1 Average number of family members in Italy 1936–91.
Source: our elaboration of data from ISTAT.
2 Family size by geographical area, 1951–91 (percentages).
Source: our elaboration of data from ISTAT.
3 Total fertility rates in EU countries, 1970–98. This indicator measures on average how many children a woman has from the beginning to the end of her fertility cycle (15–49 years old); data relating to Germany (D) is comprehensive also of the ex Federal Republic of Germany. This is also valid for table 6.
Source: our elaboration of data from Eurostat.
4 Total fertility rates in EU countries (12), 1970–92.
Source: our elaboration of data from table 3.
5 Separations and divorces per 1,000 marriages in Italy, by geographical area, 1981–94.
Source: our elaboration of data from ISTAT.
6 Divorces per 1,000 inhabitants in EU countries (14), 1983–97. In this table, differently from the previous one, only divorces are taken into consideration. For Italy a clear distinction has to be made between separations and divorces. Not only do they entail two separate legal procedures, but also more than 40 per cent of separations are not converted into divorces. Data relating to Ireland (IRL) is not available, since divorce was illegal in that country for the period under consideration.
Source: our elaboration of data from Eurostat.
7 Live births outside marriage in EU countries (15), as percentage of all live births. Children born outside marriage are understood to be those born out of non-legally recognized unions.
Source: our elaboration of data from Eurostat.
8 Average distance from mother to place of residence of married children in Italy, 1989. This table is a representation in graphic and statistical terms of a key indicator of Italian families’ ‘spatial and emotional proximity’, to which reference has been made in Chapter 3, pp. 74–6.
Source: our elaboration of data from ISTAT.
9 Home ownership in Italy, as a percentage of total households, by geographical area, 1961–91.
Source: our elaboration of data from ISTAT.
10 Italians' holiday destinations, 1982–98 (percentages). ‘Abroad’ includes all those who spent holiday time solely or partially outside the national borders.
Source: our elaboration of data from ISTAT.
11 Average daily time spent watching television in Italy, by broadcasting groups, 1988–95 (minutes). For the purposes of this table and the two following ones, the Italian population is taken to consist of individuals of more than four years old. The Auditel system surveys the presence in front of the television set of a wide sample of families (about 5,000). Each is equipped with an instrument which detects automatically the channel to which the family is tuned. However, the system requires that the number and type of viewers at any given time is indicated by a member of the family.
Source: our elaboration of data from Auditel.
12 Average number of viewers at peak time (8.30–11.00 p.m.) in Italy, by broadcasting groups, 1988–99 (thousands).
Source: our elaboration of data from Auditel.
13 Average number of viewers at peak time (8.30–11.00 p.m.) in Italy, by broadcasting groups, 1988–99 (thousands).
Source: our elaboration of data from table 12.
14 Cars in Italy per 1,000 inhabitants, 1951–97. Data are relative to cars for which road tax has been paid in the various years under consideration.
Source: our elaboration of data from ISTAT.
15 Passenger arrivals in Italian airports, 1967–96. These figures do not count transfers.
Source: our elaboration of data from ISTAT.
16 Number of mobile phones in 4 EU countries, 1990–94 (thousands).
Source: OECD for countries other than Italy and Telecom Italia for Italy.
17 Expenditure on clothing and footwear in EU countries (12), 1992 (percentage of total consumption).
Source: our elaboration of data from Eurostat.
18 Percentage of the population (18–74) attending Mass or other equivalent religious service in Italy, by gender and age groups, 1994. Equivalent religious services to the Mass are considered for non-Catholics; attendance at Mass due to funerals, weddings, etc. are not included. Source: our elaboration of data from V. Cesareo et al., La religiosità in Italia, Milano, 1995, pp. 340–41.
19 Non-EEA citizens living in EEA regions, as percentage of the total population, 1996. EEU = EU + EFTA (European Free Trade Association countries without Switzerland). Statistics on foreign residents are assembled by Eurostat in cooperation with the national statistical bureaux, whose methods of data collection are not uniform. These statistics have, therefore, to be read with a certain amount of caution. It should be noted that the data does not include unregistered immigrants.
Source: Eurostat.
20 Percentage of persons expressing post-materialist values in EU countries (11), 1986–7 (average figures). For the distinction between materialist and post-materialist values, deriving from the surveys and analyses conducted by Ronald Inglehart, see above, Chapter 4, pp. 128–9. Data relating to Luxembourg are not available.
Source: Eurobarometer.
21 Percentage of persons expressing materialist and post-materialist values in 4 EU countries, 1986–7, by age cohort (average figures).
Source: Eurobarometer.
