Page numbers listed correspond to the print edition of this book. You can use your device’s search function to locate particular terms in the text.
303 Creative LLC, 346
1001 Arabian Nights, staging of, 168, 168
abolitionism, 64, 66, 67, 84, 100, 120
abortifacients, 154–55, 156
Comstock Act of 1873 and, 150–51, 152
cotton roots as, 58, 71
herbs used as, 46–47
abortion, 45–46, 70, 71, 225, 294. See also abortifacients; specific legal cases
abortion clinics, 272–73, 277–78, 285–90
abortion providers, 154–56, 157
abortion rights, xv, 345–46 (see also Roe v. Wade)
access to, 276–77, 299, 300, 342, 344–45
AMA attempt to outlaw, 155
blamed for HIV/AIDS, 317
Christianity and, 274, 278
criminalization of, 155, 346
first-trimester, 277
history of, ix
illegal, 252–53, 275, 276, 346
information about, 345
legal, 223
lower-income women and, 276
politics of, 272–91
referral service and travel fund, 277
second-trimester, 277
sexual revolution and, 274
support for legal, 281
abuse, xv, 37–56, 251, 341. See also child abuse; sexual abuse
Abyssinian Baptist Church, 204
Access Hollywood audio recording, 307
accusations, false, 308
Acosta, David, 327
activism, 318–19, 331, 343. See also specific causes
Adams, John, 98
adolescents, 171–87, 192
queer erotic play and, 231
same-sex encounters and, 176
adoption, 275
adult–adolescent sex, prohibition of,
224
adultery, 34, 35–36, 37, 40, 46–47, 52, 53, 114, 118
as federal crime, 125
targeted by law enforcement, 186
adult film. See pornography
advocacy organizations, 317. See also specific causes and organizations
Advocate of Moral Reform, 80
African Americans. See Black people
Africans
enslaved people, 8, 17–19
free, 8
hypersexuality and, 143
motherhood and, 18–19
representation of, 7–8
age of consent, 172, 173, 178–81, 186, 265, 267
common law and, 178
double standards and, 179
Florida and, 179
New York and, 179
state law and, 178
Aid to Dependent Children (ADC) program, 295–97
AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power (ACT UP), 311, 318–19, 318, 325, 326
AIDS service organizations, 315–16
Alabama, 58, 296–97, 298
Alcott, Louisa May, An Old-Fashioned Girl, 105
Alito, Samuel, 290
Allerton, Robert, 189
Allison, Dorothy, The Women Who Hate Me, 268
Alta California, 32–33
Alva, Ricardo, 179–80
Ambrosini, Jacqueline, 328
American Academy of Pediatrics, 338
American Birth Control League, 166, 298
American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), 245, 295, 296, 345
American Freedman’s Inquiry Commission, 65
American Indians, xx. See also Native Americans
American Law Institute (ALI), 225
American Medical Association (AMA), 155
American Psychiatric Association (APA), 245
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM), 233, 245
American Revolution, 6, 49, 52, 55, 58
American Secular Union, 160
American Social Hygiene Association, 186
Amsterdam, 258
anal sex, 98, 192, 193, 340
ancestors, 24
Andrews, Richard, 289
Andrews, Stephen Pearl, 120
androgen insensitivity syndrome, 338
androgens, 12–13, 215, 231–32
“androgynes,” 12
androgyny, 265
Anglican Church, 42–43
“Anglo-Saxons,” 174, 175
Annual Reminder events, 239, 240, 241–42, 243
anti-abortion laws, 272–91
anti-abortion movement, xvi, 272–91
Black nationalists and, 280
Catholics and, 279–80, 281, 284–85
CDA and, 345–46
civil rights language and, 279–80
evangelical Protestants and, 279–80, 281, 284–85
as latter-day abolitionists, 280
race and, 279–80
radical extremists in, 285–90
sexual conservatism and, 280–81
anti-Communist purges, 233
anti-discrimination laws, 246–47
anti-drag protesters, 332, 337
anti-gay activists, 246–47, 339
anti-gay discrimination, 225–26
in federal government, 317–18
in immigration policies, 238
anti-gay policing, 238
anti-LGBTQ protests, 332
anti-masturbation movement, 82–84, 123, 141, 182
“anti-miscegenation” laws, 138
anti-obscenity crusade, xvii, 149–70
anti-obscenity laws, 255
anti-polygamy novels, 119
anti-porn feminists, 250, 264–65, 267–69, 267
anti-porn movement, 335
anti-prostitution measures, 172
anti-rape activists, 264
antiretroviral therapy, 320
anti-seduction statutes, 80
antislavery movement, 120. See also abolitionism
anti-sodomy laws, 143, 224
anti-trans activism, 337, 339
anti-vice crusades, 167–68, 336
antiwar protests, 242, 336
Appleton, Samuel, 15–16
Aristotle, 85–86
Aristotle’s Masterpiece, 85–87, 85, 87
Arkansas, 305
Armstrong, James, 275–76, 289
asexuality, 263
Asian immigrants, 182–85. See also specific groups
Asian women, stereotyping of, 271
assimilationists, 126–27
Atkins, John, 13
Atkinson, T-Grace, 263
authoritarianism, 258
autoeroticism, 251. See also masturbation
aversion therapy, 232
Avery, Byllye, 300
aya’kwa, 27
AZT, 325
Bacon, Ebenezer, 50
Bailey, Abigail Abbot, 37–56, 37, 118
Bailey, Abigail (daughter), 50, 55–56
Bailey, Anna, 55–56
Bailey, Asa, 37–56, 37, 118
Bailey, Asa Jr., 55
Bailey, Chloe, 55–56
Bailey, Judith, 51, 56
Bailey, Olive, 56
Bailey, Patience, 51, 55
Bailey, Phebe, 37, 44, 50–51, 55
Bailey, Ruth, 50
Bailey, Samuel, 44
Bailey, Sarah, 55–56
Bailey, Simon, 51
Baker Street Club, 188–90, 188, 191, 205–6
Ballard, Rice, 79–80
ballroom houses, 329–30
Baltimore County, Maryland, 100
Baptists, 40
Barnard College, Scholar and the Feminist IX conference, 267–68
Barrie, Dennis, 270
Barron, Laurie, 231
bars, 204
Basse, Nathaniel, 11–12
bastardy, 16, 42, 43. See also nonmarital children
Bath, New Hampshire, 44
bathhouses, 314
Bauer, Amy, 319
Bauer, Gary, 317
“bawdy houses,” 90
Bedford Hills Correctional Facility, 319–20. See also Bedford Hills Reformatory for Women
Bedford Hills Reformatory for Women, 180, 185, 202–3, 214, 215
bedsharing, 98, 99–100, 106. See also “bundling”
Behind the Green Door, 256, 257
belly dancing. See danse du ventre
Beman, Louise, 114
Benedict, Ruth, 216
Bennets, Richard, 13
Bennett, William, 317
Bentley, Gladys, 200–201, 201
Besse, Greate, 4, 8, 13, 15, 21, 41
bestiality. See sex with animals
“Bible Communism,” 121, 123–24
Bible Perfectionists, 121. See also Oneida Perfectionists
Bieber, Irving, Homosexuals: A Psychoanalytic Study of Male Homosexuals, 245
bigamy, 113, 115, 116, 118
Billings, Montana, 277, 278
birth control. See contraception
birth-control clinics, 165–66
birth rates
decline in Black, 182
declining, 157–58, 182
in early America, 44–45
enslaved people and, 58, 59, 69, 71
in New England colonies, 44–45
Birthright, 278–79
birth rituals, 25
births, enslaved people and, 58, 59, 67–68, 71
bisexuality, 142–43, 147, 215, 265
Black church, homosexuality and, 323–24
Black communities, “gay” and, xi
Black equality, xv, 84
Blackfeet, 275
Black feminists, 264, 265, 300, 304–5
Black girls, 180
Black leaders, hostility toward queer Black people, 204–5
Black lesbians, 323
Black men
AIDS service organizations and, 315–16
gay, 310–12, 313, 323 (see also “same-gender-loving” (SGL) Black men)
HIV/AIDS and, 315–16, 320–21
rape accusations and, 48–49, 139, 264
“same-gender-loving” (SGL), 310–12, 313, 323
stereotypes of, 303
Black midwives, 69–70
Black nationalists, 280, 316, 336
Black Panther Party, 244, 280
Black parents, 180
Black people, 175. See also Africans; Black men; Black women; enslaved people; specific groups
declining birthrates and, 182
after emancipation, 63
as “purity crusaders,” 158
racist stereotypes and, 295–96
reform movement and, 181–82
same-sex desire and, 93–108
sexual comportment and, 83–84
sexual stereotypes and, 83–84
Black Power, 242
Black queer liberation politics, 341
Black reformers, sexual morality and, 181–82
Black Swan Records, 200
Blackwell’s Island, 154, 156
Black women
abolitionist societies and, 120
arrested for prostitution, 200
childbirth and, 62
clitorectomies and, 142
consent and, 47
contributions to “modern sexuality,” 205–6
feminism and, 264, 265, 300, 304–5
intersectionality and, 294
prostitution and, 185
racism and, 303
reform movement and, 181–82
sexism and, 303
sexual abuse and, 294–97
sexual empowerment of, 303
sexuality of, 59, 205–6, 252, 303, 305
sexual stereotypes and, 62, 181, 271
sexual violence and, 294–97
stereotypes of, 202
as “wenches,” 50
Blake, James, 99–100
Blasey Ford, Christine, 293, 306–9
“blocked menses,” herbal remedies for,
46
Blood, James Harvey, 120
blowjobs, 257
Blue Mountain Clinic (BMC), 272, 273, 277–78, 282, 286–90, 290–91
blues singers, 200–201, 201
Bob and Carol and Ted and Alice, 254
bodily autonomy, 346. See also sexual autonomy
bodybuilding, 177, 178
“Bodysex” workshops, 258–60, 263, 269
Bohemian Club, 188–90, 188
Boise, Idaho, 288
Bolívar, Tennessee, 145
Book of Mormon, 112
books
banning of, 338–39, 342 (see also censorship)
gay-themed book services, 234
with LGBTQ+ themes, xv, 342
mainstream market for, 234
Boreman, Linda, 257
Boston Journal, 52
Boston, Massachusetts, 313
“Boston marriages,” 105
Boston Women’s Health Collective, Our Bodies, Ourselves, 260
Bottcher, Erik, 332
Bottoms, Sharon, 334
“bottom” surgery, 337
Boutilier, Clive Michael, 238
Bowen, Ariel Serena, 182
Bowers v. Hardwick, 317
“boy-girls,” 94
boys, 192. See also adolescents
criminality and, 181
sexual behavior and, 181
Boy Scouts of America, sexual abuse and, 333
Bradford, Thomas, Roderick Random, 77
Bradstreet, Anne, 39
breastfeeding, 45, 56
Bridgeport, Connecticut, 223
Briggs Initiative, 246, 333
Bright, Susie, 268
British colonies, 4–22, 58
Brooklyn, 194
brothels, 90, 154, 184, 202
Brothers United in Support, 311–12, 320–21
Brown, Addie, 96–97, 101–4, 105–7, 108, 137
Brown, Helen Gurley, Sex and the Single Girl, 250
Brown, Mrs., 209
Brownmiller, Susan, Against Our Will, 264
Brownsville, New York, 165–66
Bruce, Philip, 181
Bryan, Celia, 65–66
Bryan, Jacob, 65–66
Bryant, Anita, 246–47, 333
Bryant, Charity, 104, 135
Buell, Presendia, 114
“buffet flats,” 200
buggery, laws against, 95
bulldaggers, 191, 200
“bundling,” 41–42
Bureau of Investigation, White Slavery Division, 185 (see also FBI)
Burke, Tarana, 307
burlesque, 168–69, 171, 171, 178
Bush, George H. W., 293, 304
“butch-femme” roles, 145–46, 200–201, 201, 230
butch women, 200–201, 230. See also “butch-femme” roles
Butterfield, Oliver M., Marriage and Sexual Harmony, 213
Byrd, William II, 40
Byrne, Ethel, 165–66
cabarets, 196, 200, 201
cabdrivers, licensing of, 80
Caddoan people, 28
calamint, 46
Calderone, Mary Steichen, 283
California, 204, 225–26, 289
criminalization of fellatio and cunnilingus in, 190
Gold Rush in, 99
HIV/AIDS in, 312–13
homophobia in, 333
immigrants in, 99
Mattachine Society in, 231
Native Americans in, 99
“sodomites” and, 193–94
California Supreme Court, 190
Callaway, Mariah, 60
calomel, 71
calumet, smoking of, 29
Calvin Klein jeans, 265
camp, 199
capitalism, 258
“capotes,” 159
The Captive, 198
caregiving, HIV/AIDS and, 322
Carolinas, 58
castration, 30
casual sex culture, 339–40
Catholic Church, 28–29, 32, 33
homosexuality and, 324
Indigenous sexual practices and values and, 32–35
Kinsey and, 223
marriage and, 28–29
sexual abuse and, 332–33
Catholics, 285, 288. See also Catholic Church
abortion and, 274, 278, 279–80
anti-abortion movement and, 281, 284–85
Democratic Party and, 281
Indigenous, 35
Republican Party and, 281
“celestial marriage,” 114–15, 117
