I have given notes to the pagan chapters and chapter 12 by citing the author’s name and the date of his book or article, giving a full reference to its title and whereabouts in my separate bibliographies, arranged alphabetically. Many of my references in those chapters were to collections of essays or conference papers and this system seemed preferable. In the Christian sections, Chapters 6 to 11, I have given the author, periodical or book title and date in the note itself. The titles in these sections are less cumbersome and the range of modern references deliberately more restricted. In each part I have amalgamated as many notes as possible under a single number in the text, so that they often refer to a sequence of statements just before or after the number itself.
CHAPTER 1
1. L. Robert, C.R.A.I. (1970) 11–17; on Janus, Eutrop. 9.2.2. and H. A. Gord. 26.3 with R. Syme, Historia Augusta Papers (1983) 132.
2. Dio 55.10.7 and Syme (1983) 131–2.
3. R. Syme, Emperors and Biography (1971) 167 on Gordianus in Asia Minor, esp. Cappadocia. On Philostratus, V.S. preface, I still side with V. Nutton, Latomus (1970) 719, esp. 725 on the meaning of the Greek: for another view, K. D. Grasby, C.Q. (1975) 127–9.
4. S.E.G. IV.523 with O. Benndorf, Ephesos I pp. 210 ff.; date, X. Loriot, A.N.R.W. II 2 (1975) p. 729 n. 554.
5. On G.’s route, most recently (but not finally), E. Kettenhofen, in S. Mitchell, ed., “Armies and Frontiers in Rmn. and Byz. Anatolia” (B. A.R. 156, 1983) p. 151, with bibliogr. on coinage. On games, Loriot p. 731.
6. G. E. Bean, T. B. Mitford, Denkschr. der Oesterr. Akad. der Wissensch. in Wien, Phil.-Hist. Klasse, 102 (1970) no. 19.
7. For evidence, S. Mitchell, in his ed. “Armies and Frontiers…” (1983) 131–50.
8. For problems, P. Weiss, Chiron (1981) 342–3 (the Nymphaeum); 331–41 (the games). Bean, op. cit. related the three “escorts” to Caracalla, Severus and Heliogab.; my dating is a possible alternative.
9. J. H. Oliver, Hesperia, Suppl. VIII (1949) 246–58, with the evidence; I G II2 3816 is not relevant, cf. J. Nollé, Z.P.E. 41 (1981) 197; I differ from Oliver p. 249, seeing a possible echo of Herodotus in I.G. II2.3632 line 12.
10. A. H. M. Jones, Later Roman Empire (1964) 20; R. MacMullen, A.J.P. (1982) 233, the “habit.”
11. G. W. Clarke, Latomus (1965) 633; Cypr., Ad Donat. 3.1 and 4 with (e.g.) M. M. Sage, Cyprian (1975) 118–32: I would not call it “apologia,” directed to C.’s pagan contemporaries. Herodian 7.9, for a background C. ignores. On patience, Cypr., De Bon Pat., esp. 13.
12. Cypr., Ep. 48.1–2.
13. A. Harnack, Z.N.W. (1902) 177; S. Deléani, Rev. Et. Aug. (1977) 221;J. Burnaby, Amor Dei (1938) p. 237, on alms giving.
14. On Pontius’s Vita, most recently M. M. Sage (1975) 385–94.
15. Acta Cypriani 5.6 with P. B. Hinchcliffe, Cyprian of Carthage (1974) p. 130; Acta Maximiliani, 3.4.
16. Eus., V.C. 4.19–21 with 4.56 and 2.12 (cf. Sozom, 1.8): on “hēbēdon koptein,” note Dionys. Hal. 2.16. “Chaplains” in Sozom. 1.8, doubted, however, by A. H. M. Jones, H.T.R. (1953) 239/40.
17. N. H. Baynes, Constantine the Great and the Christian Church (1972) p. 31 n. 5 on the correct (and often forgotten) title of E.’s Life.
18. R. Krautheimer, D.O.P. (1967) 115; C. Dupont, Rev. Hist. Eccles. (1967) 729; K. M. Girardet, Kaisergericht u. Bischofsgericht (1977); on family law, and the Augustan element, J. Gaudemet, L’Eglise dans l’Empire Romaine (1958) 514–61; on “charity,” V.C. 4.28 with Cod. Theod. 11.27.1–2 and L. Robert, Rev. de Philol. (1967) 82–4 (important); here, too, P. Veyne, Le Pain et le Cirque (1976) 653 denies a “charitable” motive, citing the law’s concern for public order and morals.
19. A. Watson, Phoenix (1983) 62–5; note esp. C. Theod. 9.12.1 and 9.24.1.
20. Text now in Vita di Martino, Vita di Ilarione…, introduz. di C. Mohrmann (Vita Dei Santi, IV, Fondaz. Lorenzo Valla, 1975) with C. Mohrmann’s survey, pp. XL to LI. Gk. version, discussed by E. Fisher, Y.C.S. (1982) 193.
21. Sozom, H. E. 5.15, with interesting detail of the temples and name of the converts’ village, “Bethelia.”
22. P. R. L. Brown, Making of Late Antiquity (1978) 7; I question this “koine” from (say) 150–300 A.D., when I am more impressed by regional variations in pagan cult, the non-”Mediterranean” novelties in Christianity and such changes in Jewish piety as the acceptance of the rabbinic teachings on purity in (Mediterranean?) Galilee.
23. P. R. L. Brown, Cult of Saints (1981); P. A. Février, in 9 Congr. Internaz. di Arch. Crist. (Roma, 1975); E. Jastrzebowska, Untersuchungen zum Christlichen Totenmahl (1981); on dancing, J.-C. Schmitt, in La Religion Populaire en Languedoc, Cahiers de Fanjeaux 11 (1976) 127.
24. C. Mango, Byz. Literature in a Distorting Mirror (Oxford, 1975) and Jhrb. Oesterr. Byzantinistik 31, Akten 16 Internat. Byz.-Kongr. (1981) 337.
25. P. R. L. Brown, An Age of Spirituality: A Symposium (Princeton, 1980) 17–27.
26. A. H. M. Jones, L.R.E. II. 970–85; G. Dagron, D.O.P. (1977) 1.
27. P. R. L. Brown, Cult of Saints (1981) and E. D. Hunt, Holy Land Pilgrimage… (1982); on intolerance, G. E. M. de Sainte Croix, The Class Struggle… (1981)451–2.
CHAPTER 2
I
1. Lys., 30.18; Lib., 30.31–6; S. Weinstock, J.R.S. (1961) 209–10.
2. J. A. North (1976), for Rome; L.R. (1980) 400 with Lucian, Alex. 14 and S.E.G. XI.4; on Mithras, R. L. Gordon (1977), esp. 163–4; Arvals, A. Piganiol, C.R.A.I. (1946) 241; Vestals, Nock, Essays 1.252.
3. H. W. Attridge (1978); Varro, ap. Aug., CD.4.21; 6.3–4 (Stoic: Aetius, S.V.F. II, p. 300, 8–10); J. C. McLelland (1976); on “gods” in man’s image, theories rejected by Sext. Emp., Adv. Phys. 1.14–48; on “social relations,” specifically, Aristot., Pol. 1252 B25.
4. G. Lieberg (1973) 63.
5. D. Babut (1974), for their roots.
6. See now P. Veyne (1983) 81–111.
7. E.g. Acts 13.6–12; Lucian, Alex. 30–33; R. Syme, Roman Papers II.762, a brilliant insight.
8. Note esp. Celsus, the Christians’ critic, with M. Simon (1960) 309.
9. Ps. Clem., Recog. 8.2.2; cf. Suet., Tib. 69; Vett. Val. 5.9.
10. W. Gundel (1959) 55.
11. I still follow E. Löfstedt, Late Latin (1959) 75 ff.; Oros., Hist. 1.9 is surely a contrived derivation; cf. A. Harnack, Mission 1.430; C. Mohrmann, Vig. Chr. (1952) 109, for another view; E. Demougeot, Studi… Calderini… ed. Paribeni 1.337; H. Grégoire, Nouv. Clio (1952) 131. And so on. Cod. Theod. 16.2.18 (370) is the earliest use in the law codes.
12. A. D. Nock, C.A.H. 10.465: on Roman religion, admittedly, but I have generalized, I hope without inventing a view never held.
13. Dodds (1965) 120–1; R. Walzer (1949) 48; Lucian, Peregrin. 13, on Christians’ lack of “akribes pistis.”
14. Porphyr., Ad Marc. 24; L. R. Hell., 11–12 (1960) 424 n. 5.
15. Best is M. Simon (1979) 101, esp. 110–13 on Sceptics and on hetero/orthodoxy. More polemically, J. Glucker (1978) 166–92, for texts: p. 168 n. 18 denies any strong idea of “choice” in the word.
16. Acta Cypriani 1.1.
17. W. Warde Fowler, Religious Experience of Roman People (1911) 460–62.
18. P. A. Brunt (1976) 161, for general survey.
19. Plut., Mor. 380B: Juv. 15.33; Plut. Mor. 380A; D.S. 1.89.5.
20. J. A. S. Evans (1961); N. Lewis (1983) 91.
21. A. R. R. Sheppard (1980/1), with bibliography; S. Downey (1976); R. Amy (1950); S. P. Brock (1975) 106–8, on litters; Lucian, De Dea Syr. 45, with G. Goossens (1943); P. Perdrizet (1911), a brilliant study of tattooing; cf. Irenae., 1.20.4; Hippol., 7.32; Epiphan., Pan. 27; Clem. Alex., Ecl. Proph. 25.
22. W. Günther, 1st. Mitt. (1971) 97.
23. Dodds (1965) 133, citing Festugière; J. A. North, J.R.S. (1980) 191 wonders if cults did compete to monopolize devotion. The one text I know here is Eunapius, V. Philos. p. 436 (Loeb), referring, however, to a “pater” in the cult of Mithras, not (crucially) to other worshippers. A. D. Nock, Conversion (1933) is still definitive, on its own terms of reference (which I accept).
24. E. Peterson (1926), esp. 268–70; e.g., J. Keil, A. Premerstein, Denkschr. Akad. Wien 54 (1911) 109 n. 211: Men, at Saittai; J. Teixidor (1977) is conceptually misleading.
25. P. M. Fraser, Ptol. Alex. (1972) 1.192–3, 259; E. Peterson (1926) 227–40 and esp. O. Weinreich, Ausgewählt. Schrift. 1 (1969) 432; also, F. Cumont, C.R.A.I. (1919) 313.
26. M. Le Glay (1976) 366–8; A. Alföldi, Schweiz. Munzblätter 18 (1954) 25–31, on Isis, “panthea”; M. Simon (1980) 517–8, excellent on Lucius’s developing awareness that his helping divinity is Isis, a fact revealed by her after several stages in his addresses to her.
27. A. T. Kraabel (1969) 81, too firmly denying Jewish contacts; contrast, L.R., Op. Min. Sel. 1.411; Β. Epig. 1961 no. 750; 1965 no. 412; S. Mitchell, Inscrip. of North Galatia (B.A.R. 35, 1982) no. 209, a Jewish one. Elsewhere, S. Sanie (1978) 1092–1112, for non-Jewish uses. Each case must still be considered in its context.
28. J. Geffcken (1978) 14.
29. For summary, R. MacMullen (1981) 112–30.
30. M. Meslin (1974).
31. Apul., Met. 11.19, “iamdudum destinatum”; R. L. Gordon, Jo. of Mithraic Studies (1976) 119 and (1980) 19.
32. J. F. Matthews (1973).
33. J. H. W. Liebeschuetz (1979) 126–39, for recent discussion; Pliny, NH 28.10, but cf. 28.861; on “compulsion” and other definitions, H. Geertz, K. Thomas (1975); on amulets, esp. L. Robert, Jo. des Savants (1981), and Campbell Bonner (1946); generally, Nock, Essays 1.176–95. Thessalus, ed. H.-V. Friedrich (1968), brilliantly studied by Festugière (1939), but I share the caution of Dodds (1973) 189 n. 2 about its ultimate authenticity. This, however, does not affect its value: it wished to seem convincing. For other works “to” Emperors (but not Thessalus’s), F. Millar, Emperor in the Roman World (1977).
34. J. Z. Smith (1977) believes he had, unconvincingly: “rather than celebration, purification and pilgrimage, the new rituals will be those of conversion, initiation into the secret society and identification with the divine man” (p. 238). This is too sharp an opposition, and these “new rituals” need much clearer definition, as does the ubiquitous “divine man.”
35. I have been best helped by A. F. Segal (1981); Brown (1972) 119 is the most stimulating study. A. Abt (1908), for techniques.
36. Nock, Essays 1.176 ff.; also, the tour de force by E. Peterson (1948) on P.G.M. IV. 1177.
37. H. S. Versnel (1981) 42, with J. W. Hewitt (1912); I am not thinking here of philosophers’ theories of prayer. Hesiod, W. and D. 354/5; A.J. Festugière (1976).
38. H. Seyrig (1971) and (1973); P. A. Février (1976) 310, on Africa; J. J. Hatt (1965), on Gaul; in Asia Minor, L.R., B.C.H. (1982) 378; B.C.H. (1983) 541 and esp. 553–80. In Spain, R. Etienne (1973) 153. In Britain, see now the excellent study by M. Henig, Religion in Roman Britain (1984).
39. W. F. Snyder (1940).
40. L.R., Jo. des Sav. (1975) 158–9: not always Roman, but P. Herrmann (1969) for an example; M. Meslin (1970), merely attested in 5th cent. but not, I suspect, originating then (contra, Brown 1978, 50); Schwarzlose (1913) on dead as deities. Note Février (1976) 317, on Capitolia in Africa in 2nd-3rd c; for Roman domestic cults in the West, J. Alarcao (1969) and Février (1977), esp. 522–3.
41. Epictet. 1.19.26–9; P. A. Février (1976) 314 n. 81; Tac., Anns. 14.31.
42. I anticipate S. R. F. Price (1984), a fundamental study: his emphasis on “representing power” is, to my mind, too conceptual, as if the rulers caused a real problem of categorization. Stories of the first decisive “divine honours,” for Alexander, are stories of people who were exploiting the new possibilities, or resenting others who did; they are not stories of people who were puzzled how to make sense of them. Balsdon (1950) and S. Weinstock (1972) 287 ff. for the setting; Nock, Essays I.34–45 for “power.” L. Robert (1960) and (1966) for religiousness.
43. F. K. Dörner (1935) p. 15, line 11, with L.R., in Laodicée du Lycos: 1 (1969) 274.
44. Herz (1975): rather too adventurous in its reconstructions.
45. Nock, C.A.H. 10 (1934) 481, well handled by Price (1984): see now J.H.S. (1984) 91 n. 105–6.
46. Price (1984) on this. W. H. C. Frend (1965) 452, on Christianity, unconvincingly.
47. E.g. Theocr., Idyll 7; MacMullen (1981) 18, on “typically rural” cult theatres, in northwestern provinces.
48. Attis, L.R. (1980) 234–6; Samos, Q.G. 56 with Halliday’s commentary and esp. R.E. 1A (Samos) 2168–71; Corycian Cave, J.H.S. (1891) 212; L.R., B.C.H. (1982) 355 ff., on Zeus; on Dionysus, e.g. D. M. Pippidi, B.C.H. (1964) 151, citing P. Boyancé et al.
49. J. and R. Alquier (1929) 129–168, on Bacax.
50. V. Scully (1962); M.A.M.A. IV p. 15.
51. Hor., Od. 3.18; Mart. 10.92, a lovely poem; Apul., Apol. 56.4.
52. Ael. V.H.3.1.
53. K.J. Dunbabin (1978) 47, 63–4; I. Lavin (1963) 181; Basil, Ep. 14.2; Greg. Nyss., Vita Macrinae (S. Chrét. ed.) p. 169; Apul., Met. 8.31; Arr., Kyneg., passim. Philokunegoi in Sheppard (1979) 180, with L.R. (1940) 323, for meanings; from Britain, R.I.B. 1041 is magnificent.
54. Dunbabin (1978) plates 95–6 (Zliten).
55. Pliny, Ep. 9.39; 8.8.
56. Liban., 30.9–10; 19.
57. Virg., Georg. 4.276; L.R., B.C.H. (1983) 526–42; de Sainte Croix (1981) 18, quoting Babrius, Fab. Aes. 2.6–8.
58. See now D. E. Birge (1982) and P. Debord (1982) 170 + n. 59, both since I wrote; T.A.M. V.I (1981) 19 + B.C.H. (1983) 515, on Lydia; Val. Max. 1.1.19 and Dio 51.8.3, Cos with R. Herzog (1928) nos. 11 and 12; M. J. Vermaseren (1977) 115, Attis. Paus. 2.13.3–4; Philostr. V.A. 1.16. Ael. N.A. 11.7;Livy, 24.3.3; Ael. N.A. 11.2, and 7.9. On Claros, N.A. 10.49. Strabo, 5.1.9 + Ael. N.A. 11.20, dogs.
59. Dio 62.7.3; D.S. 3.42–3, 5.42–4; S.E.G. XIX.550; esp. L.R., B.C.H. (1977) 77–98 (was this why Gadatas penalized them? Meiggs-Lewis 12); Lucian, De Dea Syr. 49.
60. Lois Sacr. Cit. Grecques 37 or 84 line 85.
61. B.C.H. (1920) no. 78–80 + L.R., B.C.H. (1977) 85. Cf. G. E. Bean, J.H.S. (1954) 87 ff., no. 22. J. Bousquet (1976).
62. Plut., ap. Stob. 4.16 with F. Wilhelm, Rh. Mus. (1924) 466.
63. C. Renfrew, M. Wagstaff, ed. (1982) pp. 109–10.
64. J. D. Mikalson (1977) at p. 428; Grenfell-Hunt, Select Papyri, 215.
65. Eus., P.E. 5.190A; L.R. (1968) 595 + O.G.I. 755. Dio 30.25 ff., though I doubt the truth of 1.52–4. Following Aristotle, de Sainte Croix (1981) 116–7, 183–4 limits leisure unduly, I feel, in Mediterranean smallholdings where wives and families worked too.
66. P. R. L. Brown (1981) 42–3.
1. Liebeschuetz, Antioch (1972) 92–8; D. Crouch, Mél. Univ. St. Jos. (1972) 241; P. M. Fraser, J.E.Α. (1951) 103 and Diod. Sic. 17.52.6, Eus., H.E. 7.27 (250s); A. H. M. Jones, L.R.E. p. 698.
2. I.L.S. 2683 (Apamea); Jos., B.J.2.385 (Egypt); Galen V. (Kühn) 49; C. Hopkins (1972) 150–61 with Pliny N.H. 6.30; Zon. 12.23 with Amm. Marc. 20.9.1, doubted by Beloch, Bevölkerung… (1886) 240. In general, R. Duncan-Jones, Economy of the Roman Empire (1982) 259, with endnotes.
3. R. Mols, in C. M. Cipolla, ed. (1977) p. 42.
4. For France, the admirable book of J. McManners, Death and the Enlightenment (1981): p. 10 quotes Buffon; for antiquity, K. Hopkins (1966) cites U.N. model life tables and queries the evidence of epitaphs, as do A. E. Samuel et al., Death and Taxes (1971) 7 ff., with pp. 14–16 on the uses of Egyptian censuses instead; P. S. and E. Derow, Phoenix (1973) 80 ff., undermine the further argument from tax records.
5. On age at marriage, Hopkins (1965), citing the fundamental articles of M. Durry; for Egypt, M. Humbert, C. Préaux, Rech. sur le Recensement dans l’Egypte Romaine (P. Lugl. Bat. 5, 1952) 160–1 is fundamental, with M. Κ. Hopkins, Comp. Stud. Soc. and History 20 (1980) 333. For postponed marriage, McManners p. 69 (in France).
6. J. McManners, Death and the Enlightenment (1981) 73.
7. F. G. B. Millar (1977), with Synesius, Epistle 148.
8. A. H. M. Jones, Roman Economy (1974) chaps. 1, 2 and 5 are essential surveys.
9. Plut., Mor. 813E, with C. P. Jones, Plutarch and Rome (1971) 133, rightly; cf. Plut., Aemil. 5.2. Finley (1983), on politics; L. Robert, Laodicée I (1969) 261, on “generals”; cf. G. Lopuszanki (1951), on policing; O. Hirschfeld, Kleine Schriften (1913) 576–612, for the West; S. Mitchell, J.R.S. (1976) 106 on labour services.
10. L. Neesen (1981), on these munera patrimonalia, Philo, Quod Omnis Prob. Lib. 141, a very striking episode, set, I assume, in Alexandria.
11. Dio 18, 12–17, esp. 16, a fine passage.
12. P. Garnsey (1975); M. Gordon (1931).
13. Rabbi Yohanan, in M. Avi-Yonah (1976) 102.
14. Dig. 48.14, and Paul, Sent. 5.30, on elections; L.R., Rev. Philol. (1977) 8 n. 7, on letters; M. I. Rostovtzeff, S.E.H.R.E. (1957) 632 n. 33, misjudging the “incolae” in legal texts, as P. A. Brunt has pointed out to me; on double citizens, e.g. Dio, Or. 41 with C. P. Jones (1978) 92–4.
15. M. I. Finley, Ancient Economy (1973) 71 ff., stressing a “sufficient minimum” and also a significant “social location”; on the latter, I follow de Sainte Croix (1981) 52–3. Note that the so-called “slave hunt” by Veranius in Lycia (for doubts, de Sainte Croix p. 307–8 and 533) was a judicial process, not part of an insurrection: L. Robert, Et. Anat. (1937) 375–8 and B.C.H. (1978) 477 showed that V. sorted out slaves who were masquerading as free persons.
16. P. D. Garnsey (1975) p. 237/8 is less impressed by S. Gsell (1932) on slaves in North Africa than I am.
17. De Sainte Croix (1981) 303–26; 454–62; 518–37: with bibliogr.
18. C. P. Jones (1978) s.v. faction; Plut., Mor. 823F-825F; Broughton, in Economic Survey… 4.810–2 for examples.
19. P. D. Garnsey (1974), an excellent survey: what caused the three years of “anarchy” at Athens between 167/8 and 171/2: plague, or stasis? S. I. Rotroff, Hesperia (1975) 407–8.
20. L. Robert, Arch. Ephem. (1969) 27 n. 14 and H. W. Pleket, Talanta (1978/9) 78; for the realities, P. Veyne (1976) 274–5; L. Neesen (1981), on exemptions.
