Notes

INTRODUCTION. “The Most Famous Lay Sermon in All of American History”

1. Michael Parker, John Winthrop: Founding the City upon a Hill (New York: Routledge, 2014), p. 39.

2. Ronald Reagan, “Election Eve Address: ‘A Vision for America,’ ” Nov. 3, 1980. The American Presidency Project, Gerhard Peters and John Woolley, eds., http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu; Barack Obama, “Commencement Address, University of Massachusetts at Boston,” June 2, 2006, Obama Speeches, http://obamaspeeches.com/074-University-of-Massachusetts-at-Boston-Commencement-Address-Obama-Speech.htm.

3. Matthew S. Holland, Bonds of Affection: Civic Charity and the Making of America—Winthrop, Jefferson, and Lincoln (Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2007), p. 19; Terry Golway, ed., American Political Speeches (New York: Penguin, 2012), p. xxvii; Philip Gorski, American Covenant: A History of Civil Religion from the Puritans to the Present (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2017). Richard M. Gamble makes the counterargument that “A Model of Christian Charity” did not achieve iconic status until the twentieth century: In Search of the City on a Hill: The Making and Unmaking of an American Myth (London: Continuum, 2012).

4. Perry Miller, “The Shaping of the American Character,” New England Quarterly 28:4 (Dec. 1955): 443.

CHAPTER 1. Writing “A Model of Christian Charity”

1. David D. Hall, Ways of Writing: The Practice and Politics of Text-Making in Seventeenth-Century New England (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008), chap. 2.

2. Bernard Bailyn, The Peopling of British North America: An Introduction (New York: Knopf, 1986); Alison Games, Migration and the Origins of the English Atlantic World (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999). The aggregate figures are summarized in Bruce C. Daniels, New England Nation: The Country the Puritans Built (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012), table 3.1.

3. Henry Jacie [sic] to John Winthrop Jr., c. Feb. 1635, Winthrop Papers, 5 vols. (Boston: Massachusetts Historical Society, 1929–47), 3:188.

4. Addition of an extra syllable to the name of the ship that Winthrop and his contemporaries knew as the Arbella was also this writer’s contribution.

5. Perry Miller, ed., The American Puritans: Their Prose and Poetry (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1956), p. 79.

6. Draft of Ronald Reagan speech at Eisenhower College, 1969, Edwin Meese Papers, box 283, Hoover Institution Archives, courtesy of Hoover Institution Library and Archives, Stanford University.

7. Jon Butler, Grant Wacker, and Randall Balmer, Religion in American Life: A Short History, 2nd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011), p. 48.

8. Journal of John Winthrop, 1630–1649, ed. Richard S. Dunn, James Savage, and Laetitia Yeandle (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press,1996), pp. 19, 18, 17, 10.

9. Hugh J. Dawson, “John Winthrop’s Rite of Passage: The Origins of the ‘Christian Charitie’ Discourse,” Early American Literature 26:3 (1991): 219–31; Hugh J. Dawson, “‘Christian Charitie’ as Colonial Discourse: Rereading Winthrop’s Sermon in Its English Context,” Early American Literature 33:2 (1998): 117–48. See also Richard M. Gamble, In Search of the City on a Hill: The Making and Unmaking of an American Myth (London: Continuum, 2012), chap. 1.

10. Francis J. Bremer, John Winthrop: America’s Forgotten Founding Father (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003), pp. 173–74.

11. Bremer, John Winthrop; Michael Parker, John Winthrop: Founding the City upon a Hill (New York: Routledge, 2014).

12. “Address of John Winthrop to the Company of the Massachusetts Bay,” Winthrop Papers, 2:175.

13. Ibid., 2:176.

14. Ibid.

15. Journal of John Winthrop, pp. 725–26.

16. Babette May Levy, Preaching in the First Half Century of New England History (Hartford, CT: American Society of Church History, 1945), chap. 5; Harry S. Stout, The New England Soul: Preaching and Religious Culture in Colonial New England (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012); Richard Bernard, The Faithfull Shepheard (London, 1607), chaps. 5–12.

17. Aware of this difficulty, Abram Van Engen has proposed a scriptural passage that he imagines must have originally prefaced the Model before an incomplete text reached the copyist, but this seems implausible. Abram C. Van Engen, “Origins and Last Farewells: Bible Wars, Textual Form, and the Making of American History,” New England Quarterly 86:4 (Dec. 2013): 543–92.