Celia, 66
censorship, xv, xvii, 149–70, 270, 338–39, 346
Center City, 236, 239
Centers for Disease Control (CDC), 312, 316
Century of Progress International Exhibition, 1933, 169–70
cervical caps, 152
cervical self-examinations, 260
cervix, dilation of, 46
Chaffee, John, 99
Chamberlain, Jason, 99
Chambers, Marilyn, 257
Charleston, South Carolina, 199
Charlestown State Prison, 161
Chase, Sarah, 157
chastity. See purity
Checaye, Juan, 24
Chesapeake Bay, 3, 9–22
Chicago, Illinois, 151, 169–70, 169, 176, 196, 197, 198
gay community in, 313
Near North Side, 197
sexual education in public schools in, 212
“chickenship,” 98
Child, Lydia Maria, 66, 67
child abduction headlines, 335
child abuse, 50–56, 225, 332–33, 335–37
childbearing, 55–56
childbirth, 56, 85
among African women, 62
dangers of, 45
difficult, 46
in early America, 44
enslaved Black women and, 69–71
child custody, 52
childhood, definition of, 173–74
child molestation. See child abuse
child mortality, enslaved people and, 71
Child Online Protection Act of 1998,
345
Child Pornography Prevention Act of 1996, 345
child protection, 331–39
anti-LGBTQ protests in name of, 332
child safety advocacy, 335
children. See also child abuse; child protection; pedophilia
liberty and, 53
natural rights and, 53
pornography and, 265, 270
queer role models and, 331–32
rights of, 294
sexual danger and, 332–33
sexualization of, 265, 268
Chinese immigrants, 182–84, 184
Choate, Alonzo, 93–97, 107–8, 230
Choate, Hannah, 93
choirs, 247
choking, 340
Christenson, Cornelia V., 209
Christian American Family Association, 316
Christianity, 23–36. See also specific sects
abortion and, 274
Christian morality, 179
far-right, 316
sexual morality and, 162
spirit world and, 162
Christianity Today, 285
chromosomal anomalies, 12–13
Chumash, 27
“chumming,” 137
Chung, Margaret, 196
churches, gay- and lesbian-friendly, 324
CIA (Central Intelligence Agency), 246
“cis,” xi
civility, 10
civil libertarians, 252, 338
civil rights, xvi, 229
civil rights movement, 236–48
Civil Service Administration Building, Washington, DC, 239
civil service employment, homosexuality and, 230, 246
civil service reforms, 246
Civil War, 71–72, 93–94
Claflin, Tennessee, 120
Clark University, 174
class, 3–7, 140, 142, 193, 194, 198, 297–98. See also intersectionality
abortion and, 276
consent and, 46–47
fornication and, 14–15, 17–18
HIV/AIDS and, 311
non-monogamy and, 342
oppression and, 261
privilege and, 6–7
race and, 62–63
rape and, 52
sex equality and, 250–51
sexual availability and, 49–50
sexual behavior and, 8
sexual identity and, 191
stereotypes and, 49
classism, 297
Cleland, John
Fanny Hill: Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure, 74–92, 255–56
Memoirs of a Coxcomb, 91
clergy, 239, 332–33. See also Catholic Church
Clergy Consultation Service (CCS), 277
Cleveland, Grover, 134, 135
Cleveland, Ohio, 171–72, 173
Clinton, Bill, 270, 289, 305–6
Clinton, Hillary, 307
clitorectomies, Black women and, 142
clitoris, 257
elongated, 12–13
enlarged, 143, 338
prioritization of, 250
closetedness, 230–31, 334
Clymes, Raymond, 200
Coalition of Women for a Feminist Sexuality and Against Sadomasochism, 268
Cobb, Augusta, 119, 123–24
“cocksuckers,” 192
Code and Court of Indian Offenses, 127
coercive sterilization, 294, 297–300
coffee klatches, 247
cohabitation
government assistance programs and, 296
same-sex desire and, 104–5
coitus interruptus, 119
coitus reservatus, 122
Colbert, January, 59, 60, 61–62, 63, 66, 71, 72
Cold War, homophobia during, 233, 248
collectivism, 262
colleges, codes of conduct at, 308
Collins, Dorothy, 209
colonialism, 3–5, 23–36
Colorado, 276–77, 335
Colored Youth, 84
comic books, queer characters in, 233
Commerce, Illinois, 112
commercialized sex, 173
Commission on Pornography, 269
Committee for Abortion Rights and Against Sterilization Abuse (CARASA), 299–300
Committee for Protective Work for Girls, 187
“Committee of Fourteen,” 200
common law, 43, 116, 178
communes, xv, 247
communication, stopping through censorship, 339
Communications Decency Act (CDA), 344–46
Communism, 232, 244
community building, 247, 258, 262, 311
“community standards,” 255, 256
companionship, queer, 93–108
Complex Marriage, 121–22, 124, 342
Compton’s Cafeteria, 239
Comstock, Anthony, xv, xvii, 149–70, 149, 170, 199, 255, 336
danse du ventre and, 151, 169
death of, 167
legacy of, 344–46
Comstock Act of 1873, xv, 112, 149–70, 344–46
“Comstock syringes,” 159, 161
Concord, New Hampshire, 76
concubinage, 43, 64–66
condoms, 152, 155, 157, 159, 166, 316, 317
Confederate soldiers, 94
confession, 40–41
congenital adrenal hyperplasia, 12–13, 338
Congregationalists, 40
Congregation Beit Simchat Torah, 324
conjugal desire, 39
Connecticut, 93, 118
Connecticut Colony, 19
consciousness raising (CR), 243, 260, 264
consent, 163–64
age of, 172, 173, 178–81, 186, 265, 267
Black women and, 47
class and, 46–47
emphasis on, 308
employer-servant relationships and, 46–47
enslaved women and, 47
race and, 46–47
working-class women and, 47
conservatives, xvi–xvii, 251, 284–85, 335–36
anti-abortion movement and, 280–81
HIV/AIDS and, 316–17
LGBTQ community and, 324, 334–35
white privilege and, 336
Contemporary Arts Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, 270
contraception, xv, 45, 82, 152, 154–56, 156, 157, 161, 252–53, 280, 294. See also specific methods
access to, 157–58, 164–66, 223, 276
Black nationalists’ critique of, 280, 316
breastfeeding and, 45
Catholicism and, 278
Comstock Act of 1873 and, 150–51, 152, 344
considered genocide by Garvey, 204
folk-medicine traditions, 45
sex education and, 283–84
sexual autonomy of women and, 297–98
U.S. Supreme Court and, 225
withdrawal prior to ejaculation, 45
contraceptive powders, 155
contraceptives, herbal, 26
conversion, 35, 40, 48
to LDS (Latter-day Saints) Church, 116–17
sexual behavior, 34
Cook, David R., 64–65
“cootch” dance, 151
Corey, Dorian, 329
Corn Mother, 25
corporal punishment, 56
Cosmopolitan magazine, 251
Cotton, John, 6
Cotton Club, 199
cotton economy, 58, 64–65
cotton gin, 72
cotton plantations, 58, 59
cotton plants, 57–58
cotton roots, 58, 71
courtship, 41, 96, 127, 175–76
enslaved people and, 59–61, 71
homosexuality and, 137
coverture, 43, 52, 116
Craddock, Ida, 152, 159–64, 160, 170
consent and, 163–64
pamphlets by, 162–63
Right Marital Living, 163
same-sex desire and, 164
The Wedding Night, 163
Craig, Willa, 286, 288
Crenshaw, Kimberlé, 293, 294, 303
“crimes against nature,” 95
criminality
boys and, 181
criminal statutes, 95
mental illness and, 141, 144
sexual behavior and, 180–81
criminals, “asexualizing,” 142
crisis pregnancy centers (CPCs), 278–79
Critical Path Project, 325, 345
cross-dressing, 16–17, 21–22, 27, 94, 135–36, 142, 194
cross-gender people, 130–48. See also transgender people
Crow people, 275
cruising, 231
cunnilingus, 190
Daily Orleanian, 79
Dakota Territory, 108
Daniel, F. E., 142
danse du ventre, 151, 159, 162, 168–69, 170
Darrow, Clarence, 162–63
Darwin, Charles, 174
dating. See also courtship; “hook-up culture”
dating apps, 341
entertainment and, 175–76
Daughters of Bilitis (DOB), 226, 237, 333–34
Davids, J. D., 326
Davis, Katharine Bement, 184–85, 214, 215, 217
Factors in the Sex Life of Twenty-Two Hundred Women, 214
Davis, William S., 100
Dawes Severalty Act, 126, 127
daycare centers, 336
Dayton, Ohio, 281
Dayton Women’s Health Center, 279
Deaconess Hospital, 278
debauchery, 43
Decker, Julie, The Invisible Orientation: An Introduction to Asexuality, 263
decoys, 230
Deep Throat, 256, 257
degeneracy, 143–44, 195
nymphomania, 143
sexual, 174
theories of racial, 301
Delaware, 178
delinquency, 112, 172, 180, 203, 231
Dellenback, William, 209
D’Emilio, John, Intimate Matters, x–xi
Democratic Party, 120, 281, 293–94, 307–8
Dennett, Hartley, 166–67
Dennett, Mary Ware, 166–67
The Sex Side of Life, 166–67
Depo-Provera, 298
deportation, 185, 238
“deputy husbands,” 5–6
desires. See sexual desire
deviants, 112
Dewey’s, 239
diaphragms, 253
difference (disorder) of sex development (DSD), 338
dildos, 150, 152, 268
Dill Pickle Club, 197
Diné (Navajo), 23–24, 27, 30, 31
Diné language, 30
disorderly conduct, arrests for, 221
divorce, 37, 43, 52, 53, 55, 116, 253. See also divorce laws
blamed for HIV/AIDS, 317
no-fault, 274, 317
rising rates of, 128–29
self-divorce, 43
divorce laws, 113, 118, 274
Dixon, John, 304
Dixon’s Polyanthos, 78
Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization, 290–91, 345–46
Dodson, Bess, 251, 254
Dodson, Betty, 249–71, 249, 273, 336, 342
abortion and, 252–53
artwork of, 261–62
“Bodysex” workshops, 258–60, 263, 269
divorce of, 253–54
“The Fine Art of Lovemaking,” 255
“genital show and tell,” 271
on Goop Lab, 250, 271
Liberating Masturbation, 259, 259, 260
marriage of, 253
at NOW Sexuality Conference, 261–62, 261–62
public sexuality and, 264–65
Selfloving, 269
sex drawings by, 254, 255, 256
domestic partnership laws, 324
domestic violence, 56, 138–39
domination, fantasies of, 79
Dommes, 265
Donne, John, 8
“Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell” policy, 246
double standards, 80, 155, 158, 179, 220
douches, 46, 82, 119, 159
Douglass, Sarah Mapps, 84, 123, 174
drag, 337
drag balls, 198–99, 203
drag queens, 199, 239
proposed bans on, 337–39, 346
Drag Queen Story Hour, 331–32
Drake, Sylvia, 104, 135
Dred Scott v. Sandford, 279
DRUM, 238
DuBose, Julius, 139, 140
Dutch colonists, 8
Dworkin, Andrea, 269
East Coast Homophile Organizations (ECHO), 236–37, 238, 242
Ebony magazine, 329
Eckstein, Ernestine, 238
economic precarity, 193
Edison, Thomas, What Demoralized the Barbershop, 177
Edmunds–Tucker Act, 125–26
Edwards, Jonathan, 75, 86
effeminacy, 195–96, 197
Egyptian Theater, 151, 159, 162, 169
Eisenhower, Dwight, 233
Executive Order 10450, 233
Eisenstadt v. Baird, 253
ejaculation, 122, 123
Elders, Joycelyn, 270
Ellis, Havelock, 147, 190
Studies in the Psychology of Sex, 146
Ellis Island, 195
El Paso, Texas, 30–31
Eltinge, Julian, 189
emancipation, 63, 72
Emancipation Proclamation, 61
employer-servant relationships, consent and, 46–47
England, Francis, 16
English law, 18
Enovid, 253
enslaved Black men, accused of rape, 62–63
enslaved Black women
in brothels, 90
childbirth and, 69–71
concubinage and, 64–66
consent and, 47
lactation and, 65
post-partum, 70–71
pregnancy and, 70–71
rape and, 65
self-care and, 70
sexual exploitation of, 66
sexuality of, 59, 60
sexual respectability and, 59–60
white men and, 62
enslaved people, xxi, 8, 57–72, 57, 100. See also enslaved Black men; enslaved Black women
barred from marrying free Black people, 61
birthrates of, 45, 58, 59, 71
child mortality and, 71
commerce in (see slave trade)
cost of resistance and, 65–66
courtship and, 59–61, 71
displayed for sale, 68
enslavers and, 64, 100
fertility of, 67–68, 69
fugitive, 71–72
homosexuality and, 71
infant mortality and, 71
marriage and, 60
medical experimentation on, 70
punishment of, 61–62, 66, 71
rape and, 66, 69
reproductive health of, 69
serial monogamy and, 61, 72
status and, 17
enslavement, xx–xxi, 119–20, 182, 342
defined as perpetual inheritance under Virginia law, 18–19
fugitives of, 66–67
