| 270 Plotinus |
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| c.305 Porphyry |
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306–37 Reign of Constantine, first Christian Roman Emperor |
| 430 Augustine |
410 Sack of Rome by Alaric |
| 485 Proclus |
476 Romulus Augustulus, last Western Roman Emperor, deposed |
| c.525 Boethius; 536 Sergius of Resh‘aina |
529 School of Athens closed by Justinian |
| 570s John Philoponus |
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632 Death of the Prophet Muḥammad |
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641 Fall of Alexandria to Muslims |
| 662 Maximus the Confessor |
661 Beginning of Umayyad Caliphate |
| Before 754 John of Damascus |
749 Beginning of ‘Abbāsid Caliphate; 762 Construction of capital at Baghdad commissioned |
| 806 Alcuin |
800 Charlemagne crowned as Emperor |
| c.870 John Scottus Eriugena; after 870 al-Kindī; 891 Photius; c.907 Isaac Israeli |
843–77 Reign of Charles the Bald; 843 End of iconoclasm in Byzantium |
| 935-6 al-Ash‘arī; 942 Saadia Gaon; 950/1 al-Fārābī |
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| 1037 Avicenna; 1057/58 Ibn Gabirol |
973 Cairo established as Fāṭimid capital |
| 1085 al-Juwaynī; 1096 Michael Psellos; 1109 Anselm of Canterbury; 1111 al-Ghazāli |
1085 Toledo falls to the Christians; 1090 Almoravid rule in Spain begins |
| 1139 Ibn Bājja; 1142 Peter Abelard; 1154 Gilbert of Poitiers |
1147 Almohads defeat Almoravids |
| 1160 al-Baghdādī; 1185 Ibn Ṭufayl |
c.1200 Establishment of University of Paris |
| 1191 Suhrawardī; 1198 Averroes; 1204 Fakhr al-Dīn al-Razī |
1204 Constantinople sacked and Latin Kingdom established there |
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c.1210 Establishment of Franciscan and Dominican Orders |
| 1240 Ibn ‘Arabi; 1245 Alexander of Hales |
c.1255 Aristotelian curriculum adopted in Arts Faculties of Paris and Oxford |
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1258 Mongols take Baghdad; 1259 Establishment of Marāgha observatory |
| 1274 Thomas Aquinas; Bonaventure; al-Ṭūsī; 1276 al-Kātibī; 1280 Albert the Great |
1277 Tempier’s condemnation of 219 Propositions at Paris |
| 1293 Henry of Ghent; 1298 Peter John Olivi; 1308 Duns Scotus |
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| 1315 Ramon Llull; 1318/20 Dietrich of Freiberg; 1321 Dante Alighieri; |
1323 Canonization of Thomas Aquinas |
| 1327/8 Meister Eckhart; 1328 Ibn Taymiyya |
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| 1342 Marsilius of Padua; 1344 Gersonides; 1347 William of Ockham; 1355 al-Ījī |
c.1346–53 Black Death |
| 1359 Gregory Palamas; 1360 John Buridan; after 1362 Moses of Narbonne |
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| 1384 John Wyclif |
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| 1410/11 Ḥasdai Crescas |
1415 Execution of Jan Hus, leading to Hussite rebellion |
| 1429 Paul of Venice; 1444 John Capreolus; 1454 Gemisthos Plethon |
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| 1457 Lorenzo Valla; 1460 Heymeric of Campo; 1464 Nicholas of Cusa |
c.1450 Moveable printing type introduced in Europe; 1453 Fall of Constantinople to Turks |
| 1493 Elijah Delmedigo; 1498 Ṣadr al-Dīn Dashtakī; 1494 Giovanni Pico della Mirandola |
1492 Columbus’s first voyage; 1492 Expulsion of Jews and Muslims from Spain |
| 1499 Marsilio Ficino; 1501 al-Dawānī; 1508 Isaac Abrabanel |
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| After 1521 Leone Ebreo; 1525 Pietro Pomponazzi; 1538 Agostino Nifo |
1521 Excommunication of Martin Luther |
| 1546 Francisco de Vitoria; 1550 John Major |
1545–63 Council of Trent |
| 1589 Jacopo Zabarella |
1598 Edict of Nantes |
| 1617 Francisco Suárez |
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| 1630 Mir Dāmād; 1636 Mulla Ṣadrā; |
1633 Condemnation of Galileo |
| 1644 John of St Thomas; 1650 René Descartes |
1642–51 English Civil War |
| 1667 Rodrigo de Arriaga; 1677 Baruch Spinoza; 1682 Juan Caramuel y Lobkowitz |
1685 Revocation of Edict of Nantes |
| 1704 John Locke; 1716 G. W. Leibniz |
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