22 Composition of the working population by social class in Italy, 1951–93 (percentages). The working population is defined as that group which is in work or which is actively looking for a job. There are obviously enormous obstacles to achieving a homogeneous classification of the working population by social class. This table summarizes the results of the research of Paolo Sylos Labini over the span of two decades. See his works: Saggio sulle classi sociali, Bari, 1974, and Le classi sociali negli anni '80, Bari, 1986, as well as Ginsborg, A History, graph 11, p. 433. Source: P. Sylos Labini, La crisi italiana, Bari, 1995, p. 23.
23 Average exchange rates in Italy for some foreign currencies, in Italian lire, 1981–99.
Source: Banca d'Italia.
24 Average exchange rates in Italy for some foreign currencies, in Italian lire, 1981–99.
Source: Our elaboration of data from table 23.
25 Consumer price trends in 4 EU countries, 1980–95.
Source: OECD.
26 Number of employed per sector of the economy in Italy, 1980–98.
Source: ISTAT.
27 Composition of added value by sector in Italy, 1980–98.
Source: ISTAT.
28 Balance of payments in goods and services, Italy, in billions of lire, 1967–98.
Source: ISTAT.
29 Job units in the Italian service sector, 1987–98 (by type of activity) (thousands). The measurement of job units is obtained by transforming the total sum of work experience – corresponding to all persons with a job – into homogeneous units in respect to the quantity of work undertaken. This quantity is measured by the number of working hours effectively undertaken.
Source: ISTAT.
30 Job units in the Italian service sector: the proportional share of commerce, 1998 (percentage).
Source: our elaboration of data from ISTAT.
31 Net advertising investments in selected mass media, Italy, 1980–99 (millions of lire). The data presented in this table represents an estimate, undertaken by Nielsen, of the growth of investments in advertisement, net of the discounts usually granted on official tariffs. Nielsen is a multinational company specializing in market research, especially in the fields of advertising and consumer behaviour.
Source: Our elaboration of data Nielsen Nasa/IBI.
32 Number of advertisements on Italian television, 1982–99.
Source: Our elaboration of data Nielsen Nasa/IBI.
33 Persons seeking employment in Italy, by gender, 1981–98 (thousands).
Source: ISTAT.
34 Persons seeking employment in Italy, by gender, 1981–98 (thousands).
Source: Our elaboration of data from table 33.
35 Rates of youth unemployment in Italy, by gender and age group, 1984–99. The unemployment rate is a typical indicator used in the analysis of the labour market and represents the number of persons actively seeking a job, calculated as a percentage of the total labour force.
Source: our elaboration of data from ISTAT.
36 GDP pro capita at market prices for 4 EU countries, 1982–94 (1985 = 100). The GDP values are expressed with reference to PPP (purchasing power parities), calculated by the OECD to compare different countries.
Source: OECD.
37 Overall spending on scientific research, 1981–93 (percentages of GDP). Source: Lettere d'affari, Centro Statistica Aziendale, no. 589.
38 Elections to the Chamber of Deputies in Italy, valid votes per party, 1983–2001 (percentages).
Source: Our elaboration of data from ISTAT and Ministero dell' Interno.
39 Elections to the Chamber of Deputies in Italy, percentage of non-voters, 1983–2001.
Source: Our elaboration of data from ISTAT and Ministero dell' Interno.
40 Level of satisfaction with the way democracy is working (percentage of those not satisfied, or not at all satisfied), certain EU countries, 1985–94. The data is taken from a questionnaire which has formed part of a survey conducted by various European research institutions from 1970 onwards. The interviewees number approximately 1,000 per country, and are asked to express their opinion about the functioning of democracy in their own country. Four typologies of answers are considered: very satisfied, satisfied, not satisfied, not at all satisfied.
Source: Eurobarometer.
41 Educational qualifications of Italians over 6 years of age, by geographical area, 1951–91 (percentages).
Source: Our elaboration of data from ISTAT.
42 Percentage of those in Italy with degrees or secondary-school diplomas, by geographical area, 1951–91.
Source: Our elaboration of data from table 41.
43 Number of university students in Italy, by gender, 198½–1996/7 (thousands).
Source: Our elaboration of data from ISTAT.
44 Number of university students in Italy, by gender (women overtaking men), 198½–199¾.
Source: our elaboration of data from table 43.
45 Population aged 25–64 by educational qualification, 4 EU countries, 1991 (percentages). Notwithstanding the difficulties and approximations resulting from a comparison between different educational systems, it seemed worthwhile ending with two comparative tables. The backwardness of Italy in comparison with the other major European countries emerges clearly.
Source: OCSE.
46 Population aged 25–34 with at least a secondary-school diploma, EU countries (10), 1991 (percentages). Data for Greece and Luxembourg is not available.
Source: OCSE.