21. L.R., Laodicée I (1969) 259–60, on “love” of town; on philotimia in a bad sense, Hdts. 3.53.4; Thuc. 3.82; Pindar F210; Aristot., Ethics 1125B 22; Eur., Phoeniss. 532; A. Wardman, Plutarch’s Lives (1974) 115–24; in a good, if competitive sense, already in Lysias 21.22 and 26.3 and 19.56 (on liturgies and expenditure); 33.2 (Olympics).
22. P. Veyne (1976) 341–67, with notes; L.R. Hellenica 11–12 (1960) 569–76; R. MacMullen (1980), on women; cf. C. Naour Z.P.E. 24 (1977) 265 line 16 for a “mother”; C. Roueché (1979), on “fathers”; on dreams, Artemid. 2.27; L.R., R.E.A. (1965) 304–5, on numbers of acclaiming voices. Lucian, Peregr. 15 is exact satire.
23. P. Veyne (1976) 326–7, for this view, alleging a tacit “pact.”
24. P. D. Garnsey (1978) 227–8, with Fronto, Ad Marc. 1.10.5.
25. L. Robert, H.S.C.P. (1977), a classic account.
26. Musonius F 15B (Hense) is decisive evidence.
27. L. Robert (1940) 240–331 is classic: pp. 255–6 (on Polemo’s attitude); p. 262 (fights to “death”); pp. 320–1 (in bonds). On I.L.S. 5613, I follow Millar (1977) 195.
28. Millar (1981) 69, though I also detect deliberate playfulness in the Ass’s “world”: e.g. Met. 2.20 (“Romana frequentia”) at Hypata! Best of all is still E. Auerbach, Mimesis (1968) 60–63, a brilliant study of Met. 1.24–6. On dreams, Artemid. 3.63; 3.13 (gods); 4.44 (contempt): A. is also aware of the anxieties and hazards of high office.
29. E.g. C. Habicht, Altertüm. v. Pergamon, VIII.3 (1969) no. 33, p. 75; Isocrates, too, is a pervasive influence; on sculpture, J. Inan, E. Rosenbaum (1966) and (1980); philosophy, M. N. Tod (1957).
30. On book reviews, Galen 19.60–67; writing down speeches, Apul. Flor. 9.7 with 9.13–14; musical feud, Philostr. V. Soph. p. 166 (Wright), a nice use of “heterodoxos.”
31. M. Lyttleton (1974); Men. Rhet. p. 382.10 and 386.23 (ed. Russell); Dig. 1.18.7; 50.10.7 (Pius), on restoring old buildings; P. Graindor (1930) 179 ff., on Herodes and pp. 223–4 (Odeons).
32. Philostr. V.S. p. 266 (Damianos), with G. Bowersock, Greek Sophists (1969) 27–8; also N. Purcell, C.R. (1982) 251.
33. Arr., Kyneg. esp. 2 with P. A. Stadter, Arrian (1980) 50–60.
34. Aug., Civ. Dei 9.12.32.
35. E. Patlagean (1977) 156–81, on the Corycos evidence.
36. Contra, K. Hopkins (1980) 104: e.g. F. Millar (1981) 72–3: for the papyri, E. Christiansen, Z.P.E. (1984) 271. Virg., Georg. 1.275. C. J. Howgego reminds me that it was the mark of a primitive (not typical) society to lack coinage in the Imperial age.
37. The much-quoted Galen VI (Kühn) 749–52 refers to an exceptional bout of famines.
38. On towns, K. Hopkins (1978) 35.
39. H. W. Pleket (1983), a very clear and important paper: note Damianos’s private “harbours” at Ephesus (Philostr., V.S. p. 266 f.). In general, P. Veyne (1979).
40. P. D. Garnsey (1981), for Italy.
41. R. MacMullen (1974), for emphatic statement of it.
42. E.g., Eus., H.E. 9.8.9.
43. A. Balland (1981), a superb study with full bibliography for the points I mention: “grain receivers,” etc. Damianos also helped poor pupils and litigants: Philostr. V.S.266.
44. J. Reynolds, Aphrodisias and Rome (1982) 133 no. 21.
45. Apul., Met. 2.4 ff. and Damianos, Philostr. V.S. p. 266, for houses; on theatre seating, e.g. R. Heberdey, Forsch. in Ephesos II (1913) 127 ff.; L. Polacco (1981).
46. Plut., Solon 21.5–7; P. Schmitt-Pantel (1982), on benefactors.
47. R. MacMullen (1974) 62–87; L. Robert, Et. Anat. (1937) 535 n. 3.
48. R. Lane Fox (1985).
49. B. Woodward-Frier (1977), with Dig. 9.3.5.1–2.
50. L. Robert, H.S.C.P. (1977), with Dio Or. 38 and 41, spoken to the city assembly.
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L. Robert, Recherches Epigraphiques, R.E.A. (1960) esp. 316 ff.
L. Robert, Sur un Décret d’Ilion… Essays… C. Β. Welles, American Studies in Papyrology I (1966) 175.
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L. Robert, Amulettes Grecques, Jo. des Savants (1981) 3.
S. Sanie, Deus Aeternus et Theos Hypsistos en Dacie Romaine, in Hommages à M. J. Vermaseren, III (1976) 1092.
W. G. Schwarzlose, De Titulis Sepulcralibus Latinis (1913).
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A. F. Segal, Hellenistic Magic, Studies in Gnosticism and Hellenistic Religions. For G. Quispel, ed. R. van den Broek, M. Vermaseren (1981).
H. Seyrig, Le Culte du Soleil en Syrie (1971) 337.
H. Seyrig, Le Prétendu Syncrétisme Solaire Syrien…, in Les Syncrétismes dans les Relig. Greco-Rom., Colloque de Strasbourg (1973) 147. A. R. R. Sheppard, Jews, Christians and Heretics in Acmoneia and Eumeneia, Anatol. Stud. 29 (1979) 169.
A. R. R. Sheppard, Pagan Cults of Angels, Talanta, XI/XII (1980/1) 77.
M. Simon, Christianisme Antique et Pensée Paienne…, Bull. Fac. Lett. Strasb. (1960) 309.
M. Simon, From Greek Hairesis to Christian Heresy, in Early Christian Literature and the Classical Tradition…, ed. W. R. Schoedel, R. L. Wilken (1979) 101.
M. Simon, Anonymat et Polyonymie Divins dans l’Antiquité Tardive, Studi… A. Brelich (1980) 503.
J. Z. Smith, The Temple and the Magician, in God’s Christ and His People… Studies… N. A. Dahl, ed. J. Jervell, W. A. Meeks (1977) 233.
W. F. Snyder, Public Anniversaries in the Roman Empire…, Y.C.S. (1940) 223.
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M. J. Vermaseren, Cybele and Attis (1977).
H. S. Versnel, Religious Mentality in Ancient Prayer, in Faith, Hope and Worship, ed. H. Versnel (1981).
P. Veyne, Les Grecs Ont-Ils Cru à Leurs Mythes? (1983).
R. Walzer, Galen on Jews and Christians (1949).
S. Weinstock, Divus Julius (1972).
BIBLIOGRAPHY: II
M. Avi-Yonah, The Jews of Palestine (1976).
A. Balland, Les Liberalités d’Opramoas, Fouilles de Xanthos, VII (1981) 173.
P. A. Brunt, The Romanization of the Local Ruling Class…, in Assimilation et Résistance, ed. D. M. Pippidi (1976) 161.
C. Cipolla, ed., Fontana Economic History of Europe, 16th and 17th Centuries (1977).
G. E. M. de Sainte Croix, The Class Struggle in the Ancient Greek World (1981).
M. I. Finley, The Ancient Economy (1973).
M. I. Finley, Politics in the Ancient World (1983).
P. D. Garnsey, Aspects of the Decline of the Urban Aristocracy…, A.N.R.W. II. 1 (1974) 229.
P. D. Garnsey, Descendants of Freedmen in Local Politics: Some Criteria, in the Ancient Historian…, ed. B. M. Levick (1975) 187.
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M. L. Gordon, The Freedman’s Son in Municipal Life, J.R.S. (1931) 65.
P. Graindor, Un Milliardaire Antique (1930, repr. 1979).
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Κ. Hopkins, The Age of Roman Girls at Marriage, Population Studies (1965) 309.
K. Hopkins, The Probable Age-Structure of the Roman Population, Population Studies 20 (1966/7) 245.
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K. Hopkins, Conquerors and Slaves (1978).
K. Hopkins, Taxes and Trade in the Roman Empire, J.R.S. (1980) 101. J. Inan, K. Rosenbaum, Roman and Early Byzantine Portrait Sculpture in Asia Minor (1966).
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M. Lyttleton, Baroque Architecture in Classical Antiquity (1974).
R. MacMullen, Roman Social Relations (1974).
R. MacMullen, Woman in Public in the Roman Empire, Historia (1980) 208.
F. G. Β. Millar, The Emperor in the Roman World (1977).
F. G. B. Millar, The World of the Golden Ass, J.R.S. (1981) 63.
S. Mitchell, Requisitioned Transport in the Roman Empire, J.R.S. (1976) 106.
L. Neesen, Die Entwicklung der Leistungen u. Ämter, Historia (1981) 203.
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H. W. Pleket, Urban Elites and Business, in Trade in the Ancient Economy, ed. P. D. Garnsey, K. Hopkins, C. R. Whittaker (1983) 131.
L. Polacco, Théàtre, Société, Organisation de l’Etat, in Théâtre et Spectacles… . Actes du Colloque de Strasbourg 7 (1981) 12.
L. Robert, Les Gladiateurs dans l’Orient Grec (1940).
L. Robert, La Gloire et la Haine…, H.S.C.P. (1977) 1.
C. Roueché, A New Inscription from Aphrodisias and the Title Pater Tes Poleos, G.R.B.S. (1979) 173.
P. Schmitt-Pantel, Evergetisme et Mémoire du Mort, in La Mort, Les Morts…, ed. G. Gnoli, J. P. Vernant (1982) 177.
M. N. Tod, Sidelights on Greek Philosophers, J.H.S. (1957) 132.
P. Veyne, Le Pain et le Cirque (1976).
P. Veyne, Mythe et Réalité de l’Autarcie á Rome, R.E.A. (1979) 261.
B. Woodward-Frier, The Rental Market in Early Imperial Rome, J.R.S. (1977) 27.
The outstanding studies of paganism are the Essays of A. D. Nock (1972) and his brilliant study, Conversion (1933). J. Geffcken, The Last Days of Greco-Roman Paganism (1978, translation) has an unsurpassed range and momentum; Gaston Boissier, La Fin du Paganisme (1891) is still powerful and apt. J. H. W. G. Liebes-chuetz, Continuity and Change in Roman Religion (1979) is an excellent study of the Latin literary evidence, Ramsay MacMullen, Paganism in the Roman Empire (1981) an excellent essay on the Greek evidence, though I would lay more emphasis on the gods’ sense of honour and anger than on “the chief business of religion, to make the sick well” (p. 49). E. R. Dodds, Pagan and Christian in an Age of Anxiety (1965) is a brilliant study, despite my disagreement with one of its main themes. It prompted a fine review article by Peter Brown, reprinted in his Religion and Society in the Age of St. Augustine (1972) 74–93: his own chapters in The World of Late Antiquity (1971) are memorable.
I
1. R. MacMullen (1976) p. 37; E. R. Dodds (1965), for anxiety.
2. B. Reardon (1971) 237–8 on “rising credulity” in 2nd cent.; P. M. Fraser, Ptolemaic Alexandria I (1972) 434–44 on earlier pseudo-sciences; O. Murray, J.R.S. (1961) 263: “never was magic more rationally pursued than in the later Roman Empire.”
3. By MacMullen (1981) 69–70.
4. Aul. Gell. 1.26; P. A. Brunt, J.R.S. (1974) on Marcus; Galen, V. (Kühn) 1 ff., a fascinating text; I quote V.4 p. 17: note esp. pp. 21–2, on how best to whip slaves and why the beaters of slaves are less wicked than people who kick doors. Brown (1978) 40, on this “static electricity of violence.”
5. J. F. Kindstrand (1980) 341 and now P. Oxy. 3659 with notes; in art, F. Cumont, Ann. Soc. Arch. Bruxell. 14 (1900) 401, the Herstal vase, c. 100 A.D.
6. Celsus, De Med. 1.2: “litterarum cupidi” are “imbecilles.”
7. Brown (1971) 49–57, for a brilliant sketch; Julia Briggs, This Stage-Play World (1983) 197 ff.
8. A. M. Blackman (1918/9) 26; P. E. Corbett (1970).
9. On hymns, L.R., Et Anatol. (1937) 20; on processions, MacMullen (1981) p. 27 n. 41 and 45 and esp. F. Bömer’s Pauly article, R.E. 21 (1952) 1878 ff.; Tertull., Apolog. 35 (197 A.D.); L.R. in Essays…, C. B. Welles (1966) 175.
10. S. Mitchell (1982); as for wooden xoana, P. Perdrizet (1906) 226–7 saw the truth.
11. A. Laumonier (1958) 298 and 305, for Panamara. U. Wilcken (1885) 430, on the calendar.
12. P. Collart (1944), a lovely study; J. Bremer (1981) on hymns, with now MacMullen (1981) 15–24 and I.G. 7.1773 (the competition). Dio, Or. 77.4, on the girls.
13. L.R. (1930), on pantomimes with Lucian, De Saltatione, passim; L.R. (1940), on gladiators; both are superb studies.
14. L.R., B.C.H. (1981) 330 and B. Epig. (1982) 399 on Aizani; IGR IV 573 and 576; on the temple, S. R. F. Price, J.R.S. (1982) 196; on Zeus, L.R., B.C.H. (1977) 121–32, a brilliant insight.
15. Syll.3 1025; 1. Did. 199, with F. W. Schell, A.J. A. (1954) 25; L.R., Hellenica 11–12 (1960) 122–3; J. Evans (1961) 255–6; Aeschyl., Septem 269; Burkert (1983) 3–9, 68; details on butchery in P. Stengel (1910) 114 n. 2 and K. Jeppesen, The Maussoleion 1 (1981); L.R., Hellenica 10 (1955) 44–5, for ropes; E. Fraenkel, Elementi Plautini in Plauto (1960) 124 ff. and 409 ff. on contrast of Greek and Roman world over meat eating: in a drought or famine, of course, I assume Greeks ate dying livestock.
16. P. Herrmann, Das Testament des Epikrates (1969) 58 ff., on Meidon.
17. E.g. Philostr., V. Apol. 1.1.10; M. Detienne (1979), esp. 77 ff., for speculation; L.S.C.G. 139 (Lindos; 2nd cent. A.D.?).
18. Contra, M.P. Nilsson (1945); for the oracles, note I. Did. 217 and chap. 5 Pt. III and the Proclus text in Pt. I, end. C. Habicht, M. Wörrle, Inschriften… (1969) 167, on Asclepius.
19. E. Lane, Anat. Stud. (1970) 51; P. Debord (1982) 402–4, excellent on prices, and add A. Rehm, Inscr. Didyma (1958) p. 152.
20. I. Did. 375 and I owe to Joyce Reynolds the mid-4th cent. A.D. man at Ghirza, in P.B.S.R. (1955) 139.
21. Most recently, J. B. Rutter (1968) and R. Duthoy (1969); Frag. Vatic. 148 is local, in reference, and is not a ground for Empire-wide generalizations; Carpus, in C.I.L. 13.1751. K. and P. Lehmann, Samothrace Part 3: The Hieron (1969) pp. 42 ff. ascribe a remodelling of the interior, c. 200 A.D., to the taurobolium and “blooding,” but their view is entirely speculative.
22. Milet. 1.3 (Delphinion) 134; Sokolowski, L.S.C.G. no. 8; Laumonier (1958), esp. 247 ff. (Ti. Claudius Lainas).
23. For summaries, I. Browning (1982).
24. G. E. Bean, Turkey’s Southern Shore (1968) 71–2 and (1965) esp. 43–7.
25. P. Ward (1970) with bibliogr.
26. I.G. II2.1035, where I still prefer the Augustan dating of G. R. Culley, Restoration of Sacred Monuments in Aug. Athens (Diss., 1973) to the post-Sullan dating of J. von Freeden, Oikia Kyrrestou (1983).
27. R. Villers (1939); P. D. A. Garnsey, J.R.S. (1971) 116; F. Jacques, Antiqu. Afric. 9 (1975) 159; P. Veyne, Le Pain et le Cirque (1976) p. 358 n. 270, citing L.R. and evidence in Gk. East. Digest 50.12.1–14, esp. 13–14; 50.4.16; Pliny 10.39.
28. R. Duncan-Jones (1982) pp. 63–88, for evidence; p. 88 on temple.
29. A. H. M. Jones, The Greek City (1940) 229.
30. On sales, see now P. Debord (1982) 63–8 and n. 110, with map; also pp. 101–16. S.E.G. IV.516.34 ff., for Ephesus; Evans, Y.C.S. (1961) 275, Egypt; Sokolowski, L.S. A.M. 52 (Miletus); D. Gill, H.T.R. (1974) 117, on “table offerings”; Debord p. 69 plus notes on exemptions, esp. n. 168 and n. 171.
31. F. Sokolowski, H.T.R. (1957) 133, on partners; J. and L. Robert, La Carie II (1954) p. 213, on Claros.
32. P. Schmitt-Pantel (1981) esp. 90 ff., on inaugural banquets.
33. E.g. Pliny 10.110–1; 116–7.
34. P. Graindor (1930) 229 and A. Balland (1981, under Ch. II.2) p. 174 ff.
35. Plut., Mor. 822 B-C with Stob. II. 132 (Wachsmuth): Brown (1978) p. 36 n. 37 is slightly misleading if he implies this ideal was widely shared: see his pp. 35–8 for thoughts on a “model of parity.” Vedius, in Syll.3 850.
36. Pliny, 7.18.2; 1.8.10–11 (Comum); Dig. 50.10.3.2 and 10.7.1 (on inscribing names).
37. Games: Duncan-Jones, p. 82; Muzuc, Duncan-Jones, p. 88 and no. 21.
38. Aristot. Pol. 1321A31, made famous by de Sainte Croix, Class Struggle… (1981) 305–6; note, though, Ar.’s other thoughts on the matter, e.g. 1309A 15–25.
39. R. MacMullen (1980) 208 and M. I. Finley (1968) 129; Xen., Ephes. 1.2.7–8.
40. Most recently, e.g. D. Cannadine, Past and Present (1982) 107: his civic oyster feast, of which we have heard much, and the “invention of tradition” are themes very familiar to historians of Antonine civic life.
41. On cults and “images of concord,” Brown (1978) 35 ff., a suggestive treatment.
42. L.S.C.G. no. 8.
II
1. Most recently, R. Merkelbach, Z.P.E. 10 (1973) 49 ff.; Pliny 10.49–50, on moving sites.
2. Sokolowski, L.S.C.G. 55: L.R. has promised a discussion (B. Epig. 1964.138). Note the stress on Men’s “appeasement,” lines 11 and 16, and the worshipper’s “heart.”
3. M. Malaise (1972) 71–110.
4. Nock, Essays 1.458: still, to my mind, the best account. More speculatively, R. L. Gordon (1976) and (1980).
5. F. T. van Straten (1981), for examples: M. Guarducci (1942/3), on footprints and their various meanings.
6. Nilsson, Opusc. Sel. 1.25–34; on household cults: D. G. Orr (1978) and D. P. Harmon (1978) with bibliographies for Rome; on wives, Plut., Moral, 140D; on heirs (in classical Athens) M. Hardcastle, Prudentia (1980) 11, although I do not believe that inheritance laws were “primarily” religious in aim. In West, see chap. 2.1. n. 40.
7. Compare with Tert., De Idol. 10, H. Marrou, Hist, de l’Education (1965) 227: eight days of religious festival in a school month on Cos c. 150 B.C.
8. R. Parker (1983) for a very important study of this.
9. F. de Coulanges, The Ancient City (E.T. 1980) 32 ff.; J. Crook (1967) 133–8, for excellent summary; fear of the dying out of the family line is clearly the motive for the developing practice, cited (but not fully stressed) by Hopkins (1983) 247–54, who gives the bibliogr.
10. Gnomon Idios Logos (ed. Riccobono) 1, lines 8 ff.: T. concerned himself with debtors to the fiscus, and we do not know if his law had any success.
11. S. Dill (1904) 251–86, accessible and good on Latin clubs: cf. F. M. de Robertis (1971). On Greek ones, F. Poland (1909) is classic: pp. 289 ff., on sexes. M. N. Tod (1932) 71 ff., an excellent essay, building on Poland; also P. M. Fraser (1977) 58–70, with notes.
12. SIG3 1109, translated by M. N. Tod (1932); datable, almost certainly, to 175/6; cf Hesperia (1975) 406–7. Bibliogr. and notes, most recently, in F. W. Danker (1982) 156–66, citing the rules for the Hellenic Society, in 1900, not an apt parallel.
13. Plato Laws 909–10; Cic, De Leg. 2.25–6; Apul., Apol. 65.
14. D. G. Orr (1978) 1575.
III
1. L.R., R.E.A. (1960) 316, on theologoi.
2. J. H. Waszink, Pompa Diaboli, V.C. (1947) 13.
3. L.R., Hellenica 10 (1955) 197–200, St. Nicolas and sacrifice; F. M. Young (1979), on imagery.
4. Nock, Essays II.582–93; Price, J.R.S. (1980) 35 and Hor., Odes 4.2, for Emperor.
5. Parker (1983) 352–6, on negative rules; M. Beard, J.R.S. (1980) 21 on “evocation” and its vast range, where “one imagines” a certain group being stressed.
6. Paus. 7.18.8, now with G. Piccolunga (1980), not, to my mind, successful in its search for a myth: pp. 282–3 repay thought.
7. W. Burkert (1983) 216–61, for survey.
8. R. C. T. Parker (1983) 81–3, for one interpretation, with bibliogr.; on women’s rites, I. Chirassi Colombo (1979) and F. I. Zeitlin (1982), for recent types of study.
9. Burkert (1983) 226–47, preferring, however, “Carians” to “Keres,” which I find hard to accept.
10. Philostr., V.A. 4.21.
11. R. Turcan (1966) and M. P. Nilsson (1957), with the important review by F. Matz, Gnomon (1960) 540; the subject is still open, and I tread warily.
12. On Mithras, R. L. Gordon (1976) and (1980) for one range of “evocation.”
13. H. W. Pleket (1965), on Imperial cult, a very valuable study.
14. Firm. Matern, De Errore 2.6 and 3.2 on this “physica ratio”: naturally, it was only one intellectual view, but he implicitly connects it with the mystery rite. For date, pp. 22–7 of the Budé ed.
15. Most recent “Bacchic” groups, one with a child mystes: L.R., B. Epig. 1982. 340 and B.C.H. 1983. 597–9, both in Asia Minor.