Indigenous, 31
intimate bonds of, 57–72
polygamy and, 119–20
resistance to, 70
enslavers, xxi, 57–72
enslaved people and, 64, 100
erotica and, 79–80
white physicians and, 70
women as, 65
entertainment, 171, 176, 198–99. See also specific forms of entertainment
dating and, 175–76
illicit, 203–4
repression of, 203–4
sex-related, 171–72, 176–78, 187 (see also pornography)
sexual innuendo and, 199
sexualized, 203–4
spectacles, 178
entrapment, 230
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), 293, 301
Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), 280, 281, 285
erotica, xiv, xv, 73–92, 73. See also specific forms and media
enslavers and, 79–80
French, 77
homoerotic, 76
homosexuality and, 96
interracial sex and, 79
medical texts as, 75
in newspapers, 77–78, 79
obscenity laws and, 149–70
social reform movements and, 80–81
erotic liberation. See sexual liberation
erotic play, 96
“erotomania,” 141–42, 301
Esquire magazine, 222
Essex County, Massachusetts, 15–16, 19
estrogen, 215, 231–32
“ethical non-monogamy,” 341–42
eugenic sterilization laws, 174–75
euphemism, 157, 159, 166
evangelical Protestants, 288. See also Protestantism
anti-abortion movement and, 279–80, 281, 284–85
culture of, 251
homosexuality and, 324
Kinsey and, 223–24
Eve, curse of, 6
Evergreen Review, 255
Eve’s Garden, 262, 269
evolution, theory of, 174, 175
exercise, 177, 177
exoticism, 151, 168–70, 168
extramarital sex, 49, 115, 210, 252. See also adultery; polyamory; premarital sex
Fahrina, 151
fairies, 191, 192–93, 195, 196, 197, 198
parades of, 199
Falwell, Jerry, 316, 317
family
“found” or chosen, 322
HIV/AIDS and, 321–23
LGBTQ community and, 321, 322
normative, 321–22, 334
patriarchy and, 321–22
family court judges, 333, 334
“family planning” services, 297–98, 299–300
Black nationalists’ critique of, 280, 316
as solution for poverty, 297–98
Family Research Council, 317
“family values,” 317, 335–36
“fancy girls,” 79–80
“fan dance,” 169, 170
Fanny Hill erotica, 73–92, 100, 152. See also Cleland, John
“Fanny Wrightism,” 81
Farrington, Jeremy, 14
FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation), 236, 238, 246, 289
federal employment discrimination, 239, 246
federal government
antigay bias in, 239, 246, 317–18
immigration laws and, 175
Mormons and, 112–13, 116, 128
obscenity laws and, 149–70
sexual morality and, 112, 113
sexual nonconformity and, 112
Feinstein, Dianne, 308
Felicitas, 35
fellatio, 190, 257
“female husband,” figure of the, 104–5, 205
female impersonators, 135, 197, 203, 204
Female Medical College of Pennsylvania, 84
female sexuality, 249–71
conflicted attitudes towards during 1950s, 221–23
feme covert, 43, 52
feminism, xvi, 243, 336. See also women’s liberation movement; women’s rights
abortion and, 274
access to reproductive health care and, 299–300
anti-porn, 250, 264–65, 267–69, 267
anti-porn vs. pro-sex, 250, 264–65, 267–69, 267
Black, 265, 304–5
Black women and, 264, 265, 300, 304–5
blamed for HIV/AIDS, 317
blamed for rise in sex crimes, 335–36
Catholic/evangelical Protestant opposition to, 285
divisions within, 264
lesbian, 284
militant, 242
“neo-Puritan,” 302
pro-sex, 250, 260, 264–65, 267–69, 267, 308
resurgent, 260–61
sex-positive, 249–71
sexual hedonism and, 263–64
sexual violence and, 264
“third-wave,” 270
feminist erotica, 268–69, 270
feminist newsletters, 260
Ferguson, Mary, 72
fertility, 56. See also birth rates
celebration of, 46
control over, 82
fiction, queer characters in, 233
fidelity, 60
Fielding, Harry, The Female Husband, 104
film, 242. See also pornography
pornographic, 256–57, 265, 268–69
queer characters in, 233
verité sex films, 263
film industry, 177, 256–57
financial networks, sexual reputation and, 48
Finocchio’s, 204
Firestone, Shulamith, 321
The Dialectic of Sex: The Case for Feminist Revolution, 321–22
First Amendment, 255–56, 346
First Michigan Light Artillery, 94
flappers, 186
the Flash, 77
Florida
abortion in, 300
age of consent and, 179
anti-discrimination laws in, 246–47
HIV/AIDS and, 317
homophobia in, 333
Focus on the Family, 317
Folkes, Minne, 59–60
Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 253, 320
Foote, Edward Bliss, 157
formerly enslaved people, 71–72
fornication, 42, 61
charged against free Black people with enslaved spouses, 61
class and, 14–15, 17–18
criminalization of, xiv, 15–18, 42, 125
homosexual, 19–20
interracial, 20–21
pregnancies and, 15–16
in seventeenth century, 3–22
social ostracism and, 14–15
status and, 17–18
Fosdick, Raymond, 186–87
Foster, Jodi, 265
Foster, Lillian, 205, 206
Fox people, 27
Francis, Tench, 77
Franciscans, 29–30, 32, 35–36
Franklin, Isaac, 79–80
Fraunce’s Female Elixir, 46
free Black people, barred from marrying enslaved people, 61
Freedman, Estelle, Intimate Matters, x–xi
Freedmen’s Bureau, 71–72
Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances (FACE) Act, 289
Freedom Rides, 236
“free love,” 118, 119–20, 129, 242
free-love radicals, 118–19
free lovers, 113, 119–21, 161, 164
opponents of, 120
sexual purity and, 120–21
The Free Speech, 139–40
free-speech movement, 161, 255
French Code Noir, 18–19
French colonies, 18–19
French law, 18–19
French women, 99
Freud, Sigmund, 147, 174, 258
Friedan, Betty, 284
Friend of Virtue, 80
Friendship and Freedom, 225–26
friendships, 137
as metaphor for intimate partnership, 108
queer desires and, 100
same-sex desire and, 96–98, 101–4
“Fuckorama,” 263
Fuller, Buckminster, 248
Fundamentalist Latter-day Saints, 128
Gaffney, Mary, 71
Gainesville Women’s Health Clinic, 300
Galen of Pergamon, 86
Galván, 31–32
Games, Mr., 102
Games, Mrs., 102
Gan, Emma, 171–72
Gan, Howard, 171–72, 173, 175–78, 181, 187
Garrison, William Lloyd, 67
Garvey, Marcus, 204–5, 280
“gay,” xi, xix
Gay Activists Alliance (GAA), 244–45
gay adult film, 256–58
gay and lesbian employees, bans on, 230, 246
Gay and Lesbian Latinos Unidos (GLLU), 314
Gay Coffee Hour, 247
“Gay Freedom Day,” 331
gay health clinics, 313–14
Gay Liberation Front (GLF), 241, 241, 242–43, 244, 245
gay liberation movement, 225, 245–48, 273, 280, 321, 336. See also LGBTQ+ activism
abortion and, 274
Catholic/evangelical Protestant opposition to, 285
opposition to, 247
gay men, xix, 191, 216
civil rights of, xvi
community building by, 247
gay male popular culture, 257
Mattachine Society and, 225–26
Gay Men of African Descent (GMAD), 320
Gay Men’s Health Crisis (GMHC), 314
Safer Sex Comix, 316
GayPA, 245
gay pornography, 238
“gay pride” parades, 242
“gay-related immune deficiency” (GRID), 313
gay rights ordinances, 246
G. D. Searle company, 253
Gebhard, Paul H., 209, 218
Gehr, Shannon, 327
gender, xi, xii, 3–5, 26, 215. See also gender nonconformity; gender roles; gender variance; intersectionality; specific gender identities
ambiguous, 3–22
oppression and, 261
gender-affirming care (GAC), 342
proposed bans on, 337–39
restrictions on, 346
gender-affirming clothing, 337
gendered power differences, 251
gender fluidity, ix, xx, 8, 198
gender inequality, non-monogamy and, 342
gender minorities, victimization of, 333
gender nonconformity, xi–xii, xiv, 194–95, 200, 203
acceptance of, 205–6
history of, 339
persistence of, x
queerness and, 196–97
repression of, 187, 188–206
sexual deviance and, 194
gender norms, 141–42. See also gender roles
gender pronouns, 131
genderqueer friendships, 96
genderqueer people, 239
gender roles, 5–6, 145–46, 284
conventional, xvi
Native Americans and, 26–27
traditional, xiv, xv
gender transition, 27–28
gender variance, 96, 114, 130–48. See also gender nonconformity
queer desires and, 133–34
in queer households, 104–5
theories about, 143
General Meeting of Baptist Churches, 40
genitals. See also specific anatomy
ambiguous, 4–5, 9–22 (see also intersex)
appreciation for, 250
size of, 62, 195, 338
Gentiles, 114, 115
Georgia, 58, 60, 65, 317
Gerald, Herny, 66
Gerber, Henry, 225–26
Gibson, Chuck, 288
Gidlow, Elsa, 196
Girard College, 160
“girling of it,” 41
girls. See also adolescents
criminality and, 180–81
as instigators of sexual crimes, 180
protection of, 172–73, 178–81
restricted freedoms of, 186–87
sexual exploitation of, 265
sexualization of, 265
sexually active, 186–87
Girls’ High, 231
girls of color, sexual exploitation of, 265
Gittings, Barbara, 227, 237, 239
Gold Dust, Tennessee, 131, 138
Goldman, Emma, 164
Gold Rush, 99
Good Vibrations, 268
Goop Lab, 250, 271
GOP 2006 platform, 269
Gore, Al, 318
Gorton, Stephen, 40
gossip, 48, 108
government, sexual behavior and, 172, 173. See also federal government; local law; state law; state legislatures; specific states
government assistance programs, 295–97
Grable, Betty, 222
Graham, Billy, 223, 285
Graham, Sylvester, 83, 113, 118–19, 123, 141, 174, 187
Grand Fancy Bijou Catalogue of the Sporting Man’s Emporium, 152
“granny midwives,” 69–70
Great Salt Lake Basin, 116
Great War, 186
Greensboro, North Carolina, 315
Greenwich Village, 164, 166–67, 196, 206, 240–41
Griswold v. Connecticut, 253
grooming, 332
group sex, 250, 254, 268
Gunn, David, 287
gynecology, 70
Hall, Barbara, 11
Hall, G. Stanley, 137, 175, 178
Adolescence, 174
Hall, Radclyffe, The Well of Loneliness, 197
Hall, Thomas/Thomasine, 4–5, 7, 8, 9–22, 41, 133
Hamilton, George/Mary, 104
Hamilton, George V., 213–14
Hamilton Lodge, 198–99
Hammon, Mary, 19
Hammond, James (“Jim”) H., 97
Hammonds, Evelyn, 304
Hampton, Mabel, 191, 198–203, 204, 205–6, 206, 319
“Handkerchief Color Code,” 266
hang-ups, 263
Hardaway, Anthony R. G., 310–12, 320–21, 323–24, 328–30
Harlem, 191, 198–99, 200, 204, 206
Harlem Metropolitan Community Church, 323
Harlem Renaissance, 200
“The Harlot’s Progress,” 74
Harlow, Jean, 222
Harlow, Rachel, 329
Harper, William, 60
Hartford, Connecticut, 101, 102
Hartford Freedmen’s Aid Society, 105
Haslip, Katrina, 319–20
hate crimes, 333
Havana, Cuba, 204
Hawkins, Master, 69
Hawlings, Betsey, 91
Hay, Harry, 225–26, 228, 231
healthcare
access to, 239, 299–300
HIV/AIDS and, 320
racism and, 316
for transgender youth, 337–39
women of color and, 299–300
health educators, 80–81
health reformers, 81–84, 95–96
Heart Mountain, Wyoming, incarceration site, 229–30
hedonism, 284
Hefner, Hugh, 238, 252
Helms, Jesse, 316
Helms Amendment, 316
Hemings, Sally, 64
Henry, George, 216
heredity, 86
hermaphrodites, 12. See also intersex
heteronormativity, xvi–xvii
masculinity and, 197–98
“heteropessimism,” 341
“heterosexual,” xix
heterosexual/homosexual binary, inadequacy of, 218–19
heterosexuality, xvi–xvii, 147, 148, 164, 178, 197–98
heterosexual hedonism, 284
imposition of, 338
inadequacy of the term, 218
male aggression and, 179
normative sex roles and, 321–22, 341
heterosexual pleasure, public displays of, 187
Heywood, Angela Fiducia Tilton, 161, 259
Heywood, Ezra Hervey, 161
highway rest stops, surveillance cameras in, 230
Hill, Anita, 292, 293, 294, 300–304, 308, 309
Hindle, Annie, 130–48, 130
Hinton, Richard J., 65
Hitachi Magic Wand vibrator, 261–62, 336
HIV/AIDS, xvi, 317–18, 324–28
abortion blamed for, 317
activism and, 318–19
antiretroviral therapy and, 320
Black men and, 315–16, 320–21
calls for quarantine and, 316–17
caregiving and, 322
chosen family and, 322
