claimed that his grandfather made it. An Anglin sister later said that he was not related to the family.

Various Anglin family members have claimed that from time to time that heavily made-tip, veiled "women" have shown up at family funerals, distraught and mysterious. Were they the brothers, made up as women, come to mourn? Were they FBI agents? Were they practical jokers, showing disrespect for the family?

Fanciful stories were not limited to floozies, deadbeats and hopeful family members. As late as 1997, a former Alcatraz employee told me that on June 12, he rode the Alcatraz boat to Angel island, where he found a "bloody raft." He claimed to have towed it to Alcatraz that day where everyone saw it. He definitely had my attention. Since I lived on the island during the escape and never saw nor heard about it, and since, in twenty-five years of interviewing officers and prisoners, I had never run across this story, I was skeptical. Nor had FBI agents heard of it. "We would have been tickled to death to find that," Agent Eberle said in 1997, chuckling. "We would have tested it for blood and everything else. Never saw it." In subsequent interviews with this officer, neither of us mentioned the "bloody raft."

A flurry of "evidence" surfaced during a 1993 "America's Most Wanted" television show, all of which vaporized under scrutiny. In connection to the television program, the Red &; White boat fleet, owned at the time by Crowley Maritime, which for years ferried visitors to the national park on Alcatraz, issued a $1 million reward for the recovery of information leading to the arrest and conviction of Morris and the Anglin brothers. The reward lapsed in a year with no further clues and no arrests.

THE FACT THAT no bodies were retrieved from San Francisco Bay is not significant. Cold water can sometimes inhibit buoyancy by retarding the formation of body gasses. Clothes and shoes can drag a body down, as well as "snag factors" such as debris, vegetation and rocks. Eventually, marine life closes in and the body cavity is ruptured.

According to FBI investigation at the time, between 1960-62,

there were fortv-seven suicides and probable suicides off the Golden Gate Bridge (probable suicides are those witnessed bv only one person). Five hit land and their bodies were recovered. Of the other forty-two, seventeen were recovered and twenty-five were not. Today, the U.S. Coast Guard in San Francisco is more efficient in searching for bodies falling off the Golden Gate Bridge. A flag on a stanchion is dropped where the body landed, on the theory that the flag will travel in the approximate direction as the body. In about half the cases, the bodies are never recovered.

On June 11, 1962, the same day the three Alcatraz cons went missing, witnesses observed thirty-three year old Seymour Webb jump from the Golden Gate Bridge. In their search for Morris and the Anglins, the coast gtiard also never found Webb.

On June 19, 1962, eighteen-year-old Robert Paris drowned near Half Moon Bav, about twentv miles south of San Francisco. Although a helicopter observed his body, it sunk and disappeared before a boat could recover it.

THE FACT THAT no evidence was found on land, is more significant. Escapees immediately need food, water, transportation and money. That means contacting sc:)meone or stealing, which leaves a trail. There were no missing boats, no stolen cars, no gas station holdups, no burglaries, no stickups, and no verifiable sightings. Althotigh "sightings" occurred, they were too scattered around the nation to fit a pattern of travel you would expect. Escapees, especiallv in extremely high profile cases like this one, find it difficult to disappear with no money and no resources, and then remain anonymous for the rest of their lives.

Sadly, none of the three men had personality characteristics or histories that would allow them to melt into society without a trace. Thev would have reoffended within hours. And the Anglins had proven to be big mouths.

ALTHOUGH NO BODIES were recovered nor any evidence found on land, there were clues that told a story much like a clearly marked trail.

Crime scenes, like archeology digs, tell stories. It's often apparent whether a murder was a crime of passion, or a random

act. Forced entries, or lack thereof, often tell a homicide detective where to start looking for the suspect. Murder weapons used, the transfers of blood, semen or fabric, blood spatters and prints can all point to the personality of a suspect, if the victim put up a fight, if there was a sexual encounter, and even, who the criminal might be. A logical, sequential story often emerges.

In the same way, archeologists see stories in human detritus. Slag heaps are full of broken pieces of pottery, seeds, grains and discarded flecks of stone tools. Enough pieces of pottery will yield an entire pot. Similar pottery found hundreds of miles away may indicate trading between two cultures, or show how far a culture wandered for food or water. Bones also tell a story—of violence, of diseases, such as arthritis, of age, nutrition, height and gender. Teeth are often the only identifiable remains, and sometimes even they tell a story about disease, food consumption, gender or age.

Few clues exist from the 1962 escape attempt, but they definitely tell a story.

It was a dark night on Monday, June 11, 1962. The moon rose at 2:15 in the afternoon. By 10:00 P.M—or about the time the three emerged onto the cell house roof—it was three-quarters across the sky and dipping, setting at 2:15 A.M. on Tuesday. A full moon would not occur until June 17, six more days.

The air temperature was dipping to about forty-seven degrees Fahrenheit, or eight degrees Celsius. The three men probably kept their dark coats on.

West, and others, said they were headed toward Angel Island. Shoe prints and clues in the foliage, as well as the bloodhound trail, showed them going to the north end of Alcatraz in the direction of Angel Island.

According to the Verified Hourly Water Level Data, as measured by the U.S. Coast Guard in San Francisco and sent to the Nadonal Ocean Service, the tide was going out. Very fast.

Tides sweep in and out of San Francisco Bay every five to six hours, with approximately four tides every twenty-four hours. In each twenty-four-hour period there occurs the lowest tide of the day, as measured by the hourly water level data. That's often followed by the high-high tide, or the highest tide of the dav. In the hours after the high-high tide, the largest volume of water is

departing the San Francisco Bay at the fastest velocity.

The low-low tide of 1.13 feet occurred at approximately 1:00 P.M. on June 11. The high-high tide, reaching a height of 5.23 feet, occurred at approximately 8:00 P.M. Within three hours— or at approximately the time when Morris and the Anglins put their handmade raft into the bay—the water level would drop almost two feet to 3.37, meaning that it was a very fast, outgoing tide. Between 11:00 P.M. and midnight, the water level dropped another half foot, to 2.73.

In other words, Morris and the Anglins entered the bay at exactly the worst moment of that twenty-four-hour period, when the biggest volume of water was going out to the ocean at the fastest velocity—a moment of what engineers call "extreme events."

Predictably, the only other escape attempt from Alcatraz, in which prisoners were never found, also occurred on a high-high tide.

On December 16, 1937, Ralph Roe, AZ 260, and Theodore Cole, AZ 258, escaped at 1:15 P.M. from the west end of the island—the Golden Gate Bridge side. The high-high tide that day occurred at 10:00 A.M. They, too, entered the bay at exactly the worst moment—hour number three of the high-high tide. It's no coincidence that they are also still missing.

Trying to cross a fast moving outgoing tide from Alcatraz is like crossing a river while swimming. You don't cross it—you go with it. Without a rudder to guide the boat, and using only paddles, experts say, Morris and the Anglins would have been in an extremely difficult position to travel north. The strong ten-dencv woidd have been to float west toward the Pacific Ocean.

BUT THE SEQUENCE of items found in the bay adds a sad twist to this scenario. First the paddle was found, then a bag of names and addresses, then later, two life jackets, the last one mysteriously found next to Alcatraz.

If you are in a raft which is losing air or rapidly taking on water, a paddle becomes useless. Anything in your hands, in fact, or anything laying in the raft, that cannot help keep you afloat, becomes meaningless and drifts away without protest.

There is no way the Anglins would have let go of their double-wrapped bag of names and photographs if they had not been in

I

some kind of trouble. They had no money, no food, no clothing and no transportation. Those contact names were their only lifeline. The photographs of family members were their most precious items.

Based on the evidence, the most likely scenario goes something like this: somewhere, maybe even close to the island, the raft began to sink. It's unknown if the three men had their shoes on, but if they did, their shoes would have immediately filled with water and pulled them down. It's unknown if they were wearing their navy pea coats, but if they were, the woolen jackets would have become lead weights. It's also unknown if they were forced to quickly put on their life jackets, fumbling to inflate them while thrashing around in extremely cold water, all while drifting in a direction that led to the ocean.

It is known that once they were bobbing around in water that was between forty-eight and fifty-four degrees Fahrenheit, that they could last only one to two hours before losing consciousness. The cold would have had an immediate numbing effect. Interestingly, thrashing around trying to build up body heat, a natural inclination, would have had the opposite effect of expending heat.

It's also known that a chaos of waves would have immediately come at them in every direction, making it hard to decide when to breathe without getting a mouth full of water.

All the planning, all the arranging and all the work would have come down to how well you could keep the panic and the cold bay water from overwhelming you toward an irreversible conclusion.

Morris, at five foot seven and a hundred and thirty-five pounds, may have been the first to succumb. His clothing would have pulled him down, he would have fought to remain afloat. But even his life jacket would have become an impediment for swimming.

The Anglins, heavier and better swimmers, might have had a better chance at drifting toward the Golden Gate Bridge. But had they survived, where would they go? How would they get money? How quickly would they be noticed? How far could they get, given the all-points bulletin that was issued by 8:00 A.M. on Tuesday, June 12?

San Francisco Bay Coast Guard Captain Larry Hall, says that as a general rule of thumb the coast guard will search eight hours

with fifty-five degree water, "but that's being generous." In their case, by the time the search was mounted, Morris and the Anghns would have been drifting in the bay and the ocean for nine hours. Few cons fainihar with Morris or the Anghn brothers suffered anv iUusions that they made it, returned to normal lives and were never spotted again. All three were criminally hapless, mostly unemployable men, and the Anglins especially could have never maintained a life withotu bragging about their escape from Alcatraz.

THE 1962 MORRIS-ANGLIN escape attempt had an immediate impact on Alcatraz. Although the prison had already been designated for closure, the escape attempt accelerated that decision. That summer it was annoimced that Alcatiaz would be phased out.

Prison officers who didn't want to leave San Francisco, began to quit. By September, Blackwell was concerned about the "marked letdown" of the staff, and fearful that other escape attempts were in the works. At custodial meetings, he urged officers to remain alert and asked the lieutenants and administrators to think of every possible escape idea. At one point they became concerned that cons would try to dig through the officers dining room on the second floor into the control center below it. Blackwell stated that he was "gripped with an unimaginable fear" whenever he thought of it.

But, like the months before the Jime escape, when officers were focused on the bars and not the concrete, Blackwell was once again focused on the wrong place, and unaware that decisions that he had put into motion would aid in the second escape attempt that \ear: the Scott-Parker attempt.

On September 14, the first salvo in that event made it into the watch log, when it was noted that a pair of hospital gloves were fotuid in the kitchen basement. It was puzzling that a hospital garment from two floors up had been uncovered in the basement.

John Paul Scott, AZ 1403, and Darl Dee Parker, AZ 1413, among others, were kitchen workers. They frequently went into the basement to get supplies. Maybe they were down there only a few minutes at a time, but they were down there often, and, obvi-

I

ously, unattended. They had begun to saw through the basket bars that covered the windows and soon the window sashes themselves.