16. Here, Festugière, Révélation de l’Hermes Trismégiste (1944–54), esp. vols. II-IV; Nock, Essays 1.30 ff.; 11.647 ff. on the cultural level of the texts.
17. For a summary, M. Harl, Quis Rerum… (1966) 25 plus notes, on Philo; H.S Merki (1952).
18. A key word in Paus. is mẽnima: e.g. 3.23.5, 4.24.6, 4.27.1, 5.1.7, 7.24.6, 8.7.6, 9.25.8–9. Cf. contemporary Delphi: Parke-Wormell, II. no. 471.
19. A. J. Festugière, Epicurus and His Gods (1969, E.T.) 56.
20. Plato, Rep. 330 D-E; K. J. Dover, Greek Popular Morality (1974) 261–8.
21. F. E. Brenk (1977), 23–7.
22. A. D. Nock, Essays 11.606; 1.277.
23. Orig., C. Cels, 8.48; cf. 3.16; 4.10; F. Cumont, Lux Perpetua (1949) 219.
24. Plut., Mor. 611D, alluding (like Celsus, in C. Cels. 3.16) to Plato, Epist. 7.335R.
25. Celsus, ap. Orig. C. Cels. 6.22; Aristoph., Frogs 450 ff.; Apul., Met. 11.6, 11.23.
26. Recently, L.R., B. Epig. (1982) 340 and B.C.H. (1983) 597–9; Serapis’s “mysteries” are not Hellenistic (P. M. Fraser, Ptolem. Alex. 1.265); cf. Nock, Essays 11.798, for others, and, of course, Mithras and Isis (F. Dunand, Le Culte d’Isis… 1973, 3.244 ff.).
27. M. Aur., Med. 12.5.
28. In general, Nock, Essays, s.v. mysteries; esp. 2.792 ff.; ethical conduct, in Aristoph., Frogs 456 ff. and Epictet. 3.21.15 (“correction” of our lives).
29. Plut., Mor. 564B ff.
30. Plut., Mor. 1104A-1107C; few believers in 1105A-B and 450A.
31. V. Saxer, Morts, Martyrs, Reliques en Afrique Chrétienne (1980); P.R.L. Brown, Cult of Saints (1981); other refs in Chap. 1 n. 23.
32. Nock, Essays, I.34 ff.
33. Acts 14.8 ff., with B. M. Levick, Roman Colonies in S. Asia Minor (1967) 154.
34. E. Haenchen, Die Apostelgeschichte (1961) 374.
35. Most recently, A. S. Hollis, Ovid’s Metamorphoses VIII (1970) 108–9, with refs to L. Malten and others since.
36. L.R., Jo. des Sav. (1961) 150 n. 53, detaching the Flood from Isauria’s Lake Trogitis.
37. L. R., Hellen. 13 (1965) 29, statuette; W. R. Calder, C.R. (1910) 77–9, inscription; now, L.R., B.C.H. (1983) 539 and pl. 116, for reliefs which struck me, too, in 1976 on a visit there.
38. Acts 28.6.
39. Acts 10.26.
40. Acts 12.15.
41. Jo. Chrys., P.G. 60, 201–2.
BIBLIOGRAPHY I
G. E. Bean, Side Kitabeleri (1965).
A. M. Blackman, The Sequence of Episodes in the Egyptian Daily Temple Liturgy, J. Manch. Eg. and Or. Soc. (1918/9) 26.
J. Bremer, Greek Hymns, Faith, Hope and Worship, ed. H. Versnel (1981) 193.
P. R. L. Brown, The World of Late Antiquity (1971).
P. R. L. Brown, The Making of Late Antiquity (1978).
I. Browning, Jerash and the Decapolis (1982).
W. Burkert, Homo Necans (1983)·
P. Collart, Réjouissances, Divertissements et Artistes de Province dans l’Egypte Romaine, Rev. Phil. (1944) 134.
P. E. Corbett, Greek Temples and Greek Worshippers… B.I.S.C. (1970) 149.
P. Debord, Aspects Sociaux et Economiques de la Vie Religieuse dans l’Anatolie Gréco-Romaine (1982).
M. Detienne, Dionysus Slain (1979).
E. R. Dodds, Pagan and Christian in an Age of Anxiety (1965).
R. Duncan-Jones, The Economy of the Roman Empire, Quantitative Studies (1982).
R. Duthoy, The Taurobolium: Its Evolution and Terminology (1969).
J. A. C. Evans, A Social and Economic History of an Egyptian Temple…, Y.C.S. (1961) 147.
M. I. Finley, The Silent Women of Rome, in Aspects of Antiquity (1968) 129.
P. Graindor, Un Milliardaire Antique (1930).
J. F. Kindstrand, Date and Character of Hermias’s Irrisio, Vig. Chr. (1980) 341.
A. Laumonier, Les Cultes Indigènes en Carie (1958).
R. MacMullen, Roman Government’s Response to Crisis (1976).
R. MacMullen, Women in Public in the Roman Empire, Historia (1980) 208.
R. MacMullen, Paganism in the Roman Empire (1981).
S. Mitchell, The Life of St. Theodotus of Ancyra, Anatolian Studies (1982) 93.
M. P. Nilsson, Pagan Divine Service in Antiquity, H.T.R. (1945) 63.
P. Perdrizet, Ulp. Nikopolis Pros Mestoi, Corolla Numismatica…, Β. V. Head (1906)217.
B. P. Reardon, Courants Littéraires Grecs des II et III Siècles a.c. (1971).
L. Robert, Pantomimen im Griechischen Orient, Hermes (1930) 106.
L. Robert, Les Gladiateurs dans l’Orient Grecque (1940).
J. B. Rutter, Three Phases of the Taurobolium, Phoenix (1968) 226.
P. Schmitt-Pantel, Le Festin dans la Fête de la Cité Grecque Hellenistique, in La Fête: Pratique et Discours (C. Rech. Hist. Anc. 42, Besançon 1981) 85.
P. Stengel, Opfergebräuche der Griechen (1910).
R. Villers, Essai sur la Pollicitatio à une Respublica, R.H.D.F.E. (1939) 1.
P. Ward, Sabratha: A Guide (1970).
U. Wilcken, Arsinoitische Tempelrechnungen aus dem Jhr. 215 n. Chr., Hermes (1885) 430.
BIBLIOGRAPHY: II–III
F. E. Brenk, In Mist Apparelled (1977)
W. Burkert, Homo Necans (1983).
I. Chirassi Colombo, Paides e Gynaikes…, Quad. U.U.C., n.s. 1 (1979) 25.
F. de Coulanges, The Ancient City (1864, E.T. 1980).
J. M. Crook, Law and Life of Rome (1967).
F. W. Danker, Benefactor (1982).
S. Dill, Roman Society from Nero to Marcus Aurelius (1904).
A. J. Festugière, La Révélation de l’Hermes Trismégiste (1944–54).
P. M. Fraser, Rhodian Funerary Monuments (1977).
R. L. Gordon, The Sacred Geography of a Mithraeum, J. Mithr. Stud. (1976) 119.
R. L. Gordon, Reality, Evocation and Boundary in the Mysteries of Mithras, J.M.S. (1980) 19.
M. Guarducci, Le Impronte del Quo Vadis…, Rend. Pont. Accad. Romana di Archaeol. 19 (1942–3) 305.
D. P. Harmon, The Family Festivals of Rome, A.N.R.W. 16.2 (1978) 1592.
K. Hopkins, Death and Renewal (1983).
M. Malaise, Les Conditions de Pénétration et de Diffusion des Cultes Egyptiens en Italie (1972).
H. S. Merki, Homoiosis Theoi (1952).
M. P. Nilsson, The Dionysiac Mysteries of the Hellenistic and Roman Age (1957).
D. G. Orr, Roman Domestic Religion: The Evidence of Household Shrines, A.N.R.W. 16.2(1978) 1557.
R. C. T. Parker, Miasma (1983).
G. Piccolunga, L’Olocausto di Patrai, Entretiens Hardt 27 (1980) 243.
H. W. Pleket, An Aspect of the Emperor Cult: Imperial Mysteries, H.T.R. (1965) 331.
F. Poland, Geschichte des Griechischen Vereinswesens (1909).
F. M. de Robertis, Storia delle Corporazioni e del Regime Associativo nel Mondo Romano (1971).
M. N. Tod, Sidelights on Greek History (1932).
R. Turcan, Les Sarcophages Romains à Représentations Dionysiaques (1966).
F. T. Van Straten, Gifts for the Gods, in Faith, Hope and Worship, ed. H. Versnel (1981) 65.
F. M. Young, The Use of Sacrificial Ideas in Greek Christian Writers (1979).
F. I. Zeitlin, Cultic Models of the Female: Rites of Dionysus and Demeter, Arethusa (1982) 129.
The classic study of epiphany is F. Pfister’s fine article in Pauly-Wissowa, R.E. Suppl. 4 (1924) s.v. Epiphanie, 277–323. I have returned to the subject because his dictionary article could not bring out the tone and context of the literary texts; the evidence has increased; Pfister had much to say on vocabulary, where historical change is not provable, and on titles in ruler cult; he gave less space to the evidence under the Empire. D. Wachsmuth, Kleine Pauly 5 (1975) 1598–1601 is brief, but gives a good bibliography; F. T. Van Straten’s excellent study, Bull. Ant. Besch. (1976) overtook me and gives an excellent list of votive texts. N. J. Richardson generously lent me a text of his unpublished lecture on Homeric epiphany, after I read a version of this chapter at an Oxford seminar in 1983, whose members helped me then, and later. Collections of modern reports of this type of religious experience are being made in the Religious Experience Research Unit, Manchester College, Oxford: samples are published in A. Hardy, Spiritual Nature of Man (1979) and T. Beardsworth, A Sense of Presence (1977), whose stories I have used gratefully and compared repeatedly with their pagan predecessors.
I
1. Inscr. Did. (ed. Rehm) no. 496; L.R., Hellenica 10–11 (1960) 544, suggesting “in the form of” and emphasizing the note of crisis; F. T. Van Straten (1976) 17 n. 248, for the other view: I only encountered his note when this chapter was largely complete.
2. Most recently, with several conjectures, W. Peek, Z.P.E. 7 (1971) 207.
3. E.g. Il. 20.98; 20.121; Od. 3.221, 13.307 and 13.393; L. Robert, Hellenica VI. 109–10; Sylloge3 814.36 ff. (Nero); O.G.I. 383.65 (Antiochus of Commagene); Epictet., 2.18.29; Marcus, Medit. 1.17.8 and 9.27 (“helpers”); 9.11 and 9.40 (“co-workers”). In the N.T., A. Wikenhauser (1939) 320; for Christian saints, e.g. Cyrus and John, P.G. 87.3443D and passim.
4. Od. 19.40–43.
5. Il. 13.72 (Ajax); 17.323–4 (Aeneas); Il. 5.174–91; 5.864 (cloud); 4.73 (star).
6. Il. 1.197; 21.286.
7. Od. 3.221 (Nestor).
8. Od. 13.312; Il. 24.361 ff.
9. N.J. Richardson (1979) 208 ff., 252 ff. is a definitive treatment.
10. Od. 10.573 (Circe); 16.178–9 (Telemachus), with E. Kearns (1982), though I doubt her general argument. Od. 6.149 and 160–1 (Nausicaa).
11. Od. 13.312; 16.161; beauty, in Il. 3.396, Od. 13.288.
12. F. Dirlmeier (1967): I owe knowledge of this to N. J. Richardson.
13. Od. 7.200 ff.; cf. 6.152 and 7.210.
14. Od. 17.485 with E. Fraenkel (1942); J. Griffin (1978).
15. F. Matz (1958), sometimes questionably; C. Sourvinou-Inwood, Kadmos (1971) 64.
16. Julian Jaynes, The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind (1976): I owe knowledge of this to M. C. Hart; cf. B. Snell (1953) 8.
17. Hesiod, W. and D. 122–3, 249 ff. and 259; F. 1.6–7.
18. E. R. Dodds, Greeks and the Irrational (1951) 104–6, for the examples; Od. 6.20; Od. 4.795 ff.
19. Il. 1.47; cf. 24.170 (Iris); 24.533.
20. Il. 20.129–30; cf. Il. 3.420: the linguistic change, to “servant” of the gods, studied by H. W. Pleket (1981) 159 ff. strikes me as no real innovation.
21. Il. 5.177–8 (Aeneas); Il. 15.254–5; 24.171; Od. 4.825; cf. Luke 24.36.
22. Dio 36.9.
23. Paus. 5.5.4; 6.22.8; 7.24–5; 9.38.4; I quote the fine insight of B. M. W. Knox, The Heroic Temper (1964) 56.
24. H. Fuhrmann, Röm. Mitt. 53 (1938) 44: Diocletian and Saturn.
25. Hom. Hym. 2.270; 5.100; in 3.498–500 the god prescribes his cult; Plato, Laws 909E; Pfister R. E. Suppl. (1924) cols. 298–9.
26. Il. 2.155, 279; 5.439; 10.512; 18.203; 20.380.
27. On Ezekiel’s drama, most recently H. Jacobson (1983).
28. Sophocl., Ajax 14–16 with Buxton (1980) 22 and Seale (1982) 144.
29. Iambl., De Myst. 3.2 (103.10).
30. Sappho F. 1–2, on which I concur with R. Jenkyns, Three Classical Poets (1982) 13–15; 28–30.
31. C. M. Bowra, Pindar (1964) 49–54, for the evidence of varying date; J. A. Haldane (1968); Pyth. 8.58–60 is a personal “encounter,” despite recent denials of “autobiography” in the Odes.
32. J. D. Denniston, Euripides’ Electra (1939), lines 1233–7, for both my quotations.
33. B. M. W. Knox, Heroic Temper (1964) 55–9 is admirable.
34. Eur., Ion 1551–2; Bacchae 1084–5, with E. R. Dodds’s note and F. Williams’s (1978) note to his line 18.
35. Callim., Hymn 5.33, 53, 100–1 and 136–41, with P. Perdrizet (1906) 226–7, on wooden statues.
36. 2.3–7 and 10–11 with F. Williams (1978), notes, and above all, O. Weinreich (1968) 67.
37. Herodas 1.9 with Headlam’s excellent note (1922).
38. Fraser, Ptolemaic Alexandria (1972) 652–66 argues hard for “genuine religious feeling.” This creates a problem over Anth. Pal. 6.147 (his p. 586); A. W. Bulloch (1977), for more sophisticated views.
39. J. M. Bremer (1981), esp. 203–15.
40. Paus. 6.26; Plut., G.Q. 36 with W. R. Halliday’s compendious notes.
41. Plut., Mor. 364F and 671E (comparing the Jews’ trumpets).
42. Nock, Essays 1.3 88.94 for a magisterial discussion of the Aion festival, with p. 391 and n. 139 on the Christian sequel. Epiphanius, Panar. 51.22.10; E. Pax, R.A.C. s.v. Epiphanie cols. 903–4.
43. W. Kranz, Stasimon (1933) 185 ff.; Soph., Ajax 694; Hor., Od. 1.17 with E. Fraenkel, Horace (1957) 204 n. 4, a marvellous note. Aristoph., Thesmo. 312; Acharn. 263.
44. L. Robert, Et. Anatoliennes (1937) 162 n. 7.
45. O. Kern, Hermes (1917) 149, an excellent note; on the Orphic hymns, A. M. Athanassakis (1977), with translation; Kern placed them in the later 3rd cent. A.D., possibly at Pergamum.
46. On amulets, L. Robert (1981), esp. 20–25.
47. E. R. Dodds, Greeks and the Irrational (1951) chap. 4 is, of course, classic, here.
48. D. Wachsmuth (1967) is excellent, with full evidence; Hom., Od. 2.28, 420 ff. with W. pp. 72 ff.
49. F. T. Van Straten (1976) is excellent on this.
50. I.G. IV.952.28 ff. (Sostrata’s cure).
51. M. Robertson, Hist. of Greek Art (1975) 375.
52. N. Himmelmann-Wildschütz (1957); T. B. Mitford (1980); L.R., B. Epig. 1981, no. 636, for more.
53. Van Straten (1976), p. 17; for the slave, J. B. S. Sterrett, Wolfe Expedit. to Asia Minor (1906) 226–7.
54. Plato, Rep. 381 D-383; cf. Sophist 216 B-C; Laws 909E-910, on women; cf. Hdts. 6.69 and Plut., Alex. 3.1–2. Van Straten (1976) p. 17, for numbers, and discussion.
55. K. M. Briggs (1973); I quote W. W. Gill (1932) 106; Briggs (1978) chap. 10; on nymphs stealing babies, P. Borgeaud, Recherches sur le Dieu Pan (1979) 161 ff.
56. W. K. Pritchett (1979) is admirable, here; cf. W. Speyer (1980) 55, a very full study. Hdts. 1.68 and 5.75.
57. Herodian 8.3.9: for attitude, cf. Arr. Anab. 5.1.2.
58. Aug., Civ. Dei 5.26; Theod., H.E. 5.24.
59. Zosimus, 5.6.
60. Hom., Il. 4.40–55; U. Brackertz (1976); cf. F. G. Maier, Gr. Mauerbauinschr. I (1959) 69 line 12, on Colophon. Solon F4 (West); Aristoph., Knights 1173 f., a brilliant parody.
61. Most recently, J. Le Gall, Mélanges Heurgon (1976) 1.519; Macr., Sat. 3.9 does not state that this rite had been long dead.
62. E.g. Athena at Side; for “god-beloved” Aigai, L.R., Jo. des Savants (1973) 204, a unique case, he thinks; Et. Anatol. (1937) 24–6; Men. Rhetor p. 362.62 (ed. Russell, 1981). M. I. Rostovtzeff, Klio (1920) 203 and W. K. Pritchett (1979) 11–13, for records.
63. Sylloge3 695.12 (Magnesia); Aristoph., Thesmo. 369–71; Dio 33.47; 34.38 with L.R., B.C.H. (1977) 96–108; Plut., Camill 6.1–2, a very telling comment.
64. W. K. Pritchett (1979) 30–41; K.J. Rigsby (1975), promising further lists; C. Picard, in Xenia (Athens, 1912) 67, where p. 78 n. 3 cited E. Hicks, Greek Inscr. in the British Museum, III (1886) no. 482 as proof that the dwindling cult of Ephesian Artemis was revived by fresh epiphanies in the 160s A.D. However, Hicks’s reading was remarkably wrong: Artemis “is being honoured,” not “dishonoured”: H. Wankel, Inschr. v. Ephesos (1979) 1A no. 24, with p. 148, 9–10, for this. The epiphanies in line 14 are those in the past, not new ones in the Antonine age.
II
1. Lucr. 4.722 ff.; Diogenes Oenoand. F 52 (Chilton); Marcus, Med. 1.17.5; 9.11; 9.27; 9.40; I take 12.28 to refer to the stars; Festugière (1955) p. 68 n. 39, on “enargẽs.”
2. Paus. 8.2.4; 9· 18.4; 10.22.18, another good example of stories of Roman governors “testing” oddities and shrines in the provinces: there is quite a dossier of these stories in the 1st and 2nd cents.
3. Y. Grandjean (1975) line 10, for example.
4. F. Deneken (1881); L. Koenen, Z.P.E. (1967) with P. Oxy. 3693.
5. H. Ingholt, Recueil des Tessères de Palmyra (1955).
6. Apul., Met. 9.22.
7. D.S. 5.49.5; S. Eitrem (1926); Stob., Florileg. 120.28; Apul., Met. 11.23: “accessi coram.”
8. Nock, Essays I.194; Dodds (1965) 100, for this idea: Muslim mystics (e.g. M. Molé, Les Mystiques Musulmans 1965) are one contrary example, among many.
9. Dodds (1951) 283–311, still best; Iambl., De Myst 2.3–9.
10. Festugière, R.H.T. I-IV (1944–54), one of the greatest works on antiquity; note esp. IV 152–62; 200–58; I.283 ff. (on magical parallels). Nock, Essays I.30–1, II. 500–1 on the very varied range of cultural context in our “collection.” I quote C.H. 11.20 ff.: also W. Scott, Hermetica (1924) 1.14.
11. Nock, Essays I.192–5.
12. R. MacMullen (1981) 34, with bibliogr.; O. Weinreich (1912) 41.
13. T. A.M. V. 179 Β with F. Petzl (1978) 253.
14. Bibliogr. in T.A.M. V 159, 231; 317 (114/5, A.D.); 318 (156/7 A.D.); 172; 167 A (12 Sceptres: 98/9 A.D.); Z.P.E. (1982) 112–3 (26/7 A.D.). On this material, see now L.R., B.C.H. (1983) 518 ff.
15. Nock, Essays II.659–62.
16. Horn., II. 24.336: Hermes the companion. I.G. XIV. 1003 (Heracles) with L.R., Hellenica 13 (1965) 129–30. On hero shrines by houses, see now J. S. Rusten (1983).
17. Nock, Essays I.41 n. 61.
18. Max. Tyr., Orat. 8.5–7; Plut., Mor. 580C; Apul., De Deo Socr. 24; cf. Amm. Marc. 21.14.5; M. Riley (1977); Nock, Essays II.666–9.
19. W. Schmidt, R. E. 7.1140–3.
20. Hor., Od. 1.17 with E. Fraenkel, Horace (1957) PP. 206–7. P. Borgeaud (1979) is an excellent survey; W. Roscher, Lexikon (1897–1908) Bd. 3. s.v. Pan, is the classic study; cf. F. Brommer, R.E. Suppl. 8 (1950) 949, also a fine study.
21. Plut., Mor. 419B; “all” in Plato, Cratyl. 408B; then Stoics (Cornutus, 27) and Christians (Euseb., P.E. 124B).
22. P. M. Fraser, Ptol. Alex. (1972) 29 on the mysterious Paneion; Head H.N.2 786 and L. Robert, Hellenica IV p. 11, n. 1. Artemid. 4.72, however, thinks dreams of Pan in a city are inauspicious: perhaps only in the cities he knew.
23. K. Tuchelt (1969/70); L. Robert, Hellen. 10, 214–6. A. Bernand (1977) 269. Bernand (1972) nos. 27, 28. Artemid. 4.71–2.
24. Borgeaud 115 ff.; p. 117 n. 11 (Eratosth. 1.40, Pan-handling); Ps. Heracleit, Incredibilia 25 (Pan-bang). Borgeaud, 123–35 (music).
25. Theocr. 1.15; R. Callois (1937); Norman Douglas, Old Calabria, chap. 40; Kaibel, Epig. Graec 802 with J. Bousquet, Klio (1970) 37–9.
