abolitionism, 152–54, 156–57, 163. See also slavery
Adams, Charles Francis, 190, 201
Adams, John, 139, 144, 145, 196, 235, 271
Adams, Samuel, 137
Africa, 65, 105, 205; imperialism in, 164–66, 168–69, 171–72, 175–76, 177. See also Liberia; Sierra Leone; slavery
African Americans, 116, 202, 229–30, 241, 250, 255; free blacks in antebellum America, 159, 161–63, 228; and the Liberian project, 8, 158–70, 171; and New Negro artists and writers, 169. See also slavery
American Colonization Society, 159–62
American Education Society, 136
American “idea,” the, 2, 3, 6, 7, 29, 149, 151, 218–19, 222, 249, 258, 262–63, 285, 286
American Patriot’s Bible, The, 268, 271
American Revolution, 174, 191, 193, 196, 221, 258; evangelical interpretation of, 273–75; nationalism and, 127–128, 129–30, 141–42
American studies, 149, 218, 229–30, 231
Americans, The (Boorstin), 221, 222, 239
Ames, William, 92
Anderson, Perry, 174
apocalypticism, 60, 61, 78, 277, 278
Arbella, 47, 75; in Glenn Beck’s video, 270; presumption that the Model was delivered aboard, 1, 16–18, 23, 27–29, 221, 249; in Reagan’s story of the Model, 235–39, 246; and the tercentennial of the Winthrop expedition, 189, 202
Asquith, Herbert Henry, 181
Bacevich, Andrew, 261
Bacon, Frances, 114–15
Bale, Frances, 113–14
Baritz, Loren, 227
Battle of Bunker Hill, memorialization of, 137, 191, 195
Baxter, Richard, 39
Beard, Charles, 206
Belgium, 175
Bell, Daniel, 254–55
Bell, David, 127
Bellah, Robert, 227
Benson, Stephen Allen, 164
Benton, William, 219
Bercovitch, Sacvan, 4–5, 154, 229–32, 233
Berlin, Irving, 268
Bettering House (Almshouse and House of Employment), Philadelphia, 117–18, 123
Beveridge, Albert J., 173, 178–79
Bible, 137, 198, 202, 269, 270; importance of, to contemporary American evangelical Protestants, 265, 267, 274; importance of, to English Puritans, 25–26, 45–52; importance of, in the Spanish conquest, 60–62; and Supreme Court decisions, 273. See also American Patriot’s Bible, The; “city upon a hill”; Matthew, book of; New Testament; Old Testament; typology
Birch, Joseph, 114
Black Panthers, 240
blacks. See African Americans
Blake, William, 144
Blyden, Edward, 164–65
Bolton, John, 256–57
Bonhoeffer, Dietrich, 212
Boorstin, Daniel, 221–23, 227, 228, 239, 282
Borden, Mary, 184–85
Boston, 48, 53, 64, 67, 72, 153, 181, 194, 257; in the American Revolution, 196; civic pride of, 203, 204; early ministers of, 50, 83, 105–6, 130, 190; first historical society in, 134; intolerance and dogmatism in, 67, 197–98, 200; merchants of, 104, 105, 107–8; Philadelphia eclipses as leading seaport, 196; political scandals in, 224–25; relief of the poor of, 108, 113, 117, 118, 119; and the tercentennial of its founding, 189–91, 202, 203, 205, 206; Winthrop memorials in, 190, 201, 202
Boston Common “Founders Memorial,” 190–91, 202–3, 224
Boston Day parade, 189–91, 203
Boston Tea Party, memorialization of, 137, 189
Boyer, Paul S., 249
Bradford, William, 62, 137, 190, 271, 273
Bremer, Francis, 18
British empire, 67, 96, 126, 174, 176, 178–79
Brooks, Cleanth, 227
Brownson, Orestes, 152
Bryan, William Jennings, 282
Buckmaster, Thomas, 111
Bulfinch, Charles, 118
Bulkeley, Peter, 56
Burns, Anthony, 153
Bush, George W., 255, 256, 257, 262, 263, 277, 283; and the chosen people theme, 249, 272
Bush, Jeb, 285
Bushnell, Horace, 154
Cabot, Sebastian, 92
Calabresi, Steven G., 262
