Aberdeen, 4th Earl of, 42, 43, 61
Acklom, Esther, 62–3
Act of Union 1707, 16
Act of Union 1801, 15, 16, 30, 93, 189
Adams, John, 29
Adelaide, Queen
marries William, 6–7
children, 7
domestic life, 6
appearance, 7
has dread of encouraging dissipation at Court, 7–8
watches Opening of Parliament, 39
and William’s coronation, 71–2, 74, 134
provisions made by the State for, 72, 73–4, 128–9
favours the Tories, 72–3
relationship with Howe, 72, 153–4
and Wellington’s departure from office, 72
reaction to the decision to dissolve Parliament, 111
attends opening of new London Bridge, 128
at House of Lords for royal assent to Queen’s dower-bill, 129
and Howe’s departure from Royal Household, 154
shows hostility to Grey, 154, 202
general approach to political matters, 202–3
press attacks on, 203–4, 228, 236, 243
unpopularity, 203, 228, 248, 250, 255, 265
influence on William, 204, 228, 243
letter to Howe, 204
comments on Bishop of Exeter’s speech, 213
permits Lady Lyndhurst to be received at Court, 230
obsession against change, 273
and 1834 fire, 276
brief references, 44, 117, 118, 191, 197
Albemarle, 4th Earl of, 108–9, 129
Allen, Dr John, 53
Althorp, 54
Althorp, John Spencer, Viscount (later 3rd Earl Spencer)
physical stamina, 33
speaks about cancellation of royal visit, 46
meeting held at house of, 47
wealth, 50
and family relationships among Whigs, 52
and Brougham’s appointment as Lord Chancellor, 55, 57
and the composition of Grey’s Cabinet, 58, 99
becomes Chancellor of the Exchequer as well as Leader of Commons, 58
and formation of Committee of Four, 62
background, interests and character, 62–4
presents budget to Commons, 76
and O’Connell, 93
Brougham’s disparagement of, 99
and Secret Ballot, 102
defeated on a bill for supplies, 105
comments on expensive electoral process, 119
and Committee stage of Reform Bill, 126–7
and concerns over his father’s health, 129
not hopeful about the Bill’s prospects in Lords, 130
role in getting the Bill through Commons, 136
comments after vote against Bill in Lords, 150
and letter to Attwood, 153
visited by his sister, Sarah, 162–3
and riots, 169
and Durham’s attack on Grey, 175, 176
writes to Parkes, 177
and Perceval’s speech, 200
reaches crisis point and considers resigning, 205, 206–7
calms himself, 225
cheered in Commons, 226
praised in Ebrington’s Address to the King, 229
and Whig plans if faced with new administration, 232
encounter with Hardinge, 238
speaks about the intentions of the proposed new administration, 239
hears about Wellington’s decision not to form new administration, 241
comments on how to deal with press attacks on the King, 256–7
Haydon’s comment on, 261
depictions of, 262
spends time at Wiseton, 265–6
lifestyle after inheriting title, 275
Macaulay’s opinion of, 275
brief references, 16, 93, 149, 159, 165, 230, 259, 274
American War of Independence, 3
Anglesey, 1st Marquis of, 5, 59, 111
Anglican Church; see Church of England/Anglican Church
Anne, Queen, 185
Appleby, 126
Apsley House, 44, 48, 77, 113, 232
Arbuthnot, Harriet, 1, 4, 23, 44, 47, 99, 117, 149, 198
Arkwright, Richard, 229
Army, 170–1
Arnold, Dr Thomas, 264n
Ashley, Lord (later 7th Earl of Shaftesbury), 160–1
Association movement, 10
Athenaeum, 55
Attwood, Thomas
respect for Grey, 22
founds Birmingham Political Union, 26
character, gifts and beliefs, 26–8
committed to non-violent protest, 27–8, 60, 92, 120, 137, 222
letter to Grey about proposed modification to Reform Bill, 124
addresses meeting at Newhall Hill in 1831, 143–4
suggests military organization, 176, 177
at Newhall Hill in May 1832, 220, 223
sums up stark reality of the crisis, 237
meeting with Grey, 247
becomes Freeman of the City of London, 249
return journey to Birmingham, 249–50
subsequent career, 267
important role of, 277–8
brief references, 40, 43, 55, 133, 160, 171, 227, 258, 259, 264
Austen, Jane: Emma, 18
Avington House, 61
Bagehot, Walter, 15–16
Baines, Edward, senior, 74–5
Baines, Edward, junior, 75
Baring, Alexander, 239
Baring, Sir Thomas, 68
Barrington, George, 58
Battle, 28
Bathurst, 3rd Earl, 149
Bathurst, Henry, Bishop or Norwich, 262
Beardsworth, John, 26
Beardsworth’s Repository, Birmingham, 26, 62
Beaumont, Thomas Wentworth, 18
Beckwith, Captain, 169
Bedford, Dukes of, 54, 89, 190
Bedingfield, Lady, 153–4
Bentham, Jeremy, 101, 137, 159
Bessborough, Harriet Cavendish, Countess of, 21, 66
Birmingham, 18–19, 20, 26, 27, 124, 137, 171, 176, 177, 249, 271
meetings in, 62, 138, 143–4, 219–24
Birmingham (racehorse), 21
Birmingham Political Union
founding of, 26
dinner to celebrate recent French Revolution, 26, 27–8
growing numbers in, 28
Blandford as honorary member of, 28, 267
petitions the King to dismiss his Ministers, 43
and the growth of unions, 60, 137
expresses confidence in William IV, 68
supports Reform Bill, 92–3, 98
active during 1831 election campaign, 120
holds dinner in honour of William’s coronation, 133
meeting at Newhall Hill in 1831, 143–4
petition to House of Lords, 144
letter from Russell to, 153, 164
National Political Union founded in direct imitation of, 160
and Bristol riots, 176
Attwood’s suggestion concerning military organization for, 176, 177
response to suggestion for national fasting, 208
meeting at Newhall Hill in May 1832, 219–24
Grey meets leaders of, 247
members elected to Parliament, 267
Black, John, 76
Blackfriars Bridge, London, 44
Blackstone, William: Commentaries on the Laws of England, 75
Blandford, 160
Blandford, Marquess of (later 6th Duke of Marlborough), 10, 11, 28, 33, 118–19, 186, 267
Bletchingley, 123
Blomfield, Bishop, 208
Blore, Edward, 194
Bodmin, 178
Bolingbroke, 1st Viscount: The Idea of a Patriot King, 8, 163–4
Bolton, 89
Boundary Bill, 265
Bouverie, General, 170–1
Bowood, 54
Bradford, 19
Brereton, Colonel, 168–9, 171, 222
Brighton, 71, 129, 190, 191, 195
Bristol, 139, 167–70, 176, 177, 181, 196, 200
Bristol Mercury, 243
Bromsgrove, 267
Bromsgrove Union, 221
Brougham, Henry, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux
elected to Parliament in 1830, 20–1
earlier career, 35
appearance, 35
character and intelligence, 35–6
views about reform, 36–7
becomes Lord Chancellor, 5, 57
close relationship with Barnes, editor of The Times, 76, 99
and Tory response to Reform Bill, 86
disparaging remarks about fellow Cabinet members, 99
and William IV’s dissolution of Parliament, 107, 108, 110
presents petition to Lords, 144
speech in debate about Reform Bill, 147–9
