Archival Sources
The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley
Arlett, Arthur. Papers.
Barr Stanislawski, Doris. Papers.
Haskell Family Papers.
Hearst, Phoebe Apperson. Papers.
Panama-Pacific International Exposition. Miscellany.
Panama-Pacific International Exposition. Pamphlets.
Panama-Pacific International Exposition Company. Papers (PPIE-BL).
Pierce Family Papers.
Richter, Clemens Max. “Autobiography and Reminiscences.”
San Francisco City Engineer. “Report on Extensions of Municipal Railways to Provide Transportation for the Panama-Pacific Exposition, April 5, 1913.”
San Francisco Labor Council Papers.
“Warning! The Women of San Francisco . . .”
California Historical Society, Baker Library, San Francisco
Hale, Reuben Brooks. Papers.
Huyck, Charles. Papers.
Panama-Pacific International Exposition Company. Papers (PPIE-CHS).
Rolph, James J., Jr. Papers.
The California State Library, Sacramento
Little, Edna A. “A Trip to San Francisco by Auto, 1915.”
Panama Pacific International Exposition in San Francisco, 1915. A Scrapbook of California Newspaper Clippings, 1912–14.
The Mechanics’ Institute Library, San Francisco
“De Young Finds Interest.” International Fair Illustrated 1, no. 4 (1912): 21.
“Modern Transportation and Communications in the Republic of China.” Report presented by Mr. C. T. Hsia, special commissioner to the Ministry of Communications of Peking, China, to the Panama-Pacific International Exposition, Palace of Transportation. N.d.
Panama-Pacific International Exposition. The Official Daily Program.
Panama-Pacific International Exposition. Pamphlets.
“Report to accompany HJ Res. 213, Calendar No. 1063, Senate, ‘Panama-Pacific International Exposition,’ Feb. 9, 1911,” submitted by Mr. Jones.
San Francisco History Center, the San Francisco Public Library
Panama-Pacific International Exposition. Vertical files (PPIE-SFPL).
San Francisco and Marin Young Women’s Christian Association (YWCA), San Francisco
History of the San Francisco Young Woman’s Christian Association, 1878–1953.
The Record of the Young Women’s Christian Association of San Francisco.
Published Sources
Adams, Ansel. Ansel Adams: An Autobiography. With Mary Street Alinder. Boston: Little, Brown, 1985.
Argentine Commission of the Panama-Pacific International Exposition. The Argentine Republic: Panama-Pacific International Exposition, San Francisco, 1915. New York: J. J. Little and Ives, 1915.
Armstrong, Meg. “‘A Jumble of Foreignness’: The Sublime Musayums of Nineteenth-Century Fairs and Expositions.” Cultural Critique 23 (Winter 1992): 199–250.
Asbury, Herbert. The Barbary Coast: An Informal History of the San Francisco Underworld. New York: A. A. Knopf, 1933.
Baker, Ray Stannard. “A Corner in Labor: What Is Happening in San Francisco Where Unionism Holds Undisputed Sway.” McClure’s Magazine 22 (February 1904).
Bank, Rosemarie K. “Telling a Spatial History of the Columbian Exposition of 1893.” Modern Drama 47 (2004): 349–66.
Barr, James A. An Announcement: Congresses, Conferences, Conventions; Panama-Pacific International Exposition, San Francisco, 1915. San Francisco: The Exposition, 1915.
Barrett, John. “Pan-American Commerce and the Panama Canal—What They Mean to San Francisco.” The Star, April 10, 1915.
Barry, John D. The City of Domes. San Francisco: John J. Newbegin, 1915.
Barth, Gunther. Instant Cities: Urbanization and the Rise of San Francisco and Denver. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1988.
Bean, Walton. Boss Ruef’s San Francisco: The Story of the Union Labor Party, Big Business, and the Graft Prosecution. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1952.
Beasley, Delilah L. The Negro Trail Blazers of California. Los Angeles, 1919.
Bederman, Gail. Manliness and Civilization: A Cultural History of Gender and Race in the United States, 1880–1917. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995.
Beisel, Nicola. “Class, Culture, and Campaigns against Vice in Three American Cities, 1872–1892.” American Sociological Review 55 (1990): 44–62.
Benedict, Burton. The Anthropology of World’s Fairs: San Francisco’s Panama-Pacific International Exposition of 1915. Berkeley: Scholar Press, 1983.
Benson, Susan Porter. Counter Cultures: Saleswomen, Managers, and Customers in American Department Stores, 1890–1940. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1986.
Berglund, Barbara. Making San Francisco American: Cultural Frontiers in the Urban West, 1846–1906. Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 2007.
