NOTES

INTRODUCTION

1. Martin A. Makary and Michael Daniel. “Medical Error—The Third Leading Cause of Death in the U.S.” BMJ: British Medical Journal 353 (2016): i2139.

2. Dima Mazen Qato, Katharine Ozenberger, and Mark Olfson. “Prevalence of Prescription Medications with Depression as a Potential Adverse Effect Among Adults in the United States.” JAMA 319.22 (2018): 2289–98.

3. John Crewdson. “Statistics Misleading, Some Doctors Say.” Chicago Tribune, March 15, 2002; http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2002-03-15/news/0203150271_1_mammography-breast-cancer-death-benefit. Accessed September 21, 2017.

4. Robert E. Kelly et al. “Relationship Between Drug Company Funding and Outcomes of Clinical Psychiatric Research.” Psychological Medicine 36.11 (2006): 1647–56.

5. Bernard Lo and Marilyn J. Field, eds. Conflict of Interest in Medical Research, Education, and Practice. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press, 2009.

6. P. C. Gøtzsche and K. Jørgensen. “Screening for Breast Cancer with Mammography.” Cochrane, June 4, 2013; https://www.cochrane.org/CD001877/BREASTCA_screening-for-breast-cancer-with-mammography. Accessed July 24, 2018.

7. Karsten Juhl Jørgensen et al. “Breast Cancer Screening in Denmark: A Cohort Study of Tumor Size and Overdiagnosis.” Annals of Internal Medicine 166.5 (2017): 313–23.

8. Matthew P. Lungren et al. “Physician Self-Referral: Frequency of Negative Findings at MR Imaging of the Knee as a Marker of Appropriate Utilization.” Radiology 269.3 (2013): 810–15.

9. J. Bruce Moseley et al. “A Controlled Trial of Arthroscopic Surgery for Osteoarthritis of the Knee.” New England Journal of Medicine 347 (2002): 81–88; “A Fascinating Landmark Study of Placebo Surgery for Knee Osteoarthritis.” November 10, 2016; https://www.painscience.com/biblio/fascinating-landmark-study-of-placebo-surgery-for-knee-osteoarthritis.html. Accessed October 3, 2017.

10. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “CDC: 1 in 3 Antibiotic Prescriptions Unnecessary.” May 3, 2016; https://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/data/nis_data/results.html. Accessed September 30, 2017.

11. Irving Kirsch. “Antidepressants and the Placebo Effect.” Zeitschrift für Psychologie 222.3 (2014): 128–34.

12. Peter C. Gøtzsche. “Antidepressants Increase the Risk of Suicide, Violence, and Homicide at All Ages.” BMJ 358 (2017): j36n7; https://www.bmj.com/content/358/bmj.j3697/rr-4. Accessed June 10, 2018.

13. “VBAC Birth: Success Rates, Risks, and How to Prepare.” Mama Natural; https://www.mamanatural.com/vbac/. Accessed October 7, 2017.

CHAPTER 1. A BEER A DAY JUST MIGHT HELP KEEP THE DOCTOR AWAY

1. “Alcohol: Balancing Risks and Benefits.” The Nutrition Source, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health; https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/alcohol-full-story/. Accessed February 10, 2017.

2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “Frequently Asked Questions: Alcohol and Public Health,” October 18, 2016; https://www.cdc.gov/alcohol/faqs.htm. Accessed February 11, 2017.

3. “Beer Compound Shows Potent Promise in Prostate Cancer Battle.” Oregon State University Newsroom, September 30, 2009; https://today.oregonstate.edu/archives/2006/may/beer-compound-shows-potent-promise-prostate-cancer-battle. Accessed June 24, 2017.

4. “Compound from Hops Aids Cognitive Function in Young Animals.” Oregon State University Newsroom, September 22, 2014; https://today.oregonstate.edu/archives/2014/sep/compound-hops-aids-cognitive-function-young-animals. Accessed June 24, 2017.

5. “Hops Extract Studied to Prevent Breast Cancer.” Science Daily, July 11, 2016; https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/07/160711151705.htm. Accessed June 24, 2017.

6. Paolo Boffetta and Lawrence Garfinkel. “Alcohol Drinking and Mortality Among Men Enrolled in an American Cancer Society Prospective Study.” Epidemiology 1.5 (1990): 342–48.

7. Morten Grønbaek et al. “Changes in Alcohol Intake and Mortality: A Longitudinal Population-Based Study.” Epidemiology 15.2 (2004): 222–28.

8. Annie Britton, Archana Singh-Manoux, and Michael Marmot. “Alcohol Consumption and Cognitive Function in the Whitehall II Study.” American Journal of Epidemiology 160.3 (2004): 240–47.

9. Marge Dwyer. “Moderate Alcohol Intake May Decrease Men’s Risk for Type 2 Diabetes.” Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, February 15, 2011; https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/features/moderate-alcohol-intake-may-decrease-mens-risk-for-type-2-diabetes/. Accessed February 11, 2017.