and creation of new peers, 187, 190, 251
hostile reference to royal ladies, 203
does not anticipate defeat in Lords, 219
asked by Attwood to present petition to Lords, 220
meeting with William IV, 224–5
at public house in Hounslow, 225
and possibility of continuing in office under new administration, 226, 230
and William IV’s decision not to attend Lords, 255
speaks at Guildhall Banquet, 260
Haydon’s description of, 261
popular depictions of, 262
later career, 266
brief references, 46, 47, 51, 58, 177, 259
Brydges, Sir John, 126
Buckingham Palace, 44, 194, 276
Bulwer, Edward (later Lord Lytton), 121
Burdett, Sir Francis, 135–6, 184, 196
Burdett-Coutts, Angela, 135
Butler, J.R.M. 41n
Butler, Samuel: Hudibras, 179
Byng, Captain the Hon. John (later Viscount Torrington), 18
Cabinet
resolution concerning response to civil disturbance, 61
remains united in spite of internal difficulties, 99
asks the King for dissolution, 107
discussions about creation of peers, 130, 184, 187–8, 190
discussions about possibility of moderating Reform Bill, 175
debate about date of next meeting of Parliament, 175
Durham attacks Grey during dinner, 175–6
discussions about Ireland, 189
William IV requests a formal minute from, 192
official minute concerning creation of peers is submitted to William, 193
Durham’s behaviour in meetings, 205–6
meeting on evening before Grey’s speech to Lords, 217–18
minutes submitted to the King after defeat of Bill in Lords, 224, 242
see also names of Cabinet members
Caledonian Mercury, 94
Cambridge, Prince George of, 111, 129, 269
Cambridge University, 59, 64, 116, 123
Trinity College, 195–6
Campbell, 1st Baron, 149
Campbell, John, 84–5, 109, 198
Canningites, 33, 58, 59, 130; see also names of individuals
Canterbury, William Howley, Archbishop of; see Howley, William, Archbishop of Canterbury
Carlile, Richard, 173
Carlisle, 61
Carlisle, 6th Earl of, 68
Carlton Club, 54
Carnarvon, 2nd Earl of, 146
Caroline, Queen, 9, 72, 76, 254–5
Carrington, 1st Baron, 111–12
Castlereagh, Viscount, 73, 118, 206
Catholic Emancipation, 9–10, 15, 17, 24, 45, 56, 81, 90, 103, 142, 186, 230, 231, 241, 271
Cavendish, Lady Georgiana, 68
Census
1821, 89
1831, 178–9
Chandos, Marquess of (later 2nd Duke of Buckingham), 90, 130
Chandos clause, 130
Chantrey, Francis: marble relief, 261–2
Charing Cross, 272
Charles I, King, 2, 113, 140, 182
Charles X, King of France, 3, 11, 83, 95, 243
Charlotte, Queen, 3, 72, 106, 129, 134, 194
Chartist movement, 267
Churchill, Winston: A History of the English-Speaking Peoples, 273
Church of England/Anglican Church, 141–2, 147, 179
Clarence, William, Duke of; see William IV
Clarke, Mary Anne, 106
Cleveland, Marquess of, 139
Clutton, Thomas, 221–2
Cobbett, William
on the link between poverty and riots, 13
visit to Battle, 28
and Hansard, 32
on stamina and health needed by MPs, 33
addresses crowds at the Rotunda, 44
and Reform Bill, 87, 101, 179, 217
tried for encouraging sedition, 121
on public anger, 227
rejects idea of publicly funded galleries, 272
Cobden, Richard, 26
Coke, Thomas (later 1st Earl of Leicester of Holkham), 54, 190, 261–2, 273
Colwick, 152
Combe Florey, 17
Combination Acts, 137
Committee of Four, 62–7, 69, 76, 79
Commons, House of
system of representation, 15–20
debate in November 1830, 46–7
Government defeated in a vote, 47–8
Althorp is leader of, 55, 58, 63
budget presented to, 76
Grey announces that Reform Bill will be presented in, 76
Reform Bill introduced by Russell, 77–80
reaction to Bill in, 80–2, 83–4
Peel mounts official attack of Tories in, 85, 86–7
vote on the Bill, 95–7
Hunt makes speech against the Bill, 100, 101
rumours in, 105
Althorp defeated on bill for supplies, 105
called to attend House of Lords for dissolution, 109
majority of members in favour of Reform, 122, 123
Second Reform Bill introduced, 123–4
Peel gives Opposition’s response to Bill, 124–5
debate and vote on Bill, 125
third reading and vote on Bill, 134
speeches after rejection of Bill in House of Lords, 156–7
Third Reform Bill presented in, 177–9
debate, 179–83
vote in favour of Bill, 183
debate over public expenditure on Buckingham Palace, 194
wrangling over Reform Bill continues, 194–5
Perceval’s speeches in, 198–200, 207
third reading of Bill passes in, 209
cheering for Althorp in, 226
Ebrington’s motion in, 229
fills up early on 14th May, 238
speeches, 239–40
and results of 1832 General Election, 268
remains large, 269
Peel’s speech about National Gallery, 272
Constable, John, 19
Conyngham, Elizabeth, Marchioness, 4, 134
Copley, John Singleton 56
Cornwall, 19
Court of Common Council, 111
Coutts, Sophia, 135
Coventry, 250
Coventry, Earl of, 210
Cowper, Earl, 69
Cowper, Emily Lamb, Countess, 51, 59, 160
Cowper, Minnie, 160–1
Cowper, William, 116
Creevey, Thomas
on Brougham’s wife, 36
and Lady Grey’s reflections on marriage, 21
on Lady Lyndhurst, 56
on railways, 1
on the Tories, 251
on William IV, 202, 225, 227, 255
Croker, John Wilson
and Government defeat in House of Commons, 47–8
on the struggle between Whigs and Tories, 51
and the Athenaeum, 55
conversation with Palmerston, 59
speech during debate following the introduction of Reform Bill, 89
hears about conversation between William IV and Gloucester, 105
calculations about voting in new Parliament, 123
comment about Victoria, 133
comment on new Reform Bill, 179
battle with Macaulay, 182
attacked in Stanley’s speech, 182, 195
on cholera epidemic, 198
conversation with Peel, 230–1
Crown and Anchor Tavern, the Strand, 87–8, 158
Croxteth, 1
Cumberland, Ernest, Duke of, 6, 56, 90, 105, 117, 128, 132–3, 149, 152, 174, 227, 243, 264, 269
Czapski, Count Joseph Kazimierz, 223–4
Dalrymple, General, 2
Dartmouth, 1st Earl of, 185
Davies, Colonel, 46
Davies, Mr, 160
Dawson, George, 58
Derby, 105, 152, 162, 170, 171, 196
Derby Day 1832, 257
Devonshire, 6th Duke of, 50, 52, 105, 108, 128, 133, 246
Devonshire, Georgiana Spencer, Duchess of, 2, 21, 22, 28
Devonshire House, 52
‘The Devil’s Walk’, 169–70
Digby, Lord, 161
Dino, Duchess of, 59
Disraeli, Benjamin: Endymion, 48
Doncaster, 21
Dorset, civil disturbances in, 160–2, 174
Dover, 1st Baron, 243
Downton, 89
Doyle, John, 90, 91, 93, 112, 128, 163, 268–9
Drayton Manor, 171
Drummond, Henry, 198
Dryden, John, 115
Absalom and Achitophel, 149
Dublin University, 94
Dudley, 1st Earl of (later 4th Earl of Bessborough), 56, 146, 151, 230
Duncannon, Viscount, 51, 52, 62, 65–6, 194, 264
Dunwich, 19