conservatives and, 316–17
eulogy and, 324
family and, 321–23
feminism blamed for, 317
healthcare system and, 320
immigrants and, 317
Kuromiya and, 324–28
LGBTQ+ people and, 310–30
LGBTQ+ rights blamed for, 317
medical marijuana and, 325–26
Native Americans and, 316
no-fault divorce blamed for, 317
protests and, 310
sexual liberation blamed for, 317
sex workers and, 319–20
survivors of, 328–30
women and, 319–20
HIV/AIDS outreach and education, 314–15, 315, 316, 317, 325, 330, 345
HIV-positive people, 310–30
Hodison, Jim, 61–62
Hollerith computational machine, 210
Hollick, Frederick, 96
Holmes, Peter, 92
homoeroticism, 96, 270
censorship and, 270
gay activism and, 238
homoerotic art, 270
homoerotic content, 234
homoerotic literature, 76, 77
homophile magazines, 235, 255
homophile movement, 226, 227, 227, 228–29, 236–42
homophobia, 198, 243, 244
in California, 333
during Cold War, 233, 248
in Florida, 333
medical, 312
“homosexual,” xix
homosexuality, 39–40, 93–96, 99, 101, 130–48, 164, 176, 193, 198, 204–5, 215–16, 225–26, 284. See also homophile movement; lesbianism; queer sexuality; same-sex desire
Black church and, 323–24
blamed for HIV/AIDS, 312–13, 316, 317, 319
campaigns against, 333
Catholic Church and, 324
civil service employment and, 230, 246
colonial punishment of, 19–20
condemned by Black leaders, 204
considered genocide by Garvey, 204
criminalization of, 230–32
“curing,” 231–32
declassified as pathological condition in DSM, 245
decriminalization of, 225
enslaved people and, 71
erotica and, 96 (see also homoeroticism)
evangelical Protestant congregations and, 324
HIV/AIDS prevention programs and, 316
homosexual contact, 210
hormonal therapies and, 231–32
inadequacy of the term, 218
as mental illness, 232–33, 245, 333
naturalness of, 226
normative sex roles and, 321–22
obscenity laws and, 255
pathologization of, 216, 217–18, 230–33, 245, 333
psychiatry and, 233, 245
punishment of, 19–20
religion and, 323–24
repression and, 188–206, 258
as “security risk,” 232–33, 246
targeted by law enforcement, 224
U.S. military policy and, 219, 222, 233, 237, 245–46
visibility of, 284
Homosexual Law Reform Society, 238
homosexuals. See also gay men; lesbians; LGBTQ+ people
animosity toward, 100
banned from federal employment, 233
federal employment discrimination and, 239
HIV/AIDS and, 312–13
legal rights for, 244–45
honor, 33
hooks, bell, 304–5
“hook-up culture,” 339–40
Hooper’s Female Pills, 46
“hootchy-kootchy” dance, 151, 168–69
Hopkins, Samuel, 41
hormonal therapies
homosexuality and, 231–32
transgender people and, 337
hormones, 215
“Hot, Horny and Healthy!” playshop, 314, 315
House of LaBeija, 329
H. Sophie Newcomb college of Tulane University, 137
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 313, 316. See also HIV/AIDS
human sexuality
naturalness of human sexual variety, 225
research studies on, 209–26
human trafficking, 182–84, 185
humiliation, 193
humoral theory, 86
Hunter, Nan D., 335
Hurtado, Andres, 24
Hurtado, Juana, “la Coyota,” 23–24, 30, 35–36, 127
mother of, 28, 29–30
Hurtado, Martín, 31
“husbands,” 192
Hyde, Henry, 344
Hyde Amendment, 299
hypersexuality
Africans and, 143
Native Americans and, 143
race and, 143
Idaho, 289
illegitimacy, 42, 45, 297. See also bastardy; nonmarital children
Illinois, 224, 246
Illinois people, 27
immigrants/immigration, 45, 172, 175, 193–94
banning of HIV-positive, 317
in California, 99
children of, 185
at Ellis Island, 195
federal laws and, 175
immigrant families, 180
policing and, 193–94
sex work and, 182–85
Immigration Act of 1917, 185
immigration policy, 175, 194–95, 317
anti-gay, 238
deportation of foreign-born sex workers, 185
Imperial Burlesque Company, 168
“improper indecent intercourse,” 98–99
“incel” movement, 341
incest, 50–56, 121, 125
“incorrigibility” statutes, 180
indentured servitude, 3–22, 56
Independence, Missouri, 112
Independence Hall, 238, 239, 243
Indiana, 118, 174–75
Indiana University, xvi. See also Institute for Sex Research, Indiana University
Indian reservations, 113, 114
Indian Territory, 126
Indigenous people, xiv, xx, 275. See also Native Americans
enslaved, 8
gender-expansive, xx
monogamy and, 113
polygamy and, 126, 128
sexual assaults against, 34–35
sexual morality and, 23–36
sexual practices and values of, 32–35
indigent men, 194
indigo, 71
“individual sovereignty,” ethos of, 119
infant mortality, 44, 71, 182
information, right to, 166–67
Institute for Sex Research, Indiana University, 209–11, 209, 217–18, 224
Institute for the Advanced Study of Sexuality, 263
“interfemoral” sex, 193
International Feminists for Life, 281
internet
internet pornography, 336, 340
sexual content and, 344–46
interracial marriage
criminalization of, 18
Native Americans and, 28, 29
outlawed in Virginia, 20–21
repealing of laws against, 138
interracial pornography, 257
interracial relationships, 138, 230
interracial sex, 66, 67, 79, 81
criminalization of, 18
in English colonies, 20–21
erotica and, 79
laws governing, 20–21
nonconsensual, 62–64
outlawed in Virginia, 20–21
in seventeenth century, 20–21
sex work and, 90–91
targeted by law enforcement, 186
in women’s reformatories and prisons, 202
intersectionality, 264, 294
intersex advocates, 338
intersex infants and children, 338
intersex people, 4–5, 9–22, 195, 338
intimate belonging, metaphors of, 96–97
intimate-partner violence, 264
inverts, 130–48, 191, 196, 197
Jacksonville, Florida, 65–66
Jacobs, Harriet, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, 66–67, 100
Jacobs, Zina, 114
James, Alice, 105
James, Henry, The Bostonians, 105
Jamestown Colony, 3–5, 10
Janus Society, 238
Japan, 229, 340
Japanese Americans, 227–48
Japanese immigrants, 174, 182–84
Japonisme, 188, 189
Jayme, Luis, 34
Jefferson, Thomas, 45, 64
Jeffries, Moses, 69
Jennings, Dale, 231
Jesuits, 27
Jewett, Helen, 88–90, 88
“jockers,” 192
Johnson, Elizabeth, 19
Johnson, Jack, 185–86
Johnson, James, 144
Johnson, Lillie, 132, 144
Johnson, Lyndon, 269, 298
Johnson, Marsha P., 240
Johnson, Richard L., 139
Johnson, Virginia, Human Sexual Response, 255
Jones, Nancy, 50
Jones, Paula, 305, 306
journals, xii, 37–40
joyas, 27, 35. See also “two-spirit” people
Joyner, Brenda, 299
Juana la Coyota, 25
Judaism, 324
juvenile justice system, 336. See also delinquency
Kacsmaryk, Matthew, 344
Kalispell, Montana, 289
Kameny, Frank, 227, 237, 238–39, 241, 242
Karposi’s sarcoma, 312
Kavanaugh, Brett, 292–94, 306–9
Keeping Fit to Fight, 187
Keres, 30
Keyes, Johnnie, 257
Keyes, Viola, 107–8
Kiernan, James G., 142–43, 147
Kimball, Heber, 117
Kimball, Vilate, 117
King, Martin Luther Jr., 236
kink, 250, 265. See also sadomasochistic (SM) erotic role-play
Kinsey, Alfred C., xvi, 209, 210–11, 213–17, 232
background of, 211–12
conservatism of, 220–21
criminalization of sexual behaviors and, 224–25
criticism of, 223–225
death of, 224
legacy of, 225–26
open marriage of, 218
rejection of concept of “normal” sexuality, 216
seven-point scale developed by, 218, 219
Sexual Behavior in the Human Female (SBHF), 210, 217–18, 220, 222–23, 225–26, 254
Sexual Behavior in the Human Male (SBHM), 210, 217–18, 220, 222–23, 225–26, 228
Kinsey, Clara, 211, 218
“Kinsey Reports,” xvi, 210–11, 222, 225–26
“Kinsey scale,” 218, 219
kinship, 26
bonds expanded through marriage, 26, 29
as metaphor for intimate partnership, 108
Kiowa, Comanche, and Apache (KCA) reservation, 126, 127, 128
Kiowa people, 126, 127, 128
Kirtland, Ohio, 112
Klinefelter syndrome (XXY), 338
Knowlton, Charles, Fruits of Philosophy; or the Private Companion of Married People, 82
Koop, C. Everett, 317
Krafft-Ebing, Richard von, 147, 190
Psychopathia Sexualis, 143–44
Kramer, Larry, 314
Kurnick, Stanley, 194
Kuromiya, Emiko, 228, 229–30, 328
Kuromiya, Hiroshi, 228, 229–30
Kuromiya, Steven Kiyoshi, 226, 227–48, 273, 311, 312, 315, 318, 321
activism of, 236–48, 324–28, 325
ACT UP and, 325, 326
birth at incarceration site, 229–30
CDA and, 345
death of, 326–28
HIV/AIDS and, 319, 324–28
ordered to receive testosterone injections, 231–32
in Philadelphia, 236
LaBeija, Crystal, 329
lactation, 45, 65
The Ladder, 237
ladies’ shields, 159
“lady lovers,” 191, 206
Lakota, 27
Lambda Legal Defense and Education Fund, 245
“lambs,” 192
landlords, 202
Lane, Lunsford, 61
LaRouche, Lyndon, 316
Latinx communities
“gay” and, xi
HIV/AIDS and, 316
Latter-day Saints, 111–29
former, 115
Lauer, Matt, 307
“lavender menace,” 284
“Lavender Scare,” 237
law enforcement mandates, 230
Black women and, 265
law(s). See also state law; specific laws
colonial-era, 95
vs. lived experience, 5
post–Civil War, 95
“zombie,” 345–46
“Lazarus effect,” 320
LCE News, 235
LDS (Latter-day Saints) Church, 111–29
becomes monogamist, 128
conversion to, 116–17
sex-crime charges against, 125–26
League for Civil Education, 235
“leather dykes,” 265
Lee, Mr., 104
legal system, race and, 48–49
legislation, cross-gender people and, 135–36
“lesbian,” xix
lesbian and gay parents, custody rights and, 322
lesbian feminism, 265–67
lesbian identity, 196
lesbianism, 96, 265
lesbians, xix, 130–48, 191, 196, 197–203, 204, 205, 216, 230, 239, 240
“butch-femme” roles and, 145–46, 200–201, 201, 230
civil rights of, xvi
community building by, 247
Daughters of Bilitis and, 226
“mannish,” 198, 200
NOW and, 284
pulp fiction and, 234–35
lesbian sex, 74, 78
Lesbian Sex Mafia, 268
Leser, Mrs., 209
Levine, Manuel, 172, 173
“lewd acts,” arrests for, 194–95
Lewinsky, Monica, 305–6
Lewis, 60
Lewis, John, 236
LGBT healthcare movement, 313–14
LGBTQ+ activism, 238, 318–21, 331, 337
LGBTQ+ anti-discrimination laws, 334–35
LGBTQ+ people, xix–xx, 239, 313
conservatives and, 324
discrimination against, 346
family and, 321, 322
HIV/AIDS and, 310–30
in New York City, 332
LGBTQ+ rights, xv, xvi, 245, 247, 312, 333–34, 337, 338, 346
blamed for HIV/AIDS, 317
blamed for rise in sex crimes, 335–36
caregiving and, 322
connection and, 339
LGBTQIA+, xx. See also LGBTQ+ people
LGBT student groups, 245
libertarianism, 120
libertinism, 121
libido, 258
libraries, books with LGBTQ+ themes in, xv, 338–39
Lincoln, Abraham, 98
liquor-control boards, 203–4
lived experience, vs. law, 5
Lobdell, Joseph, 142, 143
Lobdell, Lucy Ann, 143
The Female Hunter, 142
Lobo, Dr., 328
local law, “deviant” sex acts and, 189
Lohman, Ann Trow Summers, 154–56
Long Beach, 189
Longe, Alice, 11, 13
Lorde, Audre, 341
Loring, Katharine Peabody, 105
Los Angeles, California, 229, 230, 231, 297, 313, 314
Los Angeles Police Department, 228, 231
Louis C. K., 307
Louisiana, 58, 71, 276, 295, 296, 297
love, 60
“free love,” 118, 119–20, 129, 242
ideal of, 39
marriage as framework for sexual, 96–97
mutual, 121
revolutionary, 227–48
romantic, 43
self-love, 311
Lovelace, Linda, 257
Lower Creek nation, 34
loyalty oaths, 232
Luck, Bernard, 272
Luke, 100
lusts, “unclean,” 6
lynching, 139–40
Lyon, Phyllis, 226
Lyons, Clare, 77
MacKinnon, Catharine, 269
Madrigal v. Quilligan, 299
Mahzar, Fahreda, 169–70
male impersonators, 135, 197
Manchin, Joe, 293–94
Mann Act of 1910, 185–86
Manning, Mary, 14
“man of the house” laws, 296
Manzanar Relocation Camp, 235
Mapplethorpe, Robert, 270
March on Washington, 236
Marcuse, Herbert, 258