10. David Stauth. “Anti-Cancer Compound in Beer Gaining Interest.” Oregon State University Newsroom, October 25, 2005; https://today.oregonstate.edu/archives/2005/oct/anti-cancer-compound-beer-gaining-interest. Accessed February 11, 2017.

11. David Stauth. “Xanthohumol in Lab Tests Lowers Cholesterol, Blood Sugar, and Weight Gain.” Oregon State University, April 18, 2016; https://today.oregonstate.edu/archives/2016/apr/xanthohumol-lab-tests-lowers-cholesterol-blood-sugar-and-weight-gain. Accessed February 11, 2017.

12. Simona Costanzo et al. “Wine, Beer or Spirit Drinking in Relation to Fatal and Non-Fatal Cardiovascular Events: A Meta-Analysis.” European Journal of Epidemiology 26.11 (2011): 833–50.

13. Chiara Scoccianti et al. “Female Breast Cancer and Alcohol Consumption: A Review of the Literature.” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 46.3, Suppl. 1 (2014): S16–S25.

14. Shumin Zhang et al. “A Prospective Study of Folate Intake and the Risk of Breast Cancer.” JAMA 281.17 (1999): 1632–37.

15. Max G. Griswold et al. “Alcohol Use and Burden for 195 Countries and Territories, 1990–2016: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016.” The Lancet 392.10152 (2018): P1015–P1035.

16. David Spiegelhalter. “The Risks of Alcohol (Again).” Winton Centre for Risk and Evidence Communication, August 23, 2018; https://medium.com/wintoncentre/the-risks-of-alcohol-again-2ae8cb006a4a. Accessed September 13, 2018.

17. “Alcohol: Balancing Risks and Benefits.” The Nutrition Source, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health; https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/alcohol-full-story/. Accessed February 12, 2017.

CHAPTER 2. WINE, WINE, SO VERY FINE

2. Yftach Gepner et al. “Effects of Initiating Moderate Alcohol Intake on Cardiometabolic Risk in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes, a 2-Year Randomized, Controlled Trial.” Annals of Internal Medicine 163.8 (2015): 569–79.

3. Joseph C. Anderson et al. “Prevalence and Risk of Colorectal Neoplasia in Consumers of Alcohol in a Screening Population.” American Journal of Gastroenterology 100.9 (2005): 2049–55.

4. Marge Dwyer. “Moderate Alcohol Intake May Decrease Men’s Risk for Type 2 Diabetes.” Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health News, February 15, 2011, https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/features/moderate-alcohol-intake-may-decrease-mens-risk-for-type-2-diabetes/. Accessed February 11, 2017.

5. Sonia Navarro et al. “Inhaled Resveratrol Treatments Slow Ageing-Related Degenerative Changes in Mouse Lung.” Thorax 72.5 (2017): thoraxjnl-2016.

6. Joseph A. Baur et al. “Resveratrol Improves Health and Survival of Mice on a High-Calorie Diet.” Nature 444.7117 (2006): 337–42.

7. R. Corder et al. “Oenology: Red Wine Procyanidins and Vascular Health.” Nature 444.7119 (2006): 566.

8. Timo E. Strandberg et al. “Alcoholic Beverage Preference, 29-Year Mortality, and Quality of Life in Men in Old Age.” The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 62.2 (2007): 213–18.

CHAPTER 3. MOVED BY THE SPIRITS

2. Trevor Thompson et al. “Analgesic Effects of Alcohol: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Controlled Experimental Studies in Healthy Participants.” Journal of Pain 18.5 (2017): 499–510.

3. Andrew F. Jarosz, Gregory J. H. Colflesh, and Jennifer Wiley. “Uncorking the Muse: Alcohol Intoxication Facilitates Creative Problem Solving.” Consciousness and Cognition 21.1 (2012): 487–93. Benjamin C. Storm and Trisha N. Patel. “Forgetting as a Consequence and Enabler of Creative Thinking.” Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 40.6 (2014): 1594–1609.

4. Kew-Kim Chew et al. “Alcohol Consumption and Male Erectile Dysfunction: An Unfounded Reputation for Risk?” Journal of Sexual Medicine 6.5 (2009): 1386–94.

CHAPTER 4. SLEEP: LIFE’S MEDITATION

1. Sirimon Reutrakul and Eve Van Cauter. “Interactions Between Sleep, Circadian Function, and Glucose Metabolism: Implications for Risk and Severity of Diabetes.” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1311.1 (2014): 151–73.

2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “Sleep and Sleep Disorders—Sleep and Chronic Disease.” July 1, 2013; http://www.cdc.gov/sleep/about_sleep/chronic_disease.html. Accessed June 10, 2017.

3. “Researchers Are Studying the Link Between Sleep and Cancer.” Cancer Treatment Centers of America; https://thecancerspecialist.com/2018/04/10/researchers-are-studying-the-link-between-sleep-and-cancer/. Accessed June 10, 2017.

4. Sanjay R. Patel et al. “Association Between Reduced Sleep and Weight Gain in Women.” American Journal of Epidemiology 164.10 (2006): 947–54.

5. Sanjay R. Patel and Frank B. Hu. “Short Sleep Duration and Weight Gain: A Systematic Review.” Obesity 16.3 (2008): 643–53.

