Chapter 2: The First people
1. Karlis Karklins, The Wager Bay Archaeological Survey, 1991–92 (Ottawa: Parks Canada), 36. It should be noted that not all archae-ologists agree with this assessment of Site 70X123. The contradictory view is that the earliest human presence was the Thule culture, direct ancestors of today’s Inuit, about eight hundred years ago. The question will remain unresolved until further archaeological work is completed at the site.
2. Margaret Bertulli, Ukkusiksalik National Park — Archaeological Assessment 2005 (Winnipeg, Manitoba: Parks Canada), 2.
Chapter 3: The Early Qablunaat
1. Hudson’s Bay Company Archives, A.1/34-35.
2. Dictionary of Canadian Biography, “Middleton, Christopher.”
3. Ibid.
Chapter 24: Connections Inland
1. Peter Irniq, personal communication, confirmed in Bennett and Rowley, eds., Uqalurait: An Oral History of Nunavut (Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2004).
2. David F. Pelly, Hanningajuq Project (unpublished document), Hunters and Trappers Organization, Baker Lake, 2004.
3. Charles Choque, Joseph Buliard, Fisher of Men (Churchill, MB: Roman Catholic Episcopal Corporation), 81.
Chapter 27: Ak&ungirtarvik
1. Igloolik Oral History Project, interviews with Noah Piugaattuk (IE-052, March 23, 1989) and Noah Siakuluk (IE-385, August 24, 1996). Both refer to this acrobatic rope game. Piugaattuk refers to it, in his dialect, as ak&ungisarvik. Siakuluk describes it thus: “They would use this rope to swing back and forth, then they would go over it and make a circle while hanging on to the rope. When they start to swing around, their arms are stretched and the legs are also stretched as they go round. At first it was hard to go round, but with practice one was able to make a full revolution.”
Chapter 28: The Search for Franklin
1. William H. Gilder, Schwatka’s Search — Sledging in the Arctic in Quest of the Franklin Records (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1881).
2. E.A. Stackpole, ed., The Long Arctic Search: The Narrative of Lt. Schwatka, U.S.A., 1878–1880, Seeking the Records of the Lost Franklin Expedition (Mystic, CT: Marine Historical Association Inc., 1965).
3. William Barr, ed., Overland to Starvation Cove with the Inuit in Search of Franklin 1878–1880 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1987), 26. Translated from original Als Eskimo unter den Eskimos [As an Inuk Among the Inuit] by Heinrich Klutschak.
4. Barr, Overland to Starvation Cove, 20.
5. Ibid., 62.
6. Ibid., 64.
7. Ibid., 65.
Chapter 29: The Whaling Era
1. John Barrow, ed., The Geography of Hudson’s Bay; Being the Remarks of Captain W. Coats in Many Voyages to that Locality Between the Years 1727 and 1751 (London: Hakluyt Society, 1852).
2. Christopher B. Chapel, Letter to Captain William Jackson, May 16, 1860 (New Bedford Whaling Museum, Massachusetts: Archives of the Kendall Whaling Museum, 1860).
3. Dorothy H. Eber, When the Whalers Were Up North (Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press), 24.
4. Ibid., 124.
Chapter 30: Policemen and Priests
1. Report of the Royal Northwest Mounted Police, 1908. Ottawa, 265.
2. Report of the Royal Northwest Mounted Police, 1910. Ottawa, 275.
3. Report of the Royal Northwest Mounted Police, 1911. Ottawa, 260.
Chapter 33: The Hudson’s Bay Company Arrives
1. Hudson’s Bay Company Archives, A92/19/71.
2. All of the excerpts from the post journals on pages 194–96 are from the Hudson’s Bay Company Archives, B492 a/1 to a/10.
Chapter 38: The Mysterious Disappearance of Father Buliard
1. A previous version of this chapter appeared in Above & Beyond 17, no. 4 (2005). All of the Inuit quoted in the article were interviewed at that time, and the RCMP records were reviewed at the National Archives.
Chapter 40: The Tatty Family Returns
1. Parks Canada, Federal Heritage Buildings Review Office Heritage Character Statement, 2013.