By October, the first airhft of prisoners—the least troublesome ones—departed Alcatraz, leaving the worst behind. By November, although Alcatraz was authorized for ninety-five officers, only eighty-nine were working there. It can be safely said that Blackwell was nervous.

And then it hit. On December 16, 1962, at about 5:47 P.M., Scott and Parker broke out of the basement window, climbed up a corner pipe to the roof, crossed the roof, and slipped down a length of electrical cord along the west side near the library. They scooted down the hill and behind apartment building A, then dropped down to the shore on an old sewage pipe. There, they inflated hospital rubber gloves and inserted them into shirtsleeves as floatation devices. The two men were gone before they were even missed.

"How the two bank robbers were able to slip out of the kitchen basement," one local newspaper wrote, "only a few paces from a sentry box and clamber over the top of the prison in full view of one of the principal guard towers has never been satisfactorily explained."

Never explained, nor understood, that is, until records were produced in March, 2000, that showed that Scott and Parker's route took full advantage of the fact that the road tower was closed and because of that, the "kitchen cage" officer—whose post was positioned to stop just such an escape attempt—was instead out patrolling the island. The two escapees had a clear path down to the shore—a path that put them right behind apartment buildings where island families lived.

Blackwell was said to have panicked when news of this second escape attempt reached him. He denied it years later. But he was so rattled that authorities in San Francisco were not notified until much later that maximum-security prisoners had escaped from Alcatraz.

Parker was soon caught up on a little island next to Alcatraz and returned unharmed.

But Scott drifted west to the Golden Gate Bridge on an outgoing tide and eventually drifted up on the rocks near Fort Point, under the base of the Golden Gate Bridge. Many thought that Scott's successful swim to the San Francisco shore lent support to the theory that Morris and the Anglins, too, might have made it.

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Scott and Parker had a clear path behind tiie tamily qnarters before descending down a pipe and into the water.

And although he left on the low-low tide, only a subtle difference of height occurred between the high and the low tides that winter day. More importantly, Scott departed Alcatraz at hour three of the outgoing tide. He, too, had entered the bay at a critical moment and was swept nearly out to sea. He washed up in what was described as a "serious" condition, "unconscious and in a state of shock." His temperature had dropped to ninety-four degrees. Luckily for him, he was spotted and taken to a hospital. Paramedics, who were initially unaware that he was an escapee from Alcatraz, said he was "too convulsed to speak."

He was revived and returned on a gurney to Alcatraz the next day.

Alcatraz closed three months later, on March 21, 1963.

WARDEN BLACKWELL WAS not faulted for either escape attempt in 1962. And although he was not personally responsible for "tickin' bars" and "eyeballin'" concrete, he had once told a supervisory training class that "his employees will not enter into the project with full support if they are doubtful of their

supervisor's ability . . . they will consciously or unconsciously restrict [their] activities—both mental [ly] and physical [ly]—if they have real or imaginary doubts and reservations about his ability." It was a telling statement. Unconsciously, Blackwell was projecting the truth while remaining in denial about his own responsibility in the breakdown.

Although he was well liked by his covey of friends and respected by my father as someone who was opening the institution with a new educational director, a new commissary, new recreational equipment and other amenities that had never been tried on Alcatraz before, he was also shutting down towers and taking risks about which his employees had serious reservations. In March, 1962, James V. Bennett wrote, "Dear Blackie, I really think you were born under pretty lucky stars." His luck, perhaps, was that he served under a benevolent director who liked him. And Blackwell—like a good gambler—also knew when to hold back his cards. He found "gross negligence" in the actions of two employees for counting dummy heads. He allowed that another officer, John Herring, on a "part of one day" had used "poor judgement" by allowing West to paint on top of the block. But then he wrote: "I can find no further evidence of personnel failure or negligence and would not recommend any further action be taken."

Blackwell remained on Alcatraz until May 1963, helping with the distribution of the island's equipment and was transferred as warden to the U.S. Penitentiary at Lewisburg, Pennsylvania.

In October 1965, he transferred as warden to Atlanta, where he retired in 1970. I interviewed him in 1982 at his home in Georgia. He remained there until he died of a heart attack in 1986 at age seventy-one.

My father was stricken with chest pains the summer of '62 and for three nights he paced the living room, unable to sleep laying down, until finally the pains disappeared. He was surprised later to discover he had had a "silent" heart attack. We were transferred on November 20, 1962, to the Federal Correcfional Institution in Seagoville, Texas. It was a minimum-security, progressive institution—the opposite of Alcatraz. Within five months, he had a severe heart attack, had open heart surgery and was on leave for three months. Although he was never faulted for the '62 escape

attempt, he was in effect "put to pasture" at Seago\411e, and, realizing that he would never become warden, retired in 1965.

We had numerous telephone discussions about Alcatraz beginning in 1978, but it wasn't until several years later, when the blankets were disclosed by officers, that I began to ask him about them. By then he had had a stroke, which left his speech slightly impaired. I could neither hear nor understand his response to my question about the blankets. He seemed confused. I did understand, however, the emotional context surroimding his answer. He was reluctant to speak of it, perhaps embarrassed, or had pushed it from his memory. He died of a heart attack in 1983 at the age of seventy-three.

Captain Tom Bradley was cited by Assistant Director Wilkinson, for a "high degree of responsibility for the ineffectiveness of inspections, patrols and security measures." His promotion and transfer to Leavenworth was immediately revoked while he was still residing on Alcatraz. Instead, he was reassigned without promotion to the Federal Reformatory at Petersburg, Virginia, a minimum-security youth camp. A year later he received his promotion and was transferred to Lewisburg, where Blackwell was warden.

After Blackwell transferred to Atlanta in 1965, Bradley followed in 1966, as captain. In June 1968, Bradley was taken hostage in Atlanta along with twenty-four other employees, and released unharmed a day later. To some in the prison service, it was another bad mark on his record. Blackwell, however, included a glowing note in his file.

Six months later Bradley was transferred as camp superintendent at the federal prison camp at Maxwell Air Force Base in Alabama. He retired in 1972, and died four years later of a heart attack at the age of sixty-five.

No one was faulted or punished for allowing blankets to be hung around the top of the block for almost six weeks. Since the blankets were never revealed in official reports, no one could be blamed. Because it was reported that each of the cells had been shaken down in the months prior to the escape attempt, no cell house officer faced disciplinary actions. But it was clear, Wilkinson stated in his final report, "that there was acceptance by many of-

ficers over a long period of time that Alcatraz was so inviolable it was not necessary to recall fundamentals . . . [that] maximum-security shakedowns, where equipment and fixtures would be removed from the cell, were not made. Nor were critical, careful and suspicious inspections made of the utility corridor. . . . Many experienced officers and supervisors were duped. . ."

Although he cited the weakened concrete, he laid most of the blame to human error, never mentioning, of course, his and Bennett's complicity' in the closing of the road tower and the reduction in force. And, he had agreed to the scapegoating of two officers, neither one of whom were responsible for the biggest blunders.

Alfred Anglin, who had been convicted along with his two brothers and was serving time in Atlanta, was transferred to serve his twenty-five year state time in Alabama concurrent with his federal time. On January 11, 1964, while trying to escape from Kilby state prison in Montgomery, he electrocuted himself. The funeral home notified FBI agents that the body showed no signs of mistreatment but two small burned areas in the upper back and burned areas above the eyes and on the bridge of the nose (possibly from eyeglasses). The family had suffered so much with two missing sons, a family member said, that they would probably never accept or understand the truth surrounding the death of Alfred.

Lieutenant Severson was transferred, in December 1962, to the Federal Detention Headquarters in New York City. In 1965, he transferred to Leavenworth and retired in 1968. He died at the age of seventy-four in 1979, interestingly, on May 5, the same day years before when West had walked out of segregation and set the escape attempt in motion.

Lieutenant Ordway returned to Alcatraz for one day on June 12 to aid in the hunt of the three missing men. He returned off annual leave in July and retired from Alcatraz when it closed in 1963. He died in 1988 at the age of eighty-three.

Lieutenant Weir transferred to the U.S. Penitentiary at Marion, Illinois. He retired at McNeil Island as a lieutenant in 1971 and died in July, 2000. He responded to only one of my numerous letters requesting interviews and declined to be interviewed.

Two officers were blamed and suspended, Officer Charles Herman was suspended for a month without pay for not making

his last count. He protested and then quit the federal prison service, went to work for the U.S. Post Office and retired in 1989. Officer Lawrence Bartlett was suspended for one month without pay for counting dummy heads; he remained in the prison service. Many officers I spoke with felt that both men received unfair disciplinary actions, and were, in fact, scapegoated. Many felt that they, too, would have counted the dummies.

Officer John D. "Jerry" Herring was not disciplined for allowing West to work on top of the block without supervision, mostly because he was deemed "lieutenant material." He went on to distinguished service until he retired in 1976 as captain, and died in March 1990 at age fifty-six.

Whether Bumpy Johnson was ever enrolled to keep the other black prisoners quiet, or used in any other way in this escape, was only a matter of conjecture. It was Carnes who said in the late 1970s, that he'd seen Johnson nod to West almost imperceptibly on the yard one day, and that had signified to him that Johnson was a player. Others carried Carnes' theory forward, like a World Series pitcher being hitched on the shoulders of his teammates after the big win. They said Bumpy provided a boat. But there was never any evidence of that; it was just a theory.

Although it might have been possible for a boat to have silently crept near Alcatraz at night without being seen, it would have been much more difficult to arrange, requiring accomplices who would need to be paid handsomely—and for a long time— or be killed. Neither Morris nor the Anglins were so well heeled.

"Bumpy may have talked a good line," said a former prisoner who wished to remain anonymous, "but if they were waiting for a boat out there," he laughed, "don't hold your breath."

Nor was Ron Battles sure that "Bumpy" got involved with the four men. If he did. Battles figured Morris was the only one who would have even approached him.

Kent had a different theory. He figured West or the Anglins scared Johnson, threatening to kill him. "He knew a dozen of us white guys were pushing it," Kent said.

Johnson left Alcatraz on January 26, 1963, transferring to Lewisburg, Pennsylvania. He was eventualh released from federal prison. In July 1968, while out on a $50,000 bail on indictment for

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importing narcotics into Harlem, and while dining with friends in New York City, he was stricken with a heart attack, collapsed and died. He was sixty-two, and had spent at least twenty-five years in prisons. At his funeral, held in New York City later that week, twelve hundred people showed up, inchiding a former Catholic priest from Alcatraz.

Btimpy's possible involvement was suggested by Clarence Carnes after Bumpy died. It's unlikely Carnes would have named him had he still been alive. It is also likely that Bmnpy simply advised his black friends who celled near West, Morris and the Anglins to keep out of it.