Durham, 139
Durham, John George ‘Radical Jack’ Lambton, 1st Baron (later 1st Earl of Durham)
and 1826 Northumberland county election, 17–18
description of Graham, 34
and defeat of Tory Government, 48
and family connections among Whigs, 52
included in Grey’s Cabinet, 58
and formation of Committee of Four, 62, 66
temperament and background, 66–7
relationship with Grey, 66, 129, 130, 175–6
Committee begins to meet at house of, 68
in favour of Secret Ballot, 102
and dissolution of Parliament, 108–9
as Old Etonian, 127
and his son’s illness, 129, 130
and his son’s death, 175
insults Grey at Cabinet dinner, 175–6
sums up options to ensure passing of Bill, 188
difficult behaviour in Cabinet, 205–6
threatens to resign, 207
speech in Lords, 213–14
analysis of ‘public excitement’, 250
and death of his daughter, 252
and Royal Assent, 257
after passing of Reform Bill, 266
brief references, 56, 71, 99, 262
Durham, Louisa Grey, Lady 52, 188
Eastlake, Lady, 159
East Retford, 19–20
East Sheen, 188
Eaton Hall, 77
Ebrington, Viscount (later 2nd Earl of Fortescue), 156–7, 229, 239
Edgeworth, Maria, 3–4, 7, 56, 111–12
Edinburgh Review, 17, 35, 51, 59, 271
Eldon, 1st Earl of, 90, 128, 146
Eliot, George: Middlemarch, 270
Elizabeth, Princess, 7
Ellenborough, 1st Baron (later 1st Earl of Ellenborough), 22–3, 56, 57–8, 89, 125, 128, 130, 145, 214, 241–2, 250
Ellice, Edward, 58
Ellis, Georgiana, 68
Essex, 5th Earl of, 187
Eton College, 127–8
Examiner, 68
Exeter, 174
Exeter, Henry Phillpotts, Bishop of; see Phillpotts, Henry, Bishop of Exeter
Ferrers, 8th Earl, 8
Figaro in London, 203, 256, 272
FitzClarence, George, later Earl of Munster; see Munster, George FitzClarence, Earl of
FitzClarence, Viscount, 118
Fitzwilliam, 4th Earl, 54
Forbes, Sir Charles, 100
Fox, Charles James, 2, 12, 51, 54, 64, 87–8, 181, 190
France, 7, 39, 74, 113–14, 187, 213, 274
revolutionary events in, 3, 11–12, 26, 41 52, 95, 160, 181, 201, 213, 250, 258, 277
French Assembly, 135
French Revolution 1789, 11, 52, 160, 181, 250, 258, 277
July 1830, 3, 11–12, 26, 41, 95, 201, 213, 277
Gambier, William Henry, 28–9
Garth, Thomas, 106
Gascoyne, General Isaac, 103, 104, 112, 179
Gatton, 19
General Election
1832–33, 266–8
George II, King, 227
George III, King, 2, 3, 6, 106, 122, 227
George IV, King, 2, 3–4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 21, 71, 72, 106, 129, 132, 134, 194
Germany, 7
Gladstone, William Ewart, 2, 121–2, 139, 145, 161
Glasgow, 19
Glengall, Countess of, 225
Globe, 169
Glorious Revolution 1688, 2
Gloucester, HRH Prince William, Duke of, 57, 105, 117, 149
Glynne, Sir Stephen, 77
Goderich, Viscount (later 1st Earl of Ripon), 58, 130
Goodall, Joseph, 127
‘Goodwood Set’, 183
Gordon, Sir Willoughby, 170
Gorgon, 75
Graham, Sir James, 34, 46–7, 58, 99, 212, 266
Grant, James, 30, 31, 32, 66, 174
Granville, Harriet Cavendish, Countess, 44–5, 150
Great Fire 1834, 276
Great Marlow, 119
Great Reform Bill; see Reform Bill
Greville, Charles
on Durham, 206
on Grey, 22
on Lady Lyndhurst, 56
on the Lyndhursts’ different views about Reform, 230
on Macaulay, 82
on Richmond, 45
on severe weather, 13
on Talleyrand, 2–3
on Tories, 251
on William’s coronation day, 133, 134
on William’s illegitimate children, 73
Grey, 2nd Earl
and Fox, 2
and Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire, 2, 22
and death of George IV, 4
disliked by George IV, 9
early supporter of Reform, 10–11, 23
happy family life, 21–2
appreciation of female company, 22
appearance, 22–3
believes the time has come for Reform, 23–4
conversation with Brougham, 35–6
political leadership is untried, 37
speech after Opening of Parliament, 40–1
comments on Wellington’s ‘blind presumption’, 44
and the vote against the Government, 47
asked to form a government by the King, 48
wealth, 50
forms a government, 55–60
and appointment of Lord Chancellor, 56–7
and appointment of Foreign Secretary, 57
concerned about ‘large assemblages’, 60–1
and formation of Committee of Four to consider Reform, 62
relationship with Durham, 66, 129–30, 175–6, 188, 206, 266
reads draft of proposals of Committee of Four, 69
correspondence with William IV about Reform, 69–71
shows Reform Bill to William, 71
remains confident, 87
Creevey remarks on renewed vitality of, 91
backed by Birmingham Political Union, 93
decides to proceed with Reform Bill in spite of defeat on Timber Duties, 94
is informed of the King’s opposition to dissolution, 94–5
announces that he will not amend the Bill, 98
described by Creevey, 99
private correspondence with Taylor, 106–7
the King agrees to see, 107
at dissolution of Parliament, 110
gratitude to the King, 111
becomes Knight of the Garter, 117–18
and payments, 120
letter to Holland about creation of new peers, 122
and Eton, 127
and his grandson’s illness, 129–30
moves second reading of Bill in House of Lords, 139–41, 142–3
and death of his grandson, 139
accused of trying to ‘overawe ’ the House, 145
speaks in House of Lords shortly before the vote on Bill, 149
urges dismissal of Howe from Royal Household, 154
Queen Adelaide is hostile towards, 154, 202
meets delegation led by Place, 158–9
correspondence between William IV and, 163–4
and Bristol riots, 168
and date of next meeting of Parliament, 175
scene caused by Durham, 175–6
issue of creation of peers raised in Cabinet by, 184–5, 187, 188
visited by Holland, 188
informs the King about events in Ireland, 189
reads letters to Cabinet about creation of peers, 190
meets the King to discuss creation of peers, 190–2
the King sends written response to, 192–3, 201
kept informed about the King by Taylor, 195
declares unalterable commitment to Reform, 202
Althorp writes to, 206–7
letter to Althorp, 207
and debate in House of Lords, 211–12, 214–15
speaks in Lords on 7th May, 218
presents Cabinet minute about resignation to the King, 224–5
at public house in Hounslow, 225
announces Government resignation, 226
at Court reception, 227
and the Tory attempt to form new administration, 232, 240–1
communications between the King and, 242, 244, 245–6
and speeches of Wellington and Lyndhurst, 244
discusses reinstatement of Ministers, 246–7
news of his return spreads, 249
angry exchanges in House of Lords, 250–1
comments on the blunder made by the Opposition, 251
and debate in House of Lords on third reading of Bill, 252, 253–4
congratulated on the success of the Bill, 254
and the King’s refusal to attend House of Lords, 255
