, John, 75, 146
Grosjean, François, 130
Guided autobiography (GAB), 141
Gurganus, Allan, 151

Hair cells (cochlea), 25, 28, 30, 31–32, 34
Hamlet, 101–102, 105
Hank Zipzer, 75
Harden, Tamara, 125–126
Harry Potter, 146
Hartshorne, Joshua, 92
Hawkins, John Isaac, 46
Health, 12, 39, 60, 124, 125, 136, 137, 138, 139
Hearing, 3, 23, 25, 28, 29–30, 51, 86, 165
declines in, 29–36, 50, 86, 112, 124
Hearing aids, 28, 31, 36
Heart disease, 30
Helprin, Mark, 151
Heritage language, 127
Hess, Thomas, 14
Higgins, Jack, 147
Hilfiger, Tommy, 75
Hilton, James, 155
Hoffman, Hilda, 157
Hollingshead, Ann, 89–90
Holocaust, 137
Homesickness, 136
Hopkins, Anthony, 75
How to Tell a Story (Twain), 101
Hoyte, Ken, 85
Hubble Space Telescope, 46
Hungarian language, 83
Hyperacusis, 31, 32
Hypergraphia, 150–151

Idea density, 158–159
Identity, sense of, 67, 81, 130, 139–140, 143
Idioms, 63, 114, 115–118, 120–121
Iliad (epic poem), 105
Immune function, 136
In Cold Blood (Capote), 150
Individual differences in aging, 16
Inhibitory control, 15–16, 93, 94–95, 103, 104, 115, 116, 117, 118, 128, 131, 165
Insight words, 138
Intelligence, 11–12, 14, 73
Interference, 16, 93
Interjections, 60–61
Invisible Man (Ellison), 150
Iris (film), 154
Iritis, 43
Irony, verbal, 114, 116–117, 118
Irregular heartbeat, 68
Irving, John, 75
Isolation, feelings of, 20, 32, 36, 39, 43, 68, 143

Jackson, Andrew, 86
Jackson’s Dilemma (Murdoch), 153–154, 156
Jacoby, Larry, 89–90
James, Lori, 103, 104
James, P. D., 155
James VI/I, King, 156–157
Japanese language, 84
JAWS screen reader, 44
Jefferson, Thomas, 67
Jenner, Caitlyn, 75
Jobs, Steve, 138–139
Joe Gould’s Secret (Mitchell), 150
John Witney, 83
Johnson, Magic, 75
Jones, James Earl, 67
Journaling, 138, 150, 159–160
Joyce, James, 43

Keller, Helen, 144–145
Kemper, Susan, 98–99, 106–107, 125–126, 158–160
King, Stephen, 146
King’s Speech, The (film), 64
Kjelgaard, Margaret, 85
Kline, Kevin, 65
Kluger, Jeffrey, v
Krispy Kreme, 89
Kurzweil reading machine, 44

L’Amour, Louis, 147
Lancashire, Ian, 155
Language acquisition, 120, 126–128, 130, 132, 133
Language attrition, 129
Language change, 118–122
Language comprehension, 23, 29
Language impairment, 73
Language processing, 95
Language production, 23
Late bloomers, 144–148
Lawrence, D. H., 19
Learning strategies, 27
Le Carré, John, 147
Lee, Harper, 150
Lehmann, Christian, 118
Leisure activities, 18
Lenehan, Megan, 166
Leno, Jay, 75
Lens, crystalline, 40–42, 44–45
Less Than Zero (Ellis), 144
Letter fluency task, 94–95
Levy, Becca, 125
Lewis, Meriwether, 7
Lewy body dementia, 17
Liberman, Mark, 62
Lien, Mei-Ching, 162
Life review therapy, 141–143
Life with Two Languages (Grosjean), 130
Lima, César, 49–50
Lincoln, Abraham, 87–88
Listening, 3, 4
Literacy, 3, 12
Lobes, frontal, 60, 151
Logue, Lionel, 64
London, Jack, 147
Longevity effect, 163
Longitudinal studies, 9, 10