Tom Kent actually thrived on Alcatraz and turned his life around there. He was considered "friendly, smiling, happy-go-lucky," his file calling him a "diligent, accurate clerk typist," and a "definite asset to the institution." He was transferred from Alcatraz on February 26, 1963, to Lewisburg, released from prison in 1966, and worked as a fireman in and around Boston, Massachusetts. He visited Alcatraz in 1995, entertaining visitors with his stories. We had several interviews. He died in June 1997 in his trailer home in Chula Vista, California of natural causes. He was seventy-one.

Larry Trumblay, who had thirty-six incidents of delinquency, assaults and robbery, strong-armed robbery, disorderly conduct, burglary, assault to murder and bank robbery, and had arrived in April 1954 with West, also turned his life around on Alcatraz. He became close to Father Bernie Bush, became an altar boy at Leavenworth where he had transferred in 1963, and was granted parole on May 19, 1965. On June 26, on the return drive from California after attending Father Tom Kent \isiting Alcatiaz in 1995.

Bush's ordination, he was killed in a one-car accident. He was thirty-five.

William "Billy" Boggs, who admitted to using heroin when he was fifteen, and was at Alcatraz by the time he was twenty-one, was determined to have been "deeply involved" in the Morris-Anglin escape attempt. When the double-wrapped bag was fished from the bay and the lists of names and addresses were examined, several of his relatives' names popped up. His sentence expired and, because he had family in California, Boggs was released from Alcatraz in February 1963. He was in and out of prison after that, and died of pneumonia at age fifty-eight in March 1997.

Martin McNicholas was found to have a piece of raincoat material sewed and glued in his cell in July 1962. The list of mileages was also found, as well as a chemical explanation for nitroglycerin. He told the disciplinary board that he had "long ago given up on the idea" of escaping. He and the board agreed that he was only guilty of being stupid. He was transferred to Atlanta on February 8, 1963. Two years later, in April 1965, while changing planes during a transfer to Leavenworth, he tried to escape and was shot and killed. He was thirty years old.

Homer Clinton, the "Green Lizard," tried to steal a spoon from the Alcatraz dining room in July 1962. He died in Washington at age seventy-two in 1989.

The San Francisco Giants won the National League pennant in 1962—their best year—but lost the World Series in a heartbreaking seventh game to the New York Yankees.

Herbert "Lucky" Juelich paroled out of prison, got married and lived a normal life. He returned to Alcatraz several times to speak to visitors, and died in 1999 of complications due to diabetes.

Leon Thompson paroled out of prison, turned his life around after marrying a lovely British woman named Helen, wrote two books, and raises wolves on his ranch in California.

Clarence Carnes, who at age eighteen in 1945 had been one of the youngest prisoners ever sent to Alcatraz, remained there for eighteen years, until January 15, 1963. He was released from Leavenworth in 1976, returned briefly for a parole violation, then finally released in 1978. We met that same year in a fast-food restaurant in Kansas City, Missouri and began one of many conversadons

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Carnes, in about 1979.

we held over the next eight years. In 1980, a television film was made about his life, entitled, Alcatraz: The Whole Shocking Story. That year he was also mugged and briefly hospitalized. It was the best and worst year of his life, he said.

Mr. Carnes returned to Kansas City, Missouri where for a time was involved with Habitat for Humanit)'. He contracted AIDS, broke parole and was returned to Springfield Medical Prison, where he died in 1988 of complications resulting from the disease. He was buried in the prison cemetery. James J. "Whitey" Bulger, a notorious Boston mobster who served on Alcatraz for bank robbery during the West-Morris-Anglin escape attempt, was said to have had Carnes' body disinterred and reburied in an Indian burial ground in Oklahoma, where Carnes had always wanted to be buried. In 1995, Bulger was indicted for racketeering, and, as of this writing, was still being sought as one of the FBI's "Ten Most Wanted" with a $1 million reward on his head.

Tom Kent expressed the opinion that Glenn May was murdered by the government for his participation in the escape attempt. It's a little dramatic, but it's easy to see why Kent thought that. That fall, perhaps because the suspicion that surrounded him became too much, Glenn May's health began to decline. He complained of various medical problems and was hospitalized three times. When he transferred to McNeil Island on November 28, 1962, he had lost a lot of weight. At McNeil, he condnued to lose weight. Records show that he was diagnosed as being anorexic. This was confirmed by Juelich and others who knew him.

In May 1963, McNeil authorities transferred him to the U.S. Medical Center in Springfield, Missouri. He was too weak to be photographed standing up, and his mug shot was taken while he

BREAKING THE ROCK

Glenn May in a mug shot taken while he lay in bed.

lay in bed. His file at Springfield contains page after page of doctors' and nurses' notes on his refusal to eat and his slow, steady decline. He died in Springfield onjuly 13, 1963 of starvation due to anorexia nervosa. He was forty-four years old.

ALLEN CLAYTON WTST left Alcatraz on February 6, 1963, transferring to McNeil Island, Washington. He was later transferred to Atlanta where he was released from federal prison on January 7, 1965 and sent to Georgia and then Florida to serve prison sentences in those states. Released in 1967, he remained free for about a year, and then was arrested in Florida on charges of grand larceny, robbery and attempted escape. He was sentenced to one commitment for five years, one for life, and one for three years to run concinrent, and on January 1969, he went to Florida state prison. On October 30, 1972, West fatally knifed another prisoner in what was probably a racial incident.

In December 1978, he was sent to the Shands Teaching Hospital for severe abdominal pains. He died on December 21, 1978 of peritonitis. He was forty-nine.

Few believed that West couldn't get out of his cell that night.

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West, when he departed .'Vlcatraz.

Officer Victor Mills, summed up many people's feelings when he observed that "underneath the tough convict exterior beat the heart of a coward." Many thought, as did former prisoner Clarence Carnes, that "he was scared of that water." In his final report, Wilkinson had written "the warden, the FBI agent and I believed that West 'chickened out'," adding, "He repeatedly evidenced his fear of the water."

"He made up some lame excuse," said officer Mills, "but those of us who knew him best knew that he had lost his nerve."

That may have been part of it. There's also evidence to stip-port his contention that he cotild not get out in time. His cell, photographed by the FBI, showed a large chunk of concrete, possibly indicating that he was still trying to get out that night.

But there could have been a third reason. Because in the end, Allen West won the game. He lived to tell his story. And, more importantly, for the rest of his life, he got the bragging rights. If Morris or the Anglins had actually escaped, they could never admit it without getting caught and being returned to prison. The pint-sized Allen West could claim to be a giant, having engineered the most elaborate, the most fantastic, the most famous escape attempt in U.S. history—from the toughest prison of them all.

For the rest of his life he could claim that he had aided Morris and the Anglins in the most important ways. He conceived the plan, he made the life jackets, he got them to the roof. Without him, they were nothing.

His remaining behind could have been the ultimate double-cross. Because he had done what he had set out to do.

He had broken the Rock.

Source Notes

In the absence of accurate information about Alcatraz during the years that it operated, rumor, innuendo, trial "facts," error-filled ne\sspaper accounts, sensational news reels and mo\ies rushed in to fill the void. As I've shown here, even Frank Morris believed rumors of "Spanish dungeons" on Alcatraz, although Spain never occupied Alcatraz and the so-called dungeon—three cells and possibly six other storage rooms used as cells located in the cell house basement—had been dismantled by the Bureau of Prisons sometime around 1940. But the first thirty-two prisoners in 1934, who were holdovers from the U.S. Ainiy prison, insured that rumors originating in the 1860s rolled over into the federal prison years and persist even today.

In the mid 1970s the BOP assembled most of the Alcatraz inmate and administrative files into a single collection, and in 1976, the boxes—comprising nearly four hundred cubic feet—^were shipped to a universit) professor of sociolog\. He obtained a grant to study the consequences of long-term confinement under condition of maximum-securit\ imprisonment and was also permitted by the BOP to write a popular history about Alcatraz.

The collection had already been compromised, however, because no list of its contents had been drawn up before its transfer. And since it was assumed that the sociologist's project would only take a few years, he initially sought to be allowed to restrict other researchers from seeing the records. But throughout the 1970s, the '80s and into the early '90s, most of the records were still under his jurisdiction, and there began to be reports of "missing" or "misplaced" records emanating from his office.

1 began working on obtaining information about the 1962 escape attempt as early as 1978 as part of another book, Eyemtness on Alcatraz, interviewing officers whom I'd known in 1962. Most of my earlv interxiews were tape-recorded, which is fortunate because many

of those men have since died. My most extensive interviews were with my father, Arthur M. Dollison, and PhiHp R. Bergen, Benjamin Rayborn,James A. "Jack" Mitchell, Olin G. Blackwell, Bill Long, Tom Mahoney, Clarence Carnes, Fred Mahan, Lloyd Miller, Lew Meushaw. Leon Thompson and Bill Rogers. Fortimately, my father kept copies of many 1962 escape memorandums, which formed the basis of my early interview questions and much of this book, especially the moment-to-moment sequence in Part 6, Countdown.

In 1984, 1 filed a Freedom of Information/Privacy Act request pertaining to the tower shutdowns, comments about which I had begun hearing. The FOIA/PA request was denied based on the importance of the sociologist's still unfinished project.

In the early 1990s, pressure from several researchers compelled the Bureau of Prisons to request that the professor begin returning the records he no longer needed. Almost seventeen years after taking taken control of them, the professor returned many of the Alcatraz records to the BOP who then turned them over to the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) in San Bruno, California. By 1995, he indicated he had returned them all. But there remained an alarming list of "missing" inmate files, many of which curiously happened to be those of the most famous inmates, or those involved in well-known events.

Finally, by 1999-2000, under pressure from numerous researchers, web and print publishers, as well as the BOP, the sociologist was compelled to return the files it was believed he still held. In March, 2000, approximately ten feet of files were returned to the BOP, and subsequently the NARA. Among the records returned were also files pertaining to the shutdown of the towers on May 5, 1962. They included a 1962 lieutenant's watch log, monthly captain's reports to the Bureau from 1962 and other important memos pertaining to the 1962 escape attempts. As of this writing, March, 2001, the professor's report to the Bureau, as well as his book, have not been released. Although I published statements about the tower shutdowns in my first book, I did know then the date, nor whether the shutdowns had a profound effect on the West-Morris-Anglin and the Scott-Parker escape attempts. Obviously, they did.

IN MY QUEST to get to the essence of an historical event which I

did not witness, I felt it best to compare and contrast each man's statement against all the others. Inmate files can be notoriously misleading, given that the social and criminal history recorded by officers, clerks or psychology professionals is inmate self-reporting. Grandiose statements, outright lies, imprecise dates and repeated misinformation are constant. At times prisoners felt inclined to tell the reporter what they thought he wanted to hear. In other cases, recorders simply rewrote what had been written the previous year. In many cases FBI documentation of arrests did not coincide with the inmate's account or BOP records, making it difficult to decide exactly which one was accurate.