Calvin, John, 24, 39, 47, 92, 197, 213. See also Calvinism
Calvinism, 24, 47, 49, 52, 65–66, 143, 209, 214, 229, 240
Canaan, 79, 163; as analogue for New World settlements, 48, 49, 50, 53, 60, 61, 68, 81, 101
capitalism: in early America, 96; in Puritan New England, 96–98
Caribbean, 33, 105, 175, 176, 177, 258
Carson, Ben, 283
Carter, Jimmy, 242–43
Carwardine, Richard, 156
Cass, Lewis, 140
Catholicism: and the Roman Catholic Church as the true “city on a hill,” 38; Protestant campaigns against, 20–21, 33, 35, 37, 71–76. See also Franciscans; Jesuits; toleration, religious
Channing, Edward, 136
charity, 108, 123; bounds of obligation of, 94, 115–16, 119–20, 124; centrality of, in the Model, 7, 19, 50, 87–91, 93–95, 97–98; and contemporary evangelical Protestants, 265, 272–73; diminished importance of, in later readings of the Model, 125, 136, 209, 226–27, 233–34; in Puritan England, 109–11; in Puritan sermons, 92–93. See also poor, the; poor relief
Charles I (king of England), 71, 72
chosen people: concept of, 8, 71, 73, 82, 144–45, 158, 172, 231, 249, 272, 278, 286; and cultures of nationalism, 125–26, 141–44; Abraham Lincoln on, 145, 154–57; Herman Melville on, 147–51; in the Model, 7, 30, 44–57, 86, 94, 136; as a tool of criticism, 146–47, 151–52, 153; beyond the U.S., 52–53, 57, 60, 65–66, 70, 125, 143–44, 158, 231; in World War I, 183–85. See also Israel: biblical, analogues of in modern world
Chubb, Mercy, 115
cities on a hill: in the early modern Atlantic world, 58–59, 66; in early modern England, 39, 110, 141
“city upon a hill”: in the age of nationalism, 3, 8, 32, 139–41, 152–53; anxiety and uncertainty in, 5, 32, 44–45, 146; biblical origins of, 6, 37–41, 287; Boston as a, 203; and contemporary evangelical Protestants, 18, 265–66, 275–76, 278–79, 283; and the danger of dissension, 119, 124; in history textbooks, 173, 221, 239, 250, 251; John Kennedy’s use of, 217, 223, 224, 238; as a mobile metaphor, 138–41, 152–53; in modern political rhetoric, 2, 226–27, 228–29, 248–49, 252, 262, 285; in the mission of Liberia, 8, 158, 160–61, 164–66, 169–70; in New England sermons, 37, 56, 81–83; Reagan’s use of, 2, 8, 31, 217, 232–46, 247, 283; and the scrutiny of the world, 41–43, 146, 158, 165, 287; in surviving copy of the Model, 13–14
Civil War (American), 154–57, 158, 172, 177, 253. See also Confederacy, Southern
Civil War (English). See Puritan Revolution (England)
Cleveland, Grover, 268
Clinton, Bill, 248
Cold War, 248, 253; Reagan’s use of the Model as a document for, 234, 239–42, 246, 281; remaking of the Model during, 4, 8, 9, 94, 214, 216, 217–32, 275
Coleman, Thomas, 72
Coleman, William David, 164
Coles, Robert, 212
Columbus, Christopher, 58, 60–61, 267
Comey, James, 285
Communism, 225, 229; American Communist Party, 221, 252; anti-, 239
Confederacy, Southern, nationalism in, 128, 132, 143, 155
Connecticut, 56, 118, 134, 228
Constitution, U.S., 139, 153, 196, 240, 246, 255, 285; amendments to, 173, 196; and contemporary evangelical Protestants, 267–68, 272, 273–74; as a living document, 7, 281–82
Continental Congress, 235, 269
Cotton, John, 37, 41, 46; and the rules of commerce, 103, 104–5; and sermon of farewell to New England–bound Puritans, 18, 35, 46, 52, 55, 56
covenant, 227, 229; idea of, in nationalist rhetoric, 65–66, 143–44; with God, consequences of breaking, 56, 82, 230; with God, as outlined in the Model, 2, 3, 5, 19–20, 24, 30, 50–51, 87, 93, 94, 146, 287; Puritan idea of, 45–46; theology of, Perry Miller on, 207–9, 210, 211