26. Borgeaud (1979) 162–71, with evidence; Iambl., De Myst. 3.10 (122).
27. A. Wilhelm (1929) 54; cf. J. Papadimitriou, B.C.H. (1958) 681. Also I.G. IV.53 with L. Robert, Hellenica IV (1948) 1.
28. Longus 2.25–9; C. Meillier (1975). Ach. Tat. 8.6 ff.: “aimables fantasies narratives,” Picard, Ephèse et Claros (1922) 370 ff. But note the epigram cited by Borgeaud p. 126 n. 57.
29. Euseb., P.E. 5.190A.
30. P. Roussel, R. Ε. Α. (1912) 277, an excellent study, with bibliogr.; L.R., Rev. de Philologie (1939) 200–1; H. W. Pleket, Gnomon (1975) 566 on a daimon, perhaps not a dead “hero.” C.I.G. 3514 (Thyateira), for a grand family inscription.
31. D. M. Pippidi (1975) 135–6, with full bibliogr. on “hyperdexios”; L.R., Hellenica 10 (1959) 63–6.
32. Aristoph., Wasps 819; cf. Peace, 661 ff.; Knights 1169; Birds 518.
33. Suet., Aug. 16; H. S. Versnel (1981) 38–42, for more evidence.
34. Apul., Apol. 54; MacMullen (1981) p. 159 n. 78.
35. L. Robert (1966) 91–100; F. Sokolowski (1968) 519. Soph. O.T. 190, with Weinreich (1929) 182.
36. Anth. Pal. 9.805; Steph. Byz., s.v. Threikie.
37. Olympiodorus F27; K. Holum (1982) 118; B. Croke (1977); J. F. Matthews, J.R.S. (1970), esp. 95.
38. O. Weinreich, A.R.W. (1915) 38–45; M.A.M.A. VIII.446 with L.R., Hellenica 13 (1965) 129–131: are these types of inscription the source of the verses in Porphyry, ap. Euseb., P.E. 124A-B?
39. Acta Alex. 8.44–8 (Musurillo); L.R., C.R.A.I. (1981) 530 ff.; Milet. 1.7 (1924) no. 274; also Pan. Lat. 8.8.4.
40. Herodian, 5.6.3–5.
41. Corp. Herm. 17.10 and Budé notes; Corp. Herm., Asclepius, 23–4; 37; P.G.M. 5.370; G. Wolff (1856) 206–13, excellent.
42. A. Laumonier (1934) 85 with L.R., Et. Anat. (1937) 516.
43. F. E. Brenk (1977) 30; Plut., Camill. 6; Coriol. 38; Mor. 397C. Lucian, Philops. 18–20 is more sceptical!
44. F. Poulsen (1945) 182–3.
45. Hippol., Refut. IV.35–6.
46. MacMullen (1981) 125, with bibliogr.; Hero Alex. (Teubner Ed.) 1.175 ff. (doors); 1.405 ff. (statues); II. 1.362–4 (mirrors); R. Seaford (1984); O. Weinreich (1929), a classic; P. Hommel, M.D.A.I. (1957) 30–2, on gables.
47. C. Bonner (1929); Paus. 6.26.
48. Theophil., Ad Autol. 1.18; cf. Lucian, Peregr. 27; C. Clerc (1915) 149 ff.
49. Clerc (1915) 44–5.
50. Tatian, Orat. 15; C. Mango, D.O.P. (1963) 59.
51. Maxim. 8.6; Eunap., V.S. (Wright) p. 407; Proclus, In Rep. 1.127 ff. (ed. and trans. Festugière, 1970).
52. Heliodor. III. 12–13; J. J. Winckler, (1982); Philostrat. V.S. pp. 306 ff. (Loeb) for a possible author; I find the Julianic date c. 360–80 much harder to credit, and the arguments unconvincing.
53. R. Helm, Neue Jhrb. (1914) 191, in general. Cf. naturally, Philostr. V. Apoll. 4.31, etc.
54. Apul., Met. 4.28; Xen., Ephes. 1.2.7; 1.12; Chariton, Callirh. 3.2 ff., with K. Plepelits (1976) 4–9, summarizing theories of date; L.R. (1966, no. 2) 186–95.
55. For miracles, compare A. Henrichs’s lengthy commentary on Vespasian in Alexandria: Z.P.E. 3 (1968).
56. P. Herrmann, K. Z. Polatkan (1969) 54–5 with emendation in B. Epig. 1970.522. M. Guarducci (1942/3) 322 on “traces” of various kinds.
57. Pan. Lat. 3.10.4–5.
III
1. Petronius, Satyr. 17.
2. P. Oxy. 1381.
3. P. Herrmann, K. Polatkan (1969) lines 32–6 with p. 28.
4. On magic, Nock, Essays I.176–94, esp. 180 is still the best historical discussion; T. Hopfner (1921), on techniques; Festugière (1932) 320 ff., on aims; P.G.M. I.104–10; 170 ff.; IV.930 (a “systasis”); “autopsy” in VII.727 ff. On “spontaneous auditory automatism,” Dodds (1973) 191–2.
5. Thessalus (ed. Friedrich) chap. 18–22 with Dodds’s important note (1973) p. 189 n. 2; even if it is not demonstrably historical it is valuable evidence of what was plausible.
6. P.G.M. VIII with Tafel 1. Abbild. 6.
7. Dodds (1973) 183–92.
8. Acts 19.19: Gentiles and Jews, together.
9. Maximus 9.7: cf. Arrian, Periplous 23 (“not incredible”); Max. 9.7, again; cf. I.G.X. 67, to the Most High god, after an “oracle” in a dream and a rescue at sea: 74/5 A.D.
10. Philostrat., ap. Suidas is a notorious battleground, but it does attribute the Heroicus to Philostratus II; the Troikos of Philostr. III is not the same work. On the date and identity, note esp. K. Münscher, Die Philostrate, Philolog. Supp. X (1907) 497 ff. esp. 517, 554; Dio 80. 10.2–3 and Philostr., Heroic. 147.8 and Gymnast, p. 174.5 on Helix, with J. Jüthner. Philostratos Über Gymnastik (1909) 87–8 and J. Jüthner, Festschr. T. Gomperz (1902) 205, for acute discussion. I forbear to give endless refs. to the Teubner, Heroicus, which can be read in full.
11. 11.4 (gardening).
12. 16 (adultery).
13. On the local stories, Münscher is correct; Hdts 9.120; G. L. Huxley, G.R.B.S. (1979) 145; Heroic. 8.3–13; 17.3 ff. (Rhesus); 18.6 (Hector). On size of heroes, T. Mantero (1966) 85 n. 15; Paus. 2.5; Philostr., Imag. 5.1.
14. U. von Wilamowitz, Glaube der Hellenen II (1932) 522.
15. Philostr, V.A. 6.27.
16. On dating, J. Jüthner, Philostratos Über Gymnastik (1909) 87–8, arguing for post-217. F. Solmsen, T.A.P.A. (1940) 556, at p. 559 on the “real reason,” so often repeated, without any evidence. Philostr. had indeed visited Troy, Vita Ap. 4.13; Heroicus lacks any dedication, or any hint of an “Imperial” connection; Philostr. V.A. 4.16 ff. is similarly vague. E. Champlin, H.S.C.P. (1981) 210 is even less convincing: H. Grentrup (1914) 46 did not even establish Philostr.’s use of “Dictys.” S. Eitrem, Symb. Oslo. 8 (1929) 1–56 wrongly looked for “magic” as a parallel: cf. T. Mantero (1966) who overinterprets, e.g. “synousia,” at p. 64 ff.
17. Heroicus, 58.
18. Eunapius, Lives (ed. Wright, Loeb) p. 407.
19. Julian, 249 B-D; 233D; 250C; 275B; Or 7.227C-234C; cf. the idea that every site “links” man to the cosmos and the gods. Sallustius, ed. Nock p. 6.26 and 26.26 (the word “synapteia”).
20. Lib. 12.89, 15.80–1, 18.167–8, in war; 13.27, “synergos” (cf. Marcus, Med. 9.11, 9.40); 12.86–8 and 18.162, 172 on spies. I quote 15.29–32; cf. Jul. 294D. None of the recent books on Julian discusses this.
21. Synesius, P.G. 66.1317.
IV
1. E. R. Dodds, Greeks and the Irrational (1951) chap. 4 remains the classic account; here, I aim only to extend the study to examples in the Christian era beyond his immediate scope. C. A. Behr, Aelius Aristides (1968) pp. 171–204 is essential to the task.
2. Lucr. 4.722 ff.; Diogenes Oenoandae, F 52 (Chilton).
3. Behr (1968) 176 n. 11e; Ps. Theocr. 21.40.
4. Behr (1968) 173–5, for an excellent survey.
5. Behr (1968) 171–2; Aristot., 462B20 and 464A22; Behr, p. 174 n. 11, importantly stressing Herophilus’s theory, against Dodds; also note 11A, with Marcus, Med. 1.17.8. For Stoics, cf. Cic, De Div. 1.50 ff.; Philo, De Somn. 2.1 and F. H. Colson, Philo, Loeb V. 593 ff.
6. Homer, Od. 19.547; 20.90; Pindar, Olymp. 13.67; Aelius, Sacr. Tales 2.7, 2.18.
7. Iambl., De Myst. 3.2; Proclus, V. Marini 30; for a denial of their value, Macrob. Commen. In Somn. Scip. I.3.8.
8. E.g., P.G.M. VII. 664, 704, 740; or XII. 107; Synesius, De Insomniis 11, on diets; L. Robert, Jo. des Savants (1981), on amulets; R. Arbesmann (1949–51), on fasting.
9. E.g., C. Roebuck (1951); L. Robert (1973); M. Besnier (1902); on incubation, L. Deubner (1900); on miracles in Rome, P. Roesch (1982).
10. E. and L. Edelstein (1945); contra, I. Chirassi Colombo (1975) 96; for the growth of Pergamum, C. Habicht (1969) 8–16; for Cos, S. Sherwin-White (1978) 334–59, starting with a major, unified building plan of the mid-3rd cent. B.C.
11. On Galen, F. Kudlien (1981), with some caution; on doctors, S. Sherwin-White (1978) 276–9 with n. 108.
12. Plut., Mor. 383Ε with J. G. Griffiths, De Iside… (1970) and p. 571 on Parthey’s experiment; Apul., Apol. 43 refers to scent, and so probably does Galen 19.462, though he does mention apparitions and loud noises as a consequence.
13. Philostr., V.A. 2.37.
14. Paus. 1.34.3.
15. C. Habicht (1969), passim, for clientele; cf. Behr (1968) 27–32, 41–51 for Aelius’s Cathedra; A. Taffin (1960), on procedure; Habicht, pp. 161 ff., the lex sacra; pp. 180–1, on abstinence.
16. Dodds (1951) 114 (dogs and snakes); Lois Sacr. Cit. Grecques (Sokolowski) 69, 43–8, on Oropus.
17. J.-P. Vernant (1983) 323.
18. A. Busignani (1981) for photos only.
19. Dio Chrys. 31.151.
20. Dio 12.25; Plut., Aemil. Paull. 28.2, Strabo 8.354C, on Pheidias and Homer; cf. Dio 12.44–6.
21. H. Seyrig, Antiquités Syriennes II, pp. 111–2, with Lucian, De Dea Syria 31; L. Robert, Hellenica (1960) 470–1; P. E. Corbett (1970) esp. 151 n. 11; Themistius, Orat. 20.235.
22. A. Taffin (1960) 325.
23. On Artemidorus, esp. L.R., B.C.H. (1978) 538; Laodicée: 1 (1969) 309–12; also R. A. Pack (1955); Festugière edition (1975), for best trans. and notes.
24. Art., 5.1: note his access to other migrants, e.g. 4.1 and L.R., B.C.H. (1978) 539.
25. Athletes: e.g. 5.44, 48, 55, 75; 1.24; 1.57; 4.42. L.R., Fond. Hardt XIV (1967) 221: Art. and his athletic terms.
26. His travels: Pack (1955) 284 with 2.12 (Italian woman); 4.28 (the eques); 4.42 (tax man); 1.49, 1.53 and 1.78 (slaves); I also quote C. Blum, Studies in the Dream Book of A. (1936). The key phrase is “hōs ego etērēsa”: e.g. 2.18. At 4.24, A. refers to the Jewish revolt under Trajan. He adds “hōs eipomēn” (not in the best Ms., L), but he means, not “as I then predicted,” but “as I have just said,” i.e. in the previous sentence. Α., then, was not active in Trajan’s reign, a cardinal point in his dating.
27. Bk. 4, pref., on “enhypnia” (his own term); 4.4 (custom); 4.2 (nomos/physis); 4.59 (two clients’ sex life); 4, pref. (p. 240, Pack), on interpreters; 2.9; 3.23 (cannibals); 1.48 (feet); 2.28 (woods); 2.65 (marriage); 3.28 (mice).
28. 4.11; e.g. isopsephism, in 3.34, 4.24; medical, 4.22; Theognis, 1.32, 1.66.
29. On his Greek, note general caveat by L.R., C.R.A.I. (1982) 62.
30. 3.66 (Daldis).
31. Apollo: 2.70, end; other local detail in L.R., B.C.H. (1978) 538 ff.
32. 4.31, with Pack, T.A.P.A. (1957) 192–3; 5.16 (Agamemnon); 4.84 is a general reference.
33. 2.34 with A. S. Pease, on Cicero, De N.D. 1.315.
34. 2.37 (Hercules); 3.14; 4.49; 2.36; 3.13 (but note 1.5, dining with Cronos); 4.63.
35. 4.71 (riddles).
36. 2.44 (Hermes and co.).
37. 2.35, esp. to 2.39; 4.72 (without attributes).
38. Philostr., V.A. 4.16, esp.; Heroicus 48–9.
39. Aelius, Sacr. Tal. 1.11; 1.17; 2.18; 2.41; 3.47; 4.40; 4.50.
40. M. F. Smith (1982).
41. L. Lacroix (1949) 320; Liban. 60.11 with Philostorg., H.E. 7.8.
42. Callistr., no. 10; Apul., Met. 11.19, and esp. 11.24 and 29: “clemens imago,” with Festugière (1954) 80; F. J. Dölger (1934) 67; L.R., C.R.A.I. (1982) 517–35.
43. Most recently, G. Michenaud, J. Dierkens (1972).
44. Aelius, Sacr. Tal. 1.23, 1.33, 3.21 and esp. 5. 44–5; 1.46; 1.36; Alexander, 4.49.
45. Ael. 4.16; 4.19; 4.57; 4.60; C. Habicht (1969) no. 33, on Polemo; Philostr., V.S. pp. 109–112 K, on Hermocrates (cf. Habicht, no. 34). Ael. 4.25 is telling.
46. 2.32; cf. 3.46.
47. 4.57; on statues, 1.11; 2.18; 3.47; 4.40; 4.50.
48. 1.71; 1.11, changed statue.
49. 2.41, Athena. I presume “coram suo illo” in Apul., 11.30 means a statue dream.
50. 2.32–34; for Theodotus, 4.21. He was not opposed to divine cures: he was A.’s favourite doctor: F. Kudlien (1981) 117 ff. is mistaken here.
51. 1.17; 4.50; Brown (1978) 43–5 suggests a diagnosis in terms of “heat” and “dryness”: this is not convincing. The cures and visions sometimes induce a warm glow (Behr, 164 n. 8 for texts), usually by bathing: I cannot see they “control” or “dissipate” a problematic, pre-existent heat. As for a prevalent “dry” image of the body in a Mediterranean “koine,” I know of no evidence: Brown p. 44 n. 78 refers to a dry diet only.
52. The only catalogue is Van Straten (1976) 21–27, an excellent survey. I.G. Bulg. 680 (city); I.G. Bulg. 2338, for dignitaries of the mid-1st cent. A.D. reviving the cult of Artemis.
53. Artemid. 4.5 and Men. Rhet. 390 (Russell-Wilson, p. 116), brilliantly spotted by MacMullen (1981) 17–18, both on frauds; A. Beschaouch (1975): “pro fide comperta.”
54. R. Merkelbach (1973).
55. H. Hepding, Ath. Mitt. 35 (1910) 457–61; I.G. Bulg. 680.
56. Artemid. 2.35; 2.39 (wax).
57. 2.35 (Artemis); 2.37 (Aphrodite); 1.80 (sex).
58. Festugière, R.H.T., passim; Plato, Rep. 381D; Proclus, In Rempubl. 1. 109 ff. (ed. Festugière, 1970).
59. Κ. Ε. Kirk (1931) 54·
60. F. E. Brenk (1977) 16–21 and 214–35, a very interesting survey; note esp. Plut., Dion 2.
61. Festugière, R.H.T. I (1944) 45 ff. for a brilliant evocation.
62. A. Bataillé (1952), pp. 153–68.
63. A. Bernand (1960) no. 30 (Hadrian); pp. 10–13 and nos. 51–3 (placing); no. 19 (Charisius).
64. Nock, Essays I.357 is classic: pp. 368–9 (on “today”); pp. 361–3 (Maximus) and p. 363, dismissing them, however, as “conventional tours de force.”
BIBLIOGRAPHY: I
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U. Brackertz, Zum Problem der Schutzgottheiten der Gr. Stadt (Berlin, 1976).
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K. M. Briggs, Fairies in Tradition and Literature (1973).
K. M. Briggs, The Vanishing People (1978).
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F. Matz, Göttererscheinung u. Kultbild Im Minoischen Kreta (1958).
T. B. Mitford, The Nymphaeum of Kafizin: The Inscribed Pottery (1980).
P. Perdrizet, Nikopolis Pros Mesto, in Corolla Numismatica… Β. V. Head (1906) 226.
H. W. Pleket, Religious History as History of Mentality, in Faith, Hope and Worship, ed. H. G. Versnel (1981) 152.
W. K. Pritchett, The Greek State At War, Part III (1979).
N. J. Richardson, Homeric Hymn To Demeter (1979).
K.J. Rigsby, A Hellenistic Inscription From Bargylia, G.R.B.S. (1975) 403.
L. Robert, Amulettes Grecques, Journal des Savants (1981) 3.
D. Seale, Vision and Stagecraft in Sophocles (1982).
B. Snell, The Discovery of the Mind (1953).
W. Speyer, Die Hilfe und Epiphanie einer Gottheit, eines Heros, eines Heiligen, Jhrb. für Ant. u. Christ., Erganzbd. 8 (1980) 55.
F. T. van Straten, Daikrates’s Dream… B. Ant. Besch. (1976) 1.
D. Wachsmuth, Pompimos Ho Daimon (1967).
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A. Wikenhauser, Die Traumgesichte des Ν.T. in religionsgeschichtlicher Sicht, Pisciculi… F.J. Dölger (1939) 320.
F. Williams, Callimachus’s Hymn To Apollo (1978).
BIBLIOGRAPHY: II
A. Bernand, Le Paneion d’El-Kanais (1972).
A. Bernand, Pan du Désert (1977).
C. Bonner, A Dionysiac Miracle at Corinth, A.J.A. (1929) 368.
P. Borgeaud, Recherches sur le Dieu Pan (1979)·
F. Ε. Brenk, In Mist Apparelled (1977)·
R. Callois, Les Démons de Midi, R.H.R. 116 (1937) 143.
Charly Clerc, Les Théories Relatives au Culte des Images chez les Auteurs Grecs du IIe siècle (1915).
B. Croke, Evidence for the Huns’ Invasion of Thrace in 422, G.R.B.S. (1977) 358.
F. Deneken, De Theoxeniis (1881).
E. R. Dodds, Greeks and the Irrational (1951).
E. R. Dodds, Pagans and Christians in an Age of Anxiety (1965).
S. Eitrem, Die Vier Elemente in der Mysterienweihe, Symb. Osl. (1926) 39.
A. J. Festugière, La Révélation de l’Hermes Trismégiste, I-IV (1944–54).
A. J. Festugière, Epicurus and His Gods (1955).
Y. Grandjean, Une Nouvelle Arétalogie d’Isis à Maronée (1975).
M. Guarducci, Le Impronte del Quo Vadis, Rendic. Pont. Acc. di Arch. 19 (1942/3) 322.
P. Herrmann, Κ. Polatkan, Das Testament des Epikrates (1969).
K. Holum, Theodosian Empresses (1982).
L. Koenen, Eine Einladung zur Kline des Sarapis, Z.P.E. 1 (1967) 123.
A. Laumonier, Une Inscription de Stratonicée, R.E.A (1934) 85.
R. MacMullen, Paganism in the Roman Empire (1981).
C. Mango, Antique Statuary and the Byzantine Beholder, D.O.P. (1963) 59.
C. Meillier, L’Epiphanie de Dieu Pan, R.E.G. (1975) 121.
G. Petzl, Inschriften aus der Umgebung Saittai, Z.P.E. 30 (1978) 250.
D. M. Pippidi, Scythica Minora (1975).
F. Poulsen, Talking, Weeping, Bleeding Sculptures, Acta Archaelog. 16 (1945) 178.
M. Riley, The Purpose and Unity of Plutarch’s De Genio Socratis, G.R.B.S. (1977) 257.
L. Robert, Documents de l’Asie Mineure Méridionale (1966).
L. Robert, Sur un Décret d’Ilion…, Essays In Honour of C. Bradford Welles (1966) 175.
J. S. Rusten, Geiton Héros…, H.S.C.P. (1983) 289.
R. Seaford, 1 Corinthians XIII. 12, J.T.S. (1984) 117.
F. Sokolowski, Sur l’Oracle de Claros Destiné à la Ville de Syedra, B.C.H. (1968) 519.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY: III and IV
R. Arbesmann, Fasting and Prophecy in Pagan and Christian Antiquity, Traditio 7 (1949–51) 1.
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C. A. Behr, Aelius Aristeides (1968).
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J.-P. Vernant, Some Aspects of Personal Identity in Greek Religion, in Myth and Thought among the Greeks (1983) 323.
CHAPTER 5
My debt to L. Robert will, I trust, be obvious, not only for his reports on his excavations at Claros but also for his brilliant studies of oracles and their texts, perhaps especially in the volume on Laodicée du Lycos (1969), in the remarkable study of the Theosophy (C.R.A.I. 1968), the prompt recognition of the Oenoanda text (C.R.A.I. 1971), the review of the Didyma inscriptions (Gnomon 1959 and Hellenica 1960) and the insights into Claros in La Carie II (1954). It is only through his studies that I have come to treat this subject at length. The best book on oracles in this period is G. Wolff’s remarkable De Novissima Aetate Oraculorum, published at an early age in 1854. To his knowledge and his fine edition of Porphyry (1856), I owe much. A wide range of oracular verses was collected by E. Cougny in volume 3 of the Anthologia Palatina for the Bibliotheca Graecorum Scriptorum, 1890, as an appendix, pp. 464–561. The most recent sample is given by M. Guarducci, Epigrafía Greca, IV (1978) 74–122, necessarily brief, but including photographs of several texts. A summary of part of this chapter benefitted from comments at a London seminar in 1983 and especially from the advice of H. W. Parke, who then lent me his own chapters on this period, to be published in his book on the oracles of Asia Minor in 1985. Where we differ, I have been content to let my views stand, but I have gained greatly from the stimulus of his own acute study. I have also been saved from several confusions and errors by the vigilance of S. J. B. Barnish, who read the penultimate version and suggested many improvements. When L. Robert’s publication of the Claros inscriptions is complete, yet more will be clear about the history of the site and its clients.