What follows is a list of people interviewed and records I reviewed solely for this book. All of these records will be eventually deposited with the Golden Gate National Recreation Area Park Archives and Records Center.

Author intennews:

Ron Battles, Philip R. Bergen, Walter J. Bertrand, Olin G. Blackwell, Kenneth Blair, Ben Blount, Rosemary Bones, Ira Bowden, Jerie Bremmeyer, Father Bernie Bush, Clarence Carnes, Jack Casey, Virgil Cullen, Arthur Davidson, Ed Deatherage, George DeVincenzi, Arthur M. Dollison, EvelvTi E. Dollison, Donald V. Eberle, Clifford Fish, Fred and LiL\nn Freeman, George Gregory, Charles Herman,John Hernan, Ruth Ann Herring, Herbert Juelich, Al Kaeppel, Bob Kelly, Thomas Kent, Melvin Kidney, Joseph Landers, Jim Langley, Ir\ing Levinson, William Long, Jr., Fred Mahan, Don Martin, Pat Mahoney, Lewis Meushaw, Llovd Miller, James A. Mitchell, Marvin Orr, Darrell Pickens, Don Pickins, James Quillen. Larrv Quilligan, Benjamin Rayborn, Jr., Fred Richberger, John and .\lma Ridlon, William Rogers, Tom Reeves, A.O. Severson, Frank Sprenz, Leon Thompson, Richard Waszak

Additional interviews:

Mike Mavo and Frank Silio, formerly of .Airstream ventilation systems; Benny Wood, latex chemist and the president of Advance Adhesive Technolog)'; George M. Rosen, director of quality control, Electrolux; Eric MuUer, earth science teacher at the San Francisco Exloratorium; Dan Schaaf, hvdrolic engineer, formerlv of the San Francisco Bay Model; Captain Larrv Hall, U.S. Coast Guard in San Francisco; Edwin Cook, insurance agent; Joseph Smith, deput)' regional director of the Western Regional Office of the BOP; James Brandenburg, parole officer in Kansas City; retired Special Agent John Connolly, Boston FBLJ.L. Burnam, lawyer; Keith E. Inman, senior criminalist with the California Department of Justice, DNA Laboratory and Norah Rudin, Ph.D. Forensic DNA consultant, both excellent teachers and authors of Principles and Practice of Criminalisitics, The Profession of Forensic Science; Richard Phillips, retired executive assistant to the w^arden at the U.S. Penitentiary at Marion, Illinois; Jackie Hevunan, sculpture conservator, Tate Gallery, London, who was one of the first persons to analyze the dummv masks when they were returned to the San Francisco Maritime National Historical Park in 1980; Leslie Bone, ethnographic conservator at the M.H. DeYoung Museum, San Francisco, and Philip Linhaure, chief curator of art, Oakland Museum.

Associate Warden Arthur M. Dollison's memos of the 1962 Alcatraz investigation:

June 12, 1962 memo from Charles Herman to Captain Bradley

June 12, 1962 memo from T.D. Bradley to A.M. Dollison

June 12, 1962 memo from Acting Captain F.D. Mahan to T.D. Bradlev. "Out

line of Activities and Procedures" June 12, 1962 incident report from Officer Fred Freeman to A.M. Dollison June 13, 1962 incident report from Lieutenant R. K. Weir to Warden June 13, 1962 memo from Officer Lawrence D. Bardett to Captain June 1962 memo from A.M. Dollison to Warden Blackwell June 14, 1962 incident report from A.O. Severson to T.D. Bradlev June 14, 1962 incident report fi-om A.O. Severson to T.D. Bradley

June 14, 1952 memo from William H. Long, Jr. to Captain

June 18, 1962 incident report from A.\'. Young to T.D. Bradley

June 18, 1962 memo for record by Olin G. Blackwell

June 19, 1962 memo from A.M. Dollison to Warden

June 19, 1962 memo from A.M. Dollison to Warden

June 19, 1962 memo "Escape from .AJcatraz," by Fred T. Wilkinson

June 20, 1960 memo from T.D. Bradley to A.M. Dollison

June 26, 1962 memo from A.M. Dollison to Warden

June 26, 1962 memo from Olin G. Blackwell to James V. Bennett

Siiperinlendetit of Industries and Associate Warden Dollison 5 records: Handwritten notes on Alcatraz prisoners Copies of Alcatraz industries memos

"Supervisory Training Course, February 3, 1961 through April 26, 1961," U.S. Penitentiary, Alcatraz

Federal Bureau of Prisons FOIA/PA requests:

Clarence Anglin, John Anglin, Olin G. Blackwell, Correspondence between the BOP and Da\id Ward, Ph.D., Thomas D. Bradley,Jr., Arthur M. Dollison, John D. Herring, Glenn May, Frank Lee Morris, Maurice Ordway, A.O. Severson, Robert K. Weir, Allen Clayton West

State prison records:

Allen Clayton West (Florida)

Frank Lee Morris (Louisiana)

Military records: Allen Clayton West

FBI records:

'John Anglin, Clarence Anglin and Frank Lee Morris Escape From Alcatraz,"

File Number 76-26295, Volumes 1-17

Golden Gate National Recreation Area interviews:

Walter Bcrtrand, Clarence Carnes, Aithur M. Dollison,Donald Eberle, Frank

Hatfield, Herbert Juelich, Victor Mills,

National Archives and Records Administration, Pacific Region, San Bruno, California: Record Group 129, Records of the Bureau of Prisons, Comprehensive case files of Alcatraz inmates, ca. 1924-1988:

Anthony Accardo, Henry Armstrong, Thomas Austin, William Banks, Rol> ert Barrett, John Battle, Leon Beardon, Walur Bcarden, Billy Boggs. Joe Boyes, B.J. Brous, Charles Burbank, William (^agle, Sherman C^alloway, Walter Campbell, Al Capone, Frankie Carbo, Clarence Carnes, Aubrey Carter, Rol> ert Case, Homer (Uinton, Mickey Cohen, Frank Coppola, Ralph Cozzolino, William Dalton, Harold Davis, Frank De Ford. Roy Drake, William Duncan,

George Embry, Manuel Fernandex, LeRoy Fuller, Theodore Green, George Gilbert, James Grove, Chester Hamilton, W.C. Hamilton, Oliver Hanson, Nathanial Harris, Oliver Henson, Bernand House, ChoyceJackson, William James, Billy Jarrett, Jr., James Jenkins, Ellsworth "Bumpy" Johnson, William Johnston, Curtis Jones, Doyle Jones, James Jones, AKin "OF Creepy" Karpis (Karpovitz), Spiro Karabelas. Arthur Kent, Thomas Kent, Abraham Levine, David Finkenaugher, Peter Macey, John Malone, Daniel Dwayne Maness, Berl McDonald, Martin McNicholas, Anthony "Stringbean" Marcella, Charles Marcum, Carlton Mathew, Lincoln Molless, Weaker Mollet, Thomas Moon, Antonio and Gregory Nimez, Charles Oliver, Angel Padillo, Harry Payne, Willian Payne, Charles Peterson, Edward Pravato, Carl Price, Clifford Redden, Walter Sawer, Lonnie Semiean, Robert Spears, Ernest Tatum, Courtney Townsend Taylor, Bruce Teetzel, Freddie Thomas, Harlan Tibbs, Larry Trumblay, Charles Stegall, Walter Splitt, Carl Wacher, Felix Williams.

NARA, RG 129: Alcatraz administrative files; Records of the U.S. Penitentiary, Alcatraz Island, California:

Buildings and Grounds, Launch, Supplies and Equipment, General Administration; Captain's Reports to the BOP, December 1961-December 1962; Captain's Watch Log, July 1961-November 1962; Custodial Staff meeting notes, December 1961-December 1962; Financial Budget and Planning 1952-63, Morning and Evening Watch Lieutenant's files, 1962 Morris-Anglin escape photographs; 1962 Scott-Parker escape photographs

Books, newspapers, manuscripts, lueb sites and other records:

Adams, Susan H., M.A.,"Statement Analysis: What Do Suspects' Words Really Reveal?" FBI Bulletin, October, 1996 Barron's Guide to Law Schools, 12'*' Edition, 1996 Bennett, James v., I Chose Prison, New York, Knopf, 1970 Carnes, Clarence, unpublished mss. National Maritime Museum Library Cohen, Mickey, In My Own Words, As Told to John Peer Nugent, Prestice-Hall,

1975 Dolby, Alcatraz Officer Cuthbert U., "Notes on Alcatraz," a compilation of

famous inmates and escape attempts Johnston, James A., Alcatraz Island Prison And the Men Who Live There, Charles

Scribners Sons, 1949 Karpis, Alvin, and Livesey, Robert, On The Rock, Twenty-five Years in Alcatraz.

1980, L.B.S., Paperback edition, 1998 Lehr, Dick and O'Neill, Gerald, Black Mass, The Irish Mob, the FBI and a Devil's

Deal, Public Affairs, Perseus Books Group, 2000 Lightsey, Ed, "Escape from Alcatraz: Did These South Georgia Boys Make

It?" Albany Magazine, October-November 1999 Martini, John and Babyak, Jolene, "Historic Structvire Report Addendum:

The Alcatraz Cellhouse Numbering System," May 1999 Thompson, Edwin N., The Rock: A History of Alcatraz Island 1847-1972, An

Historical Resource Study, May 1979

Thompson, Leon "Whitey," Last Train to Alcatraz, Winter Books, 1988, 1995 San Francisco Chronicle, articles from June 12 to 30 San Francisco Examiner, articles from June 12 to 30 San Francisco News-Call-Bulletin, articles from June 12 to 30 www.co-ops.nos.noaa.gov/data_res.html (Verified Historical Water Level; station 9414290, San Francisco, CA, Local Standard Time; beginning date 19620611 to ending date 19620614, (adjusting forward one hour for Daylight Savings Time); also date 19371216 for the Roe and Cole attempt and 19621216 for the Scott-Parker attempt.) www.tntwebcraft.com/ccso/hypothermia.htm

Collections reviewed:

National Maritinie Museum 1962 artifact collection, including examination of four handmade masks, one life jacket, a piece of raft, two paddles, fake vents with wall sections intact, vacuum cleaner motor, assorted wire, eating utensil handles, handmade and professional wrenches, drill bits, handmade pen-light, handmade periscope.

FBI, San Francisco, display of 1962 artifacts, including the barber clipper and the post card allegedly mailed from those claiming to be Clarence, John and Frank

Alcatraz building and grounds, including cell vent openings, cell wall concrete, utilit)' corridors, top of the block, roof vent hoods, comparison of the route with historic photographs.