Craddock, Matthew, 21
Crandall, Prudence, 228
Cruz, Ted, 283
Cuomo, Mario, 248
Curley, James, 190–91, 202, 203, 223, 224
Curti, Merle, 227
Cushman, Robert, 50
Davenport, John, 84
Davis, Jefferson, 155
Dean, Paul, 139
Declaration of Independence, 13, 18, 124, 142, 190, 229, 235, 284–85; Lincoln and, 156; shifting reputation of, 6–7, 131–32, 222, 246, 251, 281
DeMar, Gary, 271
democracy, in early New England, 45, 87, 194, 199–201, 206
de Quiroga, Vasco. See Quiroga, Vasco de
Dibelius, Otto, 184
Dominican Republic, 172
Dorchester, England, 53, 103, 109, 110, 111, 112
Dorchester, Massachusetts, 53, 113–15, 116
Douglas, Paul, 224
Douglass, Frederick, 153–54, 157, 163
Douthat, Ross, 269
Du Bois, W. E. B., 167–68, 169, 170, 171
Dukakis, Michael, 248
Dunn, Richard, 23
Dutch Republic, 32, 36, 49, 64–66, 68, 143, 175
Dyer, Mary, 67
Eaton, Theophilus, 84
Eburne, Richard, 49
Edwards, Jonathan, 92–93, 179, 213
Eggleston, Edward, 136
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 214, 216, 219, 224
Eliot, John, 33
Elizabethan Poor Laws, 110, 112
Emancipation Proclamation, 157
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 213
Endecott, John, 41
England: charity and the poor in, 34–35, 109–11; chosen people rhetoric in, 39, 48–49, 52–53, 143, 149, 174, 180, 184, 244; emigration from, 15, 20–22, 27, 28–29, 32–37, 67, 102; imperialism in, 72, 75–76, 175; return migration to, 28, 74–75. See also Magna Carta; Puritans, English
English Civil War. See Puritan Revolution (England)
“Errand into the Wilderness” (Miller), 76, 213, 214–15, 220
evangelical Christianity. See Protestantism, contemporary American evangelical
exceptionalism: claims of American, 5, 247–63, 264, 266, 271, 275–76, 282–83, 285; concept of, 8, 252, 256; periods of American, 257–63
existentialism, 211–13
Federalist Party, 131, 132, 176
Fiennes, William (Lord Saye and Sele), 41
Firestone Rubber Company, 169, 172
First World War. See World War I
Fiske, John, 182
Folsom, George, 135
Forefathers’ Day, 191
Founding Fathers, 191, 194–95, 197, 228, 269, 274, 284
Fourth of July. See Independence Day
France, 194, 255; imperialism in, 175, 176, 178; as a model nation, 141, 143, 178, 180–81; nationalism in, 127, 128, 130, 131, 258; and the Seven Years War, 174; in World War I, 171, 180–81, 184, 189. See also French Revolution
Franklin, Benjamin, 129, 222, 271
French Revolution, 127, 128, 130, 131, 141, 194, 258
Fulbright program, 218–19
Gamble, Richard, 276
Garrison, William Lloyd, 140, 153, 163
Garvey, Marcus, 167
George III (king of England), 129
Germany: embattled Protestants in, 35, 73–74; emigrants from, to Pennsylvania, 67; imperialism in, 178, 179; nationalism in, 128, 130, 143, 175, 180, 184; in World War I, 180–85
Gingrich, Callista, 266
Goldwater, Barry, 239
Golway, Terry, 252
Goodrich, Charles A., 136
Gore, Al, 248
Great Britain. See British empire; England; Scotland
Great Depression, 204, 253, 270
Great War. See World War I
Greene, Nathaniel, 139
Guatemala, 63
Handlin, Oscar, 227
Harrington, James, 88
Hartford Convention, 196–97
Harvard University, 169, 194, 221, 285; Harvard College’s first class, 74; historians at, 3, 181, 199, 224, 227; Perry Miller and, 204, 205, 212, 213
Hawaii, 172
Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 198
Herndon, Ruth, 116
