INDEX

ABC of Communism, The ref1, ref2

Abyssinia ref1

Academy of Sciences, Russian ref1

Afghanistan

Khalq coup ref1

People’s Democratic Party of ref1

Soviet forces sent in ref1, ref2, ref3

US support ref1

Soviets withdraw ref1

Taliban ref1, ref2

Africa ref1, ref2

in 1970s ref1, ref2

1990s ref1

see also names of countries

African National Congress ref1

Akhmatova, Anna ref1

Albania ref1

1940s ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7

1950s ref1

1968 ref1

and China ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

and Norman Wisdom ref1

1970s ref1

and Yugoslavia ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

1980s ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

1990s ref1, ref2

Alexander Nevski (film) ref1

Ali, Tariq ref1

Alia, Ramiz ref1, ref2

Allende, Salvador ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8

Alliluyeva, Nadya ref1, ref2

All-Russia Co-operative Society (Arcos in England) ref1

All-Slavic Committee ref1

All-Union Communist Party [Bolsheviks] see Communist Party of the Soviet Union

Al-Qaida ref1

Althusser, Louis ref1, ref2

Amin, Hafizullah ref1, ref2

Anabaptists ref1, ref2

anarchism ref1, ref2

Andropov, Yuri

heads KGB ref1

and Hungary ref1

in power ref1

and Gorbachëv ref1

and Cuba ref1

death ref1

Anglo-Soviet treaty, 1921 ref1, ref2

Angola ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

MRLA ref1

Anti-Comintern Pact, 1936 ref1, ref2

Aristotle ref1

Arnot, R. Page ref1

Assistance Fund for Communist Parties and Movements of the Left ref1, ref2

Attlee, Clement ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

Australia ref1, ref2

Communist Party ref1

Austria ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6

Aylward, Gladys ref1

Azerbaijan ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

Babeuf, Gracchus ref1

Bahro, Rudolf ref1

Bakunin, Mikhail ref1, ref2

Balkans

1912–13 wars ref1

1948 ref1

see also names of countries

Barbé, Henri ref1

Bare Island labour camp ref1

Batista, Fulgencio ref1, ref2

Bauer, Otto ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

Bavarian Soviet Republic ref1

Bazhanov, Boris ref1

Bebel, August ref1

Bell, Daniel ref1

Benda, Julien ref1

Bene, Eduard ref1

Berdyaev, Nikolai ref1, ref2

Beria, Lavrenti ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

on death of Stalin ref1

arrested ref1

Berkman, Alexander ref1

Berlin

1918 rising ref1, ref2

1920s ref1, ref2

partitioned ref1, ref2

1953 ref1

Wall ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

checkpoints opened ref1

Berlinguer, Enrico ref1, ref2, ref3

Berman, Jakub ref1

Bernstein, Eduard ref1, ref2

Bevin, Ernest ref1, ref2

Bhopal disaster ref1

Bian Shaofeng ref1

Bierut, Bolesław ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

Bismarck, Otto von ref1

Black Dwarf ref1

Blanc, Louis ref1, ref2

Blanqui, Louis-Auguste ref1

Blok, Alexander ref1

Blum, Léon ref1

Bobigny, France ref1

Boda, Chen ref1

Bogdanov, Alexander ref1, ref2

Böhm-Bawerk, Max von ref1

Bolivia ref1, ref2, ref3

Bolsheviks see Communist Party of the Soviet Union

Bonaparte, Napoleon ref1

Borchert, Hermann ref1

Bordiga, Amadeo ref1

Borotbist Party ref1, ref2

brainwashing ref1

Brandt, Willy ref1

Brazauskas, Algirdas ref1

Brazil ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

Brest-Litovsk treaty, 1918 ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6

Brezhnev, Leonid ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15

Reagan and ref1

death ref1

Brezhnev Doctrine ref1

Britain

English Civil War ref1

19c. ref1, ref2, ref3

early 20c. ref1, ref2, ref3

1920s ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

All-Russia Co-operative Society ref1

Anglo-Soviet treaty, 1921 ref1, ref2, ref3

1930s ref1, ref2

WWII ref1, ref2, ref3

and Yugoslavia ref1

postwar ref1

CND ref1

see also Communist Party of Great Britain

British Labour Party ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6

and Militant Tendency ref1

British Union of Fascists ref1, ref2

Browder, Earl ref1, ref2, ref3

Buffet, Marie-Georges ref1

Bukharin, Nikolai ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13

and Stalin ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6

1928 ref1

1930s ref1

The ABC of Communism ref1, ref2

Bukovski, Vladimir ref1

Bulgaria ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8

1950s ref1, ref2

1980s ref1, ref2, ref3

1990s ref1

Communist Party ref1

Bullitt, William C. ref1

Bund, Jewish ref1, ref2

Burns, Lizzie ref1

Bush, George H. ref1, ref2, ref3

and Poland ref1

Cambodia

1940s ref1

1970s ref1, ref2

and China ref1

under Pol Pot ref1, ref2

Khmers Rouges ref1, ref2

Phnom Penh ref1, ref2

and Vietnam ref1, ref2, ref3

Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament ref1

Campanella, Tommaso ref1, ref2

Camus, Albert ref1, ref2

Canada ref1

Cannon, James ref1

capitalism ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7

Weber on ref1

1920s ref1

in China ref1, ref2, ref3

in Russia, 1990s ref1

Capri ref1

Cárdenas, Lázaro ref1

Carr, E. H. ref1, ref2, ref3

Carrillo, Santiago ref1, ref2

Carter, Jimmy ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7

Castro, Fidel ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

personality ref1

and Chile ref1

Castro, Raúl ref1, ref2, ref3

Catholic Church

medieval ref1

16–17c. ref1, ref2, ref3

in WWII ref1, ref2

in 1940s ref1

1950s ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

in Croatia ref1

and Italy ref1, ref2

persecution, 1950s ref1

in Cuba ref1, ref2

in Poland ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6

1980s, Vatican and US ref1

Ceauescu, Elena ref1, ref2, ref3

Ceauescu, Nicolae ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10

downfall and death ref1

censorship

in Russia ref1, ref2

Hungary ref1

China ref1

Cervetti, Gianni ref1

Ceylon ref1, ref2

Chagall, Marc ref1

Chamberlin, W. H. ref1

Change of Waymarks group ref1, ref2

Chayanov, Alexander ref1

Chechnya ref1

Cheka (Russian police, later OGPU, NKVD, KGB q.v.) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9