Macdonald, Ross, 155
Macnamara, Brooke, 132
Macular degeneration, 42, 44
Maggie: A Girl of the Streets (Crane), 144
Mailer, Norman, 144
Malapropisms, 74
Man Booker Prize for Fiction, 153, 154
Mandarin, 132
Mania, 151
Marie, Pierre, 78
Martin, Steve, 35, 36
McCaffery, Larry, 160
McCourt, Frank, 144, 146
McNeill, David, 53, 55–56
Medications, effects of, 34, 42, 58, 68–69, 71, 151
Meltzoff, Andrew, 128
Melville, Herman, 144
Memory, 2, 5, 13, 15, 27, 31, 50, 56, 75, 89, 94, 112, 133
fear of loss, 4, 14, 55
long-term, 15, 59, 87, 105
short-term, 15, 92, 105
working, 15, 92, 98–99, 100–101, 105–106, 115, 117, 118, 130, 132, 163, 165
Ménière’s disease, 35
Mentoring, 140, 142
Mergler, Nancy, 107
Merrick (Rice), 77
Metabolism, 14, 31
Metacognition, 57, 92
Metaphor, 114–115, 120–121
Metaphors for aging, 1, 2
Michael, George, 78
Michael Scott, 60
Middle English, 119
Midlife crisis, 140
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI), 17, 93–94, 117, 129, 159
Milton, John, 43
Mini-mental State Examination (MMSE), 17–18, 90
Minnelli, Liza, 35
Missing middle, 16–17
Mitchell, Joseph, 150
Mitochondria, 31
Mnemonic aids, 105
Moby-Dick (Melville), 144
Monkees, the, 89
Monrad-Krohn, Georg Herman, 78, 80
Monroe, Marilyn, 67
Montepare, Joann, 49
Mortimer, James, 158–160
Moscoso del Prado Martín, Fermín, 100
Movement disorders, 65–66
Mrs. Dodypol, 90
Multilingualism, 126–133
Multiple sclerosis (MS), 113
Multitasking, 16, 162
Mumper, Micah, 162
Murdoch, Iris, 153–157
Myers, Mike, 83

Nabokov, Vladimir, 26–27
Naked and the Dead, The (Mailer), 144
Napoleon, 75
Narratives, 104, 106, 107, 138, 139
National Stuttering Association, 64
National Stuttering Project, 65
Neologisms, 69
Newton, Isaac, 66
New Yorker, 150
New York Times, 22, 153–154
Nickerson, Ray, 88
Nimoy, Leonard, 35
Ninth Stage, 143
Nippold, Marilyn, 99–100
Noisy environments, 2, 31
Nonliteral language, 114–118
Non sequiturs, 74
Nonverbal communication, 48–51
Norma Desmond, 143
Norwegian language, 79–80
Nun Study, 157–160
Nutrition, 12, 17

Obesity, 30, 38, 41
Object permanence, 8
Object recognition, 29
Occupations, effects of, 18, 30, 32–36, 66, 89–90
Office, The, 60
Off-topic verbosity (OTV), 101–105, 165
Old English, 119
OpenDyslexic, 76
Osbourne, Ozzy, 35
Other Voices, Other Rooms (Capote), 144