6. Earl S. Ford, Timothy J. Cunningham, and Janet B. Croft. “Trends in Self-Reported Sleep Duration Among U.S. Adults from 1985 to 2012.” Sleep 38.5 (2015): 829–32.

7. Ullrich Wagner et al. “Sleep Inspires Insight.” Nature 427.6972 (2004): 352–55.

8. Sara C. Mednick et al. “The Restorative Effect of Naps on Perceptual Deterioration.” Nature Neuroscience 5.7 (2002): 677.

9. Kyla L. Wahlstrom et al. “Examining the Impact of Later School Start Times on the Health and Academic Performance of High School Students: A Multi-Site Study.” Center for Applied Research and Educational Improvement. St. Paul: University of Minnesota, 2014.

10. “Let Them Sleep: AAP Recommends Delaying Start Times of Middle and High Schools to Combat Teen Sleep Deprivation.” American Academy of Pediatrics, August 25, 2014; https://www.aap.org/en-us/about-the-aap/aap-press-room/pages/let-them-sleep-aap-recommends-delaying-start-times-of-middle-and-high-schools-to-combat-teen-sleep-deprivation.aspx. Accessed June 10, 2017.

11. “AMA Supports Delayed School Start Times to Improve Adolescent Wellness.” American Medical Association, June 14, 2016; assn.org/ama-supports-delayed-school-start-times-improve-adolescent-wellness. Accessed June 10, 2017.

12. Charlotte Graham-McLay. “A 4-Day Workweek? A Test Run Shows a Surprising Result.” New York Times, July 19, 2018; https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/19/world/asia/four-day-workweek-new-zealand.html. Accessed July 22, 2018.

13. Ben Carter et al. “Association Between Portable Screen-Based Media Device Access or Use and Sleep Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” JAMA Pediatrics 170.12 (2016): 1202–208.

14. Mohamed Boubekri et al. “Impact of Windows and Daylight Exposure on Overall Health and Sleep Quality of Office Workers: A Case-Control Pilot Study.” Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine 10.6 (2014): 603–11.

CHAPTER 5. SEX, DRUGS, AND ROCK AND ROLL (OKAY, JUST SEX)

1. Josephine Brouard. “7 Unexpected Health Benefits You Get from Sex.” Reader’s Digest, ND; https://www.rd.com/advice/relationships/7-unexpected-health-benefits-you-get-from-sex/. Accessed November 11, 2017.

2. Susan A. Hall et al. “Sexual Activity, Erectile Dysfunction, and Incident Cardiovascular Events.” American Journal of Cardiology 105.2 (2010): 192–97.

3. George Davey Smith, Stephen Frankel, and John Yarnell. “Sex and Death: Are They Related? Findings from the Caerphilly Cohort Study.” BMJ 315.7123 (1997): 1641–44.

4. Stuart Brody. “Blood Pressure Reactivity to Stress Is Better for People Who Recently Had Penile-Vaginal Intercourse Than for People Who Had Other or No Sexual Activity.” Biological Psychology 71.2 (2006): 214–22.

5. Julie Frappier et al. “Energy Expenditure During Sexual Activity in Young Healthy Couples.” PLOS One 8.10 (2013): e79342.

6. Carl J. Charnetski and Francis X. Brennan. “Sexual Frequency and Salivary Immunoglobulin A (IgA).” Psychological Reports 94.3 (2004): 839–44.

7. Anke Hambach et al. “The Impact of Sexual Activity on Idiopathic Headaches: An Observational Study.” Cephalalgia 33.6 (2013): 384–89.

8. David G. Blanchflower and Andrew J. Oswald. “Money, Sex and Happiness: An Empirical Study.” Scandinavian Journal of Economics 106.3 (2004): 393–415.

9. Daniel Kahneman et al. “Toward National Well-Being Accounts.” American Economic Review 94.2 (2004): 429–34.

10. George Loewenstein et al. “Does Increased Sexual Frequency Enhance Happiness?” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 116 (2015): 206–18.

11. Andrea Downey. “Being Single Could Kill: Scientists Discover Lonely People Are ‘50% More Likely to Die Young.’” The Sun (UK), August 7, 2017; https://www.thesun.co.uk/living/4188309/being-single-could-kill-lonely-people-50-more-likely-to-die-young/. Accessed September 16, 2017.

12. “So Lonely I Could Die.” American Psychological Association, August 5, 2017; http://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2017/08/lonely-die.aspx. Accessed September 16, 2017.

13. “Marriage and Men’s Health.” Harvard Men’s Health Watch, July 1, 2010; https://www.health.harvard.edu/newsletter_article/marriage-and-mens-health. Accessed September 21, 2017.

CHAPTER 6. COFFEE: HUG A MUG

1. Ming Ding et al. “Long-Term Coffee Consumption and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review and a Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies.” Circulation 129.6 (2014): 643–59.

2. Susanna C. Larsson and Nicola Orsini. “Coffee Consumption and Risk of Stroke: A Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies.” American Journal of Epidemiology 174.9 (2011): 993–1001.