and Royal Assent, 257
and Haydon, 260–1
depictions of, 262
on the unions, 264–5
in Doyle’s cartoon following General Election, 268–9
inspirational character of, 273–4
retirement, 274–5
brief references, 25, 39, 54, 76, 81, 84–5, 102, 124, 144, 151, 155, 156, 177, 194, 238, 248, 256, 259
Grey, Lady Georgiana, 69
Grey, Lady Hannah, 58
Grey, Lady Louisa; see Durham, Lord
Grey, Mary Ponsonby, Countess, 6, 21, 39, 69, 99, 145, 188–9, 211, 260–1
Grosvenor, Earl (later 2nd Duke of Westminster), 77, 119
Grosvenor, Elizabeth Leveson-Gower, Countess, 77, 112, 113, 169
Essentials of Parliamentary Reform, 160
Grote, Harriet, 159–60, 183, 184, 245
Guildhall Banquet 1832, 260
painting of, 260–1
Gunpowder Plot 1605, 173
Gurney, Hudson, 88–9
Guy Fawkes Day 1831, 173–4
Hansard (Hansard ’s Parliamentary Debates), 32, 144, 145, 199, 216, 254
Hansard, Thomas, 32
Harborne, 26
Hardinge, Sir Henry, 109, 238–9
Harrowby, 1st Earl of, 145–6, 178, 197, 205, 218, 252, 253
Hastings, 2nd Marquess of, 110
Haydon, Benjamin Robert, 2, 19, 24, 27, 35, 51, 60, 111 221, 222, 260–1
Hepburne Scott, Henry, 96
founds Poor Man’s Guardian, 75
Hobhouse, Sir John (later 1st Baron Broughton)
reaction to 1830 Revolution in France, 12
and Russell’s introduction of Reform Bill, 79, 81–2
at meeting in Crown and Anchor Tavern, 88
and voting on Reform Bill, 95
comments on the new London Bridge, 128
and the meeting between Grey and Place’s delegation, 158
and attacks on country houses, 171–2
reflects on the fate of Bristol rioters, 196
conversation with Althorp, 206
asks Place to declare his intentions, 245
Place visits, 248
and the King’s decision not to attend House of Lords, 255
comments on ‘this great national exploit’, 278
Holland, Elizabeth Vassall, Lady, 52, 53, 65, 198
Holland, 3rd Baron
response to 1830 Revolution in France, 12
admits that Grey is susceptible to women, 22
wealth, 50
criticizes the self-educated, 51
devoted to his wife, 53
appearance, 54
turns down Foreign Secretaryship, 57
and Secret Ballot, 102
and creation of new peers, 122, 184, 186, 187–8, 188–9
at Eton, 127–8
and occasion of royal assent to Queen’s dower-bill, 129
verdict on Sydney Smith, 155
visits Grey at East Sheen, 188
comment about Lyndhurst, 218
responds to Grey’s depressed communication, 232
writes to Grey about possible reactions if Wellington were to move a Bill, 238
meeting with Attwood and companions, 247
in the Lords for Royal Assent to Reform Bill, 257–8
writes in Diary about impact of individual character on government, 271
brief references, 2, 59, 65, 134, 141, 152, 176, 197, 214, 241, 274
Holland House, 6, 17, 52–4, 217
Hounslow, 225
Houses of Parliament
1834 fire, 276
see also Commons, House of; Lords, House of
Howe, 1st Earl, 72, 118, 129, 153–4, 197, 202, 204, 254
Howick, Viscount (later 3rd Earl Grey), 17–18, 58, 219
Howley, William, Archbishop of Canterbury, 142, 146–7, 188, 216, 227
Huddersfield, 173–4
Hume, Joseph, 100–1, 158, 194, 196, 264, 265
Hunt, G.W., 127
Hunt, Henry ‘Orator’, 13–14, 38, 44, 85, 100, 101, 102, 179, 180, 194, 200
Hunt, John, 68
Huntingdon, 178
Huntly, 8th Marquis of, 2
Hurst Green, 28
Huskissonites, 33, 43, 47; see also names of individuals
Hutton, Revd, 222
Hyde Park, 125
Industrial Revolution, 18
Inglis, Sir Robert, 80–1, 83, 87, 240
Ireland, 10, 15, 59, 66, 156, 189, 224, 269
Irish Reform Bill, 213, 215, 265
Irving, Edward, 198
Itchen Abbas, 61
Jacobite Rebellion 1745, 2
Jeffrey, Lord, 51, 59, 63, 104, 110
Jersey, Sarah Fane, Countess of, 48, 91
Kay, Dr James, 237
Kay, James Phillips, 198
Kemble, Fanny, 209
Kensington, 52
Kent, civil unrest in, 14, 28–9
Kent, HRH Prince Edward, Duke of, 6, 8
Kenyon, 2nd Baron, 250–1
Kerry, Knight of, 44
Kilkenny, 189
Kingsley, Charles, 168
Kirkby, Sergeant John, 172
Knaresborough, 105
Knights of the Garter, 117–18
Knowles, James Sheridan: Alfred the Great or the Patriot King, 112
Lafayette, Marquis de, 143, 190
Lamb, Lady Caroline, 60
Lamb, George, 138
Lamb, William, Lord Melbourne; see Melbourne, William Lamb, Lord
Lambton, Charles William, 129–30, 139
Lambton, Harriet, 252
Lambton, John George ‘Radical Jack’, Lord Durham; see Durham, Lord
Lansdowne, 3rd Marquess of, 54, 57, 82, 89, 102, 120, 130, 182, 187, 190, 261, 267
Lansdowne House, 52
Lascelles, Caroline, 68
Lawrence, Sir Thomas, 19
‘The Red Boy’, 129
Leicester, 37
Le Marchant, Sir Denis, 64, 86, 87, 88–9, 105, 126, 135, 136, 149–50, 156, 177, 197, 211, 219, 226, 227
Lennox, Lord William, 180
Leopold, Prince, 57
Leveson-Gower, Elizabeth, 32; see Grosvenor
Lieven, Princess
and Durham, 67
and France, 11
and Grey, 22, 44, 47, 56, 57, 71, 139, 244
and Peel, 241
and Queen Adelaide, 154
and Reform Bill, 82
and Wellington, 44, 48, 117, 212
and window-breaking by the crowds, 113
Littleton, Edward, 83, 148–9, 182, 207, 226, 227–8, 268
Liverpool-Manchester Railways, 1
London
cholera epidemic, 198
civil disturbances, 43, 44–5, 46
Clubs, 54–5
concerns about shooting of dogs in, 125
gathering of National Political Union in, 220
great Whig houses in, 52
march takes place in, 157–8
meeting of Radicals in, 232–5
police force founded in, 1
see also names of locations in London
London Bridge, 128
Londonderry, 3rd Marquess of, 45, 72–3, 110, 128, 139, 146, 151, 195, 197, 254, 269
Londonderry House, 132
Byron’s maiden speech in, 13
seats in, 16
the King’s speech at Opening of Parliament, 39–40
Grey’s speech on need for Reform, 40–1
Richmond states his position on Reform, 45–6
and assassination attempt on Wellington, 61–2
Grey announces that Reform Bill will be presented in Commons, 76
members listen to presentation of Bill in Commons, 78
Grey announces that he will not amend the Bill, 98
William IV agrees to go to, 108
dissolution of Parliament, 109–11
inbuilt majority of Tories in, 122
possibility of creating peers to get Reform Bill through, 122–3, 130, 144, 152–3, 158, 159, 163, 183, 184–9, 190–3
William IV attends to give consent to Queen’s dower-bill, 128–9
Althorp pessimistic about Bill being passed in, 130
debates on Reform Bill, 139–41, 142–3, 144–9
petition of Birmingham Political Union presented to, 144
vote against the Bill, 149–50
situation after the vote in, 151–62, 166
Bill formally presented to, 209
canvassing of uncommitted peers, 209–10
debate on the Bill, 211–15
vote on second reading, 215–16
debate on 7 May, 218–19
Government defeated in, 219
Attwood asks Brougham to present petition to, 220
Government resignation announced in, 226