Heston, Charlton, 268
historical societies, 129, 134–35. See also specific historical societies
Hooke, William, 79
Hopkins, Edward, 83–84
Horneck, Anthony, 39
Houston, Sam, 142
Howes, Edward, 41
Hughes, Langston, 169
Humphrey, Hubert, 226
Huntington, Samuel, 253
Hutchinson, Anne, 200–201, 228, 232, 233, 249, 251
Hutchinson, Ellen Mackay, 136
immigration: Boston’s celebration of, in the 1930s, 189, 202–3; destinations of, in colonial America, 15, 65, 68, 80–81, 195, 196; fear of, 272, 277; and return migration, 28, 74–75, 259, 260–61; to the U.S., 3, 259, 260–61
imperialism, 8, 126, 168, 171, 259; American, 171–80; European, 59–60, 96–97, 171, 174–75, 176, 177–79; and the Model, 135–36, 172–74, 179–80, 182, 231; and nationalism, 174–76
Independence Day, 129, 130, 131, 132, 140, 142, 152, 228
Indians. See Native Americans
inequality, 20–21, 87, 94, 111, 152, 226, 227, 248; in the Model, 19, 20, 26, 87, 88, 91–92, 138
Ireland, 67; English imperialism in, 72, 75, 175; Scots and English migrants to, 15, 80; Winthrop’s plan to move to, 35
Israel, biblical: analogues of in modern world (“New Israel”), 5, 48–50, 52, 54, 56, 65–66, 72, 73, 81–84, 141, 143–44, 147, 149, 151, 164, 172, 174, 200, 231, 237, 261; and God’s covenant with, 2, 46, 89, 101
Jackson, Andrew, 138, 142, 268
Jamestown, 193
Japan, 178
Jefferson, Thomas, 174, 176, 222, 229, 238, 262, 271, 284; on Americans as a chosen people, 129, 144–45, 172; and the Declaration of Independence, 6, 131, 235, 281
Jeremiad, 82–83, 129, 151, 278
Jessey, Henry, 87
Jews. See Israel, biblical; Old Testament
Johnson, Lyndon, 226
Jones, Bob, III, 277
Keayne, Robert, 104, 105, 107–8
Kennedy, Geoffrey Studdert, 180
Kennedy, John F., 172–73, 228, 285; use of “city upon a hill” by, 217–18, 223–26, 238
Kerry, John, 249
Kierkegaard, Søren, 212
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 230, 268, 269, 270
Knock, Thomas, 183
Krieger, Larry, 150
Lafayette, Marquis de, 190
Las Casas, Bartolomé de, 63, 64
Latin America, 33, 60–64, 96, 127, 141, 175, 177, 284
Laud, William (Archbishop of Canterbury), 71, 72, 77
Lazarus, Emma, 238
League of Nations, 183
lending: in early New England, 103, 105–6; in seventeenth-century England, 97; rules of, in the Model, 19, 22–23, 24, 30, 89–90, 94, 103, 108. See also usury
Lenin, Vladimir, 235; Leninism, 252
Leppard, George, 235
Levant Company, 21
Lewis, R. W. B., 227
Lewis, Thomas, 143
Liberia, 8, 161–62, 171–72; Booker T. Washington and, 166–67; “city on a hill” rhetoric in, 160–61, 163–66; critics of, 163; founding of, 158–61; Marcus Garvey and, 167; W. E. B. Du Bois on, 167–70
Light and the Glory, The (Marshall and Manuel), 266–67
Lincoln, Abraham, 249, 262, 269, 283, 285; on Americans as an “almost chosen people,” 145, 154–57
Lipset, Seymour Martin, 253
Locke, John, 207
Lodge, Henry Cabot, 182
love, as central theme in the Model, 2, 5, 7, 19, 22, 23, 24, 30, 51, 87, 90–91, 93–94, 120, 209, 280
Luce, Edward, 261
Lyly, John, 48
market economy: and colonial Pennsylvania, 67; in early New England, 80–81, 96–98, 101–6, 199; and the Model, 7, 22–23, 88–90, 98–101,120, 280
Maier, Pauline, 131
manifest destiny, 32, 125, 142, 144, 173, 176, 179, 269–70
Markham, Edwin, 190
Marryat, Frederick, 149
Marx, Karl, 252
Massachusetts, 137, 139, 144, 169, 189, 201, 203; John Kennedy and, 223, 224, 238; erasure of the word, in the Model, 14. See also Massachusetts Bay Colony