marital authority, white men and, 113
marital conventions, applied to nonmarital relationship, 94
marital rape, 51, 116, 118
marital rights, 51, 116
marital sex, 210
marital unity, principle of, 116
marriage, xiv, 34, 37–56, 60, 78, 96, 164
“abroad marriage,” 60, 61
abusive, 116, 118
Catholic Church and, 28–29, 33
in colonial New England, 37–56
in colonial South, 42–43
“companionate,” 148
criminalized between enslaved people and free Black people, 61
defiance of, 113
egalitarian, xv
enslaved people and, 60
“under the flag,” 71–72
forced pairings, 69
formerly enslaved people and, 71–72
as framework for sexual love, 96–97
of fugitive enslaved people, 71–72
of the heart, 61
ideal of, 39
Indigenous people and, 26, 113
informal, 14–15, 42–43
LDS and, 128
marriage covenant, 43
as metaphor for intimate partnership, 108
oppression of women and, 113
as partnership of loving companionship, 43
patriarchal, 43
purpose of, xiv
reputation and, 52
same-sex, 28, 324
serial, 61, 72
sexuality and, 212–13
state law and, 113
marriage equality, 324
marriage guides, 212–13, 222
marriage laws
Mormons and, 116–17
in New England, 43
marriage reformers, 118
married women, sexual indiscretions of, 43
“married women’s friends,” 159
Married Women’s Property Acts, 116
Marshall, Thurgood, 293
Martin, Clyde E., 209, 210, 218
Martin, Del, 226, 333–34
Martin, Emma Mae, 303
Marvin, Gertrude, 165
Mary, 94, 107
Maryland, 18
masculinity, 243
heteronormativity and, 197–98
male aggression, 179
male sexual excess, 121
masculine self-presentation of women, 200–201, 201
queerness and, 197–98
Maskovsky, Jeff, 326, 327
Massachusetts
ban on interracial marriage, 67
Massachusetts legislature, 80
obscenity laws in, 92
Masses, 164, 165
mass-market paperbacks, 234
Masters, William, Human Sexual Response, 255
masturbation, xvi, 78, 123, 141, 174, 182, 210, 250–51, 253–55, 269, 270, 340
among friends, 98
anxieties about, 74, 82–84
blamed for causing insanity, 84
free lovers’ opposition to, 121
mutual, 98
repression and, 258
sex addiction and, 270
sex education and, 258–59, 260
social reform movements and, 82–84
maternal mortality rates, among Black women, 182
maternal obligations, 52–53
maternity homes, 180, 275
matrifocal families, 26, 127, 128
Mattachine Society, 225–26, 231, 235
McCarran–Walter Immigration Act, 232, 238
McCoy, Renee, 323
McCracken, Joan, 277
McFadden, Bernarr, 177, 178
McKay, Nellie Y., 303
Meagher, J. W., 148
Medicaid, 298, 299
medical experimentation, on enslaved people, 70
medical guides, 85–87, 85, 87, 150
medical homophobia, 312
medical marijuana, 325–26
medical records, xiii
medical texts, as erotica, 75
medical transitioning, 337
Meese, Edwin, 269
Memoirs v. Massachusetts, 255–56
Memphis, Tennessee, 135, 139–40, 146, 311–12, 321, 328, 330
Memphis Hospital Medical College, 141
men. See also specific groups
abuse of women by, 341
friendships and, 97–98
masturbation among, 98
sexual entitlements and, xiv–xv
men’s physique magazines, 234, 234
men’s rights movement, 308
menstrual irregularity, remedies for, 46
mental illness, 141
criminality and, 141, 144
homosexuality as, 232–33, 245, 333
mestizos, 33
Methodists, 40
#MeToo Movement, 306–7, 341
Metropolitan Community Church, 324
Mexican Americans, 179–80
Mexican immigrants, 99, 179–80, 185, 297
coercive sterilization and, 298–99
prostitution and, 185
Mexico, 32, 33
Miami, Florida, 189, 204, 246–47
gay community in, 313
“Save Our Children” campaign in, 333
Michigan, 94
micro-penis, 338
midwifery, 39, 154–56
Black, 69–70
migrant labor camps, 191
militant feminism, 242
military camps, 186–87
Milk, Harvey, 246
Miller, Tirzah, 123
Miller v. California, 256
Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 183
mining camps, 99
Minneapolis, Minnesota, 178
miscarriage, 44, 71
“Miss All-America Camp Beauty” competition, 329
Miss America competition, 178
Miss Higbee’s School for Young Ladies, 130–31, 137
Missing Children’s Act of 1982, 336
“missionary position,” 28–29
Mission San Diego, 32, 34
Mission San Gabriel, 34–35
Mississippi, 58, 116
Missoula, Montana, 272, 276–78, 281–82, 285–90
Miss Porter’s boarding school, 106, 137–38
Mitchell, Alice, 130–35, 137–46, 205, 301–2
trial of, 133–34
Mitchell, George, 138, 140
Miwok Indians, 99
Mizer, Bob, 234
moderation, theories about virtues of, 84
“modern sexuality,” contributions of Black women to, 205–6
Modern Times, 119, 120, 129
Molly houses, 39
Mona’s, 204
monogamy. See marriage
Monroe County, New York, 272
Monrovia, California, 228, 230
Montana, 272–73, 275–78, 289, 290–91
Montgomery, Alabama, 236, 298
Monticello, 45
morality, xvi–xvii, 179
Moral Majority, 316, 317
Morgan, Robin, 264
Mormons, 111–29, 284–85. See also LDS (Latter-day Saints) Church
arrested for adultery, 114
federal government and, 112–13, 116, 128
marriage laws and, 116–17
polygamy and, 117
Morrill Act for the Suppression of Polygamy, 124–25
Morris, Patrick, 278, 281, 285–86
Morris, Suzanne Pennypacker, 273, 274, 275, 278–79, 281–84, 285–86, 289, 291
Moseley Braun, Carol, 304
Moss, Tommie, 139, 140
motherhood, 18–19, 55
Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA), 256
Mount Meigs, Alabama, 70
MSNBC, 336–37
Mundinger, Charles, 144
Murray, Patty, 304
mutual aid, 199
mutual exchange, 26, 28–29
mutuality, 60
The Mysteries of Boston, or, a Woman’s Temptation, 80
Nadler, Ellen, 333, 334
nádleehí, 27
Nadouessi people, 27
narratives, autobiographical, 66–67
Nast, Thomas, 184
National Asian Women’s Health Organization, 300
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 280, 295
National Black Women’s Health Project (NBWHP), 300
National Center for Lesbian Rights, 300
National Coalition for Sexual Freedom, 342
National Endowment for the Arts (NEA), 270
National Gay Task Force, 245
National Latina Health Organization, 300
National LGBT Task Force, 300
National Organization for Women (NOW), 261–62, 281, 284, 287
lesbians and, 284
Sexuality and Lesbianism Task Force, 245
National Police Gazette, 155
National Right to Life leadership, 274
National Task Force on AIDS Prevention, 314
National Welfare Rights Organization (NWRO), 298
Native Americans, xx, 17–18, 22, 23. See also Native American women
in California, 99
dances and rituals of, 162
described as savages, 8–9
HIV/AIDS and, 316
hypersexuality stereotypes and, 143
polygamy and, 113–14, 117
sexuality and, 23–36
sexual values of, 28
Spanish colonists and, 28–36
“two-spirit” people, 134, 135, 142
Native American women
abortion access and, 299, 300
European men and, 28–29
Native American Women’s Health Education Resource Center, 300
“natural law,” 278
natural rights, children and, 53
natural selection, 174
nature, sexuality in, 24, 25–26
Nauvoo, Illinois, 111–12, 113, 114
Nauvoo Expositor, 115
Nebowa, 151
Negro Young People’s Christian and Educational Congress, Atlanta, Georgia, 182
neófitos, 35
neo-Nazis, 332
Nestle, Joan, 206
Netherlands, 340
“New” American woman, 146
New England, 5, 40. See also specific locations
“bundling” in, 41
marriage laws in, 43
New England Female Reform Society, 80
New Hampshire, 37–38, 44–56
New Haven Colony, 19–20
New Left, 244
New London, Connecticut, 40
New Mexico, 23, 28, 126, 179–80
New Orleans, Louisiana, 79, 90
Newsome, Robert, 66
New Spain, 33–34. See also Mexico
newspapers. See also specific titles
erotica in, 77–78, 79
shaming of white Southern women in, 79
New York, 37, 92, 112, 118
age of consent and, 179
Bedford Hills Reformatory for Women, 180
delinquency statutes in, 180
divorce laws in, 53
HIV/AIDS in, 312–13
“incorrigibility” statutes in, 180
legislature of, 116
“wayward minor” statutes in, 180
New York City, New York, 78, 196, 198–203, 252
Bureau of Social Hygiene, 214
City Council, 332
gay community in, 313, 314
HIV/AIDS and, 317–18, 324
illicit entertainment in, 203–4
LGBTQ community in, 332
“Miss All-America Camp Beauty” competition in, 329
same-sex wedding in, 205
Scholar and the Feminist IX conference, 267–68
sexualized culture of, 203
Stonewall rebellion in, 240–242, 241
Times Square, 197, 203
New York Court of Appeals, 240
New Yorker, 307
New York Herald, 120
New York Police Department, Morals Squad, 240–41
New York Second Circuit Court of Appeals, 167
New York Society for the Suppression of Vice (NYSSV), 153
New York Times, 303, 307, 312
New York World, 162
Nichols, Mary Gove, 120
Marriage, 118–19
Nichols, Thomas Low, Marriage, 118–19
nickelodeon, 177
Nights in Black Leather, 256–57
niizh manitoag, 27
nipple clamps, 268
no-fault divorce, 274, 317
non-heterosexual sexualities, child molestation and, 225
nonmarital children, 16, 42, 43, 297
nonmarital sex. See extramarital sex
non-monogamous families, xv
non-monogamy, “ethical,” 341–42
nonnormative sexuality, xix–xx
nonwhite people, 297. See also specific groups
HIV/AIDS and, 311, 314–15
policing in, 336
stereotypes of, 49
“No Promo Homo” legislative agenda, 335
“normal” sexuality, xi–xii, xvi, 143–44, 216
Norman, Sara, 19
the North, 120. See also specific states
North American Man/Boy Love Association (NAMBLA), 332
Northampton, Massachusetts, 76
North Carolina, 40, 42–43, 61, 95
Northern Chayenne, 275
NOW Sexuality Conference, 261–62, 261–62
Noyes, Harriet, 122
Noyes, John Humphrey, 121–22, 123, 124
nudity, shame and, 258–59
nymphomania, degenerative, 143
Obergefell v. Hodges, 334
obscenity, 256, 270, 339, 342. See also obscenity laws
Comstock’s expanding definition of, 156–57
definition of, 150–51, 168–69, 255–56, 344
obscenity laws, 82, 92, 112, 149–70, 212, 235, 238, 255
art and, 270
federal, 149–70
homosexuality and, 255
in Massachusetts, 92
state-level, 92, 154
off our backs, 268
Oh! Calcutta! 241–42
Ohio, 230, 331–32
Oklahoma, 344
Olmstead, Thomas S., 289
Omeena, 168–69
omission, 157
Onania, 74
ONE, Inc., 235
Oneida Perfectionists, 113, 121–22, 123, 129, 342
ONE Magazine, 235, 255
On Our Backs, 268
open marriage, 218
Operation Rescue (OR), 272, 272, 286, 287, 289
oral contraceptives, 253
oral sex, 190, 192, 193, 257
arrests for in 1910s in Portland, Oregon, xiii
blowjobs, 257
criminal statute against, 95
cunnilingus, 190
fellatio, 190, 257
sex work and, 100
Oregon, 334–35
organized crime, 204
orgasm, 86–87, 222, 254, 255, 258, 260, 264, 267
casual sex and, 340
as catalyst for revolution, 261
female, 257
as foundation of better world, 260–61
liberation and, 258
orgasmic independence, 251
in women, 220–21
orgies, 257, 258
Orthodox Judaism, 324
Osborn, Timothy, 152
ostracism, 196
ovulation, 82
Owen, Robert Dale, Moral Physiology, 81–82
Pablo, Antonio, 35
Page Act of 1875, 183
Paltrow, Gwyneth, 250, 271
pansies, 191, 197–98, 203
paperback books, 234
parental rights, 294, 333–34
Paris Adult Theatre v. Slaton, 256
Paris Is Burning, 329
Parkhurst, Charley, 135–36
parks, surveillance cameras in, 230
Parks, Rosa, 295
Parry, John, 133
parties, 199
partus sequitur ventrum (“status follows womb”), 18–19
Pasadena, California, 232
passing, 9–22, 196, 199
patriarchy, 14, 18, 37–56, 63, 120, 125, 127, 164, 263
assimilationists and, 126
“deputy husbands” and, 5–6
family and, 321–22
SM and, 265
patriotic literature, 49
Patterson, Dr., 131
Patterson, Orlando, 302–3, 308
Paul VI, Humanae Vitae, 278