speeches of Wellington and Lyndhurst, 244–5
angry speeches following the return of Whig Government, 250–1
debate on third reading of the Bill, 252–4
vote in favour of the Bill, 254
the King declines to attend, 255–6
Royal Assent given, 257–8
emerges with membership intact, 270–1
Louis XIV, King of France, 52, 181
Louis XVI, King of France, 7, 140, 181, 193, 251, 257, 258
Louis-Philippe, King of the French, 3, 11, 39, 53, 187
Lovat, Lord, 2
Lulworth Castle, 11
Lyndhurst, 1st Baron
and post of Lord Chancellor, 55, 56
background, 55–6
and dissolution of Parliament, 109–10
and Brougham’s fall/genuflection, 148
asks about possibility of moderating the Bill, 175
as one of the Waverers, 175, 178, 218
proposes changes to the Bill, 218
acts as intermediary between William IV and Wellington, 226
sets condition for returning to post of Lord Chancellor, 230
Wellington’s response to, 231
reaction to listening to Manners-Sutton, 232
speech on 17 May 1832, 244
absents himself from vote in Lords, 254
absent from Lords for Royal Assent, 257
brief references, 219, 246, 256, 265
Lyttelton, Sarah Spencer, Lady, 162–3
Lytton, Edward Bulwer, 1st Baron, 30–1, 34, 57, 65, 83, 93
Macaulay, Margaret, 205
Macaulay, Thomas Babington
on Industrial Revolution, 18
and Lady Holland, 53
and journalists, 67
and Calne constituency, 82, 89, 182
brilliance, 82–3
speech during debate on first Reform Bill, 83–4
Mahon’s response to, 84
Hunt’s attack on, 85
and the vote on the Bill, 96, 97
views on Universal Suffrage, 101
and cholera epidemic, 125
on William IV’s coronation, 133
speech following defeat of second Bill in Lords, 156
speech in debate on third Bill, 180–1
Croker’s long-running battle with, 182
comments on public disorder, 189
writes to his sisters on the Bill, 204–5
on Grey’s speech in Lords, 211
on Wellington’s behaviour, 239–40
on William IV, 256
at Guildhall Banquet, 260
transfers to Leeds constituency, 267
on Althorp, 275
comments on ‘the victories of reason’, 278
Macready, William Charles, 112
Mahon, Viscount (later 5th Earl Stanhope) 84
A Leaf from the Future History of England, 102–3
Maidstone, 28
Manchester, 19, 26, 60–1, 80, 100, 103, 139, 170, 171, 196; see also Peterloo Massacre
Manchester Guardian, 75
Manners-Sutton, Charles, 78, 109, 232, 241
Marie Antoinette, Queen of France, 2, 7, 74, 187, 193, 228, 250, 258
Martin, Harry, 255
Marx, Karl, 52n
Marylebone, 250
Masham, Samuel, 185
Meiningen, 7
Melbourne, 2nd Viscount
description of cities, 19
on Whigs’ family ties, 52
becomes Home Secretary, 58
appearance, 60
private life, 60
earlier career, 60
view on appropriate response to civil disturbances, 61
comment relating to Munster, 116–17
as Old Etonian, 127
concerns about plans of political unions, 138
in indirect contact with Radical opinion, 138
and disagreements among Cabinet members, 175
and ‘the Goodwood Set’, 183
sets up special commission to hand out exemplary punishments to rioters, 196
Haydon’s description of, 261
later becomes Prime Minister, 275
Midlands, 13, 15, 162, 171, 172; see also names of places
Milborne, 160
Mill, James, 75, 101, 159, 270
Milton, Viscount (later 3rd Earl Fitzwilliam), 156
Moncrieff, W.T.: Reform, or John Bull Triumphant, 91–2
Morning Chronicle, 67, 75, 76, 151, 228, 245
Morning Herald, 196
Morning Post, 63
Morpeth, Viscount (later 7th Earl of Carlisle), 180
Moseley, Revd Thomas, 120
Mundy, Harriot, 152
Mundy, William, 152
Munster, George FitzClarence, 1st Earl of, 73, 116–17, 243
Musters, Mr, 152
Nash, John, 194
National Gallery, 272
National Political Union, 160, 196, 220, 245
National Union of the Working Classes, 157, 171, 208–9, 212
Nelson, Admiral, 4
Newcastle, 4th Duke of, 16, 119, 152, 162, 254
Newcastle upon Tyne, 250, 274–5
Newhall Hill
meetings at, 143–4, 219–24, 227
Haydon’s depiction of, 221, 260
Newtown, Isle of Wight, 17, 88
Norfolk, civil disturbances in, 61
Norfolk, 12th Duke of, 9
North, John Henry, 91
Norwich, 181
Norwich, Henry Bathurst, Bishop of, 262
Nottingham, 162, 170, 171, 196
Nottingham Journal, 75
Nottinghamshire, 13
O’Connell, Daniel, 2, 10, 20, 66, 93, 98, 125, 189, 224
Owen, Robert, 152
Oxford, Countess of, 135
Oxford University, 81, 116, 122
Paganini, Nicolo, 126
Palmerston, Henry Temple, 3rd Viscount
relationship with Emily Cowper, 51, 59
becomes Foreign Secretary, 57
believes in need for Reform, 59–60
and Queen Adelaide’s outfit allowance, 74
loses seat at Cambridge University, but is found a seat at Bletchingley, 123
and Cabinet disagreements, 130
and discussions about date of next meeting of Parliament, 175
and ‘the Goodwood Set’, 183
and Cabinet discussions about creation of new peers, 187
painted by Haydon, 261
and Durham, 266
later becomes Prime Minister, 275
brief references, 16, 160, 186, 206
Panshanger, 69
Parkes, Joseph
expresses hopes about Reform, 67
background, 137
involvement in Birmingham Political Union, 137–8, 220
description of Newhall Hill, 143
estimates size of crowd at Newhall Hill in 1831, 143
Place describes meeting with Grey to, 159
Althorp writes private letter to, 177
letter to Harriet Grote about creation of new peers, 183, 184
and Cobbett’s conversation in bookseller’s shop, 217
fund-raising efforts, 220
at meeting at Newhall Hill in May 1832, 222
attends meeting at Place’s house, 233, 234
subsequent career, 268
important role of, 277
Parliament; see Commons, House of; 1834 fire; Lords, House of
Parsons, Revd, 161–2
Partington, Dame, 155
Peel, Edmund, 58
Peel, Jonathan, 58
Peel, Sir Robert
and Catholic Emancipation, 9–10
and 1830 Revolution in France, 11
Stanley and Graham make secret approach to, 34
background and character, 34–5
speech in Commons (November 1830), 46
conversation with Princess Lieven after Government defeat in Commons, 48
and promotion of relatives, 58
speech after Althorp’s presentation of budget, 76
and Tory discussions before the presentation of Reform Bill, 77
and the introduction of Reform Bill to Commons, 79, 84
and loss of Oxford University seat, 81
attack on Reform Bill, 85, 86, 87
and dissolution of Parliament, 109
responds to second Reform Bill, 124–5
attends opening of new London Bridge, 128
speech in Commons on the day before vote in Lords, 135
concerned about public riots, 171
response to third Bill, 179, 182–3
reluctant to head new administration, 230–1
refuses to head new administration, 240, 241–2, 271
views on how to calm public unrest, 271–2
later becomes Prime Minister, 275