3. Chang-Hae Park et al. “Coffee Consumption and Risk of Prostate Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of Epidemiological Studies.” BJU International 106.6 (2010): 762–69.

4. Susanna C. Larsson and Alicja Wolk. “Coffee Consumption and Risk of Liver Cancer: A Meta-Analysis.” Gastroenterology 132.5 (2007): 1740–45.

5. Marc J. Gunter et al. “Coffee Drinking and Mortality in 10 European Countries: A Multinational Cohort Study.” Annals of Internal Medicine 167.4 (2017): 236–47.

6. Jacob Schor. “Coffee and Hypertension.” Natural Medicine Journal 9.5 (2017); https://www.naturalmedicinejournal.com/journal/2017-05/coffee-and-hypertension. Accessed November 5, 2017.

7. “IARC Monographs Evaluate Drinking Coffee, Maté, and Very Hot Beverages.” International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, June 15, 2016; https://www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/pr/2016/pdfs/pr244_E.pdf. Accessed November 5, 2017.

CHAPTER 7. CHOCOLATE: LOVE WITHOUT WORDS

1. Chun Shing Kwok et al. “Habitual Chocolate Consumption and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease Among Healthy Men and Women.” Heart 101.16 (2015): 1279–87.

2. Susanna C. Larsson et al. “Chocolate Consumption and Risk of Myocardial Infarction: A Prospective Study and Meta-Analysis.” Heart 102 (2016): 1017–22.

3. Brian Buijsse et al. “Chocolate Consumption in Relation to Blood Pressure and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in German Adults.” European Heart Journal 31.13 (2010): 1616–23.

4. Alfonso Moreira et al. “Chocolate Consumption Is Associated with a Lower Risk of Cognitive Decline.” Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease 53.1 (2016): 85–93.

5. “Dietary Flavanols Reverse Age-Related Memory Decline.” Columbia University Irving Medical Center, October 26, 2014; http://newsroom.cumc.columbia.edu/blog/2014/10/26/flavanols-memory-decline/. Accessed March 11, 2017.

6. Stephen J. Crozier et al. “Cacao Seeds Are a ‘Super Fruit’: A Comparative Analysis of Various Fruit Powders and Products.” Chemistry Central Journal 5 (2011): 5. Accessed May 2, 2017.

7. Rafael Franco, Ainhoa Oñatibia-Astibia, and Eva Martínez-Pinilla. “Health Benefits of Methylxanthines in Cacao and Chocolate.” Nutrients 5.10 (2013): 4159–73.

CHAPTER 8. SWEET-TOOTH BONANZA: HONEY, MAPLE SYRUP, AND SUGARCANE

1. Emmanouil Apostolidis et al. “In Vitro Evaluation of Phenolic-Enriched Maple Syrup Extracts for Inhibition of Carbohydrate Hydrolyzing Enzymes Relevant to Type 2 Diabetes Management.” Journal of Functional Foods 3.2 (2011): 100–106; “Maple Syrup’s Health Benefits—Unique Antioxidants.” Health Impact News, September 29, 2018, http://healthimpactnews.com/2013/maple-syrups-health-benefits-unique-antioxidants/. Accessed May 21, 2017.

2. Natalie O’Neill. “Maple Syrup Isn’t Just Delicious, It Also Could Cure Alzheimer’s Disease.” New York Post, March 14, 2016; http://nypost.com/2016/03/14/maple-syrup-isnt-just-delicious-it-also-could-cure-alzheimers-disease/. Accessed May 21, 2017.

3. Tricia M. Nemoseck et al. “Honey Promotes Lower Weight Gain, Adiposity, and Triglycerides Than Sucrose in Rats.” Nutrition Research 31.1 (2011): 55–60.

4. D. Enette Larson-Meyer et al. “Effect of Honey Versus Sucrose on Appetite, Appetite-Regulating Hormones, and Postmeal Thermogenesis.” Journal of the American College of Nutrition 29.5 (2010): 482–93.

5. Zamzil Amin Asha’ari et al. “Ingestion of Honey Improves the Symptoms of Allergic Rhinitis: Evidence from a Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial in the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia.” Annals of Saudi Medicine 33.5 (2013): 469–75.

6. Manisha Deb Mandal and Shyamapada Mandal. “Honey: Its Medicinal Property and Antibacterial Activity.” Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 1.2 (2011): 154–60.

7. Rui Wang et al. “Honey’s Ability to Counter Bacterial Infections Arises from Both Bactericidal Compounds and QS Inhibition.” Frontiers in Microbiology 3 (2012): 144.

8. Sharon P. Fowler et al. “Fueling the Obesity Epidemic? Artificially Sweetened Beverage Use and Long-Term Weight Gain.” Obesity 16.8 (2008): 1894–1900.

9. Sharon P. Fowler, Ken Williams, and Helen P. Hazuda. “Diet Soda Intake Is Associated with Long-Term Increases in Waist Circumference in a Biethnic Cohort of Older Adults: The San Antonio Longitudinal Study of Aging.” Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 63.4 (2015): 708–15.

10. “Can an Ice Cream Diet Be Good for You?” ABC News; https://abcnews.go.com/GMA/story?id=125912&page=1. Accessed November 12, 2017.