The Blue Book: A Comprehensive Official Souvenir View Book of the Panama-Pacific International Exposition at San Francisco, 1915. 2nd ed. San Francisco: Robert A. Reid, 1915.
Boas, Nancy. Society of Six: The California Colorists. San Francisco: Bedford Arts, 1988.
Boisseau, T. J. “White Queens at the Chicago World’s Fair, 1893: New Womanhood in the Service of Class, Race, and Nation.” Gender & History 12 (2000): 33–81.
Boisseau, Tracey Jean, and Abigail Markwyn. Gendering the Fair: Histories of Women and World’s Fairs. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2010.
Bokovoy, Matthew F. The San Diego World’s Fairs and Southwestern Memory, 1880–1940. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2005.
Bolton, Marie. “Recovery for Whom? Social Conflict after the San Francisco Earthquake and Fire, 1906–1915.” PhD diss., University of California–Davis, 1997.
Booth, Anna L. “Sculpture at the Panama-Pacific International Exposition.” Fine Arts Journal 29, no. 2 (August 1913).
Boyd, Nan Alamilla. Wide-Open Town: A History of Queer San Francisco to 1965. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003.
Boyer, Paul. Urban Masses and Moral Order in American, 1820–1920. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 1978.
Brinton, Christian. Impressions of Art at the Panama-Pacific Exposition. New York: John Lane Company, 1916.
Broussard, Albert S. Black San Francisco: The Struggle for Racial Equality in the West, 1900–1954. Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1993.
Bruml, Laura. Electric Lights Dazzling: An Account of One Family’s Visit to the 1915 Panama-Pacific International Exposition. Transcription and additional text by Paul J. Hershey. Los Angeles: Info-Miner Research, 1999.
Buchanan, James A. History of the Panama-Pacific International Exposition: Comprising the History of the Panama Canal and a Full Account of the World’s Greatest Exposition, Embracing the Participation of the States and Nations of the World and Other Events at San Francisco, 1915. San Francisco: Pan-Pacific Press Association, 1915.
Burns, Jeffrey M. “The Immigrant Church.” In Catholic San Francisco: Sesquicentennial Essays, edited by Jeffrey Burns, 189–97. Menlo Park CA: Archives of the Archdiocese of San Francisco, 2005.
Carby, Hazel. Reconstructing Womanhood: The Emergence of the African American Woman Novelist. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987.
Chen, Yong. Chinese San Francisco, 1850–1943: A Trans-Pacific Community. Stanford CA: Stanford University Press, 2000.
Cherny, Robert W. “Patterns of Toleration and Discrimination in San Francisco: The Civil War to World War One.” California History 74, no. 2 (1994): 130–41.
Cherny, Robert W., Mary Ann Irwin, and Ann Marie Wilson, eds. California Women and Politics: From the Gold Rush to the Great Depression. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2011.
Chinn, Thomas W. Bridging the Pacific: San Francisco Chinatown and Its People. San Francisco: Chinese Historical Society of America, 1989.
Choy, Philip P., Lorraine Dong, and Marlon K. Hong. Coming Man: 19th Century American Perceptions of the Chinese. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1995.
Christ, Carol Ann. “Japan’s Seven Acres: Politics and Aesthetics at the 1904 Louisiana Purchase Exposition.” Gateway Heritage 17 (Fall 1996): 2–15.
—. “The Sole Guardians of the Art Inheritance of Asia: Japan and China at the 1904 St. Louis World’s Fair.” positions: east asia cultures critiques 8, no. 3 (Winter 2000): 675–709.
Chuman, Frank F. The Bamboo People: The Law and Japanese-Americans. Del Mar CA: Publisher’s Inc., 1976.
Ciabattari, Mark. “Urban Liberals, Politics, and the Fight for Public Transit, San Francisco, 1897–1915.” PhD diss., New York University, 1988.
Cinel, Dino. From Italy to San Francisco: The Immigrant Experience. Stanford CA: Stanford University Press, 1982.
Clark-Lewis, Elizabeth. “‘This Work Had a End’: African American Domestic Workers in Washington, D.C., 1910–1940.” In “To Toil the Livelong Day”: America’s Women at Work, 1780–1980, edited by Carol Groneman and Mary Beth Norton. Ithaca NY: Cornell University Press, 1987.
Clevenger, Martha R. “Through Western Eyes: Americans Encounter Asians at the Fair.” Gateway Heritage 17 (Fall 1996): 42–45.
Cobble, Dorothy Sue. Dishing It Out: Waitresses and Their Unions in the Twentieth Century. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1991.
Collins, Jane, and Catherine Lutz. Reading “National Geographic.” Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993.