18. Stout, New England Soul, pp. 14–16; Meredith Marie Neuman, Jeremiah’s Scribes: Creating Sermon Literature in Puritan New England (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013); Levy, Preaching in the First Half Century, pp. 81–85. “Social authorship,” David D. Hall calls this in his Ways of Writing.

19. “Prefatory Remarks,” Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society 27 (1838): 32 (“homily”); George E. Ellis, “The Aims and Purposes of the Founders of the Massachusetts Colony,” in Lectures Delivered in a Course at the Lowell Institute … on Subjects Relating to the Early History of Massachusetts (Boston: Massachusetts Historical Society, 1869) (“treatise”); Charles F. Richardson, American Literature, 1607–1885, 2 vols. (New York: G. Putnam’s Sons, 1889–91), 1:90 (“booklet”); The Humble Request of the Massachusetts Puritans and A Modell of Christian Charity by John Winthrop 1630, ed. S. E. Morison, Old South Leaflets no. 207 (Boston, 1916), p. 1 (“tract”).

20. For an extended discussion of this theme: David Grayson Allen, In English Ways: The Movement of Societies and the Transferal of English Local Law and Custom to Massachusetts Bay in the Seventeenth Century (New York: W. W. Norton, 1982).

21. Susan Hardman Moore, Pilgrims: New World Settlers and the Call of Home (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2007), p. 36.

22. Journal of John Winthrop, p. 590; Winthrop Papers, 4:468–88.

23. Journal of John Winthrop, pp. 584–89.

CHAPTER 2. “We Shall Be as a City upon a Hill”

1. “Arguments for the Plantation of New England. Objections Answered: First Draft,” Winthrop Papers, 5 vols. (Boston: Massachusetts Historical Society, 1929–47), 2:136.

2. Ronald Reagan, “Farewell Address to the Nation,” Jan. 11, 1989, The American Presidency Project, Gerhard Peters and John Woolley, eds., http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu.

3. Bernard Bailyn, The Barbarous Years. The Peopling of British North America: The Conflict of Civilizations, 1600–1675 (New York: Knopf, 2012), chap. 12; Roger Thompson, Mobility and Migration: East Anglican Founders of New England, 1629–1640 (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1994); Virginia DeJohn Anderson, New England’s Generation: The Great Migration and the Formation of Society and Culture in the Seventeenth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), chap. 1; David Cressy, Coming Over: Migration and Communication between England and New England in the Seventeenth Century (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1987), pp. 46–50.

4. John White et al., The Planters Plea (London, 1630); “Sir John Eliot’s Copy of the New England Tracts,” Winthrop Papers, 2:146–47.

5. “Arguments for the Plantation of New England,” Winthrop Papers, 2:106–49.

6. Karen Ordahl Kupperman, The Jamestown Project (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007), p. 227. Bailyn, Barbarous Years, chap. 2.

7. Thomas Dudley, “To the Right Honourable; My Very Good Lady, the Lady Bridget Countess of Lincoln,” Mar. 12, 1631, in Massachusetts, or the First Planters of New-England (Boston, 1696), p. 16.

8. John Winthrop to—, Winthrop Papers, 2:123.

9. “Reasons to be Considered, and Objections with Answers,” Winthrop Papers, 2:139.

10. John Cotton, God’s Promise to His Plantation (London, 1630), p. 9.

11. Darrett Rutman, John Winthrop’s Decision for America, 1629 (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1975), pp. 24–25; John Winthrop, “General Conclusions and Particular Considerations,” Winthrop Papers, 2:133; John Winthrop, “General Conclusions and Particular Considerations: Early Draft,” Winthrop Papers, 2:126.

12. “General Observations for the Plantation of New England,” Winthrop Papers, 2:111; John Winthrop to—, Winthrop Papers, 2:122.

13. “Reasons to Be Answered, and Objections with Answers,” Winthrop Papers, 2:139.

14. Thomas Hooker, “The Danger of Desertion,” in Thomas Hooker, Writings in England and Holland, ed. George H. Williams et al. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1975), pp. 246, 252.

15. John Winthrop to Margaret Winthrop, May 15, 1629, Winthrop Papers, 2:91–92.

16. Richard Mather, “Arguments Tending to Prove the Removing from Old England to New …,” in Increase Mather, The Life and Death of that Reverend Man of God, Mr. Richard Mather (Cambridge, 1670), p. 17.

17. Quoted in Theodore Dwight Bozeman, To Live Ancient Lives: The Primitivist Dimension in Puritanism (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988), p. 111.