Notes Part 1 The Man

page 16-18, 42-45: West's criminal statistics were culled from his Florida and Georgia state prison files, his army court-martial records and federal prison files. Many of his own accounts of arrests and escapes, as well as official ac-covmts, are contradictorv. His Florida Classification and Admission Summary, taken on March 7, 1969, listed twent)' arrests. In nearly every prison he was described as a "racial agitator."

page 10: Carnes was the library orderly on Alcatraz from at least 1958 until Julv 1962.

page 14-15: Industries information was gleaned from a letter from my father to me about the changes he made as well as the July 1959 Foghorn, issue which stated, "net profit of the last ten months of $69,558.32 as compared to the same period last year of $3,525.02."

page 37: Edwin Cook, reured insurance agent, interview on June 22, 2000

page 28: Hal Weston wrote a wonderful op-ed article appearing in the July

15, 1999 San Francisco Examiner ahout the lovely foghorns around the bay in those days. He wrote: "The most interesting foghorn is Alcatraz South, which sounds like an Andrew Lloyd Webber chord. You'll hear it as a C, but it's probably an A."

pages 25-27, 62: Alcatraz escape details from Officer Cuthbert U. Dolby's "Notes on Alcatraz"

page 30: Larry Kirkland, as far as I know, is the author of the phrase "like living in a cow's mouth."

page 31: Facts about the saltwater cell house plumbing system were gleaned from Thompson's Historical Resource Study, May 1979, who wrote, 'January, 1911, Salt water and fresh water services pipes have been placed in the cell room[s]."

page 36: Blackwell was assigned associate warden of Alcatraz on March 22, 1959 and arrived in April.

page 39: According to the Dothan (Alabama) £ag-/^, January 23, 1958, "Armed robbery carries the death penalty as a maximum in Alabama."

page 41: West's May 1960 annual review listed six disciplinary reports, and his April 20, 1961 annual review listed three more for a total of nine reports in eighteen months.

page 45: The associate warden was chairman of the Work Programming Subcommittee at each monthly meeting. Strangely, when Blackwell was associate warden he held meetings down at the CMS's office near the island's powerhouse. WTien Dollison was AW, he appropriately chaired the meetings in his office in the prison's administration section.

page 48: Alcatraz was on lease from the U.S. Army, at least for one year, so federal adminisuators could not initiall}' make alterations without the Army's approval, necessitating paperwork and long delays. Many of the electric fans no longer worked properly and were eventually dismantled. This one, atop "B" block, may have never been removed because it was heavy and would require taking maintenance men away from some other project.

page 48: According to the FBI, it was "general knowledge among the inmates that above the cell blocks there were about eight ventilator holes to the roof" Actually, the remains of eight vents can be seen in the library and above A, B and C blocks. One newer vent behind D block also exists.

page 49: Willard "Red" Winhoven, AZ 772, on Alcatraz from 1947 until 1959, had been out on federal parole in 1962 when he was quoted in the San

Francisco Nexus-Call-Bulletin. Later, he was sentenced in California for murder and died in San Quentin. Both he and Carnes said he had been an inmate electrician working up on top of the block and had thought of escaping from there.

page 49: Tom Kent was the first to say that Morris moved to cell B-356. This was confirmed in Morris' Alcatraz file.

page 52: In a short, informal biography written in the Alcatraz Foghorn, it was stated that Bradley graduated from high school, however his high school record, military record and federal prison record all indicate that he did not. John Marshal Law School in Atlanta, Georgia was listed as an American Bar Association non-approved school in Barron 5 Guide to Laiv Schools, 1996 edition.

Part 2 - The Plan

page 57: Alcatraz has 336 cells in B and C blocks. However, it also has 42 D-block cells for a total number of 378 cells. Additionally, it has a number of ward and individual cells located in the hospital. From 1934 to about 1940, it also used other cells as punishment in A block as well as the three cells and possibly six other storage rooms as cells in the prison's basement (the old citadel basement), before the bars were dismantled and discarded. Nonetheless, it's capacity during the federal prison years remained at 336.

page 60: One of the most enduring myths about Alcatraz is that cons showered in warm water in order to keep them from conditioning themselves for swimming in the cold bay. The origin of this myth may date back to the nineteenth-century army accommodations in which officers, as well as prisoners, often took cold saltwater baths. From 1912 until 1960 cells had cold water faucets only. The showers in the basement were always hot or, depending on which position you were in line, at least, warm.

pags 61: The 1949 Butterworth Memo to the BOP, cited in Part 1, stated that number one on Butterworth's priority list of improvements was to replace the "entire plumbing system in the cell blocks B and C." That suggestion was ignored.

page 69: According to Warden Blackwell, Gates said in his interview that John Anglin had told him that Morris "was a good helicopter pilot and would flv the entire group to . . . the California desert where they would hide for a few days . . . then . . . steal two or more large house trailers, pull them into a remote area in the desert and stay there for four or five months imtil all the 'heat' was off."

page 70: The Capone anecdote, "wop with the mop," has a little history. Wop, an offensive slang used earlier in the century to identify Italians, is

thought to have come from Ellis Island immigration documents denoting "With Out Papers." James V. Bennett repeated the Alcatraz cons' slur of the Italian-American mobster in his book, but he couldn't bring himself to use the word "wop" so substituted the word "Italian," which of course made the anecdote pointless.

page 71: Theodore "Teddy" Green, AZ 1180, on Alcatraz from 1955 until 1963, died in February, 1998. His obituary in an Associated Press sXory stated that "he tried to escape 12 times" from Alcatraz, which was a stretch. He had been discovered once assembling potential escape tools with Larry Trumblay in 1957. Green and Trumblay had collected, among other items, a bar spreader, several wrenches, a hammer, two hand drills, a screwdriver, a pipe wrench, numerous drill bits, and an oil funnel. It's informative to point out that other cons over the years had also assembled numerous tools. Photographs in Warden Johnston's 1949 book actually showed two crude handmade guns uncovered during his period. One famous photograph, date unknown but sometimes erroneously identified as one taken of tools found from the West-Morris-Anglin escape attempt, is anchored by a large heavy-duty bolt cutter, underwater goggles, handmade flotation devices or paddles and pieces of plastic and rubber.

page 78: In 1960, monthly budget meeting notes showed that Alcatraz was so short of officers and money that they considered delaying or canceling annual leaves which they knew would result in a "serious morale problem," as well as a "tremendous backlog" of purchase requests for the mechanical service. But by 1961, notes about excess salaries began to take on a new meaning, allowing the remodeling of facilities and of the purchase of furnishings. Yet staff shortfalls had not changed. Future historians would be aided simply by seeking information from monthly "Notes from the Office of the Cap>-tain," notes from budget meetings, the Lieutenant's Watch Log and notes from staff meetings in order to discover how poorly Alcatraz was funded, how seemingly inconsequential incidents like prisoner trials and transfers could affect the monthly finances and how adeptly administrators managed funds.

page 84: On eating utensil handles, please see note in Part 7.

Part 3 - Breaking Rock

page 105: Wings, Bull Durham and other roll-your-own cigarettes were dispensed on Alcatraz freely to keep bartering down. Additionally, other packaged cigarettes, like Camels, were passed out about twice a week.

page 104-105: Leon Thompson said that boxes departing the industries were stenciled USPAZ and he speculated that they could be stenciled twice, or the

stenciling could be smeared, which might cue the dock workers to pry them open and pull out what contraband might be concealed.

page 112-113: Examination of the fake wall artifacts shows great ingenuity using found items. The fact that canvas art board had been ordered by Morris and the Anglins that fall indicated they had decided how to camotiflage the walls even before beginning to drill holes.

Part 4 - April Fools

page 134-138: The institution-wide shakedown, occurring on April 11, may have been a precautionary move prior to the shutdown of the two tower.

page 139-140: No rubber cement-tvpe glue was found among the items left behind, and it appears that the FBI did not test the glue on the life jackets or the remaining raft piece, although they described it up as a "rubber adhesive," a description that Benny Wood, latex chemist and the president of Advance Adhesive Technology, easily identified as a waterproof adhesive similar to superglue today. The FBI lab did determine that the glue used on the life jackets, as well as the remaining raft piece, was not the same as that used on the periscope, which was a white glue that can easily be observed today. At one point. West told agents that he used glue for the life jackets which he had obtained from the Alcatiaz glove factory.

page 140-141: Glove shop and clothing shop employees numbered about 35-45 men, at least in 1960.

143-144: Given that Alcatraz had been transferred during the Great Depression, Warden Johnston had written, "Money was scarce, appropriations were hard to get at that time."

page 144: It's possible that the OIC allowed West on top of the block without an officer because he had no officers to spare, nor were there extra maintenance officers available.

pages 141, 151-153, 169-170: It's not clear if tests were conducted on the dummy masks by the FBI or later by the National Park Service. They have never been x-rayed to see if "rope" was used in one mask, as NFS conservator Jackie Heuman called it, or electrical wire as reported by the FBI (although some electrical wire can be observed in places where the surface has been disturbed). It's not clear if three of them were made of concrete, as West and the FBI reported, or plaster, as Jackie Heuman reported. The strange color underneath the hair lines could be the result of aging and resultant discoloration of the glues, or of ink or oil paints applied by one person and handed to another for proper placement of the hair. Those colors would also need to be tested.

page 150: Although West and several others claimed Angel Island was the escapees' ultimate destination, the statements could have been intended to mislead investigators. The trail, howe\er, did lead to the Angel Island side of the island, despite the vacancy in the road tower on the opposite side.

page 150: West told the FBI that the Anglins had cemented up his wall after he had inadvertently cracked it during his excavation.

page 151: Lieutenant A.O. Severson, in his memo on June 13, 1962, had determined that many cell walls from the utilit\' corridor side, including fourteen cells along the flats of B and C blocks were in a weakened conditioned, about what you would expect if the pipes were leaking and the salt water was corroding the concrete. Sixteen second-story cells were also weakened and only eight were deemed weak around the vents on the third tier. He theorized that at one time during the army years the vents had been larger and were made smaller, possibly using a poor grade of concrete. Further examination by Alcatraz historian and NPS Ranger John Martini and me did not confirm that in 1998. Severson also stated that there were obviously additional concrete pours in cells B-156, 154, 152, 150, 144, 140 and 138. Cells 152, 150, 140 and 138 were, of course, the cells of the Anglins, West and Morris. But, if Severson could recognize the additional concrete on June 13, why were they not discovered by officers before that?