I
1. Festugière (1954) IV.245, n. 3; John of Ephesus, Eccles. Hist. 2.48 with F. J. Dölger (1920) 28; Ε. Peterson (1959) chap. 1; Tert., Apol. 16.9–11.
2. J. J. Coulton (1983) with M. Holleaux, P. Paris, B.C.H. (1886) 217; C. W. Chilton (1971) p. xxi. A. S. Hall (1979).
3. C. W. Chilton(1971)F2.5; cf. M. F. Smith, J.H.S.(1972) p. 154; M. F. Smith, Hermathena (1974) 120; M. F. Smith, Denkschr. Oesterr. Akad, der Wiss., Phil.-Hist. Kl., 117 (1974) p. 13; most recent finds, M. F. Smith with bibliogr., in Prometheus (1982) 193.
4. G. E. Bean, Denkschr. Oesterr. Akad. der Wiss., Phil.-Hist. Kl. (1971) pp. 20–2. A. S. Hall, Z.P.E. 32 (1978) 263.
5. Above all, by L. Robert, C.R.A.I. (1971) 597. Subsequent studies by M. Guarducci, Rendiconti dell’Accad. Naz. dei Lincei, 8.27 (1972) 335 and id., Epigrafía Greca IV (1978) 109–12 (with photo) and C. Gallavotti, Philologus (1977) 94 have not made their case.
6. Hall (1978) 263–9, with bibliogr.
7. Eurip. F593 Nauck; cf. Plotin. 6.5.1.; Clem., Strom 5.14.114, with J. Whittaker (1969), (1975) and (1980) for further details. For Christian usage, cf. J. McLelland (1976); R. Braun, Deus Christianorum (1977) 47.
8. Galen IX (Kuhn) 934; Nonnos, Dionys. 41; 51 ff.; Corp. Herm. IV F4B; Philo, De Op. Mundi, 100: the 7 and “motherless” Athena; Julian, 166A–B; A. Cameron (1969) 240.
9. Heraclit., ap. Hippol. Ref. Haer. 9.9.
10. J. M. Dillon (1977) 170–1; Cic. De Nat. Deor. I.39, with A. S. Pease; Artemid. 2.34.
11. L. Robert (1958) 103; A. R. Sheppard (1980/1) 77.
12. L. Robert, C.R.A.I. (1971) 597.
13. H. Erbse, Fragmente griechischer Theosophien (1941) 13.30; Lact., Div. Inst. I.7;Jo. Malal., Chron. III 79E; S. P. Brock (1983).
14. R. M. Ogilvie (1978) 23 suggests a Christian source book between L. and Porphyry: I doubt if there was much time, and none is known.
15. I take “principium” literally, despite G. Wolff (1856) 229 ff. and many since: I will argue this elsewhere, tentatively suggesting Theos. Tubing. 34, 36 and perhaps 35 as the “disiecta membra” of the Oenoandans’ original 21 lines.
16. The fundamental authority, again, is L. Robert, Les Fouilles de Claros (1954) and esp. in C. Delvoye, G. Roux, La Civilisation Grecque de l’Antiquité à nos Jours (1967) 302; Iamblich., De Myst. 3.11; on image, B.M.C. Ionia, pp. 42–3.
17. Tac, Ann. 2.54 with R. Syme, Tacitus (1959) II.469–70.
18. Oenomaus, ap. Eus. P.E. S.21–3, with P. Vallette (1908) 134–7.
19. L. Robert, La Carie II, p. 207 no. 139 and p. 211: a thespode in 136/7. In earlier inscriptions, so far published, he is lacking.
20. C. Picard (1922) 303–4: texts 3, 4, 5, 7 report “mysteries” only; 1, 2 and 6 mention “mysteries” before “entry.” The latter, I believe, is thus distinct from the mystery rite: Paul, Coloss. 2.18 is not using “mystery” language, specifically. With text 7, M. L. West (1983) 169, on child initiates.
21. Iambl., De Myst. 3.11. 124.17, with 3.12.
22. Iambl. 3.11 (124.14) surely means “no longer visible to those envoys present above ground.”
23. I differ from L. Robert (1967) 305, who takes Iamblichus’s “prophet” to be the “thespode”: if so, the prophet’s role is very modest.
24. A. Cameron (1969) 240 and Orac. Sib. III. 11–12 (Rzach), a very interesting parallel, making the Clarian text seem commonplace. The summary in the last two lines conforms to no other oracular inscription, and may be the questioners’ own: it also runs off the central altar and fills the space below.
25. A. S. Hall (1978) 263–9 for this view; earlier date, L.R. (1971) 602, 610; from photographs, the letter forms look to my eye similar to blocks of Diogenes’s text: M. F. Smith, Prometheus (1982) for these blocks.
26. M. L. West, Z.P.E. 1 (1967) 185, line 18; L.R., Documents de l’Asie Mineure (1966) 91–100.
27. L. and J. Robert, La Carie II (1954), index, s.v. Claros; earlier, T. Macridy, Jahresheft. Oesterr. Arch. Inst. 15 (1912) 45 ff.; with C. Picard (1922) 305 ff.; L. Robert, in Laodicée du Lycos (1969) 301 ff., 310; Studii Ciasice 16 (1974) 74–80, esp. p. 77 on earliest attested delegation (n.b.: no thespode).
28. Map now in P. Debord (1982) 19 and 21, always with L. Robert (1954) and (1968) 591–2.
29. L.R., La Carie II p. 215; Laodicée (1969), pp. 301 ff. for what follows, too.
30. L.R. (1969) 304 n. 3.
31. L. Robert, La Carie 382 ff; Rmn. Inscr. Brit. 1439; C.I.L. 3.11034.
32. Tac. Ann. 2.54; Euseb., P.E. 5.22; Ael. Ar., Sacr. Tal. 3.11–12; Xen., Ephes.I.6; these cases blur the contrast with Didyma, sketched in L. Robert (1968) 592. For another oracle in fiction, Heliod., Aethiop. 10.41: oracles are more relevant to the plots than supposed “mystery religions.”
33. A. Petrie (1906) p. 128.
34. T. B. Mitford, J.R.S. (1974) 173, for Candidus.
35. I. Cazzaniga (1974) 145 and 152.
36. Macrob., Saturnal.I.18.19–21 with P. Mastandrea (1979).
37. Eus., Dem. Εν. 6.18.23.
38. Didyma, II (1958), ed. A. Rehm., pp. 155 ff., with bibliogr.
39. L. Lacroix (1949) 221–6, for an excellent discussion.
40. I. Did. 83 (3rd cent. A.D.): Rhodes had come “often,” and here she sends a poet too, like Claros’s clients.
41. Inschr. Did. 504 with L. Robert, B.C.H. (1978) 471–2; V. Nutton (1969) 37–48; R. Syme, Roman Papers III, p. 1323.
42. Anth. Pal. 14.72 with L. Robert (1968) 599.
43. K. Buresch (1889) 76–8 and G. Wolff (1856) 68–90, a fine study.
44. Iambl., De Myst. 3.11; W. W. Günther (1971) 97; Strabo 14.1.5, whose sacred grove is surely a paradeisos; I suspect Didyma was the “god” in Meiggs-Lewis 12, lines 27 ff.
45. Most recently, W. Peek, Z.P.E. 7 (1971) 186, with essential doxography.
46. B. Haussouillier, Rev. Phil. (1920) esp. 263 ff., for these ideas on the site.
47. Tryphosa, in W. Günther, 1st. Mitt. 30 (1980) 164, inscrip. no. 5.
48. J. C. Montagu, A.J.A. (1976) 304 for some stimulating ideas.
49. R. Flacelière (1971) 168 and his editions of the Ε (1941), Prophecies in Verse (1937) and Decline (1947) are all fundamental studies. I assume them for what follows: also, the recent papers by H. D. Betz and E. W. Smith, W. E. Rollins, and K. O’Brien Wicker, in H. D. Betz, ed. (1975) pp. 36–181.
50. Moral. 413A (Cynic); 396E (Epicurean).
51. Moral. 410A-B, with Ogilvie-Richmond, ed. Tac., Agricola (1967) 32–5: some have doubted this, e.g. Flacelière, Dialogues Pythiques (1974) 88.
52. J. H. Oliver, Hesperia, Supp. 8 (1949) 243; R. Flacelière (1951).
53. De Is. et Osir. 351E with J. Gwyn Griffith’s notes (1970), p. 17, 95, 253 ff.; De Virt. Mul. 242E, 243D.
54. Moral. 384D-E; 387F (Plut. and numbers).
55. 386A-B (Chaldaean) with L.R. (1938) 15 n. 3; Roman astronomer of 1st cent. B.C. at Delphi.
56. Mor. 388F(theologoi).
57. 391 ff., Ammonius, with J. Whittaker (1969) 185; C. P. Jones (1966); only Eunap., V. Philos, p. 346 (Wright) links him to Egypt, perhaps by confusion with his namesake; Philo, e.g. Opif. 100; Somn. 1.60; 1.119.
58. Plut., Mor. 385B.
59. E. Feuillatre (1966) 45–67, 145 ff.; Heliod. 2.26.5 with Hdt. I.65.2–3; Hel. 2.27.2–3. The “labyrinth” is the tombs near “Memnon”: Str. 17.1.46.
60. M.J. Baillet (1926) no. 1427.
61. Porph., Vita Plot. 22; cf. 3.10 on Amelius, its pious authority.
62. Α. Gell. 12.5.1; S.I.G.3 868 with J. Dillon (1977) 233–8; M. Montuori (1982) argues that the Socrates oracle is Plato’s forgery.
63. Vita Plot. 22 line 15 with Hom. Od. 5.399; another image in Plot. 1.6.8; cf. P. Courcelle (1944) 65.
64. A. S. F. Gow, A. F. Schofield, Nicander (1953) pp. 5–8; Alexiph. line 11; I. Cazzaniga (1974) 145; Damas, I. Did. 237 II and 268 with L. Robert (1967) 47–51; “old oracles,” I. Did. 277. 18ff.; Phanias the Platonist, I. Did. 150; note the strongly pro-Platonist and anti-Epicurean epitaph for the son of “famous” Menander, discussed by L.R., Hellenica (1960) 484. Was this Menander the prophet praised in I. Did. 223 A?
65. I. Did. 217, with R. Harder (1956): see Part III of this chapter.
66. M. Guarducci, Epigrafia Greca IV.113–7, with photos and bibliogr.: L.R., Bull. Epig. 1944 no. 205.
67. Artemid. 2.70, end, with L.R., Laodicée (1969) 312.
68. Philostr., V.A. 7.19–20 with E. L. Bowie, A.N.R.W. 162 (1978) 1672.
69. Macr. Sat. 1.18.19 (we must, with Jan, emend Iao to Iacchus): Theos. Tub. 13.1.15–28 (in my view, Didyma). Nock, Essays I.377–96, on Aion: the Maximus text and the dedication of Q. Pompeius and his brothers, S.I.G. 1125, show the idea’s interest for individuals. The latter text, hinting at Eternal Rome, is variously dated, but must, on the Rome point, be Augustan, at the earliest: Virg., Aen. 8.37, for the idea. Nock, pp. 388–93 is surely right about the lateness of an Aion cult in Alexandria.
70. L.R., B. Epig 1946/7 182 and C.R.A.I. (1968) 591, relocating the text in J. Keil, Anz. Akad. Wien (1943) 7: it quotes its request, a Didyma characteristic.
71. Theos. Tub. (Erbse) p. 2 and paras. 42, 33, 44 with Nock, Essays I.164.
72. P. Battifol (1916) 177 and Nock, Essays 1.160 are particularly valuable.
73. Wolff (1856) 144–5.
74. L. Doutreleau, Rech. Sci. Relig. (1957) 512, questioning the attribution; the text is in P.G. 39, and the oracles fall in Book 3; 758 A-C, 792A and esp. 888A resemble Oenoanda’s text; 913Β stands as Theos. Tub. 35 (via Porphyry?); 796C shares half a line with Theos. 43.17 and a Porphyry text. 965B has a rebuke to the mortal: cf. Theos. Tub. 21.15 (Erbse).
75. Eus., P.E. 3.15: not in Porphyry, Wolff (1856) 127–8; not obviously in Labeo, either, despite the claims of Mastandrea (1979) 168.
76. Theos. Tub. 22/3 with L. Robert (1968) 569–86; C.J. Howgego, Num. Chron. (1981) 147–8; for genealogy, and his philosophic cousin, A. Rehm, Inscr. Did. (1958) nos. 182, 277.
77. Theos. 24; L. Robert (1968) 586–9; Aelius Ar., Sacr. Tal. 2.18; a tantalizing Stratonicus in Artemid. 4.31, who “kicked the King” (Emperor?).
78. Theos. 37; Lact. De Ira 23.12; L. Robert (1968) 589–90; I differ, however, preferring Polites in P. Herrmann (1975) 154–5; for his coinage and connection with Keramos, L. R. (1967) 44; his coin type, Imhoof-Blumer, Gr. Munzen 648 no. 338.
79. As a delegate to Claros: Picard (1922) 303–4: from Amaseia; or Laodicea, with L. Robert, Laodicée (1969) 302 no. 21; as a second “divine” name, Ael. Ar. 4.16. But I still prefer I. Did. 372 with the tantalizing I. Did. 369, following Robert’s own principle: C.R.A.I. (1968) 584, 598.
80. A. Rehm, Milet. 1.7 (1924) 205B with Robert (1968) 576, 594–8.
81. Plut. 381F; 386A; 393C; 400C-D; 435A for this problem.
82. Galen V. (Kuhn) 41–2; cf. Lucian, Hermotimus, passim; Justin, Dial. Tryph. 2.3 ff.; Ps.-Clem., Recogn. 1.1.
83. Theos. Tub. 21: I will argue elsewhere for this.
84. Macrob. Sat. 1.18.20; Xen., Ephes. 1.6.2: the parents decide to “paramuthtēsasthai” the god’s words (1.7.2), not “ignore,” but “divert” and bring them true as best they can.
85. R. Thouvenot (1968–72) 221 gives the list, supplemented by unpublished material known to L.R. A. Taramelli, Notizie degli Scavi (1928) 254–5 judged the lettering of the Sardinia text to be 1st cent. A.D. G. Sotgiu, I.L. della Sard. 1.42 prefers the Birley thesis, and the 3rd cent. In view of Claros’s own history, Taramelli’s view is now unlikely: 2nd–3rd cent. seems better.
86. E. Birley (1974) 511, unconvincing: no such “inquiry” by Caracalla left any mark anywhere, even at Claros. On p. 512 he claims that “all” the Tungrians’ texts at Housesteads are Severan: R.I.B. 1577 ff. show a wide diversity of lettering.
87. Nock, Essays I.357.
88. R. van den Broek (1978) claims that Nicocreon’s oracle from Serapis is genuine, and thus pre-311 B.C.: Macrob., Sat. 1.20.7. This will not do. Its language conforms to Orphic hymns of late Hellenistic date (most recently, West, 1983, 240: this type of thought is not at issue earlier, certainly not in Aristoph., Eq. 74 ff., pace West n. 25). Serapis quite possibly did not have a cult in N.’s lifetime: Fraser, Opuse. Athen. (1960) 46 and (1967). In M., the answer is taken to equate Serapis and the Sun. This may be M.’s own idea, but if it is not, it is still a late equation, of the Roman period when, I assume, this “oracle” was forged. Nock, Essays I.167–8 used Max. Tyr. 11.6 to prove that Max. knew no theological oracles c. 180 A.D. The wording, in context, does not strike me in this way, and N.’s conclusion is forced.
89. Lucian, Zeus Elench. 3–6; Icaromenippus, passim.
90. Dodds, Greeks and the Irrational (1951) 287; J. Bidez, Vie de Porphyre (1913) 18–19; R. L. Wilken (1979) 130–1 unconvincingly suggests P. as the author of these books before the Great Persecution, connecting them to Div. Inst. 5.2: nothing supports this. H. Chadwick, Sentences of Sextus (1959) 66 links the “journey” in Porph., Ad Marc. 4, with an anti-Christian work: even so, not necess. our “Philosophy.”
91. I. Did. 100 and 150; for Pythagoras and Alex. of Abonout., vid. infra; I. Did. 310, a Stoic; J.P. Rey-Coquais, Ann. Arch. Arab. Syr. (1973) 66–8; “Belios” Philippos, priest of Bel and successor of the Epicureans in Apamea. Cf. I. Did. 285, for another.
92. J. Balty (1981) 5.
93. Proclus (in Tim. 3.63) is the first author to connect the Or. Chald. to an author: surely (as Dodds saw) they began anonymously? By c. 400, pagans were linking the Rain Miracle with “Julian” too (Saffrey, 1981); the dates were difficult, so a second “Julian” was introduced, alive under Marcus. He then took credit for the Oracles, by the time of Suidas s.v. Joulianos.
94. E. R. Dodds (1961) 270–1; Numenius, ed. Des Places (1973) 18–19; F53 may connect N. with the belief in “animated statues.” Note Saffrey (1981) 223–4 for a Syrian god and Syriac wording in a fragment of the Oracles.
95. Eus., P.E. 9.10 with G. Wolff (1856) 141–2; “autogenethlos” in Or. Chald. F39; Theos. Tub. 44.26, with F2 and F109.
96. Wolff (1856) 140–2; 143–74, with 166–70 on astrology.
97. I. Did. 50425; M. L. West (1983); P.G. M. IV.165ff., for instance.
98. Eunap., V. Philos. p. 427–35 (Wright).
99. Julian 451B; 188A; 298A; 299C; 451B and 136A quote oracles; Eunap. F.26–7 (F. H. G. Müller IV) on his death; cf. Amm. Marc. 25.3.15.
100. Proclus, In Rempublicam III. 70 (Festugière ed. and trans.). I do not think the “sacrificing” refers specifically to a diviner, or augur: if it does, the text might belong in a theurgist’s work, exalting his piety against theirs. Julian’s court would appreciate it.
II
1. R. M. Ogilvie (1967) 108: date is shortly after 83.
2. Wolff (1856) 172, but p. 173 misses the likely origin.
3. Clem. Alex, Protrep. 2.11; Eus., P.E., pref. 5.
4. R. MacMullen (1981) 63.
5. Flacelière (1971) 168; Plut., Mor. 409C.
6. I. Did. 293; 318; 356; P. M. Fraser, Ptolemaic Alexandria (1972) 274–5, though the chronology is still unsure. J. Baity, A.N.R.W. (1977) II. 8.126–9; M. Le Glay, B.C.H. (1976) 347; L. Robert (1954). D. Knibbe, Forsch. in Ephesos IX (1981) 27–8, with the brilliant study by Robert, B. Epig. (1982) 298.
7. R. Merkelbach, Ε. Schwertheim, Epigraphica Anatolica (1983) 147; I reject their suggested opposition between blood sacrifice and the offering of incense (not required by l. 10); l. 12 requires “sacrifices” at Claros. The key reference is surely the ritual of “displaying the crown” in l.4, to which the opening lines attach. I forbear, then, to cite the text (as yet, uncertainly read) for I. Did.217, below. On Siwah, Plut., Mor. 410A and H. W. Parke, Oracles of Zeus (1967) 230 ff.
8. Discussion in V. Nikiprowetsky (1970); D. S. Potter (1984, Oxford).
9. K. Buresch (1889) 78.
10. Paus. 10.12.4–8; H. Engelmann, Inscr. Eryth. v. Klaz (1973) 224.
11. Plut. 398E; 566E. Lact., Div. Inst. 1.6.13 on the problems; O. Windisch (1929) on Hystaspes.
12. J. L. Myres (1953) 15.
13. S. I. Dakaris (1963) 50, on Ephyra.
14. Plut., Mor. 437C-D; on Iamblichus, esp. J. Carlier (1974).
15. Plut., Mor. 437C–438D; 397C; Iambl., De Myst. 3.5 and 3.11.126 (cf. 127); cf. chap. 8, for Christians; R. Walzer (1957), on Muslims.
16. Wolff (1854) 21, with Zos. 1.572; Plut., Mor. 434D–F; Dio 73·7·1; Wolff, p. 30.
17. Wolff (1854) 37 with Dio Chrys. 32.13; Wolff, 13–16 and P. Perdrizet, G. Lefebvre (1919) XIX ff., with no. 492, and 481, 500, 526, 580; C. Habicht, Altertüm, v. Perg. VIII. 3 (1969) 76.
18. I.G. II/III2 5007.
19. Paus. I.34.1–4.
20. 9.39.4; Schol. on Lucian, Dial. Mort., ed. Jacobitz 4.66: I owe this to Garth Fowden.
21. W. R. Halliday (1913) 116–45, from which I draw most of the examples; H. W. Parke (1978) and his Greek Oracles (1967) 75, on Cassotis; Zos. 1.58 and Paus. 3.23.8, on offerings; Macrob., Sat. 5.18.21; Aristot., Mirab. 834B; Philostr., V. Ap. 1.6; Pan. Lat. 6. 21.7–22.2, on geysers.
22. Ael., N.A. 15.25.
23. Paus. 7.21.4–6; 3.25.5.
24. Dio 41.45.2 with F. Millar (1964) 14, 180 ff.
25. Most recently, M. Tardieu (1978); Des Places, Oracles Chaldaïques (1971) 20–24, with Aug., De Civ. Dei 10.9–29 and A. Smith (1974) 82, esp. 122 ff.
26. Dio Chrys. 1.52.6, with L. Robert, Et. Anat. (1937) 129 and R. Merkelbach, Z.P.E. 15(1974) 208.
27. Acts 16.16; generally, Dodds (1951) 71 and n. 47; on females, R. Padel (1983) 12–14 (exaggerated).
28. Parke, Delphic Oracle I (1956) 35–9; L.R., Laodicée I (1969) 304 n. 3.
29. E. R. Dodds, Anc. Concept of Progress (1973) 190, 199 ff.; T. Hopfner (1926) 65.
30. Apul., Apol. 43.
31. Paus. 7.22.2–3.
32. C. Naour (1980) is the best study, with full doxography; E. N. Lane, C. Monum. Relig. Deae Menis. IV (1978) 53–5, for another fragment, copied in 1897; J. Nollé, Z.P.E. 48 (1982) 274, most recent; in the West, R. Meiggs, Roman Ostia (1973) 347 and pl. XXX.