Chen Yung ref1

Chernenko, Konstantin ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

Chernobyl ref1

Chernov, Viktor ref1, ref2

Chernyshevski, Nikolai ref1

Chervenkov, Vulko ref1

Chiang Kai-shek ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

defeated and flees ref1

Chicherin, Georgi ref1, ref2

Chile

1970s ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6

1980s ref1

Communist Party of ref1

China ref1, ref2, ref3

19c. ref1

1920s ref1, ref2

1927 rising ref1

Kuomintang ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6

Red Army in ref1, ref2, ref3

1930s ref1, ref2

after WWII ref1, ref2

civil war ref1, ref2, ref3

People’s Republic of established ref1, ref2

Mao’s regime, 1949–57 ref1, ref2

People’s Liberation Army ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8

Tibet ref1, ref2, ref3

and Mongolia ref1

Hundred Flowers campaign, 1956–7 ref1, ref2

Great Leap Forward ref1

and USSR, 1960 ref1

1960s ref1, ref2

Cultural Revolution ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6

and Vietnam ref1, ref2, ref3

pollution ref1

and USA ref1, ref2, ref3

after death of Mao ref1

Gang of Four ref1, ref2, ref3

1979, and Italy ref1

and Assistance Fund for Communist Parties ref1

Tiananmen Square massacre ref1, ref2, ref3

1990s ref1, ref2

and Nepal ref1

Chinese Communist Party

1920s ref1, ref2

1930s ref1, ref2, ref3

Long March ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

after WWII ref1, ref2

1949–57 ref1

Politburo ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

Central Committee ref1, ref2

after death of Stalin ref1, ref2

1956–7 ref1, ref2

1959 ref1

after death of Mao ref1

Christianity ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9

see also Catholic Church

Orthodox Church

Christie, Agatha ref1, ref2

Churchill, Winston ref1

in 1918 ref1

at end of WWII ref1, ref2, ref3

and Yugoslavia ref1, ref2, ref3

iron curtain speech ref1

class, social ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

Clemenceau, Georges ref1

Clinton, Bill ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

Cohen, Rose ref1

Cohen, Stephen ref1

Cohn-Bendit, Daniel ref1, ref2

Cold War ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11

collectivisation

Soviet ref1, ref2

in republics ref1, ref2

in China ref1

Yugoslavia ref1, ref2

in Romania ref1

Cambodia ref1, ref2

Colletti, Lucio ref1, ref2, ref3

Colombia ref1

Comecon ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

comic magazines ref1

Cominform see Communist Information Bureau

Comintern see Communist International

communisms ref1, ref2

reform communism ref1

Communist Corresponding Committee ref1

Communist Information Bureau (Cominform):

1st Conference ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

2nd Conference ref1

1947–9 ref1, ref2

abolished ref1

Communist International (Comintern Third International) ref1

1920s ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

1st Congress ref1

funding ref1

2nd Congress ref1

5th Congress ref1

and USA ref1, ref2, ref3

6th Congress ref1

afterwards ref1

7th Congress ref1

1935 ref1

and Spanish Civil War ref1

Anti-Comintern Pact ref1

1938 ref1

and individual parties ref1

in WWII ref1

postwar ref1

Stalin closes ref1, ref2

Communist Labor Party (USA) ref1, ref2

Communist Manifesto ref1, ref2

Communist Party of America ref1, ref2

Communist Party of Great Britain ref1

1920s ref1

1930s ref1, ref2

in WWII ref1

1940s ref1

1950s ref1, ref2

1960s ref1, ref2, ref3

115

1968 ref1

splinter parties ref1

1990s ref1

Communist Party of the Russian Federation ref1

Communist Party of the Soviet Union (formerly the Russian Social-Democratic Workers’ Party [Bolsheviks], q.v., till 1918, then the Russian Communist Party [Bolsheviks] till 1924, then the All-Union Communist Party [Bolsheviks] till 1952) ref1, ref2

Bolsheviks split off from Mensheviks ref1

1905 revolution ref1

4th Congress ref1

1912 ref1

Central Committee ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11

in WWI ref1

1917 ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

October Revolution ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

subsequent regime ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

Sovnarkom ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

civil war ref1, ref2, ref3

10th Congress ref1

establishes USSR ref1

1920s ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

‘old’ Bolsheviks ref1

1930s ref1

17th Congress ref1

official history ref1

1940s ref1, ref2

19th Congress ref1

on death of Stalin ref1

20th Congress ref1

and Stalin’s ‘secret speech’ ref1

22nd Congress ref1

1957–60 ref1

1980s ref1, ref2

Yeltsin outlaws ref1

see also Cheka; Politburo; Red Army

Communist Party of the USA (CPUSA) ref1, ref2

1930s ref1

in WWII ref1

postwar ref1

Jewish membership ref1

1950s ref1, ref2

1980 ref1

Communist University for the Toilers of the East ref1

Comte, Auguste ref1, ref2

Congress of Writers ref1

Conquest, Robert ref1, ref2

Conrad, Joseph ref1

Copernicus ref1

Corvalán, Luis ref1

Crimea ref1

Croatia ref1, ref2, ref3

Croce, Benedetto ref1

Crompton, Richmal

William the Bad ref1

Crossman, Richard ref1

Cuba ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

and US ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6

1950s ref1, ref2

1959 revolution ref1, ref2, ref3

subsequent regime ref1

Bay of Pigs ref1

1962 ref1, ref2, ref3

escape from ref1

and Chile ref1

and Angola ref1, ref2

US bases in ref1, ref2

Soviet bases ref1

1980s ref1, ref2

1990s ref1

Czechoslovakia

after WWI ref1, ref2, ref3

invades Hungary ref1

1929–33 ref1, ref2, ref3

Germany annexes ref1, ref2

after WWII ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7

Prague Spring and Soviet invasion ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6