Part 5 - Under Cover

page 159: Carnes thought there were eighty to eight\'-five blankets hung; Officer Virgil Cullen said thirty to forty. Fred Freeman thought there might have been a half dozen to a dozen. B block east measured seventy-five feet by twenty-five feet wide. If each army blanket was about five feet wide, as Cullen estimated, that would amount to fort\' blankets. Although Carnes may have overestimated how many blankets were hung, his story of how they were hung remained the same after repeated interviews. We had numerous formal interviews, some taped, over an ten-year period. He was interviewed by National Park Service rangers, and wrote his own memoirs, which are located in the National Maritime Museum Library. Although he used different names in his written account, the story remained essentiallv the same.

page 167: West called them "tapins," as reported by the FBI. Blackwell and BOP Assistant Director Wilkinson used the word "tampions." Of these, tampions is the only word which exists and it is described as a plug or a cover on the muzzle of a cannon to keep out dust and moisture. That surelv is not what West meant. But rivets are tapped into metal and West mav have picked up the expression "tap-ins" from his work in the Savannah shipvards.

page 176-177: Stories vary as to when the tool clambered down from B

block, whether West dropped it one day when he was on top of B block, as Calloway, AZ 1219, had claimed, or whether it had been dropped the night of the escape, as Leon Thompson, AZ 1465, has said on the Alcatraz Audio tour. Calloway worked in industries during weekdays and would not have heard it during the day, but he also worked around the cell house on weekends when West may have been on top of the block. Calloway was on furlough in the cell house one week beginning May 21 and may have heard it then. This noise may have also been confused over time, with noises that were heard the night of the escape. The scene, as described, is the only one which couldn't be verified as to its time and is included in this chapter at this time for dramatic effect.

page 180-181: According to Captain Bradley's memo, West had said in his first hasty interview that he had tried the barber clipper and the vacuum cleaner motor while drilling out of his cell. However, in his far more thorough inter\iew with FBI agents, he clearly stated that both motors were used up top on the ceiling vent and not in the digging of their cells. He also stated that the morning an inmate was hit over the head in the kitchen was the moment when he was able to smuggle out the vacuum cleaner—an attack that other administrative reports date as the May 22 attack of Contreras, AZ 1444. For several years, the vacuum cleaner motor and the barber clipper appeared in one of the Alcatraz exit cells although its placement there seems to be historically inaccurate.

Part 6 - Countdown

page 189-190: With soap chips and ponytails of hair found near Clarence Anglin's toilet, it appears likeh' that he made this mask, and it was done in his last days on the island. The FBI described the mask's interior as a "bundle of white cotton rags."

page 193: It was noted on the back of an FBI photograph that the two wooden planks "may have been used when '\Talcanizing' the seams on the raft and 'Mae West'jacket." Agents turned in the raft piece and jacket to FBI labs but did not ask them to check if the glue had been heated, and they were not tested to ascertain that.

page 203: Captain Bradley's memo differed slightly from OIC Herman's in that he wrote that Herman did his 8:00 P.M. count and at that time the Anglin's asked about turning off the A block light.

page 207: In his FBI interview, West stated thai Clarence Anglins had used the phrase "We can see the moon," as a signal. Carnes also said the phrase was a signal and undoubtedly got the information from West.

page 208: West had three interviews, a first brief interrogation with Dollison

and Bradlev, then Uvo more in-depth inter\ie\\s \\ith the FBI. His last inter-\ie\v was bv far the most chronological and detailed. In it he stated that John was the first otit of his cell bv about April 25, that Oink and Oscar were named b\ the .\nglins; that "Oscar was given to Frank." Later West told cons in D block that he was the first one out of his cell, but sealed up the back because he wouldn't need to get out except the night of the escape. He also told cons that Frank was oiu of his cell bv Ma\ 11.

page 217: The watch log was among the items not returned to N.\R.A. until March, 2000. Because of privacy issues, I was initially able to see only a copy, however N.\RA staff gracioush- allowed me to \iew the original log where the two pages were missing. You practically needed a microscope to see that the pages had been removed.

Part 7 - Discovery

page 223: Two different documents in FBI files show that tAvo five-gallon cans of cement paint were discovered and broken open on June 13, each containing different items. In the one can, found on the top of B block, six eating utensil handles, six or seven metal pieces made into saw blades, the electric vacuum cleaner motor, a file, the penlight, an ice pick wrapped in tape and assorted electrical cords were uncovered. The other can, foiuid in the A block painting area, contained seven utensil handles, nine pieces of metal ranging from two to twelve inches in length (similar to those in the cell vent framework), four pieces of heavy wire (similar to those in the cell vent grill), two pieces of miscellaneous metal and one 3/8 inch screw bolt. If accurate, that means thirteen eating titensil handles were foimd.

page 223: According to Eric Muller, an earth science instructor at the San Francisco Exploratorium, even four-and-a-half-inch-diameter pontoons on four sides could hold up three men weighing a combined four hundred fifty pounds, assuming that the glue was insoluble and the seals were airtight. The seals, however, would have, been the weak link.

page 239: The U.S. Coast Guard has what is loosely known as the Fift\-fift\' rule: "Fift\- degrees, fift^ minutes. fift\-fift) chance."

page240: Byjulv, 1962, it was publicly announced diat .\lcatiaz would be closed.

page 247: .\lthough "Bumpy"Johnson's New York Times obituary said he was sixt\'-two when he died, his BOP files cited his birthda^■ as 1908, which would have made him sixrs at his death.

249: In a 1997 telephone con\ersation with redred FBI Special .\gent John Connolly, later indicted over the Bulger affair, Connolly recounted the Bulger-Carnes story.

Federal Bureau of Investigation: 40 (lower two), 113, 139, 147, 153, 165,

170, 171, 173, 181, 188, 190, 192, 213 Bureau of Prisons: 6, 18, 19, 28, 35, 37, 40 (top two), 41, 47, 50, 53, 65, San Francisco Maritime National Historic Park: 126, 135, 148, (Fischetti

Collection), 172 (FBI Collection), 186 (Fischetti Collection), 206

(Charles P McKinnon Collection), 211 (FBI Collection), 212, 218, 220

McKinnon Collection) National Archives and Records Center: 10, 44, 93, 97, 223, 231, 242,

249, 251, back cover Phil DoUison Collection: 12, 64, 67, 77(top), 81, 110 (top), 141, 222, Jolene Babyak: xi, 55, 59, 61, 198, 247, 249 Bill Long: 58, 66, 77 (lower), 101, 105, 110 (lower), 160 Fred Straley: 80, 109, 128, 132, David Gehringer: iv, v, 203, National Park Service Collection: 72, 73, 85 George De Vincenzi: 124, 191 Benny Batom: 230 Ira Bowden: Front cover Don Bowden Collection: 70 John Brunner: 14 Corinne Dollison Edwards: 21 Jim Hudson: 162 United Press International: 29

Acknowledgments

ALLEN WEST WAS the first, but by no means the only, informant. Many others have shared their time and expertise. First among the long list is Anne Diestel, archivist, Federal Bureau of Prisons, who was instrumental in tracking files for my numerous Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) requests, in compiling the list of known Alcatraz dead, in sharing anecdotes, in nailing down facts, and for working to bring the Alcatraz records back to the National Archives.

Mike Rowbar, Freedom of Information Act/Privacy Act Section, BOP; John M. Kelso, chief, FOIA/PA, Federal Bureau of Investigation; Linda Kloss, FOIA/PA, FBI, and George Grotz, Special Agent, San Francisco FBI were all generous in responding to my requests.

Special thanks are also extended to Dan Nealand, director of archival operations, Claude Hopkins, archives technician. Rose Mary Kennedy, archive technician and reference coordinator, Kathy O'Connor, archivist, and especially Lisa Miller, senior archivist, and Joseph Sanchez, archive technician, all with the National Archives and Records Administration, in San Bruno, California, who screened and retrieved files so that I could study them.

Judith M. Hitzeman, supervisory museum specialist; Mary Gentry, Leigh Newcomb, and Karen Sherwood, of the San Francisco Maritime National Historical Park, where many of the artifacts are housed; and Susan Ewing Haley, park archivist of the Golden Gate National Recreation Area Park Archives and Army Records Center, which houses early interview materials, were always gracious and allowed me considerable access.

Jackie Heuman, sculpture conservator, Tate Gallery, London; Leslie Bone, ethnographic conservator, M.H. DeYoung Museum, San Francisco, California, as well as Philip Linhaure, chief curator of art, Oakland Museum, also were helpful in understanding the artistry involved in the making of the masks.

Since West never saw the work being done on the ceiling vent and used slang words rather than proper names, I had the additional help of Paul Eames and his sister, Barbara Eames Gapoff, who joindy operate Ellis Ace Hardware (the Z>^5/hardware store in Oakland, California) to identifs" photographs of tools, wire gauges, and the sizes and composition of nuts and bolts.

Others, who were an enormous aid in understanding the ventilation system at Alcatraz, include Ira Bowden, general foreman on .\lcatraz from 1958 to 1960; Clifford Fish, an officer and welder on Alcatraz from 1938 until 1962; and Ray Katsanes, maintenance worker, National Park Ser\ice, Alcatraz, who helped compare ctu-rent structures with old photographs. Truly, 1 could not have understood the progress of this escape attempt without these men.

Pat Bergan Rothschild, the Alcatraz Alumni Association historian, deserves mention for her continuous aid and support for my projects.

A number of Alcatraz officers, or their wives, pro\ided me with never-before-published photographs, among them Ira Bowden who pro\ided the sttmning night shot of .\lcatraz on the cover taken when he lived there and cotirtesy of his son, Don Bowden, who along with his wife, Catherine, have always been enormously generous with their knowledge, photos, warmth and good humor. George DeVincenzi, Alcatraz officer from 1950 until 1957, and Bill Long, officer on Alcatraz from 1954 until 1963 both took beautiful shots of Alcatraz. Jim Hudson, an officer on Alcatraz from 1951 to 1955 pro\ided a shot of himself in the kitchen cage. Virginia Straley, pro\ided numerous color slides that her husband, Fred Straley, general foreman, Alcatraz, 1960-63, took in 1962; John Brunner, a resident on Alcatraz from 1950 to 1963 has always been generous with his photographs in mv numerous projects. Bennv Batom, NPS ranger, drew the map. Evelyn E. Dollison, my mother, Philip F. Dollison, my brother and Corinne Dollison EdAvards have always been generous with their photo collections and to whom I owe a lot. Mike West of Image Communications Professionals answered my every call for copies, and Chuck Stucker who has an amazing collection from the 1930s and '40s was also helpful. Jim .\lbright. Irene Stachura, and Bill Kooinan were also generous with their time and expertise.

National Park .AJcatraz Supervisor) Park Ranger Craig Glassner

f

Acknowledgments 269

deserves mention for quickly alerting me to the seventeen volumes of FBI material on their web page. Joel GAZis-SAxe, an internet author of one of the better Alcatraz sites, deserves a high five for his help in retrieving files.

I'm grateful for the permission from the Hal Leonard Corporation to quote from Jailhouse Rock, words and music by Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller ©1957 (Renewed) Jerry Leiber Music and Mike Stoller Music. All right reserved.