CHAPTER 9. BE FREE OF FAT-FREE

1. Frank B. Hu, JoAnn E. Manson, and Walter C. Willett. “Types of Dietary Fat and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease: A Critical Review.” Journal of the American College of Nutrition 20.1 (2001): 5–19.

2. Nicholas Bakalar. “New Study Favors Fat over Carbs.” New York Times, September 8, 2017; https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/08/well/new-study-favors-fat-over-carbs.html?mcubz=0. Accessed September 9, 2017.

3. Mahshid Dehghan et al. “Associations of Fats and Carbohydrate Intake with Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality in 18 Countries from Five Continents (PURE): A Prospective Cohort Study.” The Lancet 390.10107 (2017): 2050–62.

4. “Fats and Cholesterol.” The Nutrition Source, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health; https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/what-should-you-eat/fats-and-cholesterol/. Accessed April 30, 2017.

5. Christopher Ingraham. “The Average American Woman Now Weighs as Much as the Average 1960s Man.” Washington Post, June 12, 2015; https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2015/06/12/look-at-how-much-weight-weve-gained-since-the-1960s/. Accessed September 9, 2017.

6. “Healthy Dietary Styles.” The Nutrition Source, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health; https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/healthy-dietary-styles/. Accessed April 30, 2017.

7. Susanne Rautiainen et al. “Dairy Consumption in Association with Weight Change and Risk of Becoming Overweight or Obese in Middle-Aged and Older Women: A Prospective Cohort Study.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 103.4 (2016): 979–88.

8. Mohammad Y. Yakoob et al. “Circulating Biomarkers of Dairy Fat and Risk of Incident Diabetes Mellitus Among U.S. Men and Women in Two Large Prospective Cohorts.” Circulation 133.17 (2016): 1645–54.

9. Georg Loss et al. “The Protective Effect of Farm Milk Consumption on Childhood Asthma and Atopy: The GABRIELA Study.” Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 128.4 (2011): 766–73.

10. Mark Holbreich et al. “Amish Children Living in Northern Indiana Have a Very Low Prevalence of Allergic Sensitization.” Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 129.6 (2012): 1671–73.

11. Michael Pollan. In Defense of Food. New York: Penguin, 2010, Kindle Edition.

12. Cristin E. Kearns, Laura A. Schmidt, and Stanton A. Glantz. “Sugar Industry and Coronary Heart Disease Research: A Historical Analysis of Internal Industry Documents.” JAMA Internal Medicine 176.11 (2016): 1680–85.

CHAPTER 10. BREAKING BREAD MYTHS

1. Benjamin Lebwohl et al. “Long-Term Gluten Consumption in Adults Without Celiac Disease and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease: Prospective Cohort Study.” BMJ 357 (2017): j1892.

2. Dagfinn Aune et al. “Whole Grain Consumption and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease, Cancer, and All Cause and Cause Specific Mortality: Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies.” BMJ 353 (2016): i2716.

3. Geng Zong et al. “Whole Grain Intake and Mortality from All Causes, Cardiovascular Disease, and Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies.” Circulation 133.24 (2016): 2370–80.

4. Joelle David. “Turns Out Eating Potatoes and Pasta Isn’t Bad After All: Study.” New York Post, May 9, 2018; https://nypost.com/2018/05/09/turns-out-eating-potatoes-and-pasta-isnt-bad-after-all-study/. Accessed June 4, 2018.

5. Ferris Jabr. “Bread Is Broken.” New York Times, October 29, 2015; https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/01/magazine/bread-is-broken.html. Accessed July 22, 2017.

6. Jessica R. Biesiekierski et al. “Gluten Causes Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Subjects Without Celiac Disease: A Double-Blind Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial.” American Journal of Gastroenterology 106.3 (2011): 508–14.

7. Jessica R. Biesiekierski et al. “No Effects of Gluten in Patients with Self-Reported Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity After Dietary Reduction of Fermentable, Poorly Absorbed, Short-Chain Carbohydrates.” Gastroenterology 145.2 (2013): 320–28.

8. Julia Moskin. “Rye, a Grain with Ancient Roots, Is Rising Again.” New York Times, January 10, 2017; https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/10/dining/rye-grain-bread.html. Accessed August 3, 2017.

CHAPTER 11. BREAK-FAST, DIET LESS

1. Hana Kahleova et al. “Meal Frequency and Timing Are Associated with Changes in Body Mass Index in Adventist Health Study 2.” Journal of Nutrition 147.9 (2017): 1722–28.

2. Daniela Jakubowicz et al. “High Caloric Intake at Breakfast vs. Dinner Differentially Influences Weight Loss of Overweight and Obese Women.” Obesity 21.12 (2013): 2504–12.

3. Roni Caryn Rabin. “The Case for a Breakfast Feast.” New York Times, August 21, 2017; https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/21/well/eat/the-case-for-a-breakfast-feast.html. Accessed October 10, 2017.

4. Megumi Hatori et al. “Time-Restricted Feeding Without Reducing Caloric Intake Prevents Metabolic Diseases in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet.” Cell Metabolism 15.6 (2012): 848–60.