Connolly, Mark Thomas. The Response to Prostitution in the Progressive Era. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1980.
Cordato, Mary Frances. “Representing the Expansion of Women’s Sphere: Women’s Work and Culture at the World’s Fairs of 1876, 1893, and 1904.” PhD diss., New York University, 1989.
Cresswell, Tim. In Place/Out of Place: Geography, Ideology, and Transgression. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1996.
Cronon, William. Nature’s Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West. New York: Norton, 1991.
D’Agostino, Peter. Rome in America: Transnational Catholic Ideology from the Risorgimento to Fascism. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004.
Daniel, Cletus. Bitter Harvest: A History of California Farmworkers, 1870–1941. Ithaca NY: Cornell University Press, 1981.
Daniels, Douglas Henry. Pioneer Urbanites: A Social and Cultural History of Black San Francisco. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1980.
Daniels, Roger. Asian America: Chinese and Japanese in the United States since 1850. Seattle: University of Washington, 1988.
—. The Politics of Prejudice: The Anti-Japanese Movement in California and the Struggle for Japanese Exclusion. New York: Atheneum, 1972.
—. “The Progressives Draw the Color Line.” In Daniels and Olin, Racism in California, 116–34.
Daniels, Roger, and Spencer C. Olin, Jr., eds. Racism in California: A Reader in the History of Oppression. New York: Macmillan, 1972.
Darney, Virginia Grant. “Women and World’s Fairs: American International Expositions, 1876–1904.” PhD diss., Emory University, 1982.
Davies, Andrea Rees. Saving San Francisco: Relief and Recovery after the 1906 Disaster. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2012.
Davis, Janet M. The Circus Age: Culture and Society under the American Big Top. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002.
Dellums, C. L. C. L. Dellums: International President, Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, and Civil Rights Leader; an Interview. With Joyce A. Henderson. Berkeley: Regents of the University of California, 1973.
D’Emilio, John, and Estelle Freedman. Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America. 2nd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997.
di Leonardo, Micaela. The Varieties of Ethnic Experience: Kinship, Class, and Gender among California Italian-Americans. Ithaca NY: Cornell University Press, 1984.
Dobkin, Marjorie. “The Twenty-Five-Million-Dollar Mirage.” In Benedict, The Anthropology of World’s Fairs, 66–93.
Domosh, Mona. “A ‘Civilized’ Commerce: Gender, ‘Race,’ and Empire at the 1893 Chicago Exposition.” cultural geographies 9 (2002): 181–201.
—. “Those ‘Gorgeous Incongruities’: Polite Politics and Public Space on the Streets of Nineteenth-Century New York City.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 88 (1998): 209–26.
Edwards, Sue Bradford. “Imperial East Meets Democratic West: The St. Louis Press and the Fair’s Chinese Delegation.” Gateway Heritage 17 (Fall 1996): 32–41.
Englander, Susan. Class Coalition and Class Conflict in the California Woman Suffrage Movement, 1907–1912. San Francisco: Mellen Research University Press, 1992.
Enstad, Nan. Ladies of Labor, Girls of Adventure: Working Women, Popular Culture, and Labor Politics at the Turn of the Twentieth Century. New York: Columbia University Press, 1999.
Esmeralda, Aurora [Ella Sterling Mighels]. Life and Letters of a Forty-Niner’s Daughter. San Francisco: Harr Wagner Publishing, 1929.
Ethington, Philip. The Public City: The Political Construction of Urban Life in San Francisco, 1850–1900. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994.
Ewald, Donna, and Peter Clute. San Francisco Invites the World: The Panama-Pacific International Exposition of 1915. San Francisco: Chronicle Books, 1991.
Farr, Finis. Black Champion: The Explosive Story of Jack Johnson, Who Dared the World to Find the Great White Hope. Greenwich CT: Fawcett Publications, 1969.
Field, Sara Bard. Sara Bard Field, Poet and Suffragist. Berkeley: Regional Oral History Office, the Bancroft Library, University of California–Berkeley, 1979.
Finnegan, Margaret. Selling Suffrage: Consumer Culture and Votes for Women. New York: Columbia University Press, 1999.
Foner, Philip. History of the Labor Movement in the United States. Vol. 3, The Policies and Practices of the American Federation of Labor, 1900–1909. New York: International Publishers, 1964.
Fradkin, Philip L. The Great Earthquake and Firestorms of 1906: How San Francisco Nearly Destroyed Itself. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005.
Frankel, Noralee, and Nancy S. Dye, eds. Gender, Class, Race, and Reform in the Progressive Era. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1991.
Frink, Brenda D. “San Francisco’s Pioneer Mother Monument: Maternalism, Racial Order and the Politics of Memorialization, 1907–1915.” American Quarterly 64, no. 1 (March 2012).