subsequently ref1

Communist Party ref1, ref2

Charter (77) ref1, ref2

1980s ref1

1990s ref1, ref2

Dan, Fëdor ref1

Daoud, Mohammed ref1

Darling, Ernest ref1

Darwin, Charles ref1

David, Eduard ref1

Davies, Joseph ref1, ref2

Davis, Angela ref1

De Gasperi, Alcide ref1, ref2

de Gaulle, Charles ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

Debs, Eugene ref1

democracy, people’s see people’s democracy

Deng Xiaoping ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

biography ref1, ref2

purged ref1, ref2

rehabilitated ref1

and Gang of Four ref1

1976 ref1, ref2, ref3

and US ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

in power, 1980–9 ref1, ref2

1992 tour ref1

Denikin, Anton ref1, ref2

Deutscher, Isaac ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

Dewey, John ref1

Diggers, 17c. ref1

Dimitrov, Georgi ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11

Djilas, Milovan ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6

Dmitrievski, Sergei ref1

Dostoevski, Fëdor ref1, ref2

Dozza, Giuseppe ref1

Dr Strangelove (film) ref1

Dubek, Alexander ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6

Duclos, Jacques ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

Dühring, Eugen ref1

Dukes, Sir Paul ref1, ref2

Duranty, Walter ref1

Dutt, Palme ref1, ref2, ref3

Dvorák, Antonín ref1

Dzierzyski, Felix ref1, ref2

Eastman, Max ref1

Eberlein, Hugo ref1

Ebert, Friedrich ref1

ecology ref1

Egypt ref1

Einstein, Albert ref1, ref2

Eisenhower, Dwight D. ref1, ref2

Eisner, Kurt ref1

El Salvador ref1

Emancipation of Labour group ref1

Encounter ref1

Engels, Friedrich ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8

biography ref1

personality ref1, ref2

Lenin on ref1, ref2

Communist Manifesto ref1, ref2

otherworks ref1

English civil war ref1

Enlightenment ref1

Enukidze, Abel ref1

Esperanto ref1

Essenes ref1

Estonia

in Brest-Livotsk treaty ref1

in WWII ref1

under Stalin ref1, ref2, ref3

1991 ref1, ref2

declares independence ref1, ref2

Ethiopia ref1, ref2

Eurocommunism ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11

European Economic Community ref1

European Union ref1, ref2

evolution ref1

Fadeev, Alexander ref1

Fang Lizhi ref1

fascism ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7

‘social-fascism’ ref1, ref2, ref3

British Union of Fascists ref1, ref2

in WWII ref1, ref2, ref3

February Revolution (Russia), 1917 ref1, ref2

Finland ref1, ref2, ref3

First International (Workingmen’s Association) ref1, ref2

Fleming, Ian ref1

Foch, Marshal ref1

Fofanova, Margarita ref1, ref2

Ford, Gerald ref1, ref2

Forest Brothers ref1

Foster, William Z. ref1, ref2

Fourier, Charles ref1, ref2

Fourth International ref1

France 19c. ref1

after WWI ref1

1930s ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

WWII ref1, ref2, ref3

postwar ref1

and Indochina ref1, ref2

1960s ref1

1968 ref1, ref2

Franco, Francisco ref1, ref2, ref3

Franco-Prussian war, 1870 ref1

French Communist Party

1930s ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

WWII ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

1940s ref1

1960s ref1, ref2

1970s ref1, ref2

1980s ref1, ref2

1990s ref1

2002 ref1

French Federation of Communist Youth ref1

French Revolution, 1789 ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

Freud, Sigmund ref1

Fried, Eugen ref1

Gagarin, Yuri ref1

Galileo (Galilei) ref1

Gallacher, Willie ref1

Gandhi, Indira ref1

Gang of Four ref1, ref2, ref3

Garaudy, Roger ref1

genetics ref1

Geneva ref1

Genoa Conference ref1

Georgia ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

German Communist Party

founded ref1

1920–30s ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

1946, as Socialist Unity Party ref1, ref2

outlawed ref1

German Democratic Republic (East Germany) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7

1950s ref1, ref2, ref3

Ostpolitik ref1

1960s ref1, ref2, ref3

1970s ref1, ref2

1980s ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

after reunion ref1

German Social-Democratic Party (Second International) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8

after WWI ref1, ref2

1946 ref1

Germany

19c. ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

early 20c. ref1

in WWI ref1, ref2, ref3

postwar ref1, ref2

1929–30s ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6

Anti-Comintern Pact ref1

Soviet-German non-aggression pact, 1939 ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