brief references, 33, 90, 98, 197
Peel, William, 58
Pelham, John Cresset, 194
Penny Papers for the People, 152
Pepys, Samuel, 31
Perceval, Spencer, 198–200, 207
Peterloo Massacre 1819, 13–14, 75, 76, 81, 85, 100, 135–6, 142, 237
Phillpotts, Henry, Bishop of Exeter, 155, 174, 213–14, 215
Place, Francis
reaction to 1830 Revolution in France, 12
background, 37–8
avidity for learning, 38
on Duke of Wellington, 38–9
and popular violence, 43
hostility to cliques, 54
Parkes expresses hope of Reform to, 67
enthusiasm for Reform Bill, 87
regarded as ‘political father’ by Parkes, 137
Lamb in contact with, 138
view of Anglican Church, 142
meeting with Grey, 158–9
enjoys hospitality of the Grotes, 159
founds National Political Union, 160
on Queen Adelaide, 203
on the peers as a class, 210
letter to Parkes about his work, 220
and decision to take financial action, 232–3, 233–4
and the possibility of Wellington’s return to power, 245, 248
hopes for further reforms, 265
subsequent career, 268
important role of, 277
brief references, 40, 51, 151, 157, 258, 259, 271
Poland, 224
Ponsonby, George, 58
Ponsonby, Mary; see Grey, Mary, Countess
Poor Man’s Guardian, 75, 152–3, 173–4, 208, 217
Protheroe, Edward, 167
Radicals, 12 and n, 38, 40, 51, 75, 87–8, 99, 100, 102, 137, 138, 144, 152, 157, 159, 217, 232–5, 277; see also names of individuals
Reform Bill
political and social context, 1–29, 33–9
differing views on subject of Reform, 33, 36–7, 38–9, 40–2, 43, 44, 45–6, 47
Government defeated over Whig motion about Reform, 47–9
Committee of Four formed to consider Reform, 62–7, 68
expectations of Reform, 67–8
draft proposals, 69
correspondence between William IV and Grey before introduction of, 69–71
shown to William, and approved, 71
announcement of forthcoming presentation of, 76
Tories meet to plan response to, 77
presented to Commons by Russell, 77–80
reactions to, 80–5
Peel mounts official Tory attack on, 85, 86–7
supported by The Times, 88
debate in Commons on, 88–9, 90–1
discussed in fashionable London, 91
supported by Birmingham Political Union, 92–3, 98
supported by Irish MPs, 93–4, 98
debate on second reading summed up by Russell, 95
Commons vote in favour of, 95–7
enters Committee stage, 98
Cabinet remains united about, 99
Tory opposition to, 102–4
Whigs agree to make some changes to, 104
Government defeated over Gascoyne’s amendment, 104
dissolution of Parliament after defeat of, 107–11
1831 General Election fought on issue of Reform, 115–16, 118–20
Gladstone’s views on, 121–2
majority of Commons in favour of, 122, 123
concerns about possibility of House of Lords refusing to pass, 122, 130
idea of creating new peers expressed by Grey in a letter, 122–3
introduction of Second Bill into Commons, 123–4
response of the Opposition expressed by Peel, 124–5
passes in Commons, 125
attempts to prevent Bill from going to Committee stage, 126
Chandos clause, 130
passes Committee stage, 131
passes in Commons, 134
Tories remain opposed to, 134–5
success celebrated at Whig dinner, 135–6
fears expressed about consequences of rejecting, 138
debated in House of Lords, 139–43, 144–9
Lords vote against, 149–50
aftermath of Lords vote, 151–66, 167–74
William prorogues Parliament, 165–6
Cabinet discussions on the way ahead for, 175
introduction of Third Bill to Commons, 177–9
debated, 179–83
passed by Commons, 183
creation of peers considered as solution to problem of getting through Lords, 184–9, 190–3
remains topic of concern to the public, 195–6
Wellington maintains opposition to, 196–7
Committee stage, 197–8
reasons for opposition to, 200–1
Grey declares unalterable commitment to, 202
tensions and apprehensions, 202–9
third reading passes in Commons, 209
formally presented to Lords, 209
canvassing of support of uncommitted peers, 209–10
prevarication of the King, 210–11
debate in House of Lords, 211–15
vote on second reading in Lords, 215–16
passes into Committee stage, 216
and disagreements among reformers, 217
Cabinet agrees changes to, 217–18
debated in Lords, 218–19
Government defeated over, 219
public meeting in Birmingham in support of, 219–24
Government resigns after defeat of, 224–5
days of crisis between Government defeat and the return of Grey, 226–48
Tory reactions after Grey’s return, 250–1
no further official confrontations over, 252
debate at third reading of, 252–4
passes in House of Lords, 254
the King refuses to attend House of Lords for Royal Assent, 255–6
Royal Assent to, 257–8
crucial role of public opinion, 258
triumphal arch proposed to celebrate, 258–9
celebratory banquet at Guildhall, 260
artistic depictions to commemorate, 260–2
countrywide rejoicing about, 263
misgivings about, 263–4
whole Reform Bill eventually passed throughout British Isles, 265
General Election under new rules, 266–8
achievement of, 269–71
impact of character and personality on events, 271–4
avoidance of revolution, 276–8
Reform Club, 55n
Richmond, 5th Duke of
Goodwood estate attacked by rioters, 29
background, 45
views about Reform, 45–6
included in Grey’s Cabinet, 58, 99
Brougham’s comment on, 99
Lyndhurst shows anger towards, 109–10
and disagreement in the Cabinet, 130
and discussion about date of next meeting of Parliament, 175
and colonies, 180
and ‘the Goodwood Set’, 183
and Cabinet discussions about creation of new peers, 187, 188
and Durham, 206
possibility of continuing in office under a new administration, 226
informs Althorp of Wellington’s decision not to attempt to from new administration, 241
painted by Haydon, 261
visits Althorp, 266
Riot Act, 162
Riviere (gunmaker), 171
Robespierre, Maximilien de, 52
Rothschild, James, 113–14, 130
Rotunda, Blackfriars Bridge, 44
Roy, Rammohun, 145
Royal Coburg Theatre, 91
Royal Hospital, Chelsea, 61
Russell, G.W.E., 35
Russell, Lord John (later 1st Earl Russell of Kingston Russell)
and East Retford, 20
emotional courage, 33
lack of independent wealth, 50, 65
as member of Committee of Four, 62
determination and intelligence, 65
and draft proposals of Committee of Four, 69
Grey’s announcement of presentation of Reform Bill by, 76
presents Reform Bill to Commons, 77–80, 270
speech reported in The Times, 88
Croker’s attack on, 89
sums up debate on second reading of Bill, 95
introduces second Reform Bill, 123–4
and Cabinet discussions about moderating the Bill, 175
presents new Bill, 177–8
perceives real peril in ‘Days of May’, 238
conversation with Haydon, 261
depictions of, 262