18. Peter Bulkeley, The Gospel-Covenant, or, The Covenant of Grace Opened (London, 1646); cf. Francis J. Bremer, “To Live Exemplary Lives: Puritans and Puritan Communities as Lofty Lights,” Seventeenth Century 7:1 (Spring 1992): 27–39.

19. Matt. 5:13–16 (Geneva Bible).

20. James Sharpe, The Triall of the Protestant Private Spirit (1630).

21. William Perkins, A Godly and Learned Exposition of Christ’s Sermon in the Mount (Cambridge, England, 1608), pp. 53–57.

22. Calvin is quoted in Richard M. Gamble, In Search of the City on a Hill: The Making and Unmaking of an American Myth (London: Continuum, 2012), p. 56.

23. Richard Baxter, Church-History of the Government of Bishops and Their Counsels (London, 1680), p. 483.

24. Patrick Collinson, The Birthpangs of Protestant England: Religious and Cultural Change in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (Houndmills, UK: Macmillan, 1988), p. 30.

25. John Milton, Of Reformation in England (1641), quoted in Gamble, In Search of the City on a Hill, p. 69.

26. Perkins, Godly and Learned Exposition of Christ’s Sermon in the Mount, p. 55.

27. Anthony Horneck, Several Sermons upon the Fifth of St. Matthew (London, 1698), pp. 426–27.

28. Edward Howes to John Winthrop Jr., Apr. 3, 1632, Winthrop Papers, 3:76.

29. The Correspondence of John Cotton, ed. Sargent Bush Jr. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001), p. 283.

30. B. E., A New Dictionary of the Canting Crew in Its Several Tribes (London, 1699), n.p.

31. Michael P. Winship, “Were There Any Puritans in New England?,” New England Quarterly 74:1 (Mar. 2001): 118–38.

CHAPTER 3. A Chosen People

1. Francis J. Bremer, Building a New Jerusalem: John Davenport, a Puritan in Three Worlds (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2012), pp. 132–34; Frances Rose-Troup, John White, The Patriarch of Dorchester and the Founder of Massachusetts, 1575–1648 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1930), pp. 221–23; and, more generally, David D. Hall, A Reforming People: Puritanism and the Transformation of Public Life in New England (New York: Knopf, 2011).

2. John Cotton, God’s Promise to His Plantation (London, 1630), p. 13.

3. The Journal of John Winthrop, 1630–1649, ed. Richard S. Dunn, James Savage, and Laetitia Yeandle (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996), pp. 24, 340–41. For an excellent history of providentialism: Nicholas Guyatt, Providence and the Invention of the United States, 1607–1876 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007).

4. Mason I. Lowance Jr., The Language of Canaan: Metaphor and Symbol in New England from the Puritans to the Transcendentalists (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1980).

5. “General Considerations for the Plantation in New England,” Winthrop Papers, 5 vols. (Boston: Massachusetts Historical Society, 1929–47), 2:120.

6. John Winthrop, “General Conclusions and Particular Considerations: Early Draft,” Winthrop Papers, 2:125.

7. Journal of John Winthrop, pp. 440–50.

8. Michael McGiffert, “God’s Controversy with Jacobean England,” American Historical Review 88:5 (Dec. 1983): 1152; John Lyly, Euphues and His England (1580), quoted in Dorian Llywelyn, Sacred Place, Chosen People: Land and National Identity in Welsh Spirituality (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1999), p. 37; Pasi Ihalainen, Protestant Nations Redefined: Changing Perceptions of National Identity in the Rhetoric of the English, Dutch, and Swedish Public Churches, 1685–1772 (Leiden: Brill, 2005), p. 100.

9. Simon Schama, The Embarrassment of Riches: An Interpretation of Dutch Culture in the Golden Age (New York: Knopf, 1987), p. 98.

10. Paul Stevens, “‘Leviticus Thinking’ and the Rhetoric of Early Modern Colonialism,” Criticism 35:3 (Summer 1993): 451–52.

11. Robert Montgomery, “Discourse concerning the Designed Establishment of a New Colony to the South of Carolina” (1717), quoted in Charles L. Sanford, The Quest for Paradise: Europe and the American Moral Imagination (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1961), p. 85.

12. Robert Gray, “A Good Speed to Virginia” (1609), quoted in Alfred A. Cave, “Canaanites in a Promised Land: The American Indian and the Providential Theory of Empire,” American Indian Quarterly 12:4 (Autumn 1988): 286.