in WWII ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

partitioned ref1, ref2, ref3

Red Army Faction in West Germany ref1

Ostpolitik ref1

after reunion 1990s ref1, ref2

see also Berlin and entries above

Gerö, Ernö ref1

Gheorghiu-Dej, Gheorghe ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7

Gide, André ref1, ref2, ref3

Gierek, Edward ref1, ref2

Gilbert, W. S. ref1

glasnost ref1, ref2, ref3

Goldman, Emma ref1

Gollan, John ref1, ref2

Gomułka, Władysław ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10

after death of Stalin ref1, ref2

Gorbachëv, Mikhail ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13

biography ref1

downfall ref1, ref2

Gorbachëv, Raisa ref1, ref2, ref3

Gorki, Maxim ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

Gotha Programme ref1

Gottwald, Klement ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

Gramsci, Antonio

1919–21 ref1, ref2, ref3

leads Italian Communist Party ref1, ref2

imprisoned ref1, ref2, ref3

death ref1, ref2

Prison Notebooks ref1

Greece

civil war ref1, ref2, ref3

Greek Communist Party ref1, ref2, ref3

1949 ref1

Greene, Graham ref1, ref2

Grenada ref1

Grimm, Robert ref1

Groman, Vladimir ref1

Gromyko, Andrei ref1, ref2

Grósz, Károly ref1, ref2

Groza, Petru ref1

Guatemala ref1, ref2, ref3

Guevara, Che ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6

Gumilëv, Nikolai ref1,

Guzmán, Abimael ref1

Habsburg Monarchy ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7

Hall, Gus ref1, ref2

Harriman, Averell ref1

Havel, Václav ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6

Haywood, Harry ref1

Hebrang, Andrija ref1

Hegel, G. W. F. ref1, ref2, ref3

Heidegger, Martin ref1

Helsinki Final Act ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

Hemingway, Ernest ref1, ref2, ref3

Herzen, Alexander ref1

Hesiod ref1

Hilferding, Rudolf ref1, ref2

Hindus, Maurice ref1

history ref1, ref2, ref3

Hitler, Adolf ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9

1920s–30s ref1, ref2, ref3

closes German Communist Party ref1

Soviet-German non-aggression pact ref1, ref2, ref3

in WWII ref1, ref2, ref3

Operation Barbarossa ref1, ref2

Stalingrad ref1, ref2

Ho Chi Minh ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6

death ref1

Honecker, Erich ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7

Hong Kong ref1, ref2

Hoover, Herbert ref1

Horthy, Miklós ref1

Hoxha, Enver ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7

Hrushevsky, Mykhaylo ref1

Hu Yaobang ref1, ref2, ref3

Hua Guofeng ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6

Humbert-Droz, Jules ref1, ref2

Hume, David ref1

Hungarian Autonomous Region ref1

Hungarian Communist Party ref1

Hungarian Soviet Republic ref1, ref2, ref3

Hungary

1918–19 ref1

after WWII ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10

Smallholders’ Party ref1

1951 expulsions ref1

1950s ref1, ref2, ref3

after death of Stalin ref1

1956 uprising ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11

subsequently ref1

1960s ref1, ref2

1980s ref1, ref2

Hunt, Alice Riggs ref1

Husák, Gustáv ref1, ref2, ref3

Husserl, Edmund ref1

Ibárruri, Dolores ref1

imperialism ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6

India

1927 ref1

independence ref1

subsequently ref1

Communist Party ref1, ref2, ref3

Indochina ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

see also names of countries

Indonesia ref1, ref2

Communist Party ref1

industrialisation ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

Soviet ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

intelligentsia

in Russia / USSR ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

China ref1

Poland ref1

International Workingmen’s Association ref1, ref2

Internationals

1st ref1, ref2

2nd see German Social-Democratic Party

3rd see Communist International

4th ref1

Internet ref1, ref2, ref3

Iogiches, Leo ref1

Iran ref1

Iraq ref1, ref2, ref3

Ireland ref1, ref2

Provisional Irish Republican Army ref1, ref2

Irish Republican Army (IRA) ref1

Iron Curtain ref1, ref2, ref3

Iskra ref1, ref2

Islam

1930s ref1

1990s ref1, ref2, ref3

Israel ref1, ref2

Italian Communist Party

1920s ref1, ref2

1930s ref1, ref2

1940s ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

1950s ref1, ref2

1960s ref1, ref2

1969 ref1

1970s ref1, ref2

1977 ref1

1979 ref1

1990s ref1

Italian Socialist Party ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

Italy

1919–20s ref1, ref2

and Trieste ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

1940s ref1, ref2, ref3

1948–9 ref1, ref2, ref3

Vatican, and US ref1

1990s ref1

Olive Tree ref1

Izvestiya ref1, ref2

Jacobins ref1, ref2, ref3

Japan

invades Manchuria ref1

Anti-Comintern Pact ref1, ref2

army ref1

attacks Soviet forces, 1939 ref1, ref2

attacks Pearl Harbour ref1

atom bombs dropped ref1, ref2

postwar ref1, ref2, ref3

1970s ref1, ref2

1980s ref1

Communist Party ref1

Jaruzelski, Wojciech ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

Jews

Judaism ref1, ref2

Bund ref1, ref2

in USA ref1

in USSR ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

antisemitism ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

extermination ref1

1945 ref1

Israel ref1, ref2

in Poland ref1

in Romania ref1

Jiang Qing ref1, ref2

after death of Mao ref1

trial ref1

Jiang Zemin ref1, ref2

John Paul II, Pope ref1, ref2

Johns, W. E. ref1

Johnson, Hewlett ref1, ref2, ref3

Johnson, Lyndon ref1

Johnston, Eric ref1

Jones, Gareth ref1

Jotti, Nilde ref1, ref2

Judaism ref1, ref2

Kádár, János ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

Kafka, Franz ref1

Kaganovich, Lazar ref1, ref2, ref3

Kahlo, Frida ref1

Kamenev, Lev

1917 ref1, ref2, ref3

1919–20s ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

in London ref1

trial ref1

Kameneva, Olga ref1

Kant, Immanuel ref1, ref2

Kardelj, Edvard ref1, ref2, ref3

Károlyi, Mihály ref1

Kautsky, Karl ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8

Dictatorship of the Proletariat ref1

Kazakhstan ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

Kennan, George ref1

Kennedy, John F. ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6

Kerenski, Alexander ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

KGB (formerly Cheka, OGPU, NKVD, q.v.) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6