5. “Skipping Breakfast Associated with Hardening of the Arteries.” American College of Cardiology, October 2, 2017; http://www.acc.org/about-acc/press-releases/2017/10/02/13/56/skipping-breakfast-associated-with-hardening-of-the-arteries. Accessed June 3, 2018. Irina Uzhova et al. “The Importance of Breakfast in Atherosclerosis Disease: Insights from the PESA Study.” Journal of the American College of Cardiology 70.15 (2017): 1833–42.

6. “Meal Planning, Timing, May Impact Heart Health.” American Heart Association Scientific Statement, January 30, 2017; http://newsroom.heart.org/news/meal-planning-timing-may-impact-heart-health. Accessed October 10, 2017.

7. Alison Fildes et al. “Probability of an Obese Person Attaining Normal Body Weight: Cohort Study Using Electronic Health Records.” American Journal of Public Health 105.9 (2015): e54–e59.

8. Shoaib Afzal et al. “Change in Body Mass Index Associated with Lowest Mortality in Denmark, 1976–2013.” JAMA 315.18 (2016): 1989–96.

9. A. J. Tomiyama et al. “Misclassification of Cardiometabolic Health When Using Body Mass Index Categories in NHANES 2005–2012.” International Journal of Obesity 40.5 (2016): 883–86.

10. David K. Li. “Crash Dieting Might Actually Make You Gain Weight.” New York Post, April 10, 2018; https://nypost.com/2018/04/10/crash-dieting-might-actually-make-you-gain-weight/. Accessed June 4, 2018.

11. Dariush Mozaffarian et al. “Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men.” New England Journal of Medicine 364.25 (2011): 2392–404.

12. “The 90+ Study.” UCI Mind; http://www.mind.uci.edu/research-studies/90plus-study/. Accessed June 4, 2018.

13. Ramón Estruch et al. “Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease with a Mediterranean Diet.” New England Journal of Medicine 368.14 (2013): 1279–90.

CHAPTER 12. SKIP TO THE GYM

1. Miranda E. G. Armstrong et al. “Frequent Physical Activity May Not Reduce Vascular Disease Risk as Much as Moderate Activity: Large Prospective Study of UK Women.” Circulation 131.8 (2015): CirculationAHA.114.010296.

2. Charles E. Matthews et al. “Use of Time and Energy on Exercise, Prolonged TV Viewing, and Work Days.” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 55.3 (2018): e61–e69.

3. Peter Schnohr et al. “Dose of Jogging and Long-Term Mortality: The Copenhagen City Heart Study.” Journal of the American College of Cardiology 65.5 (2015): 411–19.

4. Alice Park. “When Exercise Does More Harm Than Good.” Time, February 2, 2015; http://time.com/3692668/when-exercise-does-more-harm-than-good/. Accessed November 5, 2017.

5. Jenna B. Gillen et al. “Three Minutes of All-Out Intermittent Exercise per Week Increases Skeletal Muscle Oxidative Capacity and Improves Cardiometabolic Health.” PLOS One 9.11 (2014): e111489.

6. Keith M. Diaz et al. “Patterns of Sedentary Behavior and Mortality in U.S. Middle-Aged and Older Adults: A National Cohort Study.” Annals of Internal Medicine 167.7 (2017): 465–75.

7. “Science Agrees: Nature Is Good for You.” Association of Nature and Forest Therapy Guides and Programs; https://www.natureandforesttherapy.org/about/science. Accessed November 5, 2017.

8. Bruce Neal. “Fat Chance for Physical Activity.” Population Health Metrics 11.1 (2013): 9.

9. Aseem Malhotra. “Take Off That Fitbit: Exercise Alone Won’t Make You Lose Weight.” Washington Post, May 15, 2015; https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2015/05/15/take-off-that-fitbit-exercise-alone-wont-make-you-lose-weight/. Accessed November 5, 2017.

10. Joene Hendry. “Sitting Too Long May Be Dangerous for Young Infants.” Reuters, May 13, 2008; https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sitting-infants/sitting-too-long-may-be-dangerous-for-young-infants-idUSKEN37119120080513. Accessed September 17, 2018.

CHAPTER 13. LET THE SUNSHINE IN

1. Robyn M. Lucas et al. “Estimating the Global Disease Burden Due to Ultraviolet Radiation Exposure.” International Journal of Epidemiology 37.3 (2008): 654–67.

2. P. G. Lindqvist et al. “Avoidance of Sun Exposure as a Risk Factor for Major Causes of Death: A Competing Risk Analysis of the Melanoma in Southern Sweden Cohort.” Journal of Internal Medicine 280.4 (2016): 375–87.

3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “Skin Cancer—Sun Safety.” https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/skin/basic_info/sun-safety.htm. Accessed July 3, 2017.

4. Rathish Nair and Arun Maseeh. “Vitamin D: The ‘Sunshine’ Vitamin.” Journal of Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapeutics 3.2 (2012): 118–26.