Other important supporters are National Park Rangers Lori Brosnan, Libby Schaaf, John Cantwell, Benny Batom,Jim McDonald, Brett Carre, Mark and Mike Combs, Roger Goldberg and Nancy Goodman, as well Edith Modie, Donna Middlemist, Stan Cordes and Joe Weber of the volunteer staff. Chris Powell, NPS Public Information Officer, has broadened my media horizons. Also, the Golden Gate National Park Association Evening Tours staff including Kate Kennelly, manager; Sonja Williams, assistant manager; John Moran, Jim Nelson, Curtis Greenhaw, Yesenia Nyland, Dan Cooke, James Sword and Mary McClure. Rangers Dan linger and Jayeson Vance have also been supporters.

Golden Gate National Park Association staff who have always been supportive are Porsche Westfall, Edwin Sera, Summer Isabel, John Jamison, Robert Blackiston, Jorg Jorgensen, Louise Bradley from the Antenna Audio staff, Dinilo Prado, Vic Balauat, Lija Vitols, Patrick McAllister, Imelda Chen and Celeste Ferris, and especially Eddie Krause, Mr. Shaggie himself, my detail and chocolate guru.

Most important for their humor, warmth and good nature are Stan Zbikowski, retail manager; Chris Warren, assistant manager, merchandizing; Milagros (LaLa) Macapagal, assistant manager of operations; as well as Maggie Rosario, Alvin Rebaja, Angelita Cecilio, Lourdes (LuLu) Antonio, Mark Brown, Lizeth Espinoza and Grace Viray, all of whom have sold my ideas and supported me in times of reckoning.

A number of people have helped my career and deserve special mention, among them, Michael Hoff, Sarah Kass and Lydia Rheinfrank of the Michael Hoff Film Productions, who have, by their numerous television videos often appearing on the Discovery Channel have raised the bar of accurate knowledge about Alcatraz. Not only have they called upon me for information, but they have always

shared their knowledge and expertise, some of which aided me in the teUing of this story.

I would also like to acknowledge Glenn Allison, David Mana, Ann Meagher, Helen Adler and Diana Lambert for their dear friendship and generous support all these years.

George Mattingly carefully and artfully designed the cover, while David Bullen pro\dded consultation. Alice B. Acheson was an enormous help in marketing decisions and generously supplied important names and address. I would never hesitate to recommend her classes to those wishing to write and market a book. Laurie Harper, agent provocateur, has always been a close source of information and advice, and Taz Tally, whose expertise in preflight helped me get off the ground.

Moreover, I wish to thank those whose help in the conception, writing and editing of the book were enormous—namely, Nicki Phelps, who seldom failed to listen and respond to all my thoughts and kept me laughing; Susan Tasaki, whose thoughtful comments highlighted and deepened my understanding; Jay Wurts, a genius, whose developmental suggestions turned the book around; John Martini who is an especially knowledgable, thoughtful Alcatraz historian and humanitarian and who keeps my memory synapsis sharpened just to keep up with him; and Katherine J. Hoggard, my dearest and longest friend, who consistently brought me out of the throes of chaos by suggesting yet another book title, which forced me to think in new ways, and to whom I credit with some of the brighter insights in this story. Roxane Buck-Eczcurra gently corrected all of my typos and made me see the error of my ways.

And, finally, both my father, Arthur M. Dollison, who had the foresight to retain copies of his notes and documents and who endured endless hours of impertinent questions about his conduct and activities, and Tess Eisley, collaborator, editor and conscientious objector who has the right touch in all matters personal, are my heroes. Of course, Madames and Messieurs R., C, C, and the two Mr. B's were a constant source of diversion, which is always a welcome respite for an author in prison.

^-•K^

A block, 9, 60, 203

accordian (see concertina)

adhesive, see glue

air vents, 9, 64, 115

air exhaust blower, 48, 150, 765, 170, 191

Alcatraz Island, 2, 14

Alcatraz, U S Army, 30-31, 143, 151

Alcatraz, U S Penitentiary, boat schedule, 78, 161 cell house construction, 76-78 closing, 32, 106-107, 160-161, 240, 242 counts, 183-185, 206, 215, 216 cut-backs, 31-33 escape attempts, 25-27,46, 62-63, 90,

240, 242 family life on, 127-( 128)-\29, food, 68, 90, history, 30-33

industries, 14-15, 71-72, 104, 140-(141)-\A2 inspections, 134-138, 142, 179 moderization, 14-15, 60, 66-67, 76-78 officer authorization, 33, 78, 99, 107,

186, 241 physical condition of, 62, 76, 83 plumbing, 31, 60-(67)-62 prison population, 20 total island population, 31 racial makeup, 96, 186

"Alcatraz, The Whole Shocking Stor)'," 249

Alou brothers, 128

"America's Most Wanted," 235

Andrews, Julie, 207

Angel Island, 73, 150, 228, 234, 237

Anglin, Alfred, 38, 245

Anghn, Clarence, 57-39,49-(50)-51, 65-68, 69,74,75,90,96, 102, 103, 112, 114-115, 117, 121-122, 123, 133-134, 146-147, climbs up first 148-151,153, 163-168, 170-175, 182, 184, 189-197, 199, 200-202, 205, 208, 214, 215-216, 221, claim of unrelated grandson 234,235, 238,239,241,251

Anglin,John William, 36-(57)-39,49-(50)-51, 62-65, 66-67, 72-73, 75, 84, 99, 102-103, 107, 108, 112-114, 115-118, 121-122,123-124,133-134, first out of his cell 146-148, 153-154, 163, 166, 171, 182-185, 189, 191-196, 199, 201-202, 206, 211-212, 209-214, 215-216, 219-220,238,240, 241,251

Anglin family, 153

Anglin, Rachel, 37, 202, 234

Angola, Louisiana, 41

(the) arc, 208

Archilles tendons, 44, 141

Armstrong Circle Theatre, 234

Army, U.S.. 227

artist supplies, 69, 73

Atlanta, U.S.P., 17, 18, 30, 49, 243, 245, 250

Atomic Energy Commission, 104

Audett, Theordore "Blackie," 82, 101

B block, 1,9, 48-49, 58-(59)-59, 143, 154-

155 Babyak,Jolene Dollison, 1,13.16, 21, 203-

204, 206-208 bags, 170, 174,228,238,248 bag contents, 228, 248 bakery exhaust pipe, 63, 213 barbershop, 74 barber clipper, 173 bar pounding, 117, 134-135 bar spreaders, 106, 167, 169, 170, 172 Barker, "Doc", 27, 62-63, 90, 193 Barker-Young escape attempt, 90, Bardett, Lawrence T, 216, 246 Barnett, Richard "Dick," 32 146, 185 Barr, Candy, 129 "Batde of Alcatraz," 10, 27, Batdes, Ron, 95-97, 179, 246 Bayless,John Richard, 26 Bennett, James V., 34, 227, 243, 244 Bergen, Philip R., 24, 32, 36, 81, 109,144 Bertrand, Walter J., 129 Birdnian of Alcatraz (see Stroud, Robt.)

* photos in italics.

BREAKING THE ROCK

Black Muslims. 96-97

Blackuell, Olin G.. 1. 3:V(35)-36.45-46,

52, 75-Sa 99, 100-107. 108-112. 116.

146,

157,755,160-162,179, 186, 187,188,

204, 215, 224, 227, 232, 233, 240,

242-244 blankets. 154-157. 1.59. 160. 165, 213.

224-225, 244 "bloodv raft," 235 Blount, Ben. 32 Boggs, 'Billv.' 43, 44. 54-55, 57, 60, 67,

102, 140. 141, 151, 174. 176, 248 Bones. William "Bill." 45\ Bonnie and Clyde. 26 Bowers, Joe. 20

bracket, 166-167, 172-/75. 182-183. 196. Bradley, Junior, 41 Bradlev. Thomas D. Jr.. 51-( 55)-54, 78,

99, 108-111, 144. 146. 155. 158, 159-

160. 162 163, 186. 203, 216.224. 244 Brenimeyer, Jerie, 85. "Broad\vay," 20, 58, 87, 159, 177 Brown vs Topeka Bd.o/Ed., 96 Bulger. James "Wiitev." 249 Burgett-Johnson escape attempt, 68 Burrows. Mr.. 219 Bush. Father Bernie. 247-248 Burnett, Carol, 207-208 Burlingame.Joe. 78-79 Bureau of Prisons (BOP). 14. 18. 31. 32.

34, 36, 96. 160 Butterworth. Thomas. 32, 61

C block, 7, 20 156

Calloway, Sherman, 177-178

Capone. .\lphonse. 70, 97, 193

Carbo. Frankie. 120, 193

Games, Clarence. 9-(70Ml. 32. 48-49.

54, 74-75, 84. 91. 93, 100, 102. 108.

115, 119.120.12:V124. 132.1.36.15.5-

157,176,182.209-210.246-247. 248-

249, 251 Casev. Hank. 45 Cash. Johnny. 115. ceiling vent. 9. 48-49. 60. 143-145, 166-

167

Cepeda, Orlando, 128

Charles. Ray. 75

Christmas tree incident, 141

classification committee, 120

CUnton, Homer. 4:V44. 54. 141-142. 227.

248 clothing room. 72-73 Chniore. Jern. 43-45. 141 Chiiiore-Gilliam knifing. 43. 45. 96, Coast Guard, U.S., 227, 235. 237. 239-240 Cohen, Mickey, 72, 129, 193 Cole, Theodore, 25, 238 Co//(>»"i magazine. 23 Columbia, .\labama, 39 concerdna. 129, 161 Contreras. Daniel, 180, 185. 216 control center, 76- 77 Cooke, Sam, 75 Cooper, Gar)', 75 Coyote debris boat. 228 Cuban Missile Crisis, 128 CuUen, Virgil. 157, 224 custodial meetings, 98-99, 108-112. 121.