Gendzel, Glen. “Pioneers and Padres: Competing Mythologies in Northern and Southern California, 1850–1930.” Western Historical Quarterly 32 (2001): 55–79.
—. “Vigilantes and Boosters: Social Memory and Progressive Political Cultures in San Francisco and Los Angeles, 1900–1920.” PhD diss., University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1998.
Gilbert, James. Whose Fair? Experience, Memory, and the History of the Great St. Louis Exposition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010.
Gleach, Frederic W. “Pocahontas at the Fair: Crafting Identities at the 1907 Jamestown Exposition.” Ethnohistory 50 (2003): 419–45.
Gonzalez, Robert Alexander. Designing Pan-America: U.S. Architectural Visions for the Western Hemisphere. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2011.
Gordon, Elizabeth. What We Saw at Madame World’s Fair: Being a Series of Letters from the Twins at the Panama-Pacific International Exposition to Their Cousins at Home. San Francisco: Samuel Levinson, 1915.
Grant, Madison. The Passing of the Great Race or the Racial Basis of European History with a Documentary Supplement. 4th ed. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1922.
Green, Julie. The Canal Builders: Making America’s Empire at the Panama Canal. New York: Penguin Press, 2009.
Greenhalgh, Paul. Ephemeral Vistas: The Expositions Universelles, Great Exhibitions, and World’s Fairs, 1851–1939. Manchester UK: Manchester University Press. 1988.
Gulick, Sidney L. The American Japanese Problem: A Study of the Race Relations of the East and the West. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1914.
Gullett, Gayle. Becoming Citizens: The Emergence and Development of the California Women’s Movement, 1880–1911. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2000.
—. “City Mothers, City Daughters, and the Dance Hall Girls: The Limits of Female Political Power in San Francisco, 1913.” In Women and the Structure of Society, edited by Barbara J. Harris and JoAnn K. McNamara, 149–59. Durham NC: Duke Press Policy Studies, 1984.
—. “‘Our Great Opportunity’: Organized Women Advance Women’s Work at the World’s Columbian Exposition of 1893.” Illinois Historical Journal 87 (1994).
Gumina, Deanna Paoli. The Italians of San Francisco, 1850–1930. New York: Center for Migration Studies, 1978.
Gutman, Herbert G. Work, Culture, and Society in Industrializing America: Essays in American Working-Class and Social History. New York: Vintage Books, 1977.
Hall, Stuart. “Notes on Deconstructing ‘The Popular.’” In People’s History and Socialist Theory, edited by Raphael Samuel, 442–53. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1981.
Harris, Neil. “All the World a Melting Pot? Japan at American Fairs, 1876–1904.” In Cultural Excursions: Marketing Appetites and Cultural Tastes in Modern America, 29–55. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990.
Harris, Neil, Wim de Wit, James Gilbert, and Robert W. Rydell. Grand Illusions: Chicago’s World’s Fair of 1893. Chicago: Chicago Historical Society, 1993.
Hawkins, Mike. Social Darwinism in European and American Thought, 1860–1945: Nature as Model and Nature as Threat. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
Hichborn, Franklin. The Story of the Session of the California Legislature of 1913. San Francisco: Press of James H. Barry Company, 1913.
—. “The System” as Uncovered by the San Francisco Graft Prosecution. San Francisco: Press of James H. Barry Company, 1915.
Hoffenberg, Peter H. An Empire on Display: English, Indian, and Australian Exhibitions from the Crystal Palace to the Great War. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001.
Hofstadter, Richard. Social Darwinism in American Thought. Boston: Beacon Press, 1955.
Holt, Thomas C. “Marking: Race, Race-Making, and the Writing of History.” The American Historical Review 100 (February 1995): 1–20.
Hudson, Lynn. “‘This Is Our Fair and Our State’: African Americans and the Panama-Pacific International Exposition.” California History 87 (2010): 26–45.
Hunt, Michael H. The Making of a Special Relationship: The United States and China to 1914. New York: Columbia University Press, 1983.
Hunter, Tera. To ’Joy My Freedom: Southern Black Women’s Lives and Labors after the Civil War. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 1997.
Hutchins, Jamaica. “Constructing Womanhood: Women’s Work and Participation at the Panama-Pacific International Exposition, San Francisco, 1915.” Master’s thesis, University of California–Santa Cruz, 2005.
Ichihashi, Yamato. Japanese in the United States: A Critical Study of the Problems of the Japanese Immigrants and Their Children. Stanford CA: Stanford University Press, 1932.
Ichioka, Yuji. The Issei: The World of the First Generation Japanese Immigrants, 1885–1924. New York: Free Press, 1988.