Peacock, Jess, 332
Pearl Harbor, attack on, 229
pedophilia, 332–33
peep shows, 77
penal code, model, 225
penitence, 40–41
Pennsylvania, 95
Penny, Aimenn D., 332
Pennypacker, Suzanne. See Morris, Suzanne Pennypacker
penny press, 77–78
pennyroyal, 46
Penthouse Forum, 268
people of color. See nonwhite people; specific groups
People’s Grocery, 139
“People with AIDS” (PWA) movement, 311, 314, 317–22, 324, 326
Personal Romances magazine, 223
perversions, xv–xvi, 96, 105, 142, 143–44, 145, 190, 194–95, 254
“Perverted Justice,” 336–37
perverts, 193, 195
pessaries, 45, 159
Peters, Judith, 328
“phallic antiquities,” 159–60
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 49, 77, 90, 231, 235–36, 239, 345
ACT UP in, 318, 319, 325, 326
gay community in, 313
HIV/AIDS and, 324–28
Philadelphia Anti-Slavery Society, 84
Philadelphia Free Press, 321
Philadelphia Gay Liberation Front, 241, 242–44, 247
Philadelphia Pride March, 243
physical intimacy, withdrawal from, 340–41
physiological education guides, 150
The Physiologist and Family Physician, 157
Physique Pictorial, 234
“pick ups,” 221
Pierce, Hubbel, 93–97, 107–8
the Pill, 253
pinup posters, 221–22
Piquet, Louisa, 64–65
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 280
Pius XI, Casti Cannubii, 278
Planned Parenthood Federation of America (PPFA), 278, 282–84, 282, 288, 298
Planned Parenthood v. Casey, 290
Playboy magazine, 238, 252
plays, 241–42
“playshops,” 314, 315
pleasure. See sexual pleasure
“pleasure activism,” 341
“Pleasure Principle,” 258
Plymouth Colony, 19–20
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, 312
Pocahontas, 10
“pogue,” 192
Polak, Clark, 238
police departments, 191–92, 247. See also specific police departments
policing, 342
anti-gay, 238
immigrants and, 193–94
in nonwhite communities, 336
police harassment, 230, 235, 329
police raids, 193, 199, 201–2, 203, 206, 240
police records, xii, xiii
police reform, 239
police surveillance, 230, 235
political action committees, 317
“politics of silence,” 304
polyamory, 341–42
polygamy, 29, 30, 34, 43, 111–29
Indigenous people and, 113–14, 117, 126, 128
Mormons and, 117
slavery and, 119–20
Utah Territory and, 124–25
polygyny, sororal, 126, 128
Pomeroy, Wardell B., 209, 210, 218
Pomona, California, 229
population growth, 298
pornographers, 255
pornography, 149–70, 238, 256–58, 267–69, 339
abuse and, 264
addiction to, 269
anti-porn vs. pro-sex feminism, 250, 264–65
Catholic/evangelical Protestant opposition to, 285
children and, 265
commercial, 263
controversy over, 250, 264–65, 267–70
drag and, 337
gay, 238
“golden age of porn,” 250
hard-core, 256–57
Internet pornography, 336, 340
interracial, 257
“porno chic,” 256
as “public health crisis,” 269
rape and, 264
same-sex, 256–57
Sexual Attitude Restructuring (SAR) and, 263
soft-core, 234, 257
straight, 257
video, 340
for women, 268–69
Portland, Maine, 83
Portland, Oregon, xiii, 191–92, 193
Portland Vice Scandal, 191–92, 193
Portuguese colonists, 8
Posner, Charles, 232
postpartum depression, 141
poultices, 46
poverty, 194, 297
abortion and, 276
“family planning” as solution for, 297–98
HIV/AIDS and, 311
sexual availability and, 49–50
Powell, Adam Clayton Sr., 204–5
Powell, Louis F., 297
power dynamics, sexuality and, 265–67
Powhatans, 9–10
pregnancies, 44, 56, 85. See also abortion
control over, 119, 124
difficult, 46
enslaved Black women and, 70–71
fear of, 339
fornication and, 15–16
out-of-wedlock, xiv, 15–16
prevention of, 45–46
sexual assault and, 15–16
teenage, 180
teen pregnancy rates, 340
termination of, 45–46, 58
before wedlock, 42
women’s control over, 82
premarital chastity, 59–60, 273
premarital education, 175
premarital sex, xvi, 26, 210, 212, 218, 220, 251, 253
in New England, 42
in New Spain, 33–34
women and, 223
preschools, 336
Presidential Commission on Obscenity and Pornography, 269
Pretty Baby, 265
Pride, 242, 243
Primus, Holdridge, 101
Primus, Mehitable, 101, 102
Primus, Rebecca, 93, 96–97, 101–4, 105–7, 108, 230
privacy, as fundamental right, 225
privacy, right to, 225
privilege, 16
class and, 6–7
male, xiv–xv, xvi, 6
sexual, xiv–xv
sexual conservatism and, xiv–xv
white, xiv–xv
pro-choice activists, 290
progress, xiv
Progressive Era, 167–68
progressive movement, 172
Prohibition, 197
repeal of, 204
promiscuity, 182, 274, 314
pronatalism, 175, 280
pronouns, preferred, xx, 131, 337
pro-sex feminists, 250, 260, 264–65,
308
pro-slavery publishers, 67
prostitutes. See sex workers
prostitution. See sex work
protectors, 159
Protestant Church of England, 6
Protestantism, 6, 37–56
abortion and, 279–80
changing values of, 128–29
Kinsey and, 223
revivals, 40–41
spiritual equality and, 43
Protestants, 158, 285, 288. See also Protestantism
anti-abortion movement and, 279–80, 281, 284–85
culture of, 251
evangelical, 223–24, 251, 279–80, 281, 284–85, 288, 324
homosexuality and, 324
Kinsey and, 223–24
liberal, 283
proto-eugenics, 124
Provincetown, 164
prudishness
critique of, 249–71
race and, 271
psychiatry, 215, 216, 245
homosexuality and, 233, 245
same-sex desire and, 245
psychoanalysis, 215, 232
“psychopathic personality,” 232–33, 238, 254
puberty blockers, 337
public assistance programs, 225
public health, 186–87, 221, 221
Public Health Service, 195
public humiliation, 21–22, 193
public restrooms, surveillance cameras in, 230
Puck magazine, 184
Pueblo men, power of, 27
Pueblo people, 23–36
Pueblo Revolt of 1680, 30
“puerperal insanity,” 141
Puerto Rican Young Lords Party, 244,
280
pulp fiction, 234–35
“punks,” 192
Puritans, 6, 14, 39
“penetration” of men by Christ and, 6
stereotypes of, xiv
purity, 6, 120–21, 223, 271
“purity crusaders,” 158–59
“purity culture,” 223
“purity libraries,” 158
purity reformers, 178–81, 273
quarantine, 316–17
The Queen, 329
“queer,” xix
queer activism, 313
queer advocacy, 245
queer ballroom events, 328–30
queer Black people, 191, 198–203, 204
queer communities, 206
polyamory in, 342
visibility of, 195
queer companionship, 93–108
queer content, 234
queer cultures, 188–206
queer desires, 93–108, 339
acceptance of, 205–6
criminalization of, 230
as deviant, xvi
friendships and, 100
gender variance and, 133–34
pathologization of, 230
primitive sexuality and, 142
theories about, 143
queer erotic play, adolescents and, 231
queer-friendly congregations, 324
queer households, gender-variant people in, 104–5
queer kinship, 322
queer lounge acts, 197
queer men, 195–96
queerness, xi–xii
gender nonconformity and, 196–97
masculinity and, 197–98
as visible trait, 195
queer people, 195–96. See also specific groups
parental rights of, 333–34
portrayals of, 233
queer politics, 241–42
queer riots, 241–42
queer role models, 331–32
queer sex, criminalization of, 216
queer sexuality, xvi
among sailors, 98–99
repression of, 187, 188–206
tolerance of, 101
in the U.S. West, 99
queer subcultures, 112, 188–206
queer women, 196, 315
questionnaires, 214
quickening, 46, 154, 155, 275
race, 5, 8, 18, 138–39, 142, 193, 300. See also intersectionality
anti-abortion movement and, 279–80
class and, 62–63
consent and, 46–47
hypersexuality stereotypes and, 143
legal system and, 48–49
oppression and, 261
prudishness and, 271
“race suicide,” 174
rape accusations and, 62–63
sex equality and, 250–51
sexual assault and, 48–49
sexual availability and, 271
sexual identity and, 191
sexual norms and, 271
virtue and, 49
racial degeneracy, theories of, 301
racial difference
fantasies of, 112
theory of evolution and, 174
racial discrimination. See racism
“racial uplift,” 181–82
racial violence, 182
racism, 140, 271, 294, 297, 301, 302, 303
Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organization Act (RICO), 287
Radicalesbians, 243–44
Rainey, Gertrude “Ma,” 200
“raising negroes,” 67–68
the Rake, 77
Rand, Sally, 169, 170
rape, 42, 47, 48–49, 56, 78–79, 252
accusations of, 62–63, 139, 264, 308
class and, 52
enslaved people and, 65, 66, 69
healing from, 264
of Indigenous women by Spanish soldiers, 34–36
marital rights and, 51, 116, 118
pornography and, 264
“rape culture,” 293, 308, 340
statutory, 172, 179, 267 (see also age of consent)
rape crisis centers, 264
“rap sessions,” 264
Raymond Street Jail, 194
Reader’s Digest, 213
“reading queerly,” 233–34
Reagan, Ronald, 335–36
Reagan administration, 316, 317
“recapitulation” theory, 175
reciprocity, 26
Reconstruction, 138
Redbook survey about “Sex on the Job,” 300–301
Reems, Harry, 257
reform movement, xv, 112, 116, 158–59, 171–87, 203. See also specific reform movements
African Americans and, 181–82
Black women and, 181–82, 265
foreign-born sex workers and, 182–84
obscenity laws and, 149–70
reform programs, 180–81
rehabilitation, 203
Reich, Wilhelm, 257–58, 260–61
The Function of Orgasm: Sex-Economic Problems of Biological Energy, 258
relationships, committed, 339, 340
Relf, Mary Alice, 298
Relf, Minnie Lee, 298
religion, 18, 342. See also specific religions
homosexuality and, 323–24
oppression of women and, 161
“People with AIDS” (PWA) movement and, 324
religious conservatives, 335
religious iconoclasts, xv
Reno, Janet, 289
“rent parties,” 199, 205
repression, xv, 187, 188–206, 257–58, 260–61
reproduction, 24, 222
reproductive-freedom organizations, 300
reproductive health. See also abortion; contraception; reproductive healthcare
of enslaved people, 69
of women, xvi
reproductive healthcare. See also abortion
access to, 299–300
women of color and, 299–300
reproductive justice, movement for, 300
reproductive rights movement, 299–300
Republican Party, 119–20, 274, 288, 307–8
Catholics and, 281
Kavanaugh confirmation hearings and, 293–94
reputation, 42, 46, 48, 50, 52, 65, 176. See also honor
false accusations and, 308
marriage and, 52
resistance
cost of, 65–66
to enslavement, 70
“respectability,” 181–82
Restell, Madame. See Lohman, Ann Trow Summers
rice plantations, 58
Richmond, Virginia, 68, 90
Right to Life (RTL), 273, 281, 282, 285, 288
“Riot Grrrl” bands, 270
rituals, Native American, 25
Roberts, Dorothy, 293, 294, 300
Robinson, Richard P., 87–89, 89
Rockefeller, John D., Jr., 186, 214
Rockefeller Foundation, 210, 214, 215, 217, 224
Rodes, Dorothye, 11, 13, 16
Rodes, Roger, 16
Roehr, Eleanor, 209
Roe v. Wade, 273, 277, 278, 290–91, 300
overturning of, 342, 345–46 (see also Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization)
Rokitansky syndrome, 338
Roland, Peggy, 61
Roland, Zadock, 61
Rolfe, John, 10
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 229
Roosevelt, Theodore, 174
Roselle, Ashley, 131, 132
Rosin, Hanna, 339
Roth v. United States, 255
rough sex, 340
“rubber goods,” 159
Rubin, Gayle, 265, 267
Rufus, 69
Ryan, Annie, 135
Ryman, F. S., 100
sabbath, enslaved people and, 57, 59, 61
Sacramento Valley, 194
sadomasochistic (SM) erotic role-play, 78, 264, 265–69, 266, 270
safe sex, 311, 314, 315, 317
safer-sex workshops, 314, 315
sage, 46
sailors, 98–99, 193
salons, 199–200
Salt Lake City, Utah, 129
“same-gender-loving” (SGL) Black men, 310–12, 313, 323
same-sex companionship, 93–108, 195
same-sex desire, xiv, xix, 93–108, 130–48, 164, 216, 243. See also homosexuality
Black people and, 93–108
cohabitation and, 104–5
friendship and, 96–98, 101–4