Massachusetts Bay Colony: compared to Penn’s project, 68–69; compared to the Dutch Republic, 65, 68–69; compared to the Jesuit missions in Paraguay, 64–68; economy of, 96–97, 101–6, 195–96, 257; initial death rate in, 34; isolation of, 73–74, 76–85; motives for founding and emigration to, 15, 20, 32–37, 42–43; the poor in, 107–9, 111–16; return migration from, 28, 74–75; size of initial migration to, 15, 27, 99; toleration of dissent in, 36–37, 78–80, 87. See also Massachusetts Bay Company
Massachusetts Bay Company, 15, 45, 54, 97, 193; investors’ controversy in, 21–23, 98–101; Winthrop’s leadership of, 21–23, 28–29, 98–101, 109. See also Massachusetts Bay Colony
Massachusetts General Court, 73–74, 77, 103; and debt cases, 97; and Anne Hutchinson, 201; and the Keayne case, 104; and the poor, 111–12; and wages, 102; Winthrop’s speech on liberty to, 29, 87, 208
Massachusetts Historical Society, 135, 235
Mather, Cotton, 50, 83–84, 179
Matthew, book of, 38–41, 43, 138, 265, 276
Mayflower Compact, 24, 193–95, 200, 251, 273
McGiffert, Michael, 48
McGovern, George, 226
Melville, Herman, 147–52, 213, 230
Merrifield, Henry, 115
Metaxas, Eric, 262
Mexico, 61, 63, 141, 177, 258, 284
Michelet, Jules, 141
Michell, Jonathan, 81
millennialism, 59–61, 68, 84, 278
Miller, Perry, 3, 222, 271; and the Cold War, 217, 219, 232; early experiences of, 204–5; and “Errand into the Wilderness,” 76, 213, 214, 220; and the Model, 16–17, 25, 207–9, 213, 216, 229, 231, 233, 281; and The New England Mind, 209, 220; project of, to understand the Puritan mind and legacy, 205–16
ministers, New England, 45; as “cities on a hill,” 38–39; and the English Puritan Revolution, 72, 74–75, 77–78, 80; and idea of a New Israel, 73, 81–84; sermon themes of, 26–27, 40–41, 69, 82–83, 105–6. See also specific ministers
mission, national, 3–4, 32, 124–25, 141–42, 173–81, 183–84, 219–20, 225–27, 258, 266–67
“Model of Christian Charity, A”: anxiety, doubt, and uncertainty in, 31, 39–43, 52, 70; and charity, 87–90, 93–95, 108, 119–20; Cold War reevaluations of, 217–18, 221–27; confidence and pride in, 31–32, 44–45, 52; covenant theme in, 45, 50, 86, 93; economic relations in 22–23, 89–90, 97–98, 100–101,105, 106; first print publications of, 135–36, 181–82; as a foundational document in American civic culture, 1–6, 8–9, 124–25, 132, 216, 233–34, 245, 250–51; inequality in, 19, 87, 88–89, 280, 286; love in, 87, 90–91; modern transcription of, 289–308; obscurity of, for three centuries after its writing, 4–5, 125–26, 133, 136–37, 173–74; place of in histories and anthologies, 3, 17, 136, 172–73, 181, 190, 208, 219–20, 227, 249–51, 268, 271; Reagan’s use of, 233–46, 248; scholarly interpretations of, 204–5, 207–16, 221–23, 229–32, 276; setting of its composition, 1–2, 15–30, 101; structure of, 19–20, 23–24, 87; surviving manuscript copy of, 13–15, 133–35. See also “city upon a hill”
Moore, Susan, 74
More, Thomas, 63
Morgan, Edmund, 92, 220–21, 223, 228
Morison, Samuel Eliot, 28, 181–82, 199
Moses, 53, 100, 198, 268; as analogue for emigrants, 24, 49, 51, 52, 55, 56–57, 62, 66, 84; and rules of charity, 89
Motley, John Lothrop, 200
Murray, George, 240
Murrin, John, 249
Muzzey, David Saville, 136
National Archives, 13
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, 167–68