Palin, Michael, 65
Paradise Lost (Milton), 43
Paraphasias, 69
Parkinson’s disease, 18, 95, 113
Pennebaker, James, 135–138
Penny (US coin), 87–88
Perception, 2, 5, 13, 15, 23, 25–28, 30–31, 34, 112, 165
Perceptual learning, 47
Physiological perspective, 3–4
Piaget, Jean, 8
Picture naming, 57–60
Polat, Uri, 47
Polish language, 83–84
Politeness, 111, 113
Polonius, 101–102
Pope, Alexander, 144
Porky Pig, 64
Positivity bias, 50–51, 63
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 135, 137
Pragmatic competence, 111–113
Pratchett, Terry, 156
Pratt, Michael, 107
Presbycusis, 29, 33–34
Presbyopia, 44–47
Presbyphonia, 37–39
Problem solving, collaborative, 109
Processing speed, 14–15, 21, 58, 62, 95, 165
Prosody, 48–51, 79–80, 84–85, 107, 123–124
Proverbs, 63, 114, 117–118
Psychotherapy, 135
Publication bias, 132
Public speaking, 67
Pulitzer Prize, 146
Pullman, Philip, 105
Pursuit of Happyness, The (film), 89
Pushkar Gold, Dolores, 102

Quality of life, 5, 32, 36, 40, 66
Quasi-words, 59
Quinn, Anthony, 67

Ramscar, Michael, 97
Randolph, Christopher, 59
Rape of the Lock, The (Pope), 144
Reading, 3, 4, 5, 42–43, 46, 71, 92, 160–163
Reading disability, 72, 73
Reagan, Ronald, 32–36, 156
Receptive vocabulary, 91
Receptors, 25, 28
Recruitment, sensory, 32
Red Badge of Courage, The (Crane), 144
Reddy, Brian, 37
Regression hypothesis, 129
Reminiscence, 5, 138–144
Repetitions, word, 60, 64, 71, 104, 105, 123, 153, 154, 155
Resilience, 2, 142
Retina, 25, 27, 42, 43, 46
Ribot, Théodule-Armand, 129
Ribot’s law, 129
Rice, Anne, 77
Right Stuff, The (film), 67
Robins, Susan, 107
Roosevelt, Theodore, 66
Rose, Mike, 151–152
Roth, Philip, 152
Rowling, J. K., 147
Rube Goldberg device, 28
Rumination, 138, 143
Rush, Geoffrey, 64
Russian language, 130
Ryan, Nolan, 75

Sarcasm, 48, 50, 116–117, 118
Schizophrenia, 71, 79
Schmitt, Otto, 157
School Sisters of Notre Dame, 157–160
Schwab, Charles, 75
Scottish, 80
Scrabble, 96, 97
Second language learning, 27, 119, 127, 128, 132–133
Seidler, David, 64
Seinfeld, 37
Selective optimization with compensation (SOC), 20–22, 39–40, 51, 166
Self-concept, 4–5, 17, 81, 120, 125, 130, 166
Self-fulfilling prophecy, 151
Self-monitoring, 95
Sensation. See Perception
Sentence complexity, 63
Sentence fragments, 101
Sentence length, 63, 98, 123, 125
Sewell, Anna, 146
Shafto, Meredith, 93
Shakespeare, William, 101–102, 105, 115, 119
Shatner, William, 35–36
Shattered Mind, The (Gardner), 68
Sheehy, Gail, 74
Shelley, Mary, 144
Shepard, Alan, 35
Shoulder of Shasta, The (Stoker), 146
Sign languages, 3, 26, 71, 132
Simile, 114, 120–121
Simner, Julia, 26
Simon Says, 128
Skin conductance, 137
Slowing. See Processing speed
Small talk, 111–112, 125
Smith, Will, 89
Smith, Zadie, 144
Smoking, 30, 32, 38, 41, 68, 118
Snake’s Pass, The (Stoker), 146
Snowdon, David, 157–160
Social engagement, 17
Social isolation, 20, 32, 36, 39, 43, 68, 143
Social perspective, 3, 4
Solo agers, 20
Sophomore slump, 149
Sound-spelling correspondence, 27, 74
Spanish language, 86, 129, 132
Spearman, Charles, 145
Speech disfluency, 60–68
Speech language therapy, 64, 65, 67, 72
Speech rate, 69, 107, 123, 124, 125
Speechreading, 31
Speech signal, 28, 29
Speech sound disorder, 73
Spelling ability, 73–75, 86–90
Spelling bee, 87
Spielberg, Steven, 75
Spontaneous recovery, 72
Spontaneous speech, 66, 112
Stage theories, 7–10
Stagnation (identity formation), 140
Stammering. See Stuttering
Star Trek, 35–36
Statins, 41
Steel, Claude, 13
Stereotypes, 4, 13, 39, 53, 105, 123, 125, 126
Stereotype threat, 13–14
Steroids, 41
Stoker, Bram, 146
Story of My Life, The (Keller), 144–145
Storytelling, 104, 105–109, 111–112, 142–143
Stress, linguistic, 83–86
Stroke, 4, 18, 27, 29, 68–73, 95
Stroop task, 15–16, 131
Stuttering, 61, 64–68
Successful aging, 19–20, 22–23, 142
Sumner, Aaron, 98
Sunset Boulevard (film), 143
Surgery, 35, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46
Synesthesia, 26–27