33. R. Heberdey, Wiener Studien (1932) 94–5.
34. Naour (1980) 30; F. Heinevetter (1913), on alphabet texts, with F. Zevi (1982); R. Heberdey, E. Kalinka, Denkschr. Akad. Wien 45 (1897) 35, on Oenoanda.
35. Naour (1980) 34–6, on tone.
36. G. M. Browne (1970), (1976) and (1979) for fine scholarship on these texts, with full doxography. My examples, from P. Oxy. 1477.17, 16, 3; T. C. Skeat (1954), for afterlife.
37. J. S. Morrison (1981), for earlier arguments.
38. W. and H. Gundel (1966), for technique; Nock, Essays I.495–7, for inspiration, with Vettius Val. pref. 6; Ptolemy Tetrab. I.2–3, for nuances, with L. Robert (1968) 215–6, on signs/causes.
39. Notably, Cic, De Div. 2.42–7; Liebeschuetz (1979) 119–26, for a good summary.
40. Polemo, ed. G. Hoffmann, in Script. Physiognom. Gr. et Lat. (ed. R. Foerster, 1893, Teubner) vol. I.I cite 138 ff.; 286 (cf. 288); 282; 160 ff. (on Favorinus). Users include G. Bowersock (1969) 120; L.R., Hellenica 5 (1948) 64; E. C. Evans (1941). In Arabic, note T. Fahd (1966) and Y. Murad (1939) 55; generally, B. P. Reardon (1971) 243–55.
41. G. M. Parassoglou (1976) and J. Rea (1977), with Liebeschuetz (1979) 7–29, on the impact of the change from Republic to Empire on divination.
42. Dodds (1965) 55–7, arguing, however, that the “conventional” oracles “never fully recovered their old popularity” in the face of greater competition. Epigraphy suggests otherwise.
43. W. Schubart (1931); H. C. Youtie, T.A.P.A. (1964) 325–7; Α. Henrichs (1973) 115; M. Gronewald, D. Hagedorn (1981), with Coptic and demotic studies: also, A. Bülow-Jacobsen, Z.P.E. 57 (1984) 51.
44. I cite P. Mich. Inv. 1258, P. Wien Gr. 297 and Κ. T. Zauzich, vol. I (1978) 1–3, who suggests that the choice greatly agitated the author and affected his grammar.
45. E. G. Turner, Greek Papyri (1968) 149, on Sarapion, cf. P. Mert. 81, a mother and her son’s travels.
46. W. G. Forrest, Camb. Anc. Hist. III. 3 (1982) 309; H. W. Parke, Oracles of Zeus (1967) p. 266 no. 11; Hdts 1.159, Macr. Sat. 1.18.20, for reproach. Cf. Lucian, Alex. 43.
47. Euseb., P.E. 5.10.11; cf. Orig., C. Cels. 7.3–6; Wolff (1856) 169–70.
III
1. W. Günther (1971) 97; I. Did. 499; I. Did. 348. Note that Rehm suggested “2nd century A.D.” for the latter and “late Imperial” for the former, though they refer to the same man. The new text is well before 250 A.D.; M. Guarducci, Epigrafia Greca IV (1978) 96, with photo; for residents at the shrine, an old feature, L.R., Gnomon (1959) 668.
2. I. Did. 504 with L.R., B.C.H. (1978) 471 and the important page, C.R.A.I. (1968) 583 and n. 5; also, O. Weinreich, D.L.Z. (1913) 2959 and A.R.W. (1914) 524–7; O. Kern, Hermes (1917) 149, all cited by L.R.; Rehm’s “Diocletianic” date is undermined by L.R. (1968) 583 n. 5.
3. I. Did. 501 with L.R., C.R.A.I. (1968) 578 n. 1.
4. Socr., H.E. 3.23:I. Did. 83, for Rhodes’s frequent consultations; “hilaskou” is a word used at Didyma, as elsewhere.
5. Tertull., De Idol. 23; Porph., ap. Eus. P.E. 5.7 with Wolff(1856) 123; A. Pal. 14.72; L.R., C.R.A.I. (1968) 599; C. Habicht (1969) no. 2, p. 23.
6. Milet. 1.7 (1924) 205B.
7. I. Did. 217; H. Hommel (1964) 140; W. Peek, Z.P.E. 7 (1971) 196, latest version and bibliogr.; I doubt his line 5.
8. Vita Plot. 22 line 32.
9. Clem. Alex., Strom. 5.8.47.4 with Callim. F. 194.28 and 229 (Pfeiffer).
10. I. Did. 375 with 363 and L.R., Hellenica 11–12 (1960) 475 and esp. Gnomon (1959) 672–3, on reverse, I. Did. 277.
11. H. Hommel (1964) 140 n. 3, citing letter forms, but comparison of them (Rehm, p. 165) with a Diocletianic text (p. 116) shows clear differences, and I consider I. Did. 217, on style, to be earlier.
12. Delphinion no. 175; I. Did. 182, with L.R., Hellenica 11–12 (1960) 447–8; I. Did. 302–3 with the brilliant insight of L.R., Hellenica (1960) 460–3.
13. I. Did. 363, with prefatory note; I. Did. 370, 20 for silver relief, with L.R. (1960) 477 n. 2.
14. I. Did. 243–4; cf. I. Did. 179, L.R., Hellenica 11–12 (1960) 478–9; also I. Did. 261, with L.R. 454–5; P. Herrmann (1971) 297–8 and n. 20.
15. I. Did. 150, from the lettering a 2nd cent. text: note I. Did. 243.7 where Rehm suggests the word “autophanōn” is a Platonic pun, applied to Granianus Phanias’s ancestors: very appropriate, if I. Did. 150 belonged to the family. The word, however, also occurs in the recent text for Saturnilla (G.R.B.S. [1973] 65), where its sense is not yet clear: it may refer to “noble ancestry” here too, or perhaps simply to Athena.
16. R. Harder (1956) 88–97.
17. I. Did. 182.17, for choirs for Apollo Delphinios in c. 220–30 A.D.
18. J. Wiseman (1973) 153; L.R., B. Epig. (1958) 266–8.
19. A. Körte, Ath. Mitt. (1900) 398; and L.R., Laodicée, I (1969) 337.
20. P. Herrmann (1971), with p. 296 on I. Did. 370; T. Drew Bear (1973).
21. W. Günther (1980) no. 5.
22. L. R., Hellenica 3 (1946) 21–3; H. Seyrig, Syria (1941) 245–8;J. T. Milik (1972); P. Veyne (1976) p. 351 n. 226.
23. I. Did. 229 with L.R., Hellenica 11–12 (1960) 449–53; I. Did. 282, with L.R., 456–9; I. Did. 223 A; I. Did. 243 with P. Herrmann’s ingenious suggestion (1971) 294 n. 10; I. Did. 277.
24. I. Did. 206–306; I. Did. 219, with L.R., Gnomon (1959) 673, for date.
25. I. Did. 279; H. W. Parke, J.H.S. (1962) 175; L.R., Hellenica 11–12 (1960) 458–9, for robes.
26. P. Weiss (1981) 317 with L.R., B. Epig. (1982) no. 450, a very important study.
27. L.R., Studii Clasice (1974) 75–7; I. Did. 500; Parker-Wormell, Delphic Oracle no. II. no. 338, suggesting a mid-1st cent. reinscription.
28. Paus. 8.29.3. and, differently, Philostr., Heroic. 8.5; Aelian, H.A. 13.21.
29. W. H. Buckler (1923) 34.
30. Milet. 1.7.205A with L.R., C.R.A.I. (1968) 578 and Et. Epigr. (1938) 106.
31. Theos. Tub. 22; I.G. 22 2963 with J. H. Oliver, G.R.B.S. (1973) 404, for dating.
32. Briefly, J.H.W.G. Liebeschuetz, Continuity and Change… (1979) 123–39.
33. C. P. Jones (1975); Dio, 79.8.6.
34. D. Grodzynski (1974); Dio 79.40.4; and Dio 79.8.6; for a self-confessed forger, Dio 78.16.8 is a fine example.
35. Aug., Civ. Dei. 5.26; Macrob., Saturn. 1.23.14 (an interesting story of “testing”); Aur. Vic, Caes. 38.4; Eunapius F26; also, Zosimus 1.57 with Sarpedon’s “rebuke” to the Palmyrenes (surely a fake) and the advice to Aurelian, on which see G. Wolff (1854) 21.
36. Dio. 73.6.1–7.2.
37. R. Merkelbach, Ε. Schwertheim (1983) 147.
38. I.G. 22 4758 with G. Ρ Stevens, Hesperia (1946) 4; cf. O. Kern, Ath. Mitt. (1893) 192, for something similar; G. Ε. Bean, J.H.S. (1954) 85 with C.I.G. 3769 and L.R., Laodicée (1969) 337; more speculatively, S. Stucchi, Divagazioni Archaeologiche I (1981) 103, at Cyrene.
39. Queried by J. Gilliam (1961), ignoring the local coin types; Ael. Ar. 3.58; I.G. Bulg. 1.224 with L.R., Laodicée (1969) 305 n. 4; I.G. Bulg. 1.370; I.G. Bulg. III. 1475.8 is probably an oracle in iambics.
40. K. Buresch (1889) 101 ff.; I.G.R.R. 4.1498.
41. Kaibel, Epigr. Graec. 1034; C. Picard (1922) 389; O. Weinreich, A.M. (1913) 62 acutely cites the Apollo on the city’s coinage, from Marcus’s reign.
42. Buresch (1889) 70; I.G.R.R. 4.360 with C. Picard, B.C.H. (1922) 193–7 and perhaps Inscr. Perg. (ed. Fraenkel) no. 324.
43. The find: G. Pugliese Caratelli (1963–4). Text best in M. L. West, Z.P.E. (1967) 183; H. Lloyd-Jones, M. L. West, Maia (1966) 204.
44. L.R., B. Epig. (1967) 582 with L. Weber (1910) 195 n. 22: note that the coins could all be from the 170s, or later.
45. M. L. West, Z.P.E. (1967) lines 16 and 18 are decisive here; also the initial “Archagetes.”
46. F. Kolb (1974), for Delphi; L. Weber (1910) 180, for evidence; also B. Epig. (1967) 580.
47. Livy 38.13–1; cf. L.R., Laodicée (1969) 304–5.
48. O. Kern (1910) with E. Groag (1907); the date cannot be fixed between c. 120 and 240.
49. West, lines 1–2, with L. Weber (1910) p. 178; Weber’s own explanation concerns a myth I will discuss elsewhere.
50. G. Pugliese Caratelli (1963–4) for this point.
51. M. Guarducci, Epigrafia Greca IV. 102–3 (with photo); West, Z.P.E. (1967) 3A and 3B; in 3B 10, I feel we must surely read “pinutoteros,” to give “wiser than the immortals”; the text should be re-examined.
52. The Didyma text on music ends with a Herodotean flourish on Apollo warding off a plague, sent by the Moirai: I. Did. 217.
53. Anth. Pal. 14.75, with Wolff’s brilliant explanation (1854) p. 23.
54. West, Z.P.E. (1967) 2B line 24, cf. G.R.B.S. (1973) line 6: Didyma, on Athena, the “cities’ helper.”
55. J. North (1976).
56. Plut., Mor. 396C; 402B; H. W. Parke (1981) esp. 109.
57. H. W. Parke, D. Wormell, Delphic Oracle I (1956) 36.
58. Aristophanes’s forged oracles show bombast was typical, too, of the classical age: Peace 1063 ff.; Birds 967 ff.
59. T. Drew-Bear (1973) 65 ff. for examples; Theos. Tub. 38.5 (cf. Hesiod, W. and D.3); Wolff (1856) 124.44.
60. Artemid. 4.71.
61. I. Did. 496; Or. Sib. 13.130 ff., for example: the reworked text, published in Petermanns Mitteilungen 55.10 (1909) 268, from Caria with Hiller’s comment.
62. L. Robert (1966) 91–100.
63. C. Picard (1922) 208–14; J. and L. Robert (1954) no. 139 p. 207 and p. 211; nos. 24, 26 with p. 116, and p. 381 with no. 144; nos. 28 and 196, pp. 117 and 382 and nos. 30 and 135 with pp. 117, 205 and 213. Ardys had already been prophet, before being thespode; no. 193, p. 381. Naturally, this note remains provisional until all the texts appear.
IV
1. Arr., Peripl. 14; for West Wind, Waddington, Recueil, I (1912) 132, no. 19 (under Treb. Gallus); Tab. Peut. 9.2–10.1 omits road stages up to Abonout.: no milestones are known. G. Jacopi (1937) 8 for a visit, in rough weather, and for hinterland. R. Leonhard (1915) has good maps of Ineboli’s immediate plain.
2. Lucian, Alexander, which I presuppose hereafter; R. Syme, Roman Papers 1.469 dates Rutilianus’s governorship of Asia to 150/3, a linchpin in L.’s chronology.
3. C.I.L. III. 1021–2; P. Perdrizet, C.R.A.I. (1903) 62, for Antioch; it was still known to Mart. Cap., De Nupt. 1.18 in Africa: however, I wonder if the line was in fact Clarian, accompanying Apollo’s images and statues against plague.
4. L.R., Et. Anat. (1937) 272–3, on Tieion. L. Robert, B.C.H. (1977) 60 n. 35. CLL. III.7532 for an Abonouteichite at Tomi (n.b.).
5. G. Bordenache (1965) with L. Robert (1980) 398; S. Mitchell informs me of the unpublished Phrygian one.
6. K. Buresch (1889) 10; Glycon is a common name in Asia Minor, admittedly. In 1977, I had suspected a link: L. Robert (1980) 407–8 has put it firmly on the map, but it rests on “the Paphlagonian” as much as the name “Glycon.” S.E.G. 18.519 is worth pondering: “Nicetes son of Glycon,” from Tieion, at Smyrna.
7. M. Caster (1938), on text. I.G.R. III.84 makes Avitus (Lucian, Alex. 57) govern in 165/6. A. Stein (1924) 257 on the other Romans. C. Robinson (1979) on L.’s stock abuse: most studies of Alex. do not allow enough for L.’s own mendacity. Even L. Robert (1980) may have shown more about L.’s eye for local colour than about the truth of Alex. Lucian, Alex., 43 alleges gold texts. “Those within the kiss” in chaps. 41 and 55 are L.’s witty parody, using Alex. the Great: Arr. 4.10 ff.
8. D. M. Pippidi, Scythica Minora (1975) 101; Istros consults Chalcedon before introducing Serapis: N. Asgari, N. Firatli, Festschr… . F. K. Dörner (1978) 1–12, no. 10. E. Babelon (1900) p. 12 on coins, tentatively: Waddington, Recueil 1.130 no. 3 for the example, under “Hadrianos Antoninos,” implying an early date in the reign. L. Robert, Et. Anatol. (1937) shows Asclepius cults at Chalcedon (Syll.3 1009); Tieion (p. 286). I. Chirassi Colombo (1975) 100–8, for evidence only.
9. A.J. Festugière, R.E.G. (1939) 231; L. Robert, Et. Anat. 162 n. 7; M. Besnier (1902); I have seen these stone “eggs” in several local museums in Thrace: cf. T. Gerasimov, Β.I. A. Bulg. 29 (1966) 219.
10. Lucian, Alex. 5; Philostr., V. A. 1.7, with E. L. Bowie (1978) 1684–8.
11. Lucian, Alex. 11 and 58: Perseus.
12. Imhoof Blumer, Gr. Munzen, p. 38, pl. 3; L. Robert, Rev. Num. (1976) 36; at Aigai, L. Robert (1973) 184–200 and esp. B.C.H. (1977) 119–29.
13. G. Mendel, B.C.H. (1903) 326–30; in the 60s, Pompeiopolis was the metropolis (Gangra later disputes this in coin legends) and does have ephebes, I.G.R. III. 1446. For Greek at Abonout., in 137/6 B.C.: T. Reinach, R.E.G. (1904) 252, a decree with a prominent role, still, for a temple priest.
14. L. Robert, A Travers… (1980) 400: Hadrian the “new Asclepius” at Pergamum was rather different: I.G.R. 4.341,1, von Perg. 365; on “listening,” O. Weinreich, Ath. Mitt. (1912).
15. Lucian, Alex. 24 with Philostr., V.A. 1.8.
16. Alex. 43 (note “ou themis’…”: typical?). Cp. Asclepius at Pergamum, on whether Hermocrates was immortal: Habicht, Inschriften des Asklep. (1969) no. 34.
17. R. Merkelbach, Ε. Schwertheim (1983) 147 line 12: Claros.
18. Alex. 29 with 43; L. Robert, B. Epig. (1958) 477 and Rev. Philol. (1959) 189; at Megarian cities, Κ. Hanell, Megarische Studien (1934) 164 ff. with LG. Bulg. 315 line 10; on Milesians, F. Bilabel, Die Ionische Kolonization (1920) 106 ff. and Studia Pontica III p. 29 n. 18 and I.G.R. III.98.
19. Alex. 53 (journeys): 34 (transmigration) + 40 (A.’s soul). The oracular language has some very convincing touches: e.g. the vogue words “kelomai” (47–8) and “eparōgos” (28 and 40); the Homeric epithet, II. 20.39, for Phoebus (36). The latter was genuine, but the rest may reflect on L.’s gift for parody, as does the long text for Marcus, Alex. 48.
20. Oenomaus had mocked “autophōnoi”: Julian, 7.209B. Hippolytus, Ref. Haer. 4.34, for stock abuse. Macrob. Sat. I.23.14–16: L. Robert, Et. Anat. p. 37 n. 2 for overnight consultations elsewhere.
21. Alex. 22, with A. D. Nock (1928); Philostr., V.A. 1.12, admittedly to a pestering visitor.
22. Note esp. Nock, Essays II.847: Pythagoreanism and cult at Smyrna, an important parallel.
23. Lucian, De Dea Syria: even if this is parody (I am not so sure it is), it is relevant to the other Ionopolis.
24. L. Robert, Et. Anat. 262–7 and A Travers… (1980) 408–19; the title may originate in 165/6, just after L.’s visit; Waddington, Recueil 1.131 no. 11, where Victory prob. connects with Marcus’s title Parthicus. For Doros, L. Robert, Gnomon (1959) 20 n. 2.
25. Lucian, Alex. 60; cf. I. Did. 280, another doctor-prophet.
26. L. Robert (1980) 415 with Alex. 22; Iamblich., V. Pyth. 82 and esp. 29 (his favour for “kataplasmata,” not drugs); Ael., V.H. 4.77.
27. Lucian, Alex. 51; Pontic coins were reaching Dura-Europos in the 3rd cent.
28. I. Did. 237; 268; 272; Delphinion 134; L.R., Monnaies Grecques (1967) 38 ff.
29. I. Did. 151.
30. Ulpian, Fragm. 22.6 (ed. Huschke, 1886).
31. J. and L. Robert, La Carie (1954) p. 115 and p. 216.
32. R. Merkelbach, Ε. Schwertheim (1983) 147–8, lines 5, 55–8.
33. P. R. L. Brown (1978) 36 ff.
34. The exception: I. Did. 83 (Rhodes), after M. Aurelius’s reign and dated late by Rehm only on letter forms: note they “often” came, this time with a “poet” and “priest.”
35. E. Williger (1922) 83: it was a very worn cliché to call a pagan man “theios”: Plato, Sophist 216 B-D, for brilliant parody; Lucian, Alex. 61, Epicurus was “alethōs hieros”: the adverb is significant. Cf. Julian on Iamblichus: Epist. 2, to Priscus, with Zeller, Philos. der Griech. 3.2, p. 738 n. 2.
36. Philostr., V. Αp. 4.1; Theos. Tub. 44.
37. Note the Odessa and Dionysopolis texts, cited at I.G. Bulg. 1.224; high-priestly delegates. J. Wiseman (1973), for Stobi; generally, J. and L. Robert (1954) 215 n. 1.
38. L.R., Monnaies Grecques (1967) 38 ff.
39. I. Did. 215A implies voting, by demes, for candidates for the lottery: perhaps 1st cent. A.D. Votes never occur in a text again: I. Did. 260, 282 and the difficult 214B, yet to be explained, all refer to the lot only. No lot needed for F1. Andreas, c. 200, son of the great Andreas, I. Did. 286; was he unopposable? No prophet c. 60 A.D., before Damas: I. Did. 237II. A 10.
40. J. and L. Robert (1954) 209–13.
41. A. Balland (1980) 89–93; T. A.M. II.3 no. 905, p. 341 (I assume “tacha” means “perhaps,” not “soon”) and p. 343. Contra, Brown (1978) 37.
42. B.M.C., Ionia p. 45; I. Did. 83. B.M.C., Lycia, p. 76–7·
43. Sex and Q. Pompeius’s phrase in S.I.G.3 1125 (of uncertain, Imperial date); on Apollo and the Sun, cf. Heliod. Ethiopica 10.36 and I. Did. 501.
44. O.G.I. 755–6.
45. C.I.J. 748: most recently, M. Simon, R.A.C., Gottesfürchtiger, col. 1061.
46. C.I.G. 2895.
47. Lact, De Ira 23.12; Aug., Civ. Dei 19.23; Wolff (1856) p. 141.
48. M. Simon (1976), for sympathetic Jews and pagans.
49. L.R., C.R.A.I. (1971) 617–9.
50. Theos. Tub. 52.
51. Euseb., Dem. Εν. 3.7.1.; Wolff(1856) 181–2; Aug., CD. 19.22.
52. Plut., Mor. 402E.
53. H. Chadwick (1966) 23, on Celsus.
54. Ε. Gibbon, Decline and Fall, vol. II, p. 59 (ed. Bury, 1909).
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L. Weber, Apollon Pythoktonos im Phrygischen Hierapolis, Philologus, N.F. 23 (1910) 178.
P. Weiss, Ein Agonistisches Bema und die Isopythischen Spiele von Side, Chiron (1981) 317.
J. Wiseman, Gods, War and Plague in the Time of the Antonines, Studies in the Antiquities of Stobi, I (1973) 143.
G. Wolff, De Novissima Oraculorum Aetate (1854).
G. Wolff, Porphyrii De Philosophia ex Oraculis Haurienda (1856).
BIBLIOGRAPHY: IV
A. Armstrong, The Way and the Ways: Religious Tolerance and Intolerance in the Fourth Century, V.C. (1984) 1.
E. Babelon, Le Faux Prophète d’Abonouteichos, Rev. Num. IV (1900) 1.
M. Besnier, L’île Tiberine dans l’Antiquité (1902).
G. Bordenache, Il Deposito di Sculture Votive di Tomis, Eirene (1965) 67.
E. L. Bowie, Apollonius of Tyana: Tradition and Reality, A.N.R.W. 16.2 (1973) 1652.
P. R. L. Brown, The Making of Late Antiquity (1978).
Κ. Buresch, Klaros (1889).