nationalism: burgeoning cultures of, in Europe and the Americas, 3, 6, 7–8, 48–49, 125–32, 138–45, 174–80; critical, 151–54; and imperialism, 174–76; Lincoln’s, 154–57; technologies of 126–28; in World War I, 180–85. See also time, nationalist conceptions of; traditions, invented
Native Americans, 32, 67, 174; depicted in Boston’s Winthrop memorial, 202; dispossession of, 33–34, 47–48, 175–77, 270; goal of conversion to Christianity of, 33, 61–64; in Puritan New England, 34, 53, 82, 116, 263; rationalization of violence against, 49, 53, 62, 173; in the Spanish empire, 63–64
Netherlands. See Dutch Republic
New England: attempts to establish as site of America’s founding, 8, 191–95, 203, 245; marginal importance of in early America, 80, 195–97; and project of sectional nationalism, 191–95; shifting reputation of, 197–202
New England Society of Charleston, South Carolina, 193
New England Society of New York, 191
“New Israel.” See Israel, biblical
New Testament, 268, 276; “city on a hill” in, 37–38, 265; and rules of charity, 89–90; and typology, 47–48; Winthrop’s use of, in the Model, 39–40, 50–51, 287
New-York Historical Society, 13, 16, 133, 134–35
Niebuhr, Reinhold, 211–12
Nixon, Richard, 226
Noll, Mark, 276
Norton, John, 81
Obama, Barack, 269; on American exceptionalism, 255–57, 263; on the American “idea,” 2, 249, 282; and the “city on a hill,” 2, 249, 283
Oklahoma, curriculum controversy in, 251
Old Testament, 39–40, 268; God’s chosen people in, 45, 50, 56, 144; and typology, 47–48, 129, 155; Winthrop’s use of, in the Model, 50–51, 287
oppression, economic, 102–3, 104–5, 106. See also usury
O’Reilly, Edward, 16, 289, 343
O’Sullivan, John L., 130, 142, 173
Owen, Wilfred, 181
Ozouf, Mona, 129
Palfrey, John Gorham, 136
Pan-African Congresses, 168
Paramino, John Francis, 190, 202, 203
Parrington, Vernon Louis, 201, 206
Pascal, Blaise, 212
Patterson-Smith, J., 184
Penn, William, 123, 271; colony founded by, 66–68, 126, 196, 221
Pennsylvania, 123; as a magnet for European emigrants, 68, 195; as a model society, 66–68, 69, 221. See also Philadelphia
Perkins, William, 38–39
Perthes, Friedrich Christoph, 143
Peter, Hugh, 74
Phelan, John, 60
Philadelphia, 128,156; eclipses Boston as colonies’ leading seaport, 196; poor relief and charitable institutions in, 117, 118, 119, 123–24
Philippines, 172, 173, 178, 179
Pilgrims, 24, 27, 32, 50, 62, 65, 84, 246, 257; anniversary of landing of, 137, 191, 193; contemporary evangelicals’ embrace of, 273; reputation of, 199–200. See also Mayflower Compact
Plummer, William, 139
Plymouth Colony. See Pilgrims
Plymouth Company, 97
poor, the, 123, 152, 159, 259; and contemporary evangelical Protestants, 264, 272–73; English, 34–35, 109–11, 160, 221; in the Model, 5, 19, 20, 24, 26, 88–90, 92–93, 119, 138; in Puritan New England, 87, 94–95, 106, 108, 111–20, 257. See also charity; inequality; poor relief
poor relief: in England, 34–35, 88, 109–11, 257; in Philadelphia, 117–18, 123; in Puritan New England, 108, 111–16, 118–19, 257
poverty. See charity; poor, the; poor relief
Protestantism, contemporary American evangelical: ambivalent nationalism in 275–79; attitudes toward poverty in, 272–73; and Christian histories of America, 266–68, 273–74; and the “city on a hill” phrase, 8, 264–66; marginal place of Winthrop’s Model in, 271–75
Providence Foundation, 267
Providence Island Company, 97