Khrushchëv, Nikita

personality ref1

1940s ref1, ref2

under Stalin ref1, ref2, ref3

on death of Stalin ref1

Soviet leader, 1953–64 ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11

in Yugoslavia ref1, ref2

and Nixon ref1

‘cult of the individual’ speech ref1, ref2, ref3

and Hungary ref1, ref2

attacked, 1957 ref1

and Cuba ref1, ref2, ref3

and Germany ref1

removed from office ref1

criticised ref1

Kidri, Boris ref1

Kim Il-sung ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

Kim Jong-il ref1

Kirov, Sergei ref1

Kissinger, Henry

détente ref1

and Brezhnev ref1

and Chile ref1

in Moscow ref1

Koestler, Arthur ref1, ref2

Darkness at Noon ref1

Kolchak, Aleksandr ref1

Kollontai, Alexandra ref1

Kondratev, Nikolai ref1

Korea ref1, ref2, ref3

Korean War ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

see also North Korea; South Korea

Kornilov, Lavr ref1, ref2

Kosovo ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

Kostov, Traicho ref1, ref2

Kosygin, Alexei ref1, ref2

Krasin, Lev ref1, ref2

Krenz, Egon ref1, ref2

Krestintern ref1

Kriegel, Frantiek ref1

Krivitski, Walter ref1

Kronstadt mutiny ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

Krupp ref1

Kun, Béla ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

Kuro, Jacek ref1

Kutepov, General ref1

Kuusinen, Otto ref1, ref2

Kwasniewski, Alexander ref1

labour camps ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

Vorkuta ref1

in Yugoslavia ref1

China ref1, ref2

Laos ref1

Vietnam ref1

Laos ref1

Latin America ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12

see also names of countries

Latvia

in Brest-Livotsk treaty ref1

in WWII ref1

under Stalin ref1, ref2, ref3

1991 ref1, ref2

declares independence ref1, ref2

le Carré, John ref1

League of the Just (Germany) ref1

League of the Militant Godless (USSR) ref1, ref2

League of Nations ref1, ref2, ref3

Lebanon ref1

Left Book Club ref1, ref2

Lenin, Vladimir (Ulyanov) ref1

family and birth ref1

biography ref1

with RSDWP ref1, ref2

splits off Bolsheviks ref1

at 4th Congress ref1

1905–12 ref1, ref2

and WWI ref1, ref2, ref3

1917 ref1, ref2

after October Revolution ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11

and Stalin ref1, ref2

at Comintern 1st Congress ref1

1918 ref1

and Rosa Luxemburg ref1, ref2

British view of ref1

death ref1

statue in London ref1

interpretation of Marxism ref1, ref2

works ref1

April Theses ref1, ref2

The State and Revolution ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7

What is to be Done? ref1

Lennon, John ref1

Leuenroth, Edgard ref1

Levellers ref1

Levi, Paul ref1

Levien, Max ref1

Leviné, Eugen ref1

Li Peng ref1

Liebknecht, Karl ref1, ref2

Liebknecht, Wilhelm ref1, ref2

Ligachëv, Yegor ref1, ref2, ref3

Lin Biao

Military Leader ref1, ref2, ref3

edits ‘little red book’ ref1

1966 ref1, ref2

attempts coup d’etat and flees ref1

Lipp, Dr ref1

Lithuania

in Brest-Livotsk treaty ref1

in WWII ref1

under Stalin ref1, ref2

Forest Brothers ref1

1991 ref1, ref2

declares independence ref1

under Brazauskas ref1

Litvinov, Maxim ref1, ref2, ref3

Liu Shaoqi ref1, ref2, ref3

Chairman of People’s Republic of China ref1

criticizes Mao ref1, ref2

demoted ref1

death ref1

Lloyd George, David ref1

Lockhart, Robert Bruce ref1

Lovestone, Jay ref1

Luca, Vasile ref1

Lukács, György ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

History and Class Consciousness ref1

Lumumba, Patrice ref1

Luxemburg, Rosa ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8

and Lenin ref1, ref2

death ref1

The Russian Revolution ref1

Lvov, Georgi ref1

Lyons, Eugene ref1

Lysenko, Timofei ref1, ref2

MacArthur, Douglas ref1

Mach, Ernst ref1

Machajski, Jan ref1

Machiavelli, Niccolò ref1, ref2, ref3

Macmillan, Harold ref1, ref2

Magnitogorsk ref1, ref2

Maiski, Ivan ref1

Makhno, Nestor ref1

Makronisos island ref1

Malaysia

after WWII ref1

1980s ref1

Communist Party ref1

Malenkov, Georgi ref1, ref2, ref3

on death of Stalin ref1, ref2, ref3

and Khrushchëv ref1

Malia, Martin ref1

Manchester Guardian ref1

Manchuria

Japanese invade ref1

Soviet forces in ref1

Mao attacks ref1

Mandelshtam, Osip ref1

Mao Yuanxin ref1

Mao Zedong ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6

biography ref1

personality ref1

Long March ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

1947 ref1

1949 victory ref1

1949–50 ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

subsequent regime ref1, ref2

after death of Stalin ref1, ref2

and USSR ref1

1956–76 ref1

Hundred Flowers campaign ref1, ref2

Great Leap Forward ref1

Cultural Revolution ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6

cult of ref1

and Gang of Four ref1, ref2, ref3

death ref1

remembered ref1

Quotations from (‘little red book’) ref1, ref2

Mao Zedong Thought ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8

Marat, Jean-Paul ref1

Marchais, Georges ref1, ref2, ref3

Marcos, Ferdinand ref1

Marcuse, Herbert ref1, ref2, ref3

‘market socialism’ ref1

Marshall, George ref1

Marshall Plan ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

Martov, Yuli ref1, ref2, ref3

Marx, Karl ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9

biography ref1, ref2

Lenin on ref1, ref2

Capital ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9

The Class Struggles in France ref1

Communist Manifesto ref1, ref2

The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon ref1

Grundrisse ref1, ref2

Theses on Feuerbach ref1

other works ref1, ref2

Marxism ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6

in Europe ref1, ref2

in Germany ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

and Italy ref1, ref2

in Russia ref1, ref2

Lenin’s interpretation ref1, ref2

and minorities ref1

Gramsci and ref1, ref2

official, in 1930s ref1

and military service ref1

1960s interpretations ref1, ref2

revisionism ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

Masaryk, Jan ref1

Mayakovski, Vladimir ref1, ref2

Mazowiecki, Tadeusz ref1

McCarthy, Joe ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

McGahey, Mick ref1

Medvedev, Roy ref1, ref2

Mengistu Haile Mariam ref1, ref2, ref3

Mensheviks ref1

Bolsheviks split from ref1, ref2, ref3

at 4th Congress ref1

1912 ref1

1917 ref1, ref2

after October Revolution ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

Menzies, Robert ref1

Mercader, Ramón ref1

Messianism ref1

Mexican Communist Party ref1

Mexico ref1, ref2

Michels, Robert ref1, ref2, ref3

Mihailovi, Draza ref1

Mihaylov, Mihaylo ref1

Mikhailov (Williams) ref1

Mikołajczyk, Stanisław ref1, ref2

Mikoyan, Anastas ref1, ref2

Militant Tendency (Britain) ref1

Military Opposition (Russia) ref1

Miller, Arthur ref1

Miller, Yevgeni ref1

Miloevi, Slobodan ref1, ref2

Milosz, Czesław ref1

Milyukov, Pavel ref1, ref2

Mirbach, Wilhelm von ref1

Mitterrand, François ref1

Mladenov, Petar ref1

modernity ref1, ref2, ref3

Modzelewski, Karol ref1

Moldova ref1

Molotov, Vyacheslav ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

on death of Stalin ref1

and Khrushchëv ref1, ref2

and Albania ref1

Mongolia

Red Army invades ref1

Mongolian People’s Republic ref1, ref2, ref3

and China ref1

MOPR ref1

More, Thomas ref1

Utopia ref1

Moro, Aldo ref1, ref2

Morozov, Pavlik ref1

Mosca, Gaetano ref1

Moscow

1905 revolution ref1

1918 ref1

1920s ref1

Reagan in ref1

1991 ref1

Moslems ref1

in Afghanistan ref1

see also Islam

Muggeridge, Malcolm ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

Münzenberg, Willi ref1

music

and socialist realism ref1

in Cuba ref1

Czechoslovakia ref1

China ref1

Mussolini, Benito ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10

Nagy, Imre ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

death ref1

funeral ref1

Namboodiripad, E. M. S. ref1

names ref1

Nasser, Gamal Abdel ref1

national question and nationalism ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13

Yugoslavia ref1

NATO ref1, ref2

Nazarbaev, Nursultan ref1

Nechaev, Sergei ref1

Negroes ref1, ref2

Nehru, Jawaharlal ref1, ref2, ref3

Nepal ref1

Neruda, Pablo ref1

Neto, Aghostinho ref1

Neumann, Heinz ref1

New Left Review ref1

New Republic ref1

New York Daily Tribune ref1, ref2

New York Times ref1

Nicaragua ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

Nicholas II, Tsar of Russia ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6