post–Civil War, 93–108
psychiatry and, 245
repression of, 188–206
women and, 101–5, 106–7
same-sex marriage, 28, 205. See also marriage equality
same-sex partners, 322, 324. See also marriage equality; same-sex marriage
same-sex sexual behavior, 218, 220
adolescents and, 176
Samois, 265–67, 266, 268
Sandys, Edwin, 10
San Francisco, California, 188–90, 188, 196, 204, 265, 268
Board of Supervisors, 246
Drag Queen Story Hour in, 331–32
gay community in, 313, 314
HIV/AIDS and, 324
sexual iconoclasts in, 263
Tenderloin district, 239
San Francisco Police Department, “morals squad,” 190
Sanger, Abner, 41
Sanger, Margaret, 152, 164, 165–66, 165, 253, 297–98
“Family Limitation,” 165
San Joaquin Valley, California, 194
San José, California, 33
San Juan Capistrano, California, 35
San Luis Obispo, California, 35
San Quentin prison, 194
Santa Cruz, California, 136
Sarria, José, 235
sartorial humiliation, 21–22
Satanism, accusations of, 336
Sauk people, 27, 112
“Save Our Children” campaign, 333
Saxton, Daniel, 20
Schlafly, Phyllis, 285, 289
Phyllis Schlafly Report, 284
The Power of the Positive Woman, 284
Scholar and the Feminist IX conference, Barnard College, 267–68
school boards, 336
schools, restrictions on discussions of sex and sexuality in, 338–39 (see also “abstinence-only” curricula)
Schreiber, Bell, 186
Schroeder, Pat, 344, 345
scientific methods, 209–26
sectional crisis of 1850s and 1860s, 119–20
security screenings, 232, 246
seduction lawsuits, 80
segregation, 247
battle over, 280
at Bedford Hills Reformatory for Women, 202
residential, 199
Selective Service, 245–46
Selective Service Act of 1940, 219
self-control, xvi, 52, 84, 117, 162, 187
self-definition, 5
self-divorce, 43
self-gratification, liberation and, 263–64
self-love, 311
self-mastery, 40, 41
“self-pollution,” 83
Selma, Alabama, 236
Sension, Nicholas, 20
“sensitization,” 263
separation
formal, 55
informal, 51–52
legal, 43
Seresin, Asa, 341
serial monogamy, 61, 72
Serra, Junípero, 32, 33, 34
servants, 8. See also indentured servitude
sex
avoidance of, 27
commercialized, 173
cross-cultural, 28–29
gender roles and, 6
morality and, xvi–xvii
nonconsensual, 308–9
relational view of, 258
restrictions on discussions of, 338–39
state law and, 113
women’s liberation and, xvi
sex acts, xvi
“deviant,” 189, 191–92, 193 (see also sexual deviance)
nonmarital, xv–xvi
nonnormative, xix
prohibition of, 95
sex addiction, 263, 270
“sex appeal,” 177–78
sex-based discrimination, 346. See also sexism
sex-crime laws, 224
sex crimes, 42, 245
sex discrimination, 294, 308. See also sexism
sex drive, 220, 232
sex education, 84, 166–67, 211–12, 223, 225, 258–59, 263, 270, 336. See also HIV/AIDS prevention programs
“abstinence-only” curricula, 336
Catholic/evangelical Protestant opposition to, 285
contraception and, 283–84
masturbation and, 258–59
panic about, 336
PPFA and, 282–84
sex stores and, 262
sex educators, 252, 254–55
sex enthusiasts, 249–71
sex equality, 250–51, 284, 338
sexism, 243, 294, 303
sex liberationists, 258, 264–65
sexology, xv–xvi, 96, 141–43, 145–46, 190, 197, 231, 263
sex-positive feminism, 249–71
sex radicals, 249–71
“sex recession,” 340–41
sex research, 209–26
sex roles, normative, 321–22. See also gender roles
sex stores, women-only, 262
sex toys, 152, 250, 268
sexual abuse, 37–56, 63, 332–33
Black women and, 294–97
Boy Scouts of America and, 333
Catholic Church and, 332–33
of children, 335–37 (see also child abuse)
pornography and, 251, 264
slave trade and, 49
sexual aggression, 142
male, 80
shifting stereotypes of, 63
sexual ambiguity, 3–22
sexual assault, 20, 50–51, 182, 251, 264, 295, 307, 335, 340. See also rape
on college campuses, 308
pregnancies and, 15–16
race and, 48–49
sexual assertiveness, 200
Sexual Attitude Restructuring (SAR), 263
sexual autonomy, 164, 270
contraception and, 297–98
social issues and, 300
of women, 292–309
sexual availability
poverty and, 49–50
race and, 271
sexual avoidance, 340–41
sexual banter, 303
sexual behavior. See also specific behaviors
boys and, 181
class and, 8
criminalization of, 180–81, 224–25
forbidden, 40 (see also specific behaviors)
government and, 172, 173
Indigenous, 33–34
as means of distinguishing identity and status, 8
“respectable,” 83–84, 181–82
status and, 8
as tool of conversion, 34
“unwanted,” 305
sexual candor, 176–77, 249–71
sexual censoriousness, 308, 346
sexual coercion, 46–48, 56, 78–79, 80, 293. See also rape; sexual assault
sexual comportment. See sexual behavior
sexual conservatism, 251, 280–81, 284–85, 335–36
sexual control, to “teach a lesson,” 66
sexual degeneracy, 174
sexual desire, xii–xvii, 24, 26–27, 39, 112, 119, 263. See also specific forms of sexual desire
sexual deviance, xvi, 144–45, 193, 194
sexual disorders, 263
sexual drives, 215
sexual entitlements
men and, xiv–xv
status and, xv
sexual equality, 280
sexual exploitation, 265
sexual fantasies, racial stereotypes and, 271
sexual freedom, xiii, 164. See also sexual liberation
children and, 53
formerly enslaved people and, 72
sexuality and, xvi
social movements and, xiii
status and, xiv
women and, 81–82, 84
sexual harassment, xvi, 292–309, 340
sexual harassment laws, 300–305
sexual hedonism, 263–64
sexual iconoclasts, 263
sexual identity/identities, ix–xii, xvi, 193, 198, 342
class and, 191
desires and, 112
emergence of, 190–91, 195–96
first-person accounts of, xii–xiii
race and, 191
in seventeenth century, xiii–xiv
sexual indiscretions, of married women, 43
sexual indoctrination, accusations of, 334–35
sexual innuendo, 199
sexual inversion, theories of, 133–34
sexual irresponsibility, stereotypes of, 297
Sexuality Information and Education Council of the United States (SIECUS), 283
sexualization, 8
sexual liberation, 273, 342
blamed for HIV/AIDS, 317
blamed for rise in sex crimes, 335–36
Catholic/evangelical Protestant opposition to, 285
orgasm and, 258
self-gratification and, 263–64
women’s movement and, 263–64
sexual liberties, 5
sexually transmitted infections, 186–87, 221
sexual minorities, victimization of, 333
sexual misconduct, 292–93, 305–6
discipline for, 41
sexual modernity, 112, 164, 187, 205–6
sexual morality, 284
Black reformers and, 181–82
Christianity and, 162
colonialism and, 23–36
federal government and, 112, 113
Indigenous people and, 23–36
non-Christian cultures and, 162
parameters of, 112
state legislatures and, 113
sexual “neuroses,” 147
sexual nonconformity, 112, 196. See also gender nonconformity
sexual norms, race and, 271
sexual passion, 81, 83
“sexual personhood,” xii
sexual pleasure, 26–27, 174, 222, 346
casual sex and, 340
equitable, 340
history of, xii–xiii
ideal of, 39
individual pursuit of, 112
for its own sake, 249–71
portrayal of, 80–81
public displays of, 187
women and, 249–71
sexual positions, 28–29
sexual practices, Indigenous, 23–36
sexual predation, language of, 80
Sexual Privacy Project, 245
“sexual psychopath,” 224, 333
sexual repression, 257–58, 260–61
sexual reputation, financial networks and, 48
sexual respectability, enslaved Black women and, 59–60
sexual restraint, 174, 282–83
sexual revolution, 274. See also sexual liberation
sexual servitude, 182–84, 185
sexual sociability, 258
sexual stereotypes, xii, xiv, 62, 302, 83–84
sexual surveillance, 221
sexual violence, 50, 55–56. See also rape; sexual assault
Black women and, 294–97
boundaries of permissible, xiv
feminism and, 264
prevalence of, xv
in the U.S. South, 294–97
sexual virtue, ideal of, 40–41
“sex wars,” 250, 264–65, 267–69, 267
sex with animals, 210, 218
sex work, xv, 76, 80, 117–18, 150–51, 158, 167–68, 172, 176, 186–87, 200–202, 212, 252
immigrants and, 182–85
interracial, 90–91
oral-genital sex and, 100
sexuality mistaken for, 27
sex workers, 40, 77–78, 82, 88–91, 88, 98–99, 112, 135, 142, 186–87, 239
deportation of foreign-born, 185
foreign-born, 182–85
HIV/AIDS and, 319–20
male, 192
shame, 231, 232, 258–59
Shea, Sheila, 254, 260
Shelby County Courthouse, 140
Sherman, William, 94
Shields, Brooke, 265
shipping docks, 191
shock therapy, 232
Shull, Jane, 326, 327
Sim, F. L., 140–41
Sims, James Marion, 70
Singh, Jamil, 194
“single-issue voters,” 274
single-sex institutions, 231
sinners, converted, 40–41
sissies, 191, 200
sisterhood, 96
“Sister Stilwell,” 99
“situation ethics,” 225
slave trade, xiv
domestic, 58
end of, 67–68
“fancy girls” and, 79–80
sexual abuse and, 49
slummers, 196–97
small-circulation newsletters, 234
smallpox, 53–54
“smashing,” 137
Smith, Bessie, 200
Smith, Emma, 115
Smith, Hyrum, 115
Smith, Joseph, 111–12, 113, 114–15, 117
Smith, Mrs. Sylvester, 296–97
snakeweed, 46
Snow, Eliza, 114
Snyder, Jane, 287
social change, 342
social dislocation, 193
social engineering, 174
social hierarchy, 6–7
social hygiene movement, 186–87
“social hygiene” programs, 212, 222
socialist magazines, 164
socialists, 164
social justice movements, xiii, xvi, 342
sexuality and, 341
social ostracism, fornication and, 14–15
social purity reformers, age of consent and, 178–81
social reform movements, 84, 171–87
erotica and, 80–81
masturbation and, 82–84
Social Security Act of 1935, 295, 297
Society for Human Rights, 225–26
Society for Individual Rights (SIR), 235
“sodomites,” 27, 193–94
“sodomitical clubs,” 39
sodomy, xiv, 5, 30, 95, 98, 100–101, 192, 193, 317
in colonial New England, 19–20, 39
decriminalization of, 224, 246
military prosecution for, 98–99
sodomy laws, 95, 317
Solanas, Valerie, 263–64
soldiers, sexually transmitted infections and, 186–87
solicitation charges, 230
solidarity
multiracial, 242
transnational, 244
sororal polygyny, 126, 128
the soul, as feminine entity, 6
the South, 58, 62–63, 119–20, 139. See also specific states
caste system in, 63
criminalization of marriage between enslaved people and free Black people, 61
queer sexuality in, 99
sexual violence in, 294–97
South Carolina, 8, 34, 40, 43, 45, 66, 95, 118
Southern Baptist Convention, sex abuse scandal in, 333
Southern California, 226
Southern Horrors, 140
Soviet Union, 258
Spanish conquest, 8, 28–36
Spanish soldiers, sexual assaults committed by, 34–35
speakeasies, 196, 197, 200, 203
Speed, Joshua, 98
“spermatic economy,” 83
spermicidal jelly, 252
spirit world, 24, 161–62
“spouse swapping,” 254
Stacy, Mr., 11
stags, 256
Starr, Kenneth, 305
state law, age of consent and, 178
state legislatures
bills targeting transgender people, 337–39
sexual morality and, 113
State Liquor Authority (SLA), 203–4
state repression, of queer and gender-
nonconforming people, 187, 188–206
status, 4–7. See also class; privilege
enslaved people and, 17
fornication and, 17–18
sexual behavior and, 8
sexual entitlements and, xv
sexual freedom and, xiv
statutory rape, 172, 179, 267. See also age of consent
vs. rape, 179
Steinem, Gloria, 269
Stenhouse, Fanny, 111
stereoscopes, 152, 154
stereotypes, xii, xiv
anti-queer, 333–34
of Black men, 303
classist, 297
racist, 271, 295–97, 302–3 (see also racism)
sexual, 62, 83–84, 181, 202, 302–3 (see also sexism)
sterility, 86
sterilization, 174–75, 294, 297–300
“stirpiculture,” 124
Stockton, California, 152
Stonewall Inn, New York City, 240
Stonewall rebellion, 240–41, 241, 242