later becomes Prime Minister, 275
brief references, 26, 84, 86, 90, 179–80, 219, 240, 252, 259, 268
Rutland, 269
Rutland, Duchess of, 9
Rutland, 5th Duke of, 13, 37, 77, 117, 172, 176
St Giles (racehorse), 257
St James’s Chronicle, 195–6
St James’s Palace, 43–4, 107–8, 126, 157, 194
Sandon Hall, 178
Satirist, The, 236–7
Saville, John, 142
Saxe-Meiningen, Duke of, 7
Scarbrough, 6th Earl of, 254
Scorton Green, 263
Scotsman, 143
Scottish Reform Bill, 265
Secret Ballot, 87, 88, 101–2, 160
Sefton, 2nd Earl of, 24
Seymour, Robert, 203
Shakespeare, William
Coriolanus, 82
Macbeth, 135
Sheffield, 19
Shelley, Frances, Lady, 37
Shelley, Percy Bysshe, 14
The Masque of Anarchy, 237–8
Sherborne, 161–2
Sherborne Castle, 161
Sherborne Journal, 161–2
Sheridan, Richard Brinsley, 181
Sidmouth, 1st Viscount, 81
Skipworth, Sir George, 153
Smith, Hon. Robert, 111–12
Smith, Sydney, 17, 52, 53, 65, 83, 102, 142, 155, 156, 160, 177, 217, 277
Soane, Sir John, 276
Society of the Friends of the People, 23
Somerville, Alexander, 97, 150, 153, 171, 222
Sophia, Princess, 106
South Shields, 139
Spencer, 2nd Earl, 54, 62, 129, 150
Spencer, John, Viscount Althorp; see Althorp, John Spencer, Viscount
Spencer, Lavinia Bingham, Countess, 52
Standard, 176
Stanhope, Lady Hester, 84
Stanhope, 5th Earl, 34
Stanley, Edward (later Lord Stanley and 13th Earl of Derby)
on the buying and selling of boroughs, 17
background and career, 33–4
becomes Chief Secretary for Ireland, 59
speech in debate following introduction of Reform Bill, 89
and O’Connell, 93
criticizes idea of Secret Ballot, 101–2
and conditions in House of Commons, 125
enables Whig contact with Waverers, 178
speech in debate about new Reform Bill, 180, 181–2
reports on events in Ireland, 189
during Lords debate, 212
subsequent career, 275
brief references, 99, 130, 195, 232
Stormont, Viscount (later 4th Earl of Mansfield), 82, 236–7
Strangford, 6th Viscount, 197
Stratfield Saye, 47
Suffolk, 61
Sun, 151
Sussex, civil disturbances in, 28, 29
Sussex, HRH Prince Augustus, Duke of, 57, 73, 78, 125, 139, 218, 257, 262
Swing, Captain, 14–15, 29, 277
Taunton, 155
Tavistock, 89
Taylor, Sir Herbert, 41, 74, 108, 138, 163, 210, 211, 242, 246, 252
communications with Grey, 70–1, 94–5, 106–7, 195, 244, 246–7
Temple, Henry, Viscount Palmerston; see Palmerston, Henry Temple, Viscount
Temple Bar, London, 44
Test and Corporation Acts, 65, 142
Thackeray, William Makepeace, 90
Thackwell, Colonel, 171
Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, 112
Timber Duties, 94
Times, The
on George IV, 4
and Catholic Emancipation, 9
makes donations to ‘necessitous Parisians’, 12
on Wellington, 24
on civil disturbance, 28, 37, 169
complains about conditions for reporters in House of Commons, 32
on resignation of Tory Cabinet, 48–9
and Grey’s nepotism, 58
Fonblanque on staff of, 67
pays stamp tax, 75
complains about inaudibility of Russell’s voice, 79
on Universal Suffrage, 101
on prospects for Reform, 115
on Howe, 118
on William’s coronation day, 132
on Grey’s speech in Lords, 141
on meeting on Newhall Hill in 1831, 143
picks up on Whig uneasiness about the King’s stance on creation of peers, 144
on Brougham’s speech, 148
on the vote against Reform Bill in Lords, 154–5
questions whether bishops should have seats in Lords, 156
and William’s speech at Opening of Parliament, 177
on passing of third Reform Bill in Commons, 183
Fellows of Trinity College disgusted by, 195–6
on creation of peers, 209
comments on lack of new arguments from Tories, 212
on meeting at Newhall Hill in 1832, 220, 222
on crisis in May 1832, 227
reports on a description of Adelaide, 228
on Adelaide’s influence on William, 237
response to return of Grey’s government, 247–8, 249
on poor attendance at House of Lords, 252
on Royal Assent, 255
correspondent calls for subscription to erect triumphal arch, 258–9
brief references, 179, 217, 245
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 24, 39, 274
Tories
Government in power at William IV’s accession, 9
divisive effect of campaign on Catholic Emancipation, 9–10
party designation, 20
perceived as party of government, 21
differing views on Reform, 33, 47
and Whig philosophy, 50–1
Grey’s Cabinet includes, 58, 59–60, 99
favoured by Queen Adelaide, 72–3
meetings before announcement of terms of Reform Bill, 77
official attack on the Bill by Peel, 85, 86–7
during interval between readings of the Bill, 94
brings about defeat on Timber Duties, 94
determined to secure changes to the Bill, 98
powerful opposition to the Bill, 102
discussions about the Bill, 103–4
manufacture a crisis to defeat the Government, 104
cast doubts on the King’s right to dissolve Parliament, 106, 108
evolve a plan concerning dissolution, 107
inbuilt majority in Lords, 122
continuing opposition to the Bill, 134–5
and Church of England, 141
convictions about Reform, 200–1
the attempt to form a new administration, 229–32, 238–42
outwardly quiescent, 251
and voting on third reading of Reform Bill, 254
and General Election in 1832, 268
impact of Wellington’s attitude on, 271
and 1834 fire, 276
see also Canningites; Huskissonites; Ultra Tories; Waverers; names of individual politicians
Trafalgar, Battle of (1805), 1
Trevor, General, 14
Trinity College, Cambridge, 195–6
Turner, J.M.W.: The Fighting Temeraire, 1
Tyburn, 174
Tyne, the, 61
Tyrconnel, 4th Earl of, 263
Ultra Tories, 9, 10, 20, 33, 47, 151, 179, 271; see also names of individuals
Universal Suffrage, 15n, 41, 87, 101, 157, 267, 269
Union, Act of (1707), 16
Union, Act of (1801), 15, 16, 30, 93, 189
Utrecht, Treaty of, 185
Vane-Tempest, Frances, 73
Vassall, Elizabeth; see Holland, Lady
Victoria, Princess then Queen, 1, 2, 6, 7, 129, 133, 154n, 273
Villèle, Joseph de, 228
Villiers, Viscount (later 6th Earl of Jersey), 110
Wakefield, E.G.: Swing Unmasked, 14–15
Wall, Charles Baring, 82, 88, 179
Waltham, 172
War of the Spanish Succession, 185
Waterloo, Battle of (1815), 1, 11
Watkins, John, 163–4
Waverers, the, 175, 178, 205, 210, 218, 219, 253; see also names of individuals
Webster, Sir Godfrey, 53
Wellington, Duke of
on George IV, 4
as leader of Tory Government, 9, 24–5, 41–2, 48
and defeat of the French at Waterloo, 11
on Grey, 23
character, 24–5
views on dealing with riots, 25
on Peel, 34
Place writes to Hunt about, 38–9
speech against Reform, 41–2
reactions to speech of, 43–5, 46–7
fire at country residence of, 47
and the vote against the Government, 48
and political unions, 60