Nien Cheng ref1

Nin, Andreu ref1, ref2

Nixon, Richard

détente ref1, ref2

and Khrushchëv ref1

and Vietnam ref1, ref2

1999: Victory without War ref1

Niyazov, Saparmurat ref1

NKVD (later KGB, q.v.) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9

Non-Aligned Movement ref1

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) ref1, ref2

North Korea ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6

Noske, Gustav ref1, ref2

Novotný, Antonín ref1

nuclear weapons ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8

USSR ref1, ref2

and Korea ref1

Strategic Arms Limitations Talks (SALT) ref1, ref2

Cuba bases ref1, ref2, ref3

CND ref1

START ref1

SDI ref1, ref2

1983 alarms ref1

Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty ref1

Ochoa, Arnaldo ref1, ref2

October Revolution (Russia), 1917 ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

OGPU (later NKVD, KGB q.v.) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

Okhrana (Russian security police until 1917) ref1, ref2, ref3

Orczy, Baroness ref1

Ordzhonikidze, Sergo ref1

Ortega, Daniel ref1, ref2

Orthodox Church

in Romania ref1

Yugoslavia ref1

see also Russian Orthodox Church

Orwell, George ref1, ref2, ref3

Animal Farm ref1

Homage to Catalonia ref1

1984 ref1

Pacelli, Eugenio ref1

País, Frank ref1

Pannekoek, Anton ref1

Paris, France ref1

Paris Commune, 1871 ref1, ref2

Paris Peace Conference, 1919 ref1, ref2

Pasternak, Boris ref1

Pauker, Ana ref1, ref2, ref3

Pearson, Lester ref1

Peng Dehuai ref1

people’s democracy ref1

Pereira, Astrojildo ref1

perestroika ref1, ref2, ref3

Peru ref1

Pétain, Marshal ref1

Petersburg Soviet ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6

Petrograd

1915–16 ref1

in October 1917 revolution ref1

1919 ref1

1920 ref1

1923 ref1

phalansteries ref1

Philby, Kim ref1, ref2, ref3

Phnom Penh ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

Picasso, Pablo ref1

Piłsudski, Józef ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

Pinochet, Augusto ref1, ref2

Pipes, Richard ref1, ref2

Pirati, Phil ref1

Plato ref1

Plekhanov, Georgi ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6

Podgorny, Nikolai ref1

Pol Pot

1970s ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

Poland

1919, attacks Ukraine ref1

Red Army attacks ref1

in 1920s ref1

1938 ref1

1939 ref1

Warsaw Uprising ref1, ref2

after WWII ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12

Lublin Committee ref1

1950s ref1

1956 ref1

1960s ref1, ref2, ref3

1970s ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

1980s ref1, ref2

and US, 1982 ref1

Solidarity ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7

1990s ref1

Polish Communist Party ref1

Polish Peasants’ Party (PSL) ref1, ref2

Polish Socialist Party (PPS) ref1, ref2

Polish United Workers’ Party (PZPR) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

Polish Workers’ Party ref1, ref2, ref3

Politburo (later Presidium), Soviet

established ref1, ref2

1919–22 ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10

1923–4 ref1, ref2, ref3

under Stalin ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10

on death of Stalin ref1, ref2

under Khrushchëv ref1, ref2

under Brezhnev ref1, ref2

1970s ref1, ref2

1980s ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6

Pollitt, Harry ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6

pollution ref1, ref2

Ponomarëv, Boris ref1, ref2

Portugal ref1, ref2

Communist Party ref1, ref2

Potsdam conference ref1

POUM (Workers’ Party of Marxist Unification) ref1, ref2, ref3

Pravda ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11

on Reagan ref1

Preobrazhenski, Yevgeni

The ABC of Communism ref1

see also Bukharin

Presidium (USSR) see Politburo

Prestes, Luis Carlos ref1

Profintern ref1

proletariat ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

dictatorship of ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

Protestantism ref1

Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph ref1

Provisional Irish Republican Army ref1, ref2

Pushkin, Alexander ref1

Pyatnitski, Osip ref1, ref2, ref3

racial segregation and racism ref1, ref2, ref3

Negroes ref1

in USA ref1, ref2, ref3

in South Africa ref1, ref2, ref3

Radek, Karl ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

and Ransome ref1

Radescu, Nicolae ref1

radio broadcasting ref1

Rajk, László ref1

Rákosi, Mátyás ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7

Rakowski, Mieczysław ref1

Ramadier, Paul ref1

Ramison (Comintern agent) ref1

Rankovi, Aleksandar ref1, ref2

sacked ref1

Ransome, Arthur ref1

Rasputin, Grigori ref1

Rawicz, Slavomir ref1

Reagan, Ronald ref1

personality ref1

and Gorbachëv ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

in Berlin ref1

in Moscow ref1

Reale, Eugenio ref1

Red Army

1918–19 ref1, ref2, ref3

1920–1 ref1, ref2, ref3

conscripts ref1

invades Mongolia ref1

1929 ref1, ref2

1930s ref1, ref2

purged ref1, ref2

in WWII ref1, ref2, ref3

in Yugoslavia ref1

postwar ref1, ref2, ref3

in China ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, as People’s Liberation Army ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6

on death of Stalin ref1

Red Army Faction (West Germany) ref1

Red Brigades (Italy) ref1, ref2

Red Guards (China) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

Red Khmers ref1, ref2

Reed, John ref1, ref2

Ten Days that Shook the World ref1, ref2

reform communism ref1

religion ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

Judaism ref1, ref2

in Russia/USSR ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6

Yugoslavia ref1

Cuba ref1

Albania ref1, ref2

see also Catholic Church

Christianity

Islam

Orthodox Church

Renner, Karl ref1

revisionism ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

revolution ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

France, 1789 ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

Russia, 1905 ref1

1917 (February) ref1

(October) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

China, 1949 ref1, ref2

Cuba, 1959 ref1, ref2, ref3

Ricardo, David ref1

Right Book Club ref1

Roberts, Frank ref1

Robeson, Paul ref1

Robespierre, Maximilien ref1

Rochet, Waldeck ref1, ref2

Romania

after WWII ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7

1947 ref1, ref2, ref3

1950s ref1, ref2

under Ceauescu ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7

1980s ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

Romanovs ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

Roosevelt, F. D. ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9

in WWII ref1, ref2

Rothstein, Andrew ref1

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques ref1

Roy, M. N. ref1

Russell, Bertrand ref1, ref2, ref3

Russia and Russian Empire

19th cent. ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

1905 revolution ref1

Kadets ref1, ref2

subsequently ref1, ref2

in WWI ref1, ref2, ref3

Provisional Government ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6

1917 ref1

February Revolution ref1, ref2

October Revolution ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

Constituent Assembly ref1, ref2

civil war ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

and Finland ref1

1991, declared independent ref1, ref2

Supreme Soviet ref1

1993 referendum ref1

1996 election ref1

see also USSR

Russian Communist Party [Bolsheviks] see Communist Party of the Soviet Union

Russian Orthodox Church ref1

persecuted ref1, ref2

Stalin’s concordat with ref1, ref2, ref3

1993 ref1

Russian Social-Democratic Workers’ Party ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7