Ignatiev, Noel. How the Irish Became White. New York: Routledge, 1995.
Imada, Adria. Aloha America: Hula Circuits throughout the U.S. Empire. Durham NC: Duke University Press, 2012.
Issel, William, and Robert W. Cherny. San Francisco, 1865–1932: Politics, Power, and Urban Development. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986.
Jacobson, Matthew Frye. Barbarian Virtues: The United States Encounters Foreign Peoples at Home and Abroad. New York: Hill and Wang, 2000.
—. Whiteness of a Different Color: European Immigrants and the Alchemy of Race. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 1998.
Johnson, Bascom. “Moral Conditions in San Francisco and at the Panama-Pacific International Exposition.” Social Hygiene 1 (September 1915): 589–609.
Johnson, Susan Lee. Roaring Camp: The Social World of the California Gold Rush. New York: W. W. Norton: 2000.
Jolly, Michelle. “Inventing the City: Gender and the Politics of Everyday Life in Gold Rush San Francisco, 1848–1869.” PhD diss., University of California–San Diego, 1998.
Kazin, Michael. Barons of Labor: The San Francisco Building Trades and Union Power in the Progressive Era. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1987.
Keller, John E., ed. Anna Morrison Reed, 1849–1921. Lafayette CA: John E. Keller, 1978.
Kelley, Robin D. G. “We Are Not What We Seem: Rethinking Black Working Class Opposition in the Jim Crow South.” The Journal of American History 80 (1993): 75–112.
Kline, Wendy. Building a Better Race: Gender, Sexuality, and Eugenics from the Turn of the Century to the Baby Boom. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001.
Knight, Robert Edward Lee. Industrial Relations in the San Francisco Bay Area, 1900–1918. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1960.
Koster, Frederick J. Law and Order and the San Francisco Chamber of Commerce: An Address. San Francisco: Board of Directors, San Francisco Chamber of Commerce, 1918.
Kraditor, Aileen. The Ideas of the Woman Suffrage Movement, 1890–1920. New York: Columbia University Press, 1965.
Kramer, Paul. “Making Concessions: Race and Empire Revisited at the Philippine Exposition, St. Louis, 1901–1905.” Radical History Review 73 (1999): 74–114.
Kyokwai, Hakurankwai. Japan and Her Exhibits at the Panama-Pacific International Exposition 1915. Tokyo, 1915.
Lee, Anthony. Picturing Chinatown: Art and Orientalism in San Francisco. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001.
Lee, Portia. Victorious Spirit: Regional Influences in the Architecture, Landscaping, and Murals of the Panama-Pacific International Exposition. PhD diss., George Washington University, 1984.
Lee, Robert G. Orientals: Asian Americans in Popular Culture. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1999.
Lee, Shelley S. “The Contradictions of Cosmopolitanism: Consuming the Orient at the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition and the International Potlatch Festival, 1909–1914.” Western Historical Quarterly 38 (2007): 279.
Levy, Louis. Chronological History of the Panama Pacific International Exposition. San Francisco: G. B. Tuley and the Panama-Pacific International Exposition Company, 1913.
Lipsky, William. San Francisco’s Marina District. Chicago: Arcadia Publishing, 2004.
Lockyer, Angus. “Japan at the Exhibition, 1867–1970.” PhD diss., Stanford University, 2000.
—. “Japan at the Exhibition, 1867–1877.” In Japanese Civilization in the Modern World. Vol. 17, Collection and Representations, edited by Tadao Umesao, Angus Lockyer, and Kenji Yoshida, 67–76. Osaka: National Museum of Ethnology, Japan, 2001.
Luker, Kristin. “Sex, Social Hygiene, and the State: The Double-Edged Sword of Social Reform.” Theory and Society 27 (1998).
Massa, Mark S. Anti-Catholicism in America: The Last Acceptable Prejudice. New York: Crossroads Publishing Company, 2003.
McCullough, Edo. World’s Fairs Midways: An Affectionate Account of American Amusement Areas from the Crystal Palace to the Crystal Ball. New York: Exposition Press, 1966.
McGerr, Michael. “Political Style and Woman’s Power, 1830–1930.” The Journal of American History 77 (1990): 864–85.
McGrath, Robert L. “The Endless Trail of the End of the Trail.” Journal of the West 40 (Fall 2000): 8–15.
McKenzie, R. D. Oriental Exclusion: The Effect of American Immigration Laws, Regulations, and Judicial Decisions upon the Chinese and Japanese on the Pacific Coast. New York: American Group Institute of Pacific Relations, 1927. Reprint, New York: American Immigration Library, Jerome S. Ozer, 1971.