providential history: in the age of nationalism, 124, 129, 141–44, 174, 176, 179; and the American Civil War, 154–57; and contemporary evangelical Protestantism, 266–69, 275–77, 278–79; definition of, 46–47; and the Dutch Republic, 66, 68; and the English, 72, 75, 79–80, 143, 174; and Liberia, 161–65; and the New England Puritans, 46–47, 49, 54, 57, 62, 72, 79–80, 84, 86, 125, 281; and the Spanish colonial empire, 60–62, 68
Puerto Rico, 172
Puritan Revolution (England), 1, 21, 37, 71–73, 75–76, 77–78, 215, 258; and care of the poor, 111; New England and, 74–80
Puritans, English: and church organization, 77–78, 79; and the “city on a hill,” 38–39; and covenant theology, 45, 208; efforts of, to discipline unruly English culture, 76; importance of the Bible to, 25–26; improvement of the poor by, 109–11; and religious toleration, 78–79; and sermons, 25–26; terms of self-description of, 42; and typology, 46–48. See also Puritan Revolution (England)
Puritans, New England: as a chosen people, 44–57, 73, 82–84, 231; democracy and, 194–95, 199, 206; doubts of, 31–32, 42, 43, 209–11, 212–15; importance of the covenant idea to, 24, 45–46, 49–50, 207–9; intolerance and, 31, 78–80, 83, 197–202; and market relations, 94–98, 101–6, 120; sense of mission and, 4, 69, 76–77, 80, 86–87, 172–74, 214–15; and sermons, 25–26, 82–83; shifting reputation of, 8, 172–74, 197–99, 201–3, 205–7, 217–32, 271, 273; treatment of the poor by, 111–16, 119; and typology, 46–48; Winthrop’s Journal as source of information on, 17–18
Quakers, 66–68, 69, 78, 117–18, 197
racism, 158–70, 173, 224, 273–74
Ramsey, David, 130
Rankin, Jeannette, 228
Reagan, Ronald, 254, 256, 264, 271, 284–85; addition of the word “shining” by, 243–44; “city on a hill” as warning for, 239–43; and John Kennedy’s use of the Model, 217–18, 238; making of the Model into an icon of hope by, 31–32, 242–46, 281; popularization of the Model’s story by 2, 4–5, 8, 17, 232–34, 282–83; source of “city on a hill” quotation for, 236–39; speechwriting for, 236–38, 243–45
Richardson, Charles F., 136
Roberts, Joseph Jenkins, 165
Robertson, Pat, 271
Robespierre, Maximilien, 141
Roe v. Wade, 274
Rosenthal, Albert H., 226
Rossiter, Clinton, 219
Roye, Edward James, 164
Rubio, Marco, 283
Russia, 92, 175, 176, 178; as a chosen people, 143
Rustin, Bayard, 268
Saint-Gaudens, Augustus, 198
Salem, Massachusetts, 41, 74, 99, 197, 200
Santorum, Rick, 249
Scalia, Antonin, 285
Schaeffer, Frank, 277
Schama, Simon, 66
Schlesinger, Arthur, Jr., 212, 224
Schuck, Peter, 262
Schulzinger, Robert, 179
scribal publication, system of, 14
Scudder, H. A., 193
Sermon on the Mount, 38–41, 92
sermons: importance of, to Puritans, 25, 206, 208; structure of, 25–26; Winthrop’s Model imagined as a, 1, 4, 25–27, 28
Sheidley, Harlow, 192
Shepard, Thomas, 79
Slack, Paul, 111
slavery, 59, 65; in colonial America, 80, 96, 127–28; and the colonization of Liberia, 159, 160, 161–62, 163, 169; and dynamics of imperialism, 163, 173, 176, 197; as foundational to American history, 192, 195, 250; in Haiti, 163, 176; Lincoln on, 155–57; and periods of American “exceptionalism,” 258–59; as a political issue, 6, 140, 152–54, 173, 197; in Puritan New England, 32–33, 105; in Spanish America, 59, 60, 63, 64. See also abolitionism; Civil War
Smith, Thomas, 92
Sombart, Werner, 253
Sorensen, Theodore, 223–25, 228, 238
Soviet Union, 219, 221, 225, 237, 260. See also Russia
Spanish empire, in the Americas, 21, 33, 60–64, 72, 76, 96, 127, 221
Sparks, Jared, 194