Bolsheviks split from ref1

Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR)

1920s ref1

1970s ref1

1991 ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

and Chechnya ref1

Ruthenberg, Charles ref1, ref2, ref3

Rutskoi, Alexander ref1, ref2

Rwanda ref1, ref2

Ryazanov, David ref1

Ryzhkov, Nikolai ref1, ref2

Sacco, Nicola ref1

Saddam Hussein ref1, ref2, ref3

Sakharov, Andrei ref1, ref2

Samara ref1, ref2

Sandino, Augusto ref1

Sartre, Jean-Paul ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

Savimbi, Jonas ref1

Schapiro, Leonard ref1

Scheidemann, Philipp ref1

Scotland ref1

Secchia, Pietro ref1, ref2, ref3

Second International ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

Sedov, Lev ref1

Sedov, Sergei ref1

Serbia ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

Kosovo ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

Service, Robert W. ref1

Bar-Room Ballads ref1

Seton-Watson, Hugh ref1

Shakhty

sabotage charges at ref1

Sharkey, Lance ref1

Shaw, George Bernard ref1, ref2

Shelepina, Yevgenia ref1

Shevardnadze, Eduard ref1

Shlyapnikov, Alexander ref1

Short Course (official history of Soviet communist party) ref1, ref2

Shostakovich, Dmitri ref1

show trials ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6

Shultz, George ref1

Siberia

deportation to ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6

massacre of strikers ref1

in civil war ref1

Stalin in ref1

ik, Ota ref1

Simonov, Konstantin ref1

Siqueiros, David Alfaro ref1

Skrypnyk, Mykola ref1

Slánsky, Rudolf ref1, ref2

Sloan, Pat ref1

Slovo, Joe ref1, ref2

Snow, Edgar ref1, ref2, ref3

Sobolevicius, Abraham and Ruvin ref1

‘social-fascism’ ref1, ref2, ref3

socialism

and Marxism ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7

utopian ref1

in Russia, 19c. ref1, ref2

1905 ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

1917 ref1

communist view of ref1

Lenin’s view ref1

narodniki ref1

‘market socialism’ ref1

Socialist International ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

socialist realism ref1, ref2

Socialist-Revolutionaries (Russian) ref1

Solzhenitsyn, Alexander ref1, ref2

South Africa

Comintern and ref1

race relations ref1, ref2, ref3

labour camps ref1

1950 ref1

and Savimbi ref1

Communist Party ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

South Korea ref1, ref2, ref3

plane shot down ref1

Soviet-German non-aggression pact, 1939 ref1, ref2, ref3

Soviet republics ref1

see also USSR

Soviet Union see USSR

Soviets ref1, ref2, ref3

Petersburg and Petrograd ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6

Sovnarkom ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

space technology ref1

Spain ref1

civil war ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7

subsequently ref1

Spanish Communist Party ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

Spartacus League ref1, ref2

Spencer, Herbert ref1, ref2

Spender, Stephen ref1, ref2

sport

in USSR ref1

Sportintern ref1

Springhall, Dave ref1

St Simon, Henri de ref1

Stakhanov, Alexei ref1

Stalin, Joseph

biography ref1

personality ref1, ref2

1917 ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

after October Revolution ref1, ref2, ref3

and Lenin ref1, ref2

1920s ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, lref8, ref9, ref10

1928–38 ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14

and Bukharin ref1, ref2

and US ref1, ref2

Soviet-German non-aggression pact ref1, ref2, ref3

in WWII ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6

postwar ref1

cult of ref1, ref2, ref3

late 1940s ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8

Picasso’s picture of ref1

and China ref1, ref2

in 1950s ref1

death ref1

Khrushchëv’s ‘cult of the individual’ speech ref1, ref2, ref3

rehabilitation attempted ref1

Stalin, Vasili ref1

Stamboli, Ivan ref1

Stasova, Yelena ref1

Steinbeck, John ref1, ref2

Strategic Arms Limitations Talks (SALT) ref1, ref2, ref3

Strategic Arms Reduction Talks (START) ref1

Strategic Defence Initiative (SDI) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