5. Trude Eid Robsahm et al. “Vitamin D₃ from Sunlight May Improve the Prognosis of Breast, Colon and Prostate Cancer (Norway).” Cancer Causes and Control 15.2 (2004): 149–58.

6. Thieu X. Phan et al. “Intrinsic Photosensitivity Enhances Motility of T Lymphocytes.” Scientific Reports 6 (2016): 39479.

7. Mohamed Boubekri et al. “Impact of Windows and Daylight Exposure on Overall Health and Sleep Quality of Office Workers: A Case-Control Pilot Study.” Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine 10.6 (2014): 603–11.

8. Jaymi Heimbuch. “How Watching Sunrise or Sunset Can Improve Your Health.” MNN.com19, November 19, 2015; https://www.mnn.com/health/fitness-well-being/blogs/how-watching-sunrise-or-sunset-can-improve-your-health. Accessed June 4, 2018.

CHAPTER 14. EAT OLD (FERMENTED) FOOD

1. Maria L. Marco et al. “Health Benefits of Fermented Foods: Microbiota and Beyond.” Current Opinion in Biotechnology 44 (2017): 94–102.

2. Eva M. Selhub, Alan C. Logan, and Alison C. Bested. “Fermented Foods, Microbiota, and Mental Health: Ancient Practice Meets Nutritional Psychiatry.” Journal of Physiological Anthropology 33.1 (2014): 2.

3. Felice N. Jacka et al. “Association of Western and Traditional Diets with Depression and Anxiety in Women.” American Journal of Psychiatry 167.3 (2010): 305–11.

4. Almundena Sánchez-Villegas et al. “Association of the Mediterranean Dietary Pattern with the Incidence of Depression: The Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra/University of Navarra Follow-up (SUN) Cohort.” Archives of General Psychiatry 66.10 (2009): 1090–98.

CHAPTER 15. BREASTFEEDING IS BEST FEEDING

1. Jill Krasny. “Nestle’s Infant Formula Scandal.” Business Insider, June 25, 2012; http://www.businessinsider.com/nestles-infant-formula-scandal-2012-6. Accessed October 12, 2017.

2. Edward Baer. “Babies Means Business.” New Internationalist, April 1, 1982; https://newint.org/features/1982/04/01/babies. Accessed October 12, 2017.

3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “Breastfeeding: Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs).” June 16, 2015; https://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/faq/. Accessed September 26, 2017.

4. Mandy Oaklander. “Breastfeeding Linked to a Lower Risk of Cancer in Kids.” Time, June 1, 2015; http://time.com/3901565/breastfeeding-childhood-cancer-leukemia/. Accessed October 7, 2017.

5. Joanna S. Hawkes, Mark A. Neumann, and Robert A. Gibson. “The Effect of Breast Feeding on Lymphocyte Subpopulations in Healthy Term Infants at 6 Months of Age.” Pediatric Research 45.5 Pt 1 (1999): 648–51.

6. Jack Gilbert and Rob Knight. Dirt Is Good: The Advantage of Germs for Your Child’s Developing Immune System. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2017, Kindle Edition.

7. American Institute for Cancer Research. “Diet, Nutrition, Physical Activity and Breast Cancer 2017.” Revised 2018; http://www.aicr.org/continuous-update-project/reports/breast-cancer-report-2017.pdf?_ga=2.161086461.1517247984.1538262749-112444945.1538262748. Accessed October 3, 2018.

8. Susannah Brown. “Can Breastfeeding Help Prevent Breast Cancer?” World Cancer Research Fund International, July 31, 2017; http://www.wcrf.org/int/blog/articles/2017/07/can-breastfeeding-help-prevent-breast-cancer. Accessed October 3, 2017.

9. Efrat L. Amitay and Lital Keinan-Boker. “Breastfeeding and Childhood Leukemia Incidence: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review.” JAMA Pediatrics 169.6 (2015): e151025.

10. Brown, “Can Breastfeeding Help Prevent Breast Cancer?”

11. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “Breast-Feeding Rates Continue to Rise.” CDC Online Newsroom, August 22, 2016; https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2016/p0822-breast-feeding-rates.html [inactive]. Accessed September 26, 2017.

12. World Health Organization. “Breastfeeding.” http://www.who.int/nutrition/topics/exclusive_breast-feeding/en/ [inactive]. Accessed October 7, 2017.

13. L. Bricker, N. Medley, and J. J. Pratt. “Routine Ultrasound in Late Pregnancy (After 24 Weeks’ Gestation).” Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 6 (2015): Art. No. CD001451. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001451.pub4. J. Tieu et al. “Screening for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Based on Different Risk Profiles and Settings for Improving Maternal and Infant Health.” Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 8 (2017): Art. No. CD007222. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007222.pub4.

CHAPTER 16. GET DOWN AND DIRTY

1. Michelle M. Stein et al. “Innate Immunity and Asthma Risk in Amish and Hutterite Farm Children.” New England Journal of Medicine 375.5 (2016): 411–21.

2. Markus J. Ege et al. “Exposure to Environmental Microorganisms and Childhood Asthma.” New England Journal of Medicine 364.8 (2011): 701–709.