Mead, Rebecca. How the Vote Was Won: Woman Suffrage in the Western United States, 1868–1914. New York: New York University Press, 2004.
Meyerowitz, Joanne. Women Adrift: Independent Wage Earners in Chicago, 1880–1930. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988.
Miller, Dave R. “The Stockton Open Shop War of 1914: California Labor’s Sacrificial Stand in the Hinterland.” Master’s thesis, Sonoma State University, 1997.
Mjagkij, Nina, and Margaret Spratt, eds. Men and Women Adrift: The YMCA and the YWCA in the City. New York: New York University Press, 1997.
Montgomery, David. The Fall of the House of Labor: The Workplace, the State, and American Labor Activism, 1865–1925. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1987.
Moore, Sarah J. Empire on Display: San Francisco’s Panama-Pacific International Exposition of 1914. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2013.
Moy, James S. Marginal Sights: Staging the Chinese in America. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1993.
Mumford, Kevin J. Interzones: Black/White Sex Districts in Chicago and New York in the Early Twentieth Century. New York: Columbia University Press, 1997.
Murolo, Priscilla. The Common Ground of Womanhood: Class, Gender and Working Girls’ Clubs, 1884–1928. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1997.
Murray, Freeman Henry Morris. Emancipation and the Freed in American Sculpture: A Study in Interpretation. Washington DC: Freeman Henry Morris Murray, 1916.
Nathan, Marvin R. San Francisco’s International Expositions: A Bibliography. 1990.
Nee, Victor G., and Brett de Bary Nee. Longtime Californ’: A Documentary Study of an American Chinatown. Stanford CA: Stanford University Press, 1972.
Neuhaus, Eugen. The Art of the Exposition: Personal Impressions of the Architecture, Sculpture, Mural Decorations, Color Scheme & Other Aesthetic Aspects of the Panama-Pacific International Exposition. San Francisco: Paul Elder, 1915.
Newman, Louise Michele. White Women’s Rights: The Racial Origins of Feminism in the United States. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.
Ngai, Mae. The Lucky Ones: One Family and the Extraordinary Invention of Chinese America. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2010.
Nickliss, Alexandra. “Phoebe Apperson Hearst: The Most Powerful Woman in California.” PhD diss., University of California–Davis, 1994.
Nordstrom, Justin. “Danger on the Doorstep: Anti-Catholicism in American Print Culture, 1910–1919.” PhD diss., University of Indiana, 2003.
Odem, Mary E. Delinquent Daughters: Protecting and Policing Adolescent Female Sexuality in the United States, 1885–1920. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995.
Olin, Spencer C., Jr. California’s Prodigal Sons: Hiram Johnson and the Progressives, 1911–1917. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1968.
Ostrander, Gilman M. The Prohibition Movement in California, 1848–1933. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1957.
Pan, Erica Y. Z. The Impact of the 1906 Earthquake on San Francisco’s Chinatown. New York: Peter Lang, 1995.
Panama-Pacific International Exposition Company. Calendar of Special Days and Special Events Scheduled from July 1st to December 4th, Panama-Pacific International Exposition. San Francisco: Panama-Pacific International Exposition Company, 1915.
—. California Invites the World, 1915: Panama-Pacific Universal Exposition. San Francisco: Panama-Pacific International Exposition Company, 1913.
—. The Carnival Spirit of San Francisco. San Francisco: Panama-Pacific International Exposition Company, 1910.
—. Condensed Facts Concerning the Panama-Pacific International Exposition San Francisco, 1915: Celebrating the Opening of the Panama Canal. San Francisco: The Exposition, 1915. San Francisco History Center, San Francisco Public Library, n.d..
—. Education and Social Economy: Official Catalogue of Exhibitors: Panama-Pacific International Exposition, San Francisco, 1915. Wahlgreen Company, 1915.
—. The Exposition Fact Book: Panama-Pacific International Exposition at San Francisco. San Francisco: The Exposition, 1914.
—. Facts for Boosters. San Francisco: The Exposition Company, 1915.
—. Final Financial Report. San Francisco: 1921.
—. Good Business Judgment Should and Will Prompt Machinery Manufacturers to Exhibit Their Products at the Panama-Pacific International Exposition, San Francisco, 1915. San Francisco: Panama-Pacific International Exposition Company, n.d. Bancroft Library.
—. Official Guide: Panama-Pacific International Exposition. San Francisco: Wahlgreen Company, 1915.
—. Panama-Pacific International Exposition. San Francisco: Panama-Pacific International Exposition Company, 1914.
—. The Panama-Pacific International Exposition Illustrated. San Francisco: Panama-Pacific International Exposition Company, 1914.