Statue of Liberty, 237, 238, 259, 270
Stedman, Edmund Clarence, 136
Stiles, Robert, 113–14
Stillman, Samuel, 130
Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 142
sugar trade, 60, 65, 80, 176, 195
Supreme Court, U.S., 225, 268, 285; decisions of, that mobilized the Christian right, 273–75
Swaggart, Donnie, 277
Sweet, Leonard, 61
Taft, William Howard, 167, 183
Tancredo, Tom, 275–76
Tea Party (political movement), 269
Teage, Hilary, 165–66
Texas, 258; Republic of, 142; State Board of Education, 250
textbooks, history: for Christian homeschoolers, 265, 267; and the Model, 3, 17, 136, 172, 220, 228, 249–50
texts: lives of, 6–7, 131–32, 280–82
Thoreau, Henry David, 213; Walden, 230
time: nationalist conceptions of, 6, 124, 129–32, 245–46, 282; thinking “in biblical,” 46–48, 129, 155. See also typology
toleration, religious: in the Dutch Republic, 65; in England, 78, 80; and intolerance in New England, 31, 36–37, 78–80, 83, 197–99, 200–201; in Pennsylvania, 67–68, 196
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 194, 195; and “exceptionalism,” 254
traditions, invented, 128–29, 130–31
Trumbull, Jonathan, 134
Trump, Donald, 283–85
Turner, Frederick Jackson, 182, 206, 253
Tuskegee Institute, 166–67
Universal Negro Improvement Association, 167
Vane, Sir Henry, 75
Vietnam War, 226, 229, 231, 238, 241
Virginia colony, 21, 97, 193, 205, 221; disparaging of, 193–94; emigrants to, 32; mortality rate at, 34; as most important engine of early North American growth, 195; primacy to foundational status of, 192; tobacco and slave economy of, 96
Voice of America, 218
Wakeman, Samuel, 81–82
Warburton, William, 143
Ward, Nathaniel, 79
Warren, Joseph, 237
Warren, Robert Penn, 227
Washington, Booker T., 166, 167
Washington, DC, 137, 172; as a “city on a hill,” 243–44
Washington Monument, 191
Weber, Max, 96
Webster, Daniel, 137, 146, 191, 282
Wehner, Peter, 283
Weil, Simone, 212
West Indies, 55, 60, 75–76, 164, 167, 267; as magnet for English emigration, 15, 195; trade with, 21, 54, 65, 72
White-Jacket (Melville), 147–52
Williams, Roger, 50, 57, 78, 200, 219, 233, 251
Williams, William Carlos, 198
Wilson, John, 190
Wilson, Woodrow, 136, 172, 173–74, 182–84, 254
Winthrop, Francis Bayard, 133
Winthrop, John: background of, 20–21, 45, 94, 97; in Glenn Beck video, 270–71, 278; and composition of the Model, 15–20, 22–23, 27–30; family and descendants of, 16, 35, 73, 75, 133–35, 190; handwriting of, 14; and Anne Hutchinson, 200–1, 228; Journal of, 17, 23, 29, 48, 55, 75, 78, 103, 133–34, 138, 263; memorials to 137, 190, 202–3; Perry Miller on, 3, 205, 207–9; Edmund Morgan on, 220; motives of, in joining expedition, 32–37, 109; negotiations of, with emigrants and investors, 21–22, 98–101; other writings of, 16, 29, 53, 54, 87; preservation of religious orthodoxy by, 199, 200–1; portraits of, 20, 31; shifting reputation of 50, 68, 83,135, 199, 201–3, 233–34, 247, 257, 262, 271–73; wife of, 36, 45, 98. See also “Model of Christian Charity, A”
Winthrop, John, Jr., 16, 41, 73
Winthrop, Robert C., 144, 145, 194
Winthrop, Stephen, 75
Winthrop, Thomas Lindall, 134
Wish, Harvey, 219
witchcraft, 197
Wood, Peter, 251
World War I, 168, 171, 172, 204, 211, 217, 244; mission, sense of, in, 158, 180–81, 182–85; Versailles Peace Conference following, 182–84
World War II, 208, 213, 221, 260, 267
Worster, Donald, 59
Yates, John, 88
Zakaria, Fareed, 261