Tag questions, 123
Tarantino, Quentin, 75
Task switching, 16
tDCS (transcranial direct-current stimulation), 72
Terms of endearment, 124
Testimony, eyewitness, 103–104
Testosterone, 37
Thatcher, Margaret, 156
Theory of mind (ToM), 161–162
Theroux, Alexander, 90
The Sea, the Sea (Murdoch), 154
This Side of Paradise (Fitzgerald), 144
¡Three Amigos!, 35
Thyroid disease, 38
Timing, linguistic, 85
Tinnitus, 32–36
Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT), 53–57, 93
Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), 71
Todd, Zazie, 162
To Kill a Mockingbird (Lee), 150
Tone, vocal, 50
Townshend, Pete, 35
Training programs, 17, 27, 31, 46–47, 72, 133
Transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS), 72
Transduction, sensory, 25–26, 28–29, 46
Trauma, 135–138, 139
Trunk, Dunja, 104
Turing, Alan, 66
Twain, Mark, 101
Typeface, 76

Ulatowska, Hanna, 117
Under the Net, 154
Upspeak, 79
UV (ultraviolet) radiation, 41

Van Gogh, Vincent, 35
Vanity Fair (magazine), 74
Vascular dementia, 17
Verbal fluency, 94–97, 165
Vertigo, 35
View from the Top, 83
Viral infection, 34
Vision, 3, 23, 25–27, 29, 40–51, 112, 165
Visual matching, 14–15
Visual search, 15
Vocabulary, 1, 73, 76, 100, 119, 120–122, 123, 128
Vocabulary size, 21, 90–94, 97, 101, 123, 128, 154, 155, 156, 157, 160, 166
Vocal pitch, 36–37, 38, 48, 79, 83, 85, 107, 124, 126
Vocal quality, 36–40, 51, 107
Vocal range, 38
Vocal tract, 37, 38
Vocal tremor, 37
Voice therapy, 40
Vowels, 30, 80

Walker, Linda, 80–81
Wallace, David Foster, 160
Watership Down (Adams), 146
Watson, Marcus, 27
Watt, Lisa, 141–143
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-III), 92
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC), 12
Wernicke, Carl, 70
“When the Ripe Fruit Falls” (Lawrence), 19
White Teeth (Smith), 144
Whyte, William, 48
Wilder, Billy, 143
Williams, Angie, 122
Williams, Kristine, 124
Winkler, Henry, 75–76
Winslet, Kate, 154
Wong, Paul, 141–143
Word choice, 120, 123, 137–138
Word finding, 4, 53–57, 69, 92–93, 94, 165, 166
Word naming, 57–60, 94
Word recognition, 29, 73, 75, 162
Word salad, 69–70
Writer’s block, 148–152
Writing, 3, 4, 16, 42–43, 71, 135–139, 144–160
Writing about trauma, 135–139

Yips, 65
Young, Neil, 35
Youngsterspeak, 126

Zechmeister, Eugene, 92