—. The Panama-Pacific International Exposition, 1915: Celebrating the Opening of the Panama Canal Bulletin; Business Facts for Business Men. San Francisco: Frank Printing Company, n.d.
—. The People’s Easy Guide to the Panama-Pacific International Exposition. San Francisco: International Exhibitions Bureau, 1915.
—. Plan and Scope of the Panama-Pacific International Exposition, San Francisco, California, 1915. San Francisco: Phillips & Van Orden Company, 1911.
—. Why? Where? When? How? The Celebration Is to Take Place: Panama Canal, San Francisco, 1915 Universal Exposition. San Francisco: Panama-Pacific International Exposition Company, 1913.
Parezo, Nancy, and Don D. Fowler. Anthropology Goes to the Fair: The 1904 Louisiana Purchase Exposition. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2009.
Parker, Alison M. Purifying America: Women, Cultural Reform, and Pro-Censorship Activism, 1873–1933. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1997.
Pascoe, Peggy. Relations of Rescue: The Search for Female Moral Authority in the West, 1874–1939. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990.
Peiss, Kathy. Cheap Amusements: Working Women and Leisure in Turn-of-the-Century New York. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1986.
Post, Emily. By Motor to the Golden Gate. New York: D. Appleton, 1916.
Potter, Elizabeth Gray, and Mabel Thayer Gray. The Lure of San Francisco: A Romance amid Old Landmarks. San Francisco: Paul Elder, 1915.
Prisco, Salvatore, III. John Barrett: Progressive Era Diplomat: A Study of a Commercial Expansionist, 1887–1920. University: University of Alabama Press, 1973.
Quizon, Cherubim A., and Patricia O. Afable. “Rethinking Display of Filipinos at St. Louis: Embracing Heartbreak and Irony.” Philippine Studies 52 (2004): 439–44.
Rambon, Paige. “Theatres of Contact: The Kwakwaka-wakw Meet Colonialism in British Columbia at the Chicago World’s Fair.” The Canadian Historical Review 81 (2000): 157–90.
Rast, Raymond W. “The Cultural Politics of Tourism in San Francisco’s Chinatown, 1882–1917.” Pacific Historical Review 76 (2007): 29–60.
Reed, Christopher Robert. “All the World Is Here!”: The Black Presence at White City. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2000.
Risse, Guenter. Plague, Fear, and Politics in San Francisco’s Chinatown. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2012.
Rohrbough, Malcolm. Days of Gold: The California Gold Rush and the American Nation. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997.
Rosen, Ruth. The Lost Sisterhood: Prostitution in America, 1900–1918. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1983.
Rosenbaum, Fred. Cosmopolitans: A Social and Cultural History of the Jews of the San Francisco Bay Area. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2009.
—. Visions of Reform: Congregation Emanu-El and the Jews of San Francisco, 1849–1999. Berkeley: Judah L. Magnes Museum, 2000.
Rubens, Lisa. “The 1939 San Francisco World’s Fair: The New Deal, the New Frontier, and the Pacific Basin.” PhD diss., University of California–Berkeley, 2004.
Rubin, Ron. Signs of Change: Urban Iconographies in San Francisco, 1880–1915. New York: Garland Publishing, 1990.
Rupp, Leila. Worlds of Women: The Making of an International Movement. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 1997.
Rydell, Robert. All the World’s a Fair: Visions of Empire at American International Expositions, 1876–1916. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984.
Rydell, Robert, John E. Findling, and Kimberly D. Pelle. Fair America: World’s Fairs in the United States. Washington DC: Smithsonian Press, 2000.
Rydell, Robert, and Ron Kroes. Buffalo Bill in Bologna: The Americanization of the World, 1869–1922. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005.
Sabraw, Liston F. “Mayor James Rolph, Jr., and the End of the Barbary Coast.” Master’s thesis, San Francisco State College, 1960.
San Francisco. San Francisco: San Francisco Chamber of Commerce, 1915.
San Francisco Standard Guide Including the Panama-Pacific Exposition. San Francisco: North American Press Association, 1913.
Sarbaugh, Timothy. “Exiles of Confidence: The Irish-American Community of San Francisco, 1880–1920.” In From Paddy to Studs: Irish-American Communities in the Turn of the Century Era, 1880 to 1920, edited by Timothy J. Meagher, 161–79. New York: Greenwood, 1986.
Saxton, Alexander. The Indispensable Enemy: Labor and the Anti-Chinese Movement in California. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971.
Scott, Ann Firor. Natural Allies: Women’s Associations in American History. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1991.
Scott, Mel. The San Francisco Bay Area: A Metropolis in Perspective. 2nd ed. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985.