160, 186, cut-oflF. 57. 156

D block, 7. 42-43. 58. 228

Damocles, 32

Daridson, .\ithur, 50

"DaN-s of Wine and Roses," 129

Deatherage, Ed, 92, 145, 157

DeFord. Frank, 44

Delmore. B.F.. 108, 111, 185

DeVincenzi. George, 136

dining tables, 66-67, 84

dockworkers, 104-705

Dion\'sius. (see Damocles)

Dollison. .Arthur M., 1, 11. 12, 13-16. 32, 53, 80-(S7)-84. 99. 106-107. 108. 111. 116. 145. 160. 186. 196. 219. 224. 231, 243-244

Dollison. Evehii E., 1, 187, 207

Dollison. Philip E, 208

dummv masks,

•Oink." /-/7-148. 164 "Oscar," 152-(75J)-154, 164; third mask. 169-7 77, 187, 219-220, fourth mask, 189-790

I

273

dungeon cells, 33

Eastwood, Clint, 196, 234

Eberle, Donald V., 225, 227, 233, 234

Eliot, T.S., 129

El Paso, Texas, 35

escape ideas, 62-64, 67-68, 116-118,133, 150, escape tools used, 84, 85-86, 91-92, 99, 103, 105, 112-120, 129, 138-142, 146, 163,167,168,169, 173-174, 182, 191, tools found, 222-224

Escape from Alcatraz, 196

Esquire magazine, 98

Hatfield, Frank, 107

helicopter story; 69, 261

Herman, Charles, 53, 80, 103, 145, 148,

189, 202-207, 213 216, 245-246 Herring John "Jerry," 130-131, 133-134,

142-145, 154-157, 159-160, 243 Herring, Ruth Ann, 130 Hernan, John, 32, 89 Hoover, J. Edgar, 227 hospital gloves, 240-242 Hudson, Jim, 162 Igness, Peter, 237 iron bracket (see bracket)

Fake vents, 112-(775)-114

Federal Bureau of Investigation, (F.B.I.), 8, 38, 50, 91, 129, 139, 160, 163, 180, 227, 228-230, 232, 234, 248, 251

fog, 27, 28

Foghorn (the), 15, 106

foghorns, 28, 89

fork, 103

Fort Baker, 227

Fort Cronkhite, 229

Fort Point,

Franklin, "Whitey," 25,

Freeman, Fred, 53, 91, 145

"Frontier Days," 19-80

Gates, Hank, 107-108, 122-

125,227,231-232 Gauvin, Edward, 130 Giles, John, 26 Gilliam, James, 43-45 Georgia shipyards (see Savannah, GA), glue, 118, 139-140, Golden Gate Bridge, 2, 229, 233, 238 Green, "Teddy," 71, 119, 140, 176 "Green Lizard" (see Clinton, Homer), Gregory, George, 32, 135, 177, 186 Gronzo, Gordon, 207, 213 Grove, Jimmy, 43, gim galley, east, 32, 149; west, 149,

HaU, Captain Larry, 239 Hamilton, Floyd, 26 Harris, Nathanial, 122

John Marshall Law School (Atlanta,

GA),52, Johnson, Ellsworth "Bumpy," 18-19, 91-98,

101, 102, 178, 24&-247 Johnston, Warden James A., 31, 79 Jones, Gene, 75 Juelich, Herbert, 9, 23 46-47, 50, 53, 68, 84-

85,87,131,136,159,176,191,210,248,

249

Kansas City, Missouri, 41, 227, 249 Kelly, "Machine Gun," 193 Kennedy, U.S. Att. Gen. Robert F., 5 Kent, Thomas A., 8, 46-^7, 48-49, 54, 74, 82, 93, 102, 108, 119, 123, 140, 151, 163, 169, 176,246, 247,248 Kilby state prison, 245 kitchen cage,161-762

Lake Bernessa, 146, 187

Lancaster, Burt (see Stroud, Robert)

La Tuna, F.C.I, 35

Lawrenson, Helen, 98

Leavenworth, U.S.P, 12,46,49,54,162-163,

245, 248 Levinson, Irving, 83, 205, 215 Lemmon,Jack, 129 Lewisburg, U.S.R, 17,36,49,246 Lieutenants' Record (see watch log) life jackets (see also raincoats), 138-142,

169-(7 70)-171, 197, 224, 228-229, 238 Limerick, Thomas, 25 Lindbergh, Charles, 1

BREAKING THE ROCK

Los Angeles Dodgers, 128

Long, William "Bill" Jr., 22, 27,42, 210, 216-

217,219 Lucas, Jimmie, 25

Madigan, Paul J., 33-34, 80, 224

"Mae West" (see also life jackets), 117, 139

Mahan, Fred, 34, 42, 108, 144, 157, 274

Mahoney, Pat, 54, 159, 161

mail censor, 33, 116-117

main gate, 58, 87

Mariana, Florida, 38

Marin Count)', 150

Marin Headlands, 229

Marin Island, 230

Marichal,Juan, 128

Marion, 111., U.S.R, 106, 245

Maris, Roger, 75

Martin, Don, 53, 145, 159,

Maxwell, FPC, .-Mabama, 244

May, Glenn, 64-65, 71, 102, 116, 129, 146, as artist, 151-154, 169, 174, 180, 224, 227-228, 249

Mays, Willie, 128

McCain, Rufus, 90, 209

McCovey, Willie, 128

McNeil Is., U.S.R, 204, 245, 248, 249, 250

McNicholas, Mardn, 149-150, 174

metal detectors, 105

Meushaw, Lewis, 52, 131, 152

Milan, Michigan, FC.L, 130

mileages, 150, 248

Miller, Lloyd, 53,108,131,144,155,162 163, 185

Miller, Henry, 73

Mills, Victor, 43, 250-251

Milwaukee Braves, 128

Mitchell, James A. "Jack," 22, 22-23, 24-25, 32, 34-35, 45-46, 53, 81, 83, 131

Molless, Lincoln, 97,

Monroe, Marilyn, 128

Moore, Kariton, 145, 224

Morris, Frank Lee, 39-(^(M7)-42,46-(^7)-49, 67, 69, 71-72, 75, 85-86, 87,90, 92, 85-98, 103-105, 107, 112, 116, 119, 122, 124, 129, 133, 137-138, 140, 146, 161, third man out of cell 162, 177,

181,182-184,189-201,205,209-216,

221, 231-235, 238, 239, 240, 241,

251 "My Fair Lady," 207 "mysteiT planks," 232 music hour, 21, 63, 84-S5, 87, 103, 114-

115, 149, 164, 175-176, 183, 204

New York Yankees, 75

Officers' Club, 128, 214 Ohio Weslyan University, 12 One million dollar reward, 235 Ordway Maurice, 25, 34, 99, 108, 131-

133, 133, 145, 154-156, 160, 179,

185,186, 204, 245 Orr, Marvin, 81

paddles, 169, 224, 228, 238

Paris, Robert, 236

pen light, 168, 170, 172, 174, 196, 197

periscope, 192, 196-197, 198

Petersburg, Virginia, 244

Pickens, Darrell, 75

pipe chase (see udlit)' corridor),

pontoon (see raft)

Popular Mechanics, 69, 116-117

Popular Science, 116-117

pordand cement, 31, 83, 189

press conference, 215, 227

Quilligan, Lany, 132

radio headsets, 66

raft, 67-69, 90, 180-181, 191-195, 199-

200,201,215-216,225-226,229,238 Raiford state prison, 18, 36, 38, 39, 41,

250 raincoats, 67-68, 138-(iJ9)-142, 180 Rayborn, Benjamin Jr., 15 razor blades, 204 Red & WTiite Fleet, 235 reinforcing rods, 166, 172, 182, 196 Remick, Lee, 129

Rem-Weld (see also glue), 140,199, 222 rivets, 167, 173, 182, 196, 199 Rodeo Beach (see Fort Cronkhite)

275

Roe, Ralph, 25, 238

rods (see reinforcing rods)

Rogers, William "Bill," 8, 42, 132, 134-

136,157 roof vent, 48, 197-/95,210 Rotick,John, 233 rubber adhesive, see glue rule book, 22 Ruth, Babe, 75 "Rule of Silence," 33 Ruskin, Florida, 38, 202 Rychnner, Captain Emil, 144

saltwater (see Alcatraz, plumbing)

San Francisco Bay tides, 2-3, 237-238,

temperature, 2, 239 San Francisco Giants, 128, 248 Savannah, Georgia, 17 saw blades, 115, 120 Sawyers, Walter, 43 scaffolding, 70-71,74, 103 Scott-Parker escape attempt, 240-242 Seagoville, Texas, 243 seagulls, 29, 193, 210-214 Severson, A.O., 34, 55, 108, 131, 144, 155-

156, 160 185, 204, 245 segregation (see D block) shakedowns (see cell house inspections) Sheppard, Alan Jr., 75 sightings, 230, 232-235 "signifying," 123 Simcox, Roland, 43, 130 Slidell, LA, 41 spoons, xi, 84, 91-92 Sports Illustrated, 129, 201 Springfield, Med. prison, 129, 130, 249-250 S.S. Norefjell, 232 star drill, 91-92

Stones, Philip, 107-108, 122-125, 178-179 Stroud, Robert R, 53, 129 suicides, 235-236 Swope, Warden Edwin B., 31-32, 79

"telephone," 55, 228

Thompson, Leon, 114, 136, 248, 253, 261-

262 Treatment Unit (TU), 7

Tropic of Cancer, (see Miller, Henrv)

Tokens, (the), 75

towers, dock, 31, 132\ hill, 31; main,

31-32; model roof, 31; power

house, 31; road, 31, \(m-(109-

110)-ll2, 116, 161 tower shutdown, 108-( 109-1 10)-\\2, 116,

161-162 Trumblay, Larry 19, 71, 119, 140, 247

utility corridor, 58, 61, 148, 164 U.S. Public Health Service Marine Hospital, 44

vacuum cleaner, 179-181

vent (see air, ceiling or roof vent)

Verified Hourly Water Level Data, 237-

238 Vietnam, 128 vTilcanized seams, 69, 193, 264

Waszak, Richard, 78-79, 80-81,108

watch log, 88, 92, 102, 103, 108, 114, 116, 145-146, 162, 179, 184-185

watermelon feed, 128

Webb, Seymour, 236

Weir, Robert K., 46, 108, 120, 204-205, 207,211-217,245

West, Allen Clayton, 6-11, \6-{18)-21;22, 25-30, 36. 39, 42-42, 48-49, 54-55, 58-60, 62-69, 70-71, 74, 75, 83, 85-90, 91-93, 95, 98, 99-103, 107-108, 112,115-119,125,130-131,133-135, 137-140,142-146,151,154-157,163, 167, 169-173, 176-178, 180, 182, 184-185,189,191,195-196,199-200, 205,207-210,217,219-220,225-226, 228, 246, 250-251

West Side Story, 75

White, Warden Tom, 35-36

Wilkinson, Fred T., 224-225, 227, 232, 244-245, 251

Winhoven, "Red," 49

Young, A.V., 204-205, 210, 212 213 Young, Henri, 26, 90

Order these Jolene Babyak books through your

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Standard Time)

Eyewitness on Alcatraz Life on The Rock as told by the Guards, Families & Prisoners - 128 pages; 76 photographs -A lively, anecdotal history of Alcatraz, including life among the families, famous prisoners and escape attempts, as told by someone who lived there. $12.95

Birdman,The Many Faces of Robert Strotid

- 328 pages; 24 photographs -

A psychological profile of a sociopathic personality once portrayed by actor Burt Lancaster. Gritty, fast paced, vvell-vvritten, with never-before-published prison reports and Stroud's owii writings, with quotes from prisoners, officers, psychologists and avian pathologists, Birdman explodes the myths svuround-ing Robert Stroud.

$13.95

Breaking the Rock: The Great Escape from Alcatraz -288 pages, 96 photographs -

After months of digging with common tools, four men placed dummy masks in their beds in June 1962 and broke "the Rock." Jolene Babyak reveals in her fast-paced, ground-breaking book how they did it, who aided them, and how it caused the infamous prison to close nine months later.

$14.95