M. Caster, Lucien et la Pensée Religieuse de Son Temps (1938).
H. Chadwick, Early Christian Thought and the Classical Tradition (1966).
I. Chirassi Colombo, Acculturation et Cultes Thérapeutiques, in Les Syncrétismes dans les Religions de l’Antiquité, ed. F. Dunand, P. Lévèque (1975) 100.
G. Jacopi, Dalla Paflagonia alla Commagene (1937).
R. Leonhard, Paphlagonia (1915).
R. Merkelbach, Ε. Schwertheim, Sammlung Necmi Tolunay: Das Orakel des Ammon fur Kyzikos, Epigraphica Anatolica 1 (1983) 147.
A. D. Nock, Alexander of Abonouteichos, C.Q. (1928) 160.
J. and L. Robert, La Carie II (1954).
L. Robert, De Cilicie à Messines et à Plymouth, Jour. des Savants (1973) 161.
L. Robert, A Travers l’Asie Mineure (1980).
C. Robinson, Lucian and His Influence in Europe (1979).
M. Simon, Jupiter-Jahve, Numen (1976) 40.
A. Stein, Zu Lukians Alexandros, Strena Buliciana (1924) 257.
E. Williger, Hagios… (1922).
J. Wiseman, Gods, War and Plague…, Studies in the Antiquities of Stobi, I (1973) 143.
G. Wolff, Porphyrii De Philosophia ex Oraculis Haurienda (1856).
CHAPTER 6
The great work of A. Harnack, Mission and Expansion of Christianity (1908, E.T.) is an unsurpassed survey of the evidence; B. Grimm, Unters. zur Sozialen Stellung der Frühen Christen (1975) is a recent thesis, C. Andresen, Geschichte des Christentums (1975) a recent survey whose bibliographies I have covered. The best one-volume history is H. Chadwick’s masterly The Early Church (1968). Ramsay MacMullen, Christianizing the Roman Empire (1984) was not available to me, but I prefer my view of conversion and had the benefit of his earlier article on miracles when taking the more cautious line in the text.
I
1. Dionys., ap. Eus., H.E. 7.24–5 with C. L. Feltoe, Letters… of Dionysius (1904) 106 ff. 1 Enoch 10.17, for sex after death; cf. still, Lact., Div. Inst. 7.24.
2. J. Daniélou, Hist. of Early Christian Doctrine I (1964) 377 ff., an excellent account of the various beliefs; Eus., H.E. 3.39.11–12 and Iren. 5.33.3–4, for the saying; Justin, Dial. 80, 118.2; Iren. 5.33–6 with H. Chadwick, Early Christian Thought… (1967) 130 n. 51.
3. 1 Thess. 5.3; 2 Thess. 2–3 and 1 Thess. 2.14–15; 1 Clem. 23.3; Just., Apol. 1.45; Tert., Apol. 39 with V. de Clercq, Studia Patristica (1967) 146; Cypr., De Unitate 16.1–2.
4. E. Schürer, Hist. of Jewish People (rev. ed. 1979) II. 523–5 for Jewish views, matching the two main Christian ones.
5. Ep. Barn. 15; Iren., Adv. Haer. 5.28.3; Theoph., Ad Aut. 3.28 Hippol., In Dan. 4.23–4 with D. G. Dunbar, V.C. (1983) 313 ff. for the other texts.
6. P. Amh. 3 A with H. Musurillo, Chron. d’Eg. (1956) 124: I accept that the names are not coincidental, but really do apply to Maximus and Theonas in Christian tradition.
7. Eus. 6.43.11.
8. J.J. Wilkes, Dalmatia (1969) 427–30, for summary; Dionys., ap. Eus., H.E. 7.11.13 and 16–17, with A. Martin, Rev. Et. Aug. (1979) 5–6.
9. Orig., C. Cels. 8.69.
10. F. Filson, J.B.L. (1939) 105; Ps. Clem., Recog. 10.71: the very important study by C. Pietri, Rev. Et. Aug. (1978) 3 devastates the earlier archaeological claims that we can identify early “house-churches” in the lower levels of subsequent “tituli” in Rome. I entirely agree; J. M. Peterson, V.C. (1969) 264, for a different resort.
11. C. B. Welles, ed. The Excav. at Dura-Europos (1967) VIII.2, esp. 108–11.
12. R. M. Grant, Early Christianity and Society (1977) 9–11, using the text as history: I doubt its veracity, but the doubt does not affect my case.
13. Pliny, Ep. 10.96; Lucian, Peregr. 16; Porphyr., ap. Eus., H.E. 6.19.6, correct against E.’s own H.E. 6.19.10; on Aquila, see the intriguing Epiphan., De Pond. et Mens. 14–15 (blaming his continuing taste for astrology); not, however, mentioned in Iren., Adv. Haer. 3.24 and therefore suspect; Dict. Christ. Biogr. I (1877) s.v. Aquila, 150 ff., for texts. G. Bardy, La Conversion au Christianisme (1940) 294 ff., for discussion of the question: the councils, e.g. J. Parkes, Conflict of Church and Synagogue (1934) 174 ff.
14. F. van der Meer, C. Mohrmann, Atlas de l’Antiquité Chrétienne (1971) map 22.
15. M. M. Sage, Cyprian (1975) 2–6, esp. now Y. Duval, M.E.F.R. A. (1984) 493.
16. H. U. Instinsky, M. Aurelius Prosenes (1964); D. E. Groh, Studia Patristica 1971 (1976) part III, in Texte u. Unters. 117, p. 41, a very good study; Clement, Paedag. and Quis Dives?
17. Y. Duval, M.E.F.R.A. (1984) 511 is important.
18. W. H. C. Frend, Jhrb. Ant u. Christ., Ergzbd. 1 (1964) 124 ff. tentatively; on Punic, M. Simon, Recherches d’Histoire Judéo-Chrétienne (1962) 30–100, with Frend, J.T.S. (1961) 280.
19. Iren., Adv Haer. 1.10.2; Tertull. Adv. Jud. 7; on St. Alban, C. Thomas, Christianity in Roman Britain (1981) 48–50 doubts the date, but not the event.
20. For Gaul, F. D. Gilliard, H. T. R. (1975) 17 and alternatively, C. Pietri, Colloque sur les Martyres de Lyons (1978) 211.
21. T. D. Barnes, Tertullian (1971) 273–5.
22. Y. Duval, M.E.F.R.A. (1984) 519–20.
23. W. P. Bowers, J.T.S. (1975) 395; M. Monceaux, R.E.J. (1902) 1; T. D. Barnes, Tertullian (1971) 282–5.
24. F. W. Norris, V.C. (1976) 23, against W. Bauer; above all, C. H. Roberts, Manuscript, Society and Belief in Early Christian Egypt (1979) 49 ff.
25. M. Guarducci, Anc. Soc. (1971) 174; Jos., A.J. 20.17–48 and 54–91.
26. C. B. Welles et al., Excavations at Dura-Europos… VIII.2 (1967) 90; 108 ff., 114.
27. C. Kraeling, The Synagogue at D.E. (1979) 332–9: work began in 244/5; soon (P. 335), the seating is increased to c. 125 persons.
28. A. Henrichs, H.S.C.P. (1979) 357–67.
29. Act. Thom. 2; A. Dihle, Jhrb. A. und C. (1963) 54 and in Mullus, Festschr… . T. Klauser (1964) 60. J. Marshall, Taxila (1960) 27–8; 72–82.
30. Eus., H.E. 5.10 and Jer., De Vir. Illustr. 36.
31. Bardaisan, F.G.H. 719 F1–2, helped by conversing with an Indian embassy. Bardaisan, Book of Laws of Countries, ed. Drijvers (1965) pp. 60–61 (Kushan, not southern India).
32. J. B. Segal, Edessa (1970) 62–78, for survey; Averil Cameron, The Sceptic and the Shroud (London, Inaug. Lect. 1980) 7–14 is decisive, against any earlier date for the “image.”
33. Jul. Afric, in Syncell. Chronogr. I (ed. Bonn) 676; Bar Daisan, Book of Laws, ed. Drijvers (1965) p. 59. Rejected, without reasons, by Drijvers, in Cults and Beliefs at Edessa (1980) 14, surely wrongly.
34. Dio 79.16.2, correct in specifying Rome: against, Drijvers, A.N.R.W. 8 (1977). 895–6. For a new mosaic of Abgar VIII, Drijvers, Antike Welt (1981) 17: dated 277/8.
35. Mani’s Letter, Z.P.E. (1970) 108 ff.; Cologne Codex 64.1 ff.; Drijvers has also stressed this connection, e.g. in Studies… G. Quispel (1981) 117; the earlier view, in j. B. Segal (1970) 67 ff., comparing the Jewish conversion story in Adiabene, is unconvincing.
36. J. B. Segal, Edessa and Harran (Inaug. Lecture, 1963).
37. Eus., H.E. 6.42.2–4; 7.11.23.
38. J. M. Fiey, Anal. Boll (1964) 189: on Armenia, W. Sundermann, Mitteliranische Manichäische Texte… (1981) pp. 45–9.
39. S. P. Brock, Abh. Akad. Wiss. Gött. 96 (1975) 91; Anal. Boll. (1978) 167, for Candida; Hippol., Ref. 9.7, a fascinating history: Eus., H.E. 6.3–4.
40. Eus. 5.10.7 is emphatically worded, as if continuing missionaries were a very remarkable fact: he can name only Pantaenus.
41. G. Dagron, Rev. Historique (1969), esp. 49–53, a fine study. In general, G. Bardy, La Question des Langues dans l’Eglise Ancienne (1948).
42. T. D. Barnes, Tertullian (1971) 276–8; B. M. Metzger, Early Versions of the N.T. (1977) 4 and 99 ff.; C. H. Roberts, Manuscript, Society… (1979) 65 ff., 73; P. Oxy. 2673. Orig., C. Cels. 7.60; on types of translation, and their problems, S. P. Brock, G.R.B.S. (1979) 69.
43. E. Schürer, History of the Jewish People… II (1979, rev.) 26–8; Dig. 32.11 pref., with R. MacMullen, A.J.P. (1966) 1.
44. F. G. B. Millar, J.R.S. (1968) 126; P. A. Février and S. Moscati, Riv. Stud. Or. (1968) 1 on Bitia; Aug., In Ps. 118.32.8 and P. Brown, J.R.S. (1968) 88 n. 23.
45. O. Chadwick, Popes and European Revolution (1981) 75 ff.
46. Itiner. Aetheriae 47 (in Palestine).
47. J. P. V. D. Balsdon, Romans and Aliens (1979) 137 for survey; Val. Max., 9.7.16, on Mithrid.; Xen., Eph. 3.1.2; Lucian, Alex. 51.
48. Iren., Adv. Haer., pref. 1.3; Latin, proposed by F. Millar, Colloque sur les Martyres de Lyons (1978) 187–93; on Ovid, R. Syme, History in Ovid (1978) 16–17; cf. Sen., Consol. ad Polyb. 18.9; Greg. Thaum., Letter to Origen, preface.
49. E. A. Thompson, in Conflict of Paganism and Christianity, ed. Momigliano (1963), on Ulfilas. For Theodosius, see P.G. 114, 505–8.
50. E.g. Jo. Chrys., P.G. 63.502 with the admirable study of E. Dekkers, in Ecclesia Orans (1979) 119.
51. Aug., Ep. 84.2; 209.3 and the fine study of P. Brown (1968) 85 with n. 23; J. H. W. G. Liebeschuetz, Antioch (1972) 62.
52. P. Brown, World of Late Antiquity (1971) 93, but cf. 62–5; W. H. C. Frend, J.E.H. (1956) 1.
53. Pliny, Ep. 10.96.9 with Sherwin-White’s note, pp. 693–4, suggesting Amastris.
54. Eus., H.E. 7.12.1; Orig., C. Cels. 3.9; E. Kirsten, R.A.C. II.1105.
55. Y. Duval, M.E.F.R.A. (1984) 513–4.
56. E. Kirsten, in R.A.C. 2.1105, though the pre-Constantinian texts are all doubtful; Can. Ancyra 13., Neocaes. 13 and esp. 14 (the poor), Nicaea. 8. I have not pursued the problems of their exact status (see W. Bright, Canons of First Four Councils, 1892, 34 ff. and the new Letter 20 of Augustine in the recently published collection, ed. J. Divjak, C.S.E.L., 1981).
57. Basil, Ep. 142.
58. R. Murray, Symbols of Church and State (1975) 28–9, with bibliogr.
59. J. H. W. G. Liebeschuetz, in Studies in Church History, ed. D. Baker (1979) 17.
60. S. Lancel, Actes de la Conférence de Carthage en 411 (So. Chrét. 194), 134–43.
61. E. W. Brooks, Patr. Or. 17 (1923) 229–47.
62. F. J. Dölger, Ant. u. Christ. 6 (1950) 297–320.
63. Act. Scill. (ed. H. Musurillo) 17: “decollati.”
64. Y. Duval, M.E.F.R.A. (1984) 510–11.
65. E. Gibson, The Christians for Christians Inscriptions… (1978).
66. Provocative ideas here, in W. Ramsay, Expositor (1905) 209 and 294.
67. C. H. Roberts, Manuscript, Society… (1979) 21.
68. Contra, W. H. C. Frend, Martyrdom and Persecution (1965) 463; subtler view in E. Kitzinger, Early Medieval Art (1940). “Native” is a slippery term in art and archaeology.
69. Cf. C. Pascal’s theory, in J.R.S. (1980) 169–70, with Suet., Nero 16.2; in general, G. af Hällström, Fides Simpliciorum, acc. to Origen (1984) 81 ff., though O.’s “simpletons” are not unsophisticated in all respects.
II
1. Ephes. 4.28; 2 Cor. 8.2, in a rhetorical vein, perhaps; Phil. 4.22; on Erastus, Rmns. 16.23 with G. Theissen, Social Setting of Pauline Christianity (1982) 75 ff., though I do not accept his conclusion; Rmns. 16.2; Acts 16.4 with Averil Cameron, G. and R. (1980) 60.
2. Acts 17.34; 19–31; 13.8–12 with S. Mitchell, A.N.R.W. 7.2 (1980) 1073–4, summarizing the arguments of W. Ramsay: for the later marriage, B. M. Levick, Roman Colonies… (1967) 112.
3. Pliny, Ep. 10.96; Tertull., Ad. Scap. 5.2; shrewd warnings in E. A. Judge, J.R.H. (1980) 201.
4. E. Gibson, The Christians for Christians, Inscriptions… (1978) with no. 22; W. M. Calder, Anat. Stud. (1955) 38; A. R. Sheppard, Anat. Stud. (1979) 169: the Bithynian, after 212, F. K. Dörner, Reise in Bithyn. no. 159; L. Robert, B. Epig. 1953. 194; B.C.H. (1978) 414; on Gaius, L.R., Hellenica 11–12 (1960) 414 ff.
5. L.R., Hellenica (1960) 11–12, 414 ff.; B.C.H. (1978) 413 ff.; W. Ramsay, Cities and Bishoprics of Phrygia (1897) p. 534, no. 388; R. Meiggs, Roman Ostia (1973) 389.
6. F. Blanchetière, Le Christianisme Asiate (1981) pp. 458 ff., for fullest list of texts; p. 477, for other Christians on city councils.
7. G. B. Caird, Paul’s Letters from Prison (1976) 215–7 did his best; Joh. Chrys., P.G. 62.704 has no such problems; 1 Cor. 7.21–4.
8. Ign., Polyc. 4.3; M. T. Griffin, Seneca (1975) 256 and 458.
9. E.g. M. Lyons (ed. Musurillo) 14; probably, M. Polyc. 6; Athenag., Leg. 35; Tert., Idol. 15; Canon. Elvira 41, with dating proposed in chap. 13.
10. E.g. Gen. 17.12; Ex. 12.44 and in general, J. Bamberger, Proselytism in the Talmudic Period (1939) 124–7, whom I have followed; on the circumcision ban, Schürer, Hist. of jewish People 1 (1973) 538 ff.; Paul, Sentent. 5.22.4 specifically prohibits circumcision of Gentile slaves by Jews. Celsus, De Medic. 7.25.2.
11. Hippol., Tradit. 15; the late-5th-cent. Apost. Can. 10.63 ff. is stricter.
12. Col. 3.18 ff.; Ephes. 5.21; 1 Pet. 2.13; G. de Sainte Croix, S.C.H. (1975) 1–38, a fine study; Did. 4.10; Barn. 19.7; for the problems, P. Carrington, The Primitive Christian Catechism (1941), suggesting these advices were a common Christian feature, not Paul’s invention. On the imperative participles, D. Daube, in First Epistle of Peter, ed. E. G. Selwyn, 467 ff.; for Jewish parallels, J. E. Crouch, Origin and Intention of Colossian Haustafel (1973).
13. 1. Tim. 6.1.
14. Act. Thom. 82–3.
15. Clem., Paedag. 3.11, 74.1; cf. Seneca, Ep. 47.5.
16. C.J. 1.13.1; Cod. Theod. 4.7.1; Soz. H.E. 1.9.6: H. Langenfeld, Christianisierungspolitik u. Sklavengesetzgebung (1977) 26–31.
17. G. Sotgiu, Arch. Class. 25/6 (1973–4) 688.
18. Hippol., Trad. 11.4–5; Apost. Const. 8.32.73; Justin, Apol. 2.2.
19. 1 Clem. 55; Can. Gangra 3; A.J. Festugière, Moines d’Orient, vol. 2.ii. chap. 21 on Hypatius.
20. H. Bellen, Studien zur Sklavenflucht (1971) 74–5: “eine entscheidende Verschlechterung des Schutzes gegen die Willkür ihrer Herren.” Cod. Theod. 9.45.3–5.
21. 1 Cor. 1.26; Orig., C. Cels. 3.55; Min. Felix (ed. J. Beaujeu, 1964); M. M. Sage, Cyprian (1975) 47 ff. for discussion.
22. M. M. Sage, Cyprian (1975) 64, for texts; Min. Fel. 5.4, 8.4; Octavius only partly answers at 31.6; cf. 15.5 and 36.3.
23. Acts of Peter, in Nag Hammadi Library, ed. J. M. Robinson (1977) 265–7.
24. Orig., C. Cels. 6.16.
25. M. Hengel, Property and Riches in the Early Church (1974) 11–22, suggesting a change in Jewish attitudes after 135.
26. Clem., Quis Dives, esp. 4–5, 34–5 (the praying army of poor without weapons), 41.
27. D. E. Groh, Studia Patristica 14 = Texte u. Unters. 117 (1976) 41; Tert., De Idol. 17–18.
28. Orig., C. Cels. 8.75, surely local offices: cf. Min. Fel. 8.4; A. R. Sheppard, Anat. Stud. (1979) 169, with bibliogr.
29. Cypr., Ep. 80.1–2; Eus., H.E. 7.16 with W. Eck, Chiron (1971) 381, a basic survey.
30. Paul, Phil. 4.22; 1 Clem. 65.1, with H. Gülzow, Christentum u. Sklaverei (1969) 77.
31. Iren., Adv. Haer. 4.30, with G. W. Clarke, H.T.R. (1966) 95; H. U. Instinsky, M. Aurelius Prosenes (1964); G. W. Clarke, H.T.R. (1971) 121, for inscriptions; on the graffito, J. Préaux, Latomus (1960) 639; Tert., Apol. 16; Min. Fel. 9.3; Cypr., Epist. 80.1–2; Eus., H.E. 7.10.3 (Dionysius).
32. J. G. C. Anderson, Studies in Hist. and Art of Eastern Roman Provinces (1906) 183.
33. Survey by J. Helgeland, L.J. Swift, A. N. R. W. 23.1 (1979) 724–868; note also L. Robert, Noms Indigènes (1963) 361 ff.; T. Drew-Bear, with discussion accessibly in L. Robert, B. Epig. 1982, 400. R. Freudenberger, Hist. (1970) 597, excellent on Tertullian’s De Cor. Mil.
34. C. H. Roberts, The Birth of the Codex (1983), canvassing other explanations besides the obvious one, convenience; J. Stevenson, The Catacombs (1978) 104–5; Acta Scill. M. (ed. Musurillo) 12.
35. A. D. Nock, Essays I.125 ff.; II.828 ff.; Acts 24.3–5, very significant.
36. 1 Clem. 25 and W. Jaeger, Early Christianity and Greek Paideia (1962) 16 ff.
37. F. Millar, Emperor in Roman World (1977) 561–6 for apologists; E. Champlin, Fronto and Antonine Rome (1980), for culture and communication.
38. Against Barnes, J.T.S. (1975) p. 111, I agree with Brunt, Studies in Lat. Hist… . ed. C. Deroux I (1979) 506–7.
39. H. I. Marrou’s ed. and introduction for Sources Chrét. (esp. pp. 78–93) and his valuable essay in Entretiens Fond. Hardt III (1955) 183 with Paed. 2.103.3, Luke 12.29 and his p. 186; also S. Lilla, Clement of Alexandria (1971) 96–7, 111–3 on the helping Word; Paedag. 2.10 (hyenas); 3.15.1 and 71.2 (mastic).
40. P. Oxy. 412: I cannot believe that any Jew would call “the colony Aelia Capitolina” his “archaia patris.” J.-R. Viellefond, Les Cestes… (1970) 14 ff. is mistaken here. Eus., Chron. (ed. R. Helm, G.C.S., 1956) p. 214 for the embassy. Viellefond, 18 ff. for his Ufe; most recently, F. C. R. Thee, Julius Africanus and the Early Christian View of Magic (1984), a survey only.
41. P. Amh. I.3A; P. Oxy. 907 with E. A. Judge, Jhb. Ant. u. Christ. (1977) 64–5: the case is not certain.
42. Hippol., Ref. 7.35; Eus., H.E. 5.28.1; Epiphan., Panar. 53.1.3; R. Walzer, Galen on Jews and Christians (1949) 75 ff.
43. Harnack, Mission and Expansion. II (1908) 64–84 is not surpassed. J. Gaudemet, Studi in Onore di U. E. Paoli (1956) 333, a classic study.