assassination threat to, 61–2
and Tory discussions before the presentation of Reform Bill, 77
hears first reports about contents of Reform Bill, 82
in cartoons, 90, 155–6, 203, 256, 269
and Wetherell, 90
remains firmly opposed to Reform, 94, 122, 146, 183, 196–7, 211, 212–13, 218–19
house attacked by rioters, 113
and death of his wife, 113
angry when Grey becomes Knight of the Garter, 117
refuses to attend opening of new London Bridge, 128
compared to Dame Partington, 155–6
effigy burnt, 174
and Adelaide’s letter to Howe, 204
speeches in Lords during debates on third Reform Bill, 212–13, 218–19
and the attempt to form a new administration, 226, 229–30, 231, 233, 234, 238, 239–40, 240–1, 251
speech in Lords on 17 May 1832, 244, 251
rumours of his withdrawal spread, 245
does not attend House of Lords for vote on Reform Bill, 254
absent from House of Lords for Royal Assent, 257
expresses his views after the passing of Reform Bill, 263
attacked by mob, 265
impact on events, 271
later becomes Prime Minister again, 275
brief references,, 1, 2, 10, 21, 33, 35, 40–1, 68, 84, 106, 127, 140, 145, 153, 170, 171, 220, 246, 247, 253, 277
Wellington, Kitty Pakenham, Duchess of, 113
Wentworth Woodhouse, 54
West Country, civil disturbances in, 160–2, 166, 167–70
Westminster, 38, 181, 250, 269
Westminster Review, 101
Wetherell, Sir Charles, 90–1, 105, 156, 167–8, 169, 179–80
Weymouth, 139
Wharncliffe, James, 1st Baron, 103–4, 107, 109, 145, 147–8, 164, 175, 178, 216, 218, 253
Whigs
earlier movement towards parliamentary Reform, 10–11
pro-French sympathies, 11–12
party designation, 20
lack of experience in government, 20–1
perceive possibility of fruitful overtures to Tories, 33–4
and Brougham’s ideas on Reform, 36–7
traditional party of peace, 40
feeling that time has come to move forward on Reform, 47
motion concerning Reform causes Government defeat, 47
characteristics of the party, 50–1
family connections among, 52
houses, 52–4
and Club system, 54–5
formation of Government, 55–60
presentation of Reform Bill, 77–80
optimism about the Bill, 84, 87
relieved that Tories do not call for immediate vote, 86
alleged bias in Reform Bill, 89
and O’Connell, 93
concerned about possible defeat of Bill, 94
and the vote in the Commons on the Bill, 96
agree to make changes to the Bill, 104
attitudes to Universal Suffrage and Secret Ballot, 101–2
make changes to Reform Bill, 104
attitude to payments in electoral process, 120
celebration dinners, 135–6
uneasiness about the King’s views, 144
resignation of Ministers, 224–5, 226
meeting at Brooke’s Club, 232
and renewed negotiations, 242
celebratory banquet, 260–1
confidence, 265
win majority at General Election in 1832, 268
spirit of compromise and conciliation, 270–1
and Great Fire, 1834, 276
see also Reform Bill; names of individual politicians
Wilberforce, William, 198
Wilkes, John, 32
Wilkie, Sir David, 3, 203, 268
Wilkins, William, 272
William III, King, 2
William IV, King
naval career, 4–5
character, 5–6
domestic life, 6
relationship with Mrs Jordan, 6
marries Adelaide, 6–7
concerns about health of, 8, 129, 202
reassures Wellington, 9
sets out for Opening of Parliament, 29
at Opening of Parliament in November 1830, 39–40
fear of democracy, 41
advised not to attend Lord Mayor’s Banquet, 43
fears concerning public riots, 43–4
remains supportive of Wellington, 47
asks Grey to form a government, 48
visits to Holland House, 52–3
beginning of Grey’s correspondence with, 69–71
shows wariness about Reform, 70–1
approves Reform Bill, 71
planning of coronation of, 71–2
and crisis over Adelaide’s outfit allowance, 74
The Times remains supportive of, 76
referred to favourably in a play, 92
against dissolution of Parliament, 94–5, 104
rumours about, 104–5
right to dissolve Parliament questioned by some Tories, 106
agrees to dissolution, 107–9
dissolves Parliament, 110–11
decision adds to popularity of, 112
in cartoons, 112, 116, 163, 268
and his eldest son, 116–17
appoints Grey as Knight of the Garter, 117, 118
and Birmingham Political Union, 120
and the creation of peers, 122–3, 144, 152–3, 163, 191, 192, 193
visits Eton, 127
declares new London Bridge open, 128
gives assent to Queen’s dower-bill, 128–9
Parkes comments on prerogative of, 138
expressions of loyalty to, 144
and Howe’s departure from Royal Household, 153–4
petition of Radicals presented to, 157–8
correspondence with Grey in October 1831, 163–4
prorogues Parliament, 165–6
Cabinet minute about date of next Parliament is sent to, 175
issues Royal Proclamation about political unions, 176
at Opening of Parliament in December 1831, 177
and situation in Ireland, 189
meeting with Grey, 190–2
states his position in writing, 192–3
Cabinet minute about creation of peers is submitted to, 193
responds to Cabinet minute, 193
and Buckingham Palace, 194
and the continuing difficulties about Reform Bill, 195
Wellington’s comments on, 197
and Adelaide’s influence, 204, 228, 243
prevarication, 210–11
and Bishop of Exeter’s speech, 213
Attwood has confidence in, 223
Cabinet minute about possible resignation is presented to, 224–5
accepts resignation of Ministers, 226
asks Wellington to form new administration, 226
rumours about, 227
antagonism towards, 228, 236, 250
and Lord Chancellorship, 230
The Times leader on, 237
communications between Grey and, 242, 244, 245–6
fears and obstinacy, 243
agrees to creation of peers, 246
The Times salutes imagined sentiments of, 247–8
mocked in prints, 248
and the avoidance of confrontation over the Bill, 252
refuses to attend House of Lords for the Royal Assent, 255–6
demands prosecution of the press, 256
Althorp’s reply to, 256–7
and the suggestion of a triumphal arch, 258–9
continuing fears after passing of the Bill, 264
stone thrown at, 265
role of, 272–3
and 1834 Great Fire, 276
brief references, 21, 57, 68, 102, 186, 201, 215, 218, 262
Williams (attorney), 119–20
Williams, Philip, 160
Wilson, Harriette, 210
Wimborne, 160
Winchester, 62
Winchilsea, 10th Earl of, 214, 251, 252–3
Wolverhampton Union, 224
Wood, Thomas, 72
Woodstock, 267
Worcester, Bishop of, 155
Worcester, Marquess of (later 7th Duke of Beaufort), 48
Wordsworth, William, 264
Worshipful Company of Stationers, Hall of the, 135
Wortley, James Stuart; see Wharncliffe, 1st Baron
Wyvill, Christopher, 10
York, Archbishop of, 254
York, HRH Prince Frederick, Duke of, 4, 8, 106
Yorkshire Agricultural Society, 63
Young, Thomas, 138