3. Stephanie J. Lynch, Malcolm R. Sears, and Robert J. Hancox. “Thumb-Sucking, Nail-Biting, and Atopic Sensitization, Asthma, and Hay Fever.” Pediatrics (2016): e20160443.

4. Matthew T. Walker et al. “Mechanism for Initiation of Food Allergy: Dependence on Skin Barrier Mutations and Environmental Allergen Costimulation.” Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 141.5 (2018): 1711–25.

5. Albert Barberán et al. “The Ecology of Microscopic Life in Household Dust.” Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282.1814 (2015).

6. Jack Gilbert and Rob Knight. Dirt Is Good: The Advantage of Germs for Your Child’s Developing Immune System. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2017, Kindle Edition.

7. Bill Hesselmar, Anna Hicke-Roberts, and Göran Wennergren. “Allergy in Children in Hand Versus Machine Dishwashing.” Pediatrics 135.3 (2015): e590–e597.

8. Justin Sonnenburg and Erica Sonnenburg. The Good Gut: Taking Control of Your Weight, Your Mood, and Your Long-Term Health. New York: Penguin, 2015, Kindle Edition.

9. “ACI Statement on FDA Consumer Rule on Antibacterial Soaps.” American Cleaning Institute, September 2, 2016; http://www.cleaninginstitute.org/aci_statement_on_fda_consumer_rule_on_antibacterial_soaps/. Accessed October 14, 2017.

10. Helena Helmby. “Human Helminth Therapy to Treat Inflammatory Disorders—Where Do We Stand?” BMC Immunology 16.1 (2015): 12.

11. “Fecal Transplantation (Bacteriotherapy).” Johns Hopkins Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology; http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/gastroenterology_hepatology/clinical_services/advanced_endoscopy/fecal_transplantation.html. Accessed October 21, 2017.

CHAPTER 17. HAPPINESS: PURSUE IT

1. Norman Cousins. Anatomy of an Illness as Perceived by the Patient: Reflections on Healing and Regeneration. New York: Open Road Media, 2016, Kindle Edition.

2. Alia J. Crum and Ellen J. Langer. “Mind-Set Matters: Exercise and the Placebo Effect.” Psychological Science 18.2 (2007): 165–71.

3. Laura M. Hsu, Jaewoo Chung, and Ellen J. Langer. “The Influence of Age-Related Cues on Health and Longevity.” Perspectives on Psychological Science 5.6 (2010): 632–48.

4. Bruce Grierson. “What if Age Is Nothing but a Mind-Set?” New York Times, October 22, 2014; https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/26/magazine/what-if-age-is-nothing-but-a-mind-set.html. Accessed October 24, 2017.

5. “Is Broken Heart Syndrome Real?” American Heart Association, April 18, 2016; http://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/cardiomyopathy/what-is-cardiomyopathy-in-adults/is-broken-heart-syndrome-real. Accessed October 22, 2017.

6. “So Lonely I Could Die.” American Psychological Association, August 5, 2017; http://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2017/08/lonely-die.aspx. Accessed September 16, 2017.

7. Joshua Wolf Shenk. “What Makes Us Happy?” The Atlantic, June 2009; https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2009/06/what-makes-us-happy/307439/. Accessed October 22, 2017.

8. Stacey Colino. “The Health Benefits of Hugging.” U.S. News & World Report, February 3, 2016; https://health.usnews.com/health-news/health-wellness/articles/2016-02-03/the-health-benefits-of-hugging. Accessed October 30, 2017.

9. Adam Piore. “What Technology Can’t Change About Happiness.” Nautilus, September 17, 2015; http://nautil.us/issue/28/2050/what-technology-cant-change-about-happiness. Accessed October 22, 2017.

10. Michael Winnick. “Putting a Finger on Our Phone Obsession” dscout, June 16, 2016; https://blog.dscout.com/mobile-touches. Accessed October 22, 2017.

11. “Health Experts Recommend Standing Up at Desk, Leaving Office, Never Coming Back.” The Onion, February 6, 2015; https://www.theonion.com/health-experts-recommend-standing-up-at-desk-leaving-o-1819577456. Accessed June 4, 2018.

12. Ben Steverman. “Retirement in America: We’re Working Longer, Getting Sicker, and Dying Sooner.” Boston Globe, October 23, 2017; https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2017/10/23/retirement-america-working-longer-getting-sicker-and-dying-sooner/Onmy9PBfWx0x3WP4fjsTKP/story.html. Accessed October 24, 2017.

13. Bette Liu et al. “Does Happiness Itself Directly Affect Mortality? The Prospective U.K. Million Women Study.” The Lancet 387.10021 (2016): 874–81.

14. Raeleen D’Agostino Mautner. Living La Dolce Vita: Bring the Passion, Laughter, and Serenity of Italy into Your Daily Life. Napierville, IL: Sourcebooks, 2003, p. xxiii.

AFTERWORD

1. “World’s Oldest Man Israel Kristal, a Holocaust Survivor, Dies at 113 in Israel.” New York Daily News, August 11, 2017; http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/world-oldest-man-yisrael-kristal-dies-113-article-1.3403895. Accessed October 29, 2017.