Stopes, Marie, Married Love: A New Contribution to the Solution of Sex Differences, 212
Storer, Horatio, 155, 275
Strait, Guy, 235
“stranger danger,” 335
strap-ons, 268
strip tease, 178, 197, 204
“stud,” 201
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), 235
“substitute father” laws, 296
suffrage movement, 147–48
surveillance, 230, 235
survival of the fittest, 174
Sweden, 340
“sweethearts,” 60, 61, 63
synagogues, gay- and lesbian-friendly, 324
syringes, 46, 159
tabloid magazines, 234
“taking up,” 60, 69
Talcott Street Congregational Church, 93, 101–2
tansy, 46
Taos Pueblos, 30
Tariff Act of 1842, 150
Tariff Act of 1931, 212
Taxi Driver, 265
Taylor, Grant, 254
Taylor, Recy, 295
tearooms, 196
teas, brewed, 46
teenagers, 171–87, 340
teen pregnancy, declining rates of, 340
temperance movement, 116, 129, 158–59
tenements, 199
Tennessee, 138, 298, 321, 330
Terry, Randall, 286
testosterone injections, 231–32
Texas, 58, 65, 71
theocracy, Mormon, 115
“therapeutic abortion committees,” 275
they/them pronouns, xx
“thigh” sex, 193
“third sex,” 191–92
“third-wave” feminism, 270
“Third World” women, coercive sterilization and, 299–300
Thomas, Charles, 107
Thomas, Clarence, 292, 293, 300–304
Tiller, George, 290
Times Square, 197, 203
Tines, Joseph, 106
tobacco plantations, 58
To Catch a Predator, 336–37
toleration, 225
Tolstoy, Leo, Kreutzer Sonata, 156
tomboys, 131, 133
the Tombs, 156
topadoga (kindreds), 126, 127
“top” surgery, 337
Torres, Refugia Zuniga, 179–80
tourism, 178
Towerson, William, 7–8
“Toys for Us,” 268
“Transcendental Medication,” 325
“transgender,” xix, 12
transgender athletes, banning of, 337–38
transgender identity, 215
transgender minors, bills targeting, 338
transgender people, xx, 3–22, 239. See also specific groups
access to medical care and, xv
community building by, 247
social affirmation of, 337–38
targeted by state legislatures, 337–39
transgender women, 239
transgender youth
medical care for, 337–39
self-harm and, 337
suicidality and, 337
transient labor, 191–92, 193, 194
transmasculine people, 194. See also transmen; transwomen
transmen, 130–48, 205, 230
of color, 230
transvestism, 215
transwomen, 199, 240
trauma, psychology of, 307
Traveler’s Aid, 184
“treating,” 176
“Triple Threat Ball,” 328–29
Tripp, Linda, 305
Trojan Book Service, 238
Trondle, Elizabeth, 194, 202
Trout, Benjamin, 191
Truman, Harry, 232, 233
Trump, Donald, 307
Tucker, Scott, 326–27
Tucker, Sophie, 196
Tuolumne River, 99
Turner, Dr. B. F., 131
Turner syndrome (XO), 338
turpentine, 71
Tweedy, Nathaniel, 46
“twilight women,” 234
“two-spirit” people, xx, 22, 27, 35, 134, 135, 142
“two-way artists,” 192
Tyos, Jane, 10–11, 14
Tyos, John, 10–11, 14
Ulrichs, Karl Heinrich, 143
underground economy, 202
Union Army, 93–94, 97
Comstock in, 153
Union Army chaplains, marriage of fugitive enslaved people by, 71–72
Union soldiers, 93–94
Unitarian Universalist Association, About Your Sexuality, 283
Unitarian Universalists for Responsible Multi-Partnering, 342
United States Marines, 98
universal male desire, 243–44
Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), 204
universities, 245
codes of conduct at, 308
University of Memphis, 330
University of Pennsylvania, 160, 236, 292–93, 308, 309
University of Southern California–Los Angeles County Medical Center (LACMC), 299
“uranism,” 143
Urban League, 280
Urmstone, John, 42–43
“urnings,” 143
U.S. Army, pinup posters and, 221–22
U.S. Civil Service Commission (CSC), 246
U.S. Congress, 233, 274. See also U.S. House of Representatives; U.S. Senate
admits Utah as state, 128
Comstock Act of 1873, 150, 255, 344
Dawes Severalty Act, 126, 127
Edmunds–Tucker Act, 125–26
“family planning” and, 298
Immigration Act of 1917, 185
Mann Act of 1910, 185–86
Morrill Act for the Suppression of Polygamy, 124–25
Page Act of 1875, 183
sexual harassment and, 300–304
U.S. Department of Education, 293, 301
U.S. House of Representatives, 344–45
U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service, 238
U.S. Justice Department, 345
U.S. mail, xv
U.S. military, 98. See also specific branches
homosexuality and, 219, 222, 233, 237, 245–46
“Victory Girls” and, 252
U.S. Navy, 98
USO, 222
U.S. postmaster general, 167
U.S. Post Office, 153, 235
U.S. Senate
HIV/AIDS and, 316
Judiciary Committee, 292, 293–94, 300–304, 306–9
U.S. State Department, 232, 233
U.S. Supreme Court
303 Creative LLC, 346
Boutilier, Clive Michael and, 238
Bowers v. Hardwick, 317
confirmation hearings for appointments to, 292–94, 300–304, 306–9
definition of obscenity and, 255–56
Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization, 290–91, 345–46
Dred Scott v. Sandford, 279
Eisenstadt v. Baird, 253
Griswold v. Connecticut, 253
homosexuality and, 235, 238
Memoirs v. Massachusetts, 255–56
Miller v. California, 256
nonmarital children and, 297
Obergefell v. Hodges, 334
overturning of Roe v. Wade, 290–91, 342, 345–46
Paris Adult Theatre v. Slaton, 256
Planned Parenthood v. Casey, 290
right to privacy and, 225
Roe v. Wade, 273, 277, 278, 290–91, 300
Utah Territory, 113, 116
admitted as state, 128
legislature of, 116
polygamy and, 124–25
statehood and, 125
“uterine elevators,” 159
utopian communities, 119
vagina, 271
vagrants, 194
rounding up of, 172
Vanderbilt, Cornelius, 120
Vanderhoef, Wyck, 99–100
Van de Velde, Theodore H., Ideal Marriage: Its Physiology and Technique, 212–13
Vargas, Alberto, 222
“Vargas Girls,” 222
“varietists,” 118
vaudeville, 176–77, 199
VCR, invention of, 268–69
venereal diseases, 85, 186–87, 212, 221
Venice Beach, 189
verité sex films, 263
vibrators, 250, 260, 261–62, 336
“vice districts,” 191–92, 202
“vice resorts,” 154, 168, 202
vice squads, 112, 193, 194, 228, 230, 231, 247
“vice” trades, 154
“Victory Girls,” 252
Vietnam War, 239
Village Voice, 233
Villanueva, Daniel, 316
violation, 78–79
violence, 56
violence against women, 264
Virginia, 20–21, 70, 334
Virginia Colony, 3–22, 3, 58
Virginia Company, 10
virtue, 49, 80
vitascope, 177
Volkmar, Ada, 132, 138
Volkmar, William, 132, 144
voting rights, 295
voyeurism, 78
vulva, 271
Wade, April, 334
Wadsworth, Benjamin, 37
Walker, A’Lelia, 199–200
Walker, Madam C. J., 199–200
Ward, Alvin J., 131–35, 137–38, 140–42, 144–45, 146
Ward, Freda, 130–33, 135, 137–42, 144–45, 146, 205
Ward, Josephine, 132
War on Poverty, 298
Warraskoyack, 3–5, 8–22
War Relocation Authority, 229, 230
Washington State, 193, 277
Waterbury, Connecticut, 101, 102
Waters, Ethel, 200
“wayward minor” statutes, in New York, 180
W. B. Saunders publishing house, 217
Weinstein, Harvey, 307
welfare, 295–97
Welfare Rights Organization meetings, 244
Wells, Ida B., 139–40, 181, 182
“wench,” 49–50
Wenning, Judy, 261
the West, queer sexuality in, 99 (see also specific states)
West, Mae
Drag, 199
Sex, 199
Westlake Park, 231
Weston, Kath, 322
Westward migration, 113
Wet Dreams Film Festival, 258
We the People, 326
wet nurses, 65
We’wha, 134, 135, 142
WHAM! (Women’s Health Action and Mobilization), 272, 272
The Whip, 100–101
White, Mayme, 200
white female purity, 271
“White Life for Two,” 158
“White Lives Matter, Ohio,” 332
white men
enslaved Black women and, 62
marital authority and, 113
privilege and, xiv–xv
rape and, 48–49
reputation of, 48–49, 50
white nationalism, 332
“white slavery,” 183–84, 185, 186
white Southern women, 63, 67
complicit in rape of enslaved Black women, 65
shamed in newspapers, 79
Whitestown, New York, 53–54
white supremacy, 65, 138–39, 247
white women
elite vs. lower-status, 63
non-elite, 62–63
purity and, 158, 271
as “purity crusaders,” 158
servants, 62–63
sexualization of, 221–22
Southern, 63, 65, 67
virtue of, 49
white female purity and, 271
Whitney, Eli, 72
“whore,” 62
Wichita, Kansas, 251, 290
Wicklund, Susan, 288
Wilde, Oscar, 189
Willard, Frances, 158
Williams, Dell, 259, 260, 262
Williams, Ethel, 200
Williams, John, 65
Williams, Rose, 68
Willis, Adeline, 60
Willis, Ellen, 264
Willson, Priscilla, 15–16
Wilson, Woodrow, 194
Windsor, Connecticut, 20
winkte, 27
Wise, P. M., 142
withdrawal prior to ejaculation, 82
Withers, Thomas Jefferson (“Jeff”), 97, 133, 143
Wittman, Carl, “A Gay Manifesto,” 322
“wolves,” 192
“Woman-Identified Woman,” 243–44
The Woman Rebel, 165
Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), 158–59, 179, 180
womb supporters, 159
womb veils, 157
women, 10. See also specific groups
abuse of, 294–97, 341
bodily autonomy of, 128–29
“butch,” 200–201, 201
control over pregnancies, 119, 124
control over their bodies, 81–82
denigrated for sexual immorality, 187
empowerment of, xiv
as enslavers, 65
erotic autonomy of, 249–71
friendships and, 96–97
graduation from college and, 137
HIV/AIDS and, 319–20
incarcerated, 319–20
legal personhood and, 116
living independently, 198
lower-class, 143
“mannish,” 146, 198, 200–201, 201
marriage and, 113
masculine self-presentation of, 200–201, 201
oppression of, 113, 161
orgasm in, 220–21
premarital sex and, 223
reproductive health of, xvi
rights of, xv, 116, 119, 125
right to sexual consent and, 119
same-sex desire and, 96, 101–7 (see also lesbianism)
“savage,” 142
sexual autonomy of, 164, 166, 292–309
sexual desire and, 96, 101–7, 119, 177
sexual exploitation of, 265
sexual freedom and, 81–82, 84
sexuality and, xiv, 249–71
sexualization of, 221–22, 300–301
sexual pleasure and, 249–71
sexual surveillance of, 221
subordination of, 251, 264–65
working, 198
Women Against Pornography (WAP), 267, 267, 269
women of color. See also specific groups
coercive sterilization and, 299–300
reproductive health care and, 299–300
sexual autonomy of, 294
sexual exploitation of, 265
Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps, 222
Women’s Health Center, Boise, Idaho, 288
women’s health movement, 260
women’s liberation movement, xvi, 251, 260, 263–64, 265–67, 341. See also feminism
Women’s Place, 277
women’s rights, 342. See also feminism; women’s suffrage
women’s rights activists, xv. See also feminists
women’s suffrage, 125
Women’s Workhouse, Welfare Island, 199
Woodhull, Calvin, 120
Woodhull, Victoria, 120
Woodmason, Charles, 43
Woodruff, Wilfred, 112, 113
The Word, 161
workers’ rights, 166
working-class women, 198
consent and, 47
stereotypes of, 49
workplace sexualization, 300–301
World’s Columbian Exposition, 1893, 151, 159
World’s Fair, 1933, 169
World War II, 219, 221, 222, 252
“wrath of God syndrome” (WOGS), 312–13
Wright, Frances, 81–82, 81, 113
Wright, Jane, 91
Wyoming, 289
XX chromosomes, 12–13
Yarmouth, Plymouth County, Massachusetts, 19
Young, Brigham, 115–16, 117, 119, 123–24
The Young Crusader, 158
Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA), 153, 192, 195
youth, 171–87, 192, 339–41. See also adolescents; children
boys, 181, 192
of color, 265
criminality and, 180–81
girls, 172–73, 178–81, 186–87, 265
as instigators of sexual crimes, 180
protection of, 172–73, 178–81, 331–39
restricted freedoms of, 186–87
sexual behavior and, 181
sexual exploitation of, 265
sexualization of, 265
sexually active, 186–87
transgender, 337–39
Zía Pueblo people, 23
“zines,” 270
Zinman, Heshie, 328
“zombie” laws, 345–46
Zuniga, Virginia, 179–80
Zuni Pueblo people, 134, 135
Zuni tribe, 25, 26