44. Tert., Ad Ux. 2.8; Can. Elv. 15; also W. Eck, Chiron (1971) 388–91 and 399 ff., with full lists; J. M. Demarolle, Jhb. A. u. C. (1970) 42; M. Fruct. 5.1 ff.; Tert., Ad Scap. 3; Orig., C. Cels. 3.9; Hippolyt., Comm. in Dan. 4.18; Eus. 8.14.16; Aug., C.D. 19.2.3. P. R. Weaver, Familia Caesaris (1972) 112–36.
45. Can. Co. Neocaes. 2; in general, my chap. 8.
46. Cod. Theod. 16.2.20 and 2.28.
47. G. Dagron, Byzance: Naissance d’une Capitale (1974) 496–509.
48. 1 Cor. 7.10; A. Harnack, Mission and Expansion II (1908) 68 ff., esp. 79, a basic account; Tert., Ad Uxor. 5; Optatus (C.S.E.L., ed Ziwsa, 1882), p. 187 lines 10 f.
49. Plut., Mor. 140D; Strabo, 1.2.8; Orig., C. Cels. 2.55.
50. 2 Tim. 3.6; e.g. Iren., Adv. Haer. 1.6.3, 1.13.3.
51. J. Vogt, in Ancient Slavery and Ideal of Man (1977) 146 ff., a brilliant study.
52. Optatus (ed. Ziwsa, C.S.E.L., 1893) 185 ff., for these people; E. Condi Guerri, Los Fossores di Roma Palaeocristiana (1979).
53. M. Perp. 8.3; Pontius, V. Cypr. 4; Justin, Dial. 3; Bardaisan, Book of Laws (1965, ed. Drijvers) p. 5.
III
1. For what follows, M. E. Isaacs, The Concept of Spirit (1976), an admirable work; Y. Congar, Je Crois en l’Esprit Saint (1979–80) is more of a devotional study—I.31–105, II.76–81, 142–51 are relevant here.
2. Gen. 2.7 with Isaacs, 35–6 on Philo; cf. 41–2, on conscience; 45 ff., on revelation. Philo, Quis Rerum… 265, on “driving out”; Abrah. 35, Migr. 34, Cherub. 27; Somn. II.252, on his own experience; in general, M. Harl, intro. to Quis Rerum… (ed. 1966) pp. 103 ff.
3. Isaacs, pp. 82–6, for Jewish views; J. D. G. Dunn, Jesus and the Spirit (1975) 84 ff. and 358, for continuity between Jesus and the first Christians.
4. 1 Cor. 14.23 ff. Y. Congar, Je Crois…, II (1979) 221 ff., for studies of glossolalia, with J. Sweet, N.T.S. 13 (1966–7) 240, on Paul’s view; 1 Cor. 2.12 and Isaacs, 97 ff.; Rmn. 8.4–6; Rmn. 14.17, 15.13, 1 Thess. 1.6, Rmn. 8.14, 1 Cor. 3.1, 2 Cor. 2.2; 5.5.
5. Acts 8.19, cf. 8.29, 13.2–4, 16.6, 19.21, 20.22, 21.4.
6. Didasc. 12, p. 120 (ed. Connolly); Hippol., Trad. 15; Tert., De Cor. Mil. 13 and Ad Ux. II. 3 (equating marriage to a pagan with stuprum!), Ps. Cypr., Test. 3.62; 1 Cor. 7.39.
7. Tert., Apol. 50.15, rather rhetorically; M. Perp. 17.3 and M. Pion. 4–5.1.
8. E. Gibson, The Christians for Christians Inscriptions… (1978) 125; note, however, Orig., C. Cels. 6.27 on pagans’ wariness of known Christians.
9. 1 Cor. 7.16; P. R. L. Brown, J.R.S. (1961) 6–8.
10. R. MacMullen, V.C. (1983) 185 ff. quotes no historical early texts, nor do I know any: p. 172 n. 63 are post-Constantinian stories. Note J. W. Barns, H. Chadwick, J.T.S. (1973) 449, for a conversion by persuasion, not miracle.
11. Hippol., Trad. 17; Orig., C. Cels. 3.51 ff. (important); Can. Elv. 42; M. Dujarier, Le Parrainage des Adultes aux Trois Premiers Siècles… (1962). Hippol., Trad. 15, 17, 18; Can. Elv. 4, 10, 11, 68; Nicaea 14; Neocaes. 5; Can. Co. Brag. 35, on their meagre rites if they died before baptism. Later saints, as in Sulp. Sev. Vita Mart. 2.5, were imagined acting differently.
12. Recent survey by E. A. Judge, J.R.S. (1980) 201; H. Gülzow, in Kirchengesch. als Missionsgesch., ed. H. Frohner, U. W. Knorr, 1 (1974) 189. Works by A.J. Malherbe, G. Theissen, W. A. Meeks are among the most recent.
13. A. T. Kraabel, Numen (1981) 113 and L. Robert, Nouv. Inscr. de Sardes (1964) 41–4 take the opposite view: obviously, “theosebēs” can apply to Jewish converts, but despite Acts 13.43, the participle phrases can also, I think, apply to “sympathizers.” The question has been reopened by a recent (unpublished) text from Aphrodisias.
14. A. T. Kraabel, A.N.R.W. 19.1 (1979) 477, with bibliogr.; also Kraabel, J.J.S. (1982) 445. Note esp. G. Kittel, T.L.Z. (1944) 9; M.A.M.A. 6.264–5 for Julia Severa and Acmoneia; L.R., Hellenica 11–12 (1960) 393, 438 ff., with bibliogr; P. Bruneau, B.C.H. (1982) 465, for Delos.
15. N. R. M. de Lange, Origen and the Jews (1976); R. Wilken, Jo. Chrysostom and the Jews (1983); W. Horbury, J.T.S. (1972) 455.
16. J. Neusner, Early Rabbinic Judaism (1975) 188 ff, for ideas on this.
17. Most recently, W. A. Meeks, The First Urban Christians (1983) and earlier, E. A. Judge, Social Pattern of Christian Groups… (1960), a notable study, continued in J.R.H. (1980) 201.
18. A. H. M. Jones, in Conflict Between Paganism and Christianity…, ed. A. Momigliano (1963) 17, a classic study.
19. Act. Justini (Recension “B,” ed. Musurillo) 4.7.
20. W. A. Meeks, First Urban Christians (1983) 191; B. Lifschitz, Donateurs et Fondateurs dans les Synag. Juives (1967); M. L. Gordon, J.R.S. (1931) 65; de Sainte Croix, C.S.A.G.W. (1981) 98 for women as a class, not a “status”; Averil Cameron, Greece-Rome (1980) 60, against “liberation” theories. Terms like “patron” and “client” are used too freely in N.T. studies, where no converts in Paul’s letters (except, on one view, Erastus) were of the high social standing where such concepts were applicable; G. Theissen, Social Setting of Pauline Christianity (1982) 158 ff. (cf. 95) is vulnerable here; Cameron makes a similar point, rightly, about the early Christian women.
21. L. W. Countryman, The Rich Christian (1980) 162 ff, very acutely.
22. Cypr., Ad Don. is stylized, but tellingly so, in my view; Tert., De Idol. 18 dissociates Christians from the exercise of power, not only because of idolatry but because of its very effect.
23. Acta Phileae Col. XI (Musurillo) 181 ff. with Latin Acta 6.4: the Bodmer version is only one of several, but a significant view, nonetheless, and exactly repeated in P. Chester Beatty, 15 (ed. A. Pietersma, 1984, p. 66).
24. M. Pion. 17; Tatian, Orat. 28, for “one law”; M. Hengel, Property and Riches… (1974) 65 ff.
25. A. Dihle, Die Goldene Regel… (1962).
26. Can. Elvir. 5, when “kindled with furore zeli.”
27. R. MacMullen, Paganism… (1981) 135 n. 14 raises this, but e.g. Lucian, Peregr. 13 and Tert., Apol. 39.
28. Best study is A. Dihle, R. A.C. 3 (1957) 736 ff. An exception in Plato, Laws 716A (but cf. 762E8; 791D8); others in Xen., Agesil. 11.11 and Lac, Pol. 8.2; more typical are Epict. 1.4.25, 2.16.18; I quote 1.3.1. On ptochoi, B. Grimm, Soziale Stellung… (1975) 255 ff.
29. T. R. Glover, Paul of Tarsus (1925) 177–80; Preisigke-Kiessling, Wörterbuch… s.v. Adelphos; P. Oxy. 3057 does not look Christian to me.
30. Paul, 1 Cor. 5.5, with Gal. 1.8–9; G. Forkman, Limits of the Religious Group… (1972), for the scrolls; R.A.C. 1.427, s.v. Anathema and 7, s.v. Exkommunikation; D. Feissel, B.C.H. (1977) 224, for the “anathema of Judas” on Christian tombstones.
31. S. C. Barton, G. H. R. Horsley, Jahrb. Ant. u. Christ. (1981) 7 on the Philadelphian oikos (Syll.3 985), which is, in my view, exceptional in its rules and membership.
32. On “catholic,” P. Lemerle, Philippes et la Macédoine Orientale (1945) 94 is excellent.
33. Harnack, Mission and Expansion I (1908) 269 ff., excellently; Tert., Ad. Nat. 1.20 ff., for crowds.
34. L. W. Countryman, The Rich Christian (1980) 162–200, a very acute study; on alms, R. M. Grant, Early Christianity and Society (1977) 124.
35. Tatian, Orat. 16–19 is classic; cf. Athenag., Leg. 23 and 26; Tert., Apol. 22.8.
36. On Satan, G. B. Caird, Principalities and Powers (1958) and the essays in Satan (1951, E.T., publ. Sheed and Ward), incl. modern rituals and defences of exorcism.
37. On catacombs, F. Tolotti, Rev. Hist. Eccl. (1978) 281; J. Stevenson, The Catacombs (1978). J. Toynbee, Death and Burial in the Roman World (1971) 234 ff. Also, H. Brandenburg, Jhrb. A. u. C. Erganzbd. II (1984) 11.
38. Plut., Mor. 1104B; Orig., De Princip. 2.10.5; Acts 24.25.
39. K. Thraede, R.A.C. 7.43 ff. had all the sources: col. 49 (Homer); Iren., Adv. Haer. 2.6.2 and Justin, 2 Apol. 6 on successes; G. B. Caird, Principalities… (1958) 11 ff., 22, 80 ff.
40. Mk 9.23 (faith); Mk 6.5–6 (Mk’s own narrative); Mk. 9.23–9, where the faith of a father allows exorcism of his son. Iren., Adv. Haer. 2.32.4, no fee; Justin, 2 Apol. 6, no drugs; Ps.-Clem., De Virg. 1.12, with Orig., C. Cels. 7.4 (the “simpler” Christians do it too). C. Cels. 1.6: “histories” of Jesus used as a formula; Cypr., Ad Don. 5 and P. R. L. Brown, Cult of Saints (1981) 106–13.
41. Marcus, Med., pref. 6; Plotinus, 2.9.14.
42. Orig., Mthw. Comm. 13.6 with F. J. Dölger, A.u.C. 4 (1934) 95.
43. Tert., Ad Scap. 4; Hippol., Trad. 20 ff. with Tert., Spectac. 4, Anim. 35.2.
44. Thraede, col. 71–5; Iren., Adv. Haer. 2.32.4 (“very often” the cured person converts, not always). Acts 19.14; M. Lyons 49 (ed. Musurillo); Iren., Adv. Haer. 2.31.2; Orig., C. Cels. 1.2, 1.46, 2.8 and Hom, in jer. 4.3; M. Pion. 13.6; Justin, Dial. 60.6; Thraede, cols. 100–2 (legends).
45. Eus., H.E. 6.43.14.
46. Acts 13.42–4, 17.2, 17.10–12, 17.17, 18.4, 18.19, 19.8–10, 20.20; Paul, 2 Cor. 10.4 and (e.g.) 1 Thess. 1.4–2.12. In Iconium, first the teaching (14.1), then the miracles (14.3): for others, 14.10, 16.14, 19.11–12. Notoriously, Paul himself does not emphasize these “wonders.”
47. Acts 4.13; Cypr., Ep. 42; Eus., H.E. 7.24.6; H.E. 5.28.6.
48. H. Chadwick, Early Christian Thought… (1967) 51–4 on Clement’s discussion of faith, considering pagans, Gnostics and simple believers.
49. J. Daniélou, Hist. of Early Christ. Doctrine II (1973) 166–83, on “recapitulation” and progress in Irenaeus; 398 ff., on education. H. Chadwick, B.J.R.L. (1964–5) 178, on Justin.
50. E.g., Justin, 1 Apol. 59; Eus., H.E. 1.2.
51. A.J. Festugière, Rév. Herm. Trismég. IV (1954); P. R. L. Brown, World of Late Antiquity (1971) 51–4: conversion, though, was a Christian phenomenon.
52. H. Puech, En Quête de la Gnose (1978) 1.215 ff., a classic study.
53. E. Conze, in Le Origini dello Gnosticismo, ed. U. Bianchi (1967) 651, esp. 666 n. 3.
54. A. Harnack, Marcion (1923), still unsurpassed; for followers in the East later, J. D. Fiey, Muséon (1970) 183.
55. P. Oxy. 3.405 with C. H. Roberts, Manuscript, Society, Belief… (1979) 53.
56. Justin, 1 Apol. 31–53; Theoph., Ad Aut. 1.14 ff
57. A. D. Nock, Conversion (1933) 210.
58. Justin, Dial. 2–8; Tatian, Orat. 29–30; cf. (less clearly) Theophil., Ad Aut. 1.14; both are exceptions to Tert., Test. An. 1, on Christian texts for existing Christians only.
CHAPTER 7
The best survey of sexual perfectionism is H. Chadwick’s article Enkrateia in Real-lexikon… Antike u. Christentum 5 (1962) 343, which covers much of my ground; on virginity as an ideal, the fullest survey is by D. B. Vismanos, Virgenes Cristianas de la Iglesia Primitiva (1949). M. Humbert, C. Préaux, Le Recensement dans l’Egypte Romaine (1952) is the starting point for views of age and marriage patterns. A. Rousselle’s vigorous Porneia (1983) appeared after I had finished, but I retain doubts about her assumption that the doctors’ texts reflect actual questions and concerns of their clients. Nor could I use M. Foucault, Histoire de Sexualité, vol. 2 (1983), which concerns many of the same authors.
1. Ep. James 1.9–10; 2.2–3; 5.1–6: note esp. Orig., Hom, in jer. 12.8, a fine text.
2. H. Leclercq, D.A.C.L. 2 (1907) 2530 and 2579, for texts.
3. Tert., Paen. 6; e.g. Laodicea, Can. 19, 45, 46; Co. Constantinople, 7 (381 A.D.).
4. In general, B. Poschmann, Paenitentia Secunda (1940).
5. Tert., De Pud. 13.
6. Greg. Thaum, Can. Epist. 10 (P.G. 10.1047).
7. Eus. 6.43.6 (laikoi).
8. Orig., Hom. in Ps. 37.6 (P.G. 12.1386); Cypr., Ep. 15.1, 4.4; Leo, Ep. 168.2 (P.L. 54.1210–11).
9. Tert., De Pud. 13; Clem., Quis Div. 31–4; cf. Ecl. Proph. 19, Strom. 7.12.
10. E.g. Can. Elvira 47; 37; I quote Tert., De Bapt. 18.5–6; E. Nagel, Kindertaufe u. Taufaufschub (1980).
11. K. Aland, Die Sauglingstaufe im N.T. und der alten Kirche (1963) 36–44, 67–82.
12. Orig., Comm. in Matt. 15.26.
13. Above all, E. Bickerman, Riv. Fil. It. Class. (1973) 22; W. Speyer, Entretiens Fond. Hardt 18 (1972) 333 ff., with bibliogr., esp. 338–9.
14. Tert., Cult. Fem. 3.
II
1. For this, P. Veyne, Annales (1968) 35, a stimulating essay with which I disagree.
2. Ps.-Clem., Recog. 8.48.
3. Despite I. Kajanto, R.E.L. (1970) 99.
4. Most recently, K. Hopkins, Comp. Stud. Soc. and Hist. 20 (1980) 303; P. Brux. 5; P. Oxy. 528, 2858; P. Tebt. 317, 320; B.G.U. 183; P. Mil. Vogl. 85: note Theodoret, Epist. 8.79–81; H. Chadwick, in Early Christ. Lit… . R. M. Grant (ed. W. Schoedel, R. Wilken, 1979) esp. 145–53.
5. S. Lilja, Homosexuality in Rep. and Aug. Rome (1983), with bibliogr.; R. MacMullen, Historia (1982) 484.
6. Apul., Apol. 10; Artemid., e.g. 1.78; M. Aur., Medit. 1.17.6; cf. Firm. Mat., Math. 8.11.1.
7. K. J. Dover, Greek Homosexuality (1978) 19–34; mention of Lex Scantinia revived in texts of Tert., Monog. 12.3; Clem., Paed. 3.3.23 (vaguer); Prud., Peristeph. 10.203; J. Griffin, J.R.S. (1976) 99–101; S. Lilja, Homosexuality… (1983) 132–3; J. Boswell, Christianity, Social Tolerance… (1980) 61–87 and pp. 122–3 on the legal ruling in Paul, Sent. 2.27.12.
8. Artemid, 1.79–80; Ps.-Lucian, Erotes; Achill. Tat. 2.37–8; Plut., Mor. 750C. A. J. Festugière, Antioche Païenne et Chrétienne (1959) 197–203.
9. Tatian, Or. 18. Bardaisan, Book of Laws of Countries, ed. Drijvers (1965) 90–2.
10. A. D. Nock, Essays I.479.
11. P. A. Brunt, Italian Manpower (1971) 140; Musonius F13, 14, on exposure; Pliny, Ep. 8.10, with Sherwin-White, ad loc.; P. Veyne, J. Ramin, Historia (1981) 472.
12. E. Eyben, Family Planning in Antiquity, Anc. Soc. (1980–81) 1–81 is a major survey and bibliography. Also M. Th. Fontanille, Avortement et Contraception… (1977); J T. Noonan, Contraception (1966).
13. J. Crook, Law and Life of Rome (1967) 47, 107 and R. Syme, Roman Papers, II (1979) 510, on bastards.
13A. For Rome, J. Gaudemet, R.I.D.A. (1949) 320; in Greek world, C. Vatin, Recherches sur le Mariage (1970), one out of many: against a “double standard,” Ulpian, Dig. 48,5, 14.5 (“periniquum”) and Plut., Mor. 144F, showing it was not unquestioned.
14. Ps.-Luc, Erotes 26.
15. Galen, IV (Kühn) 188; Ps.-Ar., Hist. An. 10.5; A. Rousselle, Annales (1980) 1085 ff.; Galen, IV. 190, on eunuchs.
16. For Rome, M. Durry, R.E.L. (1970) 17–42, with bibliogr.; in the papyri, M. Humbert, C. Préaux, Le Recensement (1952) 160 ff; M. K. Hopkins, Comp. Stud. Soc. Hist. (1980) 333.
17. Basic study now is M. Humbert, Remariage à Rome (1972) 31–50; 76–102; 138–59; epitaphs, pp. 63–6 and 102–13; univira, pp. 63–75; laws, pp. 138–59; astrologers’ texts in Firm. Mat., Math. Bk. 5.3 under Saturn: e.g., 5.3.8; 5.3.41. Property, Humbert, pp. 188–283.
18. H. C. Youtie, in Le Monde Grec… Hommages à C. Préaux (1979) 723, a brilliant study of these effects. Full survey of concubinage and mod. study, in C. Tomulescu, Studi… Gaetano Scherillo, I (1972) 299.
19. Two-timers in (e.g.) C.I.L. 6.14027; 9.944; 14.4454; on divorce, M. Andreev, R.H.D. (1957) 7, with bibliogr.
20. Artemid., 1.78 (schooling); 79–80; 4.65; 5.62, 65, 68, 87, 95; 1.78, fin., on daughters.
21. Dio, Or. 33 with C. B. Welles, Mel. Univ. St. Jos. (1962) 43–75.
22. Artemid., 1.78; earlier, K.J. Dover, Arethusa (1973) 59.
23. Rufin., in Anth. Pal. (ed. Waltz) 2.37.
24. Rufus, in Oribas. 6.38.
25. Cael. Aurel., Tard. Pass. 4.9; Ps.-Luc, Erotes 26.
26. Beroean law, J. M. R. Cormack, Anc. Macedonia, II (1977) 139; B. Epig. (1978) 274.
27. Spirited study by L. Raditsa, A.N.R.W. 11.13 (1980) 278; on evasions, esp. R. Astolfi, Lex Julia et Papia (1970) and S.D.H.J. (1973) 187. “Chastity” in C.J. 9.9.9. (224 A.D.).
28. M. Molé, Novissimo Dig. Ital. 18 (1971) 582 on stuprum; the need to bring trial, Dig. 48.5.2 ff.
29. K. Schneider, R.A.C. 1 (1950) 55; Dig. 35.2.9.1.
30. Summary, now, in R. C. T. Parker, Miasma (1983) p. 74 n. 4, with the examples I cite; Lydian cult, again in S. C. Barton, G. H. Horsley, Jhb. Ant. u. Chr. (1981) 7.
31. In general, W. Speyer, Jhb. Ant. u. Chr. (1979) 30; vestals, in A. D. Nock, Essays I.252.
32. J. T. Milik, Dédicaces Faites par les Dieux… (1972) 371–5.
33. Alexandra, in L.R., B. Epig. (1950) no. 135 and esp. (1958) 303, promising a full commentary.
34. M. Beard, J.R.S. (1980) p. 14 n. 21.
35. M.J. Vermaseren, Cybele and Attis (1977) 132 with C.I.L. 13.525.
36. Esp. E. Bickel, Diatribe in Senecae Fragmenta, I: De Matrimonio (1915) esp. 204 ff.
37. E.g. Mus. Ruf., F12–14 (Lutz); Epictet., 1.11 and 3.22.60 ff.; also, I quote his Encheiridion 33.8.
38. Plut., Mor. 138A, esp. 144D.
39. Porph., Vita Plot. 15; S. Lilja, Homosexuality… (1983) 127–38.
40. Herstal vase, in F. Cumont, Ann. Soc. Arch. Brux. (1900) 401 ff.
41. Artemid., 5.95, with L. Robert, Entretiens Fond. Hardt (1967) 179 on “kataluein”; cf. Paul, in 1 Cor. 9.25.
42. T. Hägg, The Novel in Antiquity (E.T., 1983), s.v. chastity, ideal; Xen. Ephes., 5.14; Heliod., Ethiop. 3.15–20.
43. Galen, 8 (Kühn) 417–21, the classic passage; also 5.912 ff., with Oribasius 6.37–8, for Rufus’s views too. For someone who “went off” sex, note Alypius, in Aug., Conf. 6.12.20.
44. Plato, Laws 838A ff., esp. 841B–C.