strikes ref1, ref2

Russia, 1913–20 ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

Britain, 1926 ref1

Poland ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

Strumilin, Sergei ref1

Suharto, Thojib ref1

Sukarno, President ref1

Sverdlov, Yakov ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

Svoboda, Ludvík ref1, ref2

Szamuely, Tibor ref1

Taiwan ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

Tasca, Angelo ref1, ref2

Taylor, A. J. P. ref1, ref2

television ref1

Temple, Nina ref1

Terracini, Umberto ref1

terror

in Marxist theory ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

in USSR ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7

Great Terror, 1930s ref1

in Greece ref1

China ref1

terrorism

1970s ref1

Islamist ref1

Thatcher, Margaret ref1

Thiers, Adolphe ref1

Third International see Communist International

Thorez, Maurice ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6

Thucydides ref1

Tibet

Chinese invade ref1

1970s ref1

1990s ref1

Tikhonov, Nikolai ref1

Time magazine ref1

Times, The ref1, ref2, ref3

Tito, Josip Broz ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13

biography ref1

death ref1, ref2

Togliatti, Palmiro

in exile in Moscow ref1

and Spanish Civil War ref1

returns to Italy ref1

1948–9 ref1, ref2

after Khrushchëv’s ‘secret speech’ ref1

Yalta Memorandum ref1

1956 ref1

subsequently ref1

Toller, Ernst ref1

Tolstoi, Alexei ref1

Tolstoi, Lev ref1

Tomski, Mikhail ref1

totalitarianism ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10

tractorisation ref1

Trieste ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

Trotski, Lev ref1, ref2

and Lenin ref1, ref2, ref3

in Petrograd Soviet ref1, ref2

in 1917 ref1, ref2, ref3

in October Revolution ref1

afterwards ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7

after WWI ref1

1923 ref1, ref2, ref3

1927 ref1

and USA ref1

1930s ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

charges against ref1

exiled ref1, ref2, ref3

and Fourth International ref1

death ref1

posthumous rehabilitation ref1

works ref1

Bulletin of the Opposition ref1

Trubetskoi, Nikolai ref1

Truman, Harry ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12

Tukhachevski, Mikhail ref1

Turgenev, Ivan ref1

Turkmenistan ref1

Ukraine

1917 ref1, ref2

1918 ref1

1919 ref1, ref2

1920s ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

1932–3 famine ref1, ref2, ref3

in WWII ref1, ref2

postwar ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

Chernobyl ref1

Ukrainian Soviet Republic ref1

Ulbricht, Walter ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

Ulyanov, Alexander ref1

Ulyanov, Vladimir see Lenin

Ulyanova, Maria ref1

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics see USSR

Union of Writers, USSR ref1

United Kingdom see Britain

United Nations Organisation (UN) inaugurated ref1

1945 ref1

1960 ref1

1988 ref1

Urch, R. O. G. ref1

Uruguay ref1

USA (United States of America)

before WWI ref1

1917–29 ref1

Communist Party of America ref1, ref2

Communist Labor Party ref1, ref2

immigrants ref1, ref2, ref3

race relations ref1, ref2, ref3

Wall Street Crash ref1, ref2

1930s ref1, ref2

in WWII ref1, ref2, ref3

Potsdam Conference ref1

nuclear arms ref1

postwar ref1, ref2, ref3

Cold War ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11

détente ref1, ref2

Marshall Plan ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

and Yugoslavia ref1

and Italy ref1

McCarthyism ref1

and Latin America ref1, ref2

and Cuba ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

after death of Stalin ref1

and Vietnam ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

1975 ref1

1980s ref1

summit meetings ref1

1990s ref1

Able Archer ref1

see also Communist Party of the USA

USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

established ref1

1920s ref1, ref2

under Stalin ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11

New Economic Policy (NEP) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9

show trials ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6

cultural experimentalism ref1

Gosplan ref1, ref2

Great Terror ref1

constitution, 1936 ref1

Soviet-German non-aggression pact ref1, ref2, ref3

Soviet-Japanese conflict ref1

WWII ref1, ref2, ref3

Operation Barbarossa ref1, ref2

Stalingrad ref1, ref2

postwar ref1, ref2

late 1940s attitude to ref1

Iron Curtain ref1, ref2, ref3

Cold War ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11

early 1950s ref1, ref2

after death of Stalin ref1, ref2, ref3

under Khrushchëv ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6

under Brezhnev ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6

détente ref1, ref2

Brezhnev Doctrine ref1

1960s, forces garrisoned overseas ref1

and China ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

and Cuba ref1

under Andropov ref1, ref2, ref3

under Yeltsin ref1, ref2

1970s ref1, ref2

travel restrictions ref1, ref2

pollution ref1

space race ref1

under Chernenko ref1, ref2

Gorbachëv ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

1980s ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

1990–1 ref1

1991 referendum ref1

ended ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

see also Comecon; Communist Information Bureau; Communist International; Communist Party of the Soviet Union; Red Army

Ustinov, Dmitri ref1, ref2

Ustryalov, Nikolai ref1

Vafiadis, Markos ref1

value ref1

Vanzetti, Bartolomeo ref1

Vavilov, Nikolai ref1

Vico, Giambattista ref1

Vienna ref1

Vietnam ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

Democratic Republic of ref1

and Cambodia ref1, ref2, ref3

1990s ref1

Vinogradov, Vladimir ref1

Vlasik, Nikolai ref1

Voltaire ref1

Vorkuta labour camp ref1

Voroshilov, Kliment ref1

Voznesenski, Nikolai ref1

Vyshinski, Andrei ref1

Wałsa, Lech ref1, ref2

Wallace, Bruce ref1

Wallace, Henry ref1, ref2

Wang Fucheng ref1

Wang Hongwen ref1

Wang Min ref1

Wang Shi-wei ref1

Warsaw Treaty Organisation (Pact) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8

Warsaw Uprising ref1, ref2

Webb, Sidney and Beatrice ref1, ref2

Weber, Max ref1, ref2

Weinstone, William ref1

Weitling, Wilhelm ref1

Wells, H. G. ref1, ref2, ref3

West Germany

Red Army Faction ref1

White Armies (Russian) ref1, ref2, ref3

Williams, Albert Rhys ref1

Wilson, Woodrow ref1

Wisdom, Norman ref1

Workers’ Opposition (USSR) ref1

Workers’ Party of America ref1, ref2, ref3

Workers’ Truth (Russia) ref1

World Congress for Peace ref1

World War I ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

World War II ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

Wright, Richard ref1

Wuer Kaixi ref1

Xoxe, Koçi ref1

Yashin, Lev ref1

Yazov, Dmitri ref1, ref2

Ye Jianying ref1

Yeltsin, Boris

and Cuba ref1

attacks Gorbachëv ref1, ref2

1991 coup ref1, ref2, ref3

takes power ref1

declares RSFSR independent ref1

1993 referendum ref1

1996 election ref1

Yevtushenko, Yevgeni ref1

Yezhov, Nikolai ref1, ref2, ref3

Yudenich, General ref1

Yugoslavia

1937 ref1

in WWII ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

civil war ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

postwar ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8

expelled by Comintern ref1, ref2

and Britain ref1, ref2

and Greece ref1, ref2

1946 Constitution ref1

1947 Comintern Conference ref1

and Trieste ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

1948–60 ref1, ref2, ref3

League of Yugoslav Communists ref1, ref2

1960s ref1

1970s ref1, ref2

death of Tito ref1, ref2

1980s ref1, ref2

1990s ref1

Zachariadis, Nikos ref1, ref2

Zapata, Emiliano ref1

Zasulich, Vera ref1, ref2, ref3

Zetkin, Clara ref1

Zhao Ziyang ref1, ref2, ref3

death ref1

Zhdanov, Andrei ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

Zhelezhnyakov, A. G. ref1

Zhen Bilan ref1

Zhirinovski, Vladimir ref1

Zhivkov, Todor ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

Zhou Enlai ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

death ref1

Zhukov, Georgi ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6

Zimmerwald Conference ref1

Zinoviev, Grigori

1917 ref1, ref2

1920s ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6

trial ref1

executed ref1

Zyuganov, Gennadi ref1