Segal, Morley. “James Rolph, Jr., and the Municipal Railway: A Study in Political Leadership.” Master’s thesis, San Francisco State College, 1959.
Sewall, May Wright. Women, World War, and Permanent Peace. San Francisco: John J. Newbegin, 1915.
Sewell, Jessica. Women and the Everyday City: Public Space in San Francisco, 1890–1915. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2011.
Shah, Nayan. Contagious Divides: Epidemics and Race in San Francisco’s Chinatown. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001.
Shumsky, Neil Larry. “Tacit Acceptance: Respectable Americans, and Segregated Prostitution, 1870–1910.” Journal of Social History 19 (1986): 665–79.
Simpson, Anna Pratt. Problems Women Solved: Being the Story of the Woman’s Board of the Panama-Pacific International Exposition; What Vision, Enthusiasm, Work and Co-operation Accomplished. San Francisco: The Woman’s Board, 1915.
Stansell, Christine. City of Women: Sex and Class in New York, 1789–1860. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1987.
Starr, Kevin. Americans and the California Dream, 1850–1915. New York: Oxford University Press, 1973.
Stern, Alexandra Minna. Eugenic Nation: Faults and Frontiers of Better Breeding in America. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005.
Sunset. “The Morals of San Francisco.” 34 (1915): 853–56.
Survey. “Facts on Vice in San Francisco.” 34 (September 1915).
—. “Warnings to Girls from San Francisco.” 34 (April 1915): 39.
—. “The Y.W.C.A. at Work in the Joy Zone.” 34 (July 1915): 389.
Takaki, Ronald. Iron Cages: Race and Culture in 19th-Century America. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990.
—. Strangers from a Different Shore: A History of Asian Americans. Boston: Little, Brown, 1989.
Todd, Frank Morton. The Story of the Exposition, Being the Official History of the International Celebration Held at San Francisco in 1915 to Commemorate the Discovery of the Pacific Ocean and the Construction of the Panama Canal. 5 vols. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1921.
Tong, Benson. The Unsubmissive Women: Chinese Prostitutes in Nineteenth-Century San Francisco. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1994.
Trachtenberg, Alan. The Incorporation of America: Culture and Society in the Gilded Age. New York: Hill and Wang, 1982.
Ullman, Sharon. Sex Seen: The Emergence of Modern Sexuality in America. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997.
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Thirteenth Census of the United States Taken in the Year 1910. Vol. 2, Population, Reports by States, with Statistics for Counties, Cities and Other Civil Divisions, Alabama–Montana. Washington DC: Government Printing Office, 1913.
Vaught, David. Cultivating California: Growers, Specialty Crops, and Labor, 1875–1920. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999.
Vennman, Barbara. “Dragons, Dummies, and Royals: China at American World’s Fairs, 1876–1904.” Gateway Heritage 17 (Fall 1996): 16–31.
Walden, Keith. Becoming Modern in Toronto: The Industrial Exhibition and the Shaping of Late Victorian Culture. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1997.
Wallace, Les. The Rhetoric of Anti-Catholicism: The American Protective Association, 1887–1911. New York: Garland Publishing, 1990.
Wallis, Michael. The Real Wild West: The 101 Ranch and the Creation of the American West. New York: St. Martin’s Griffin, 2000.
Walsh, James. The San Francisco Irish, 1850–1979. San Francisco: The Irish Literary and Historical Society, 1978.
Wheeler, Leigh Ann. “Battling over Burlesque: Conflicts between Maternalism, Paternalism, and Organized Labor, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 1920–1932.” Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies 20 (1999).
Wilder, Laura Ingalls. West from Home: Letters of Laura Ingalls Wilder to Almanzo Wilder, San Francisco, 1915. Edited by Roger McBride. New York: Harper and Row, 1974.
Wilson, Elizabeth. Fifty Years of Association Work among Young Women, 1866–1916. New York: National Board of the Young Women’s Christian Association, 1916.
Wilson, Mabel O. Negro Building: Black Americans in the World of Fairs and Museums. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2012.
Woods, Gerald. “A Penchant for Probity: California Progressives and the Disreputable Pleasures.” In California Progressivism Revisited, edited by William Deverell and Tom Sitton, 99–116. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994.
Yip, Christopher Lee. “San Francisco’s Chinatown: An Architectural and Urban History.” PhD diss., University of California–Berkeley, 1985.
Young, Terence. Building San Francisco’s Parks, 1850–1930. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004.
Yung, Judy. Unbound Feet: A Social History of Chinese Women in San Francisco. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995.
—. Unbound Voices: A Documentary History of Chinese Women in San Francisco. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999.