13. Roger Williams, The Bloudy Tenent Yet More Bloody (1652), quoted in Perry Miller, Roger Williams: His Contribution to the American Tradition (New York: Atheneum, 1965), p. 169.

14. Robert Cushman, A Relation or Journal of the Beginning and Proceeding of the English Plantation Settled at Plimouth in New England (1622), quoted in Guyatt, Providence and the Invention of the United States, p. 25.

15. Cotton Mather, Magnalia Christi Americana, ed. Kenneth B. Murdock (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1977), bk. 2, chap. 4.

16. Amos 3:2 (King James Version).

17. Deut. 28:37 (King James Version).

18. Deut. 30:15–19 (Geneva Bible); emphases added.

19. Cotton, God’s Promise to His Plantation, p. 18.

20. Thomas Hooker, “The Danger of Desertion,” in Thomas Hooker, Writings in England and Holland, ed. George H. Williams et al. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1975), pp. 245–46; John Winthrop to Margaret Winthrop, May 15, 1629, Winthrop Papers, 2:91.

21. “The Humble Request of His Majesty’s Loyal Subjects, the Governor and the Company Late Gone for New England” (1630), Winthrop Papers, 2:232.

22. Cave, “Canaanites in a Promised Land,” pp. 291–92.

23. Thomas Dudley, “To the Right Honourable; My Very Good Lady, the Lady Bridget Countess of Lincoln” (1630), in Massachusetts, or the First Planters of New-England (Boston, 1696), p. 21.

24. Journal of John Winthrop, p. 416.

25. Everett Emerson, ed., Letters from New England: The Massachusetts Bay Colony, 1629–1638 (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1976), p. 205.

26. John Allin and Thomas Shepard, “Defence of the Answer Made unto the Nine Questions” (1645), in Massachusetts, or the First Planters of New-England (Boston, 1696), p. 37.

27. Journal of John Winthrop, pp. 675, 672.

28. Ibid., pp. 324–25.

29. Lord Saye and Sele to John Winthrop, July 9, 1640, Winthrop Papers, 4:263–67.

30. Journal of John Winthrop, p. 334. On the controversy: Karen Ordahl Kupperman, “Errand to the Indies: Puritan Colonization from Providence Island through the Western Design,” William and Mary Quarterly 45:1 (Jan. 1988): 70–99.

31. Journal of John Winthrop, p. 333.

32. Dudley, “To the Right Honourable … Countess of Lincoln,” p. 24; “General Observations for the Plantation of New England,” Winthrop Papers, 2:112.

33. Thomas Hooker, “Danger of Desertion,” pp. 4, 230–31; Michael P. Winship, “What Puritan Guarantee?,” Early American Literature 47:2 (2012): 411–20.

34. Peter Bulkeley, The Gospel-Covenant, or, The Covenant of Grace Opened (London, 1646), p. 15.

35. Cotton, God’s Promise to His Plantation, p. 17.

CHAPTER 4. New England in a World of Holy Experiments

1. Donald Worster, Shrinking the Earth: The Rise and Decline of American Abundance (New York: Oxford University Press, 2016), chap. 1.

2. J. H. Elliott, Empires of the Atlantic World: Britain and Spain in America, 1492–1830 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2006), chap. 7.

3. Jorge Cañizares-Esguerra, “Entangled Histories: Borderlands Historiographies in New Clothes?,” American Historical Review 112:3 (June 2007): 787–99; Jorge Cañizares-Esguerra, “Typology in the Atlantic World: Early Modern Readings of Colonization,” in Soundings in Atlantic History: Latent Structures and Intellectual Currents, 1500–1830, ed. Bernard Bailyn and Patricia L. Denault (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009), pp. 237–264; Thomas O. Beebee, Millennial Literatures of the Americas, 1492–2002 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009), chap. 1; Frank Graziano, The Millennial New World (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999).

4. John Leddy Phelan, The Millennial Kingdom of the Franciscans in the New World (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1970), p. 5.

5. Djelal Kadir, Columbus and the Ends of the Earth: Europe’s Prophetic Rhetoric as Conquering Ideology (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992), p. 54.

6. Leonard I. Sweet, “Christopher Columbus and the Millennial Vision of the New World,” Catholic Historical Review 72:3 (July 1986): 370.

7. Ralph Bauer, “Millennium’s Darker Side: The Missionary Utopias of Franciscan New Spain and Puritan New England,” in Finding Colonial Americas, ed. Carla Mulford and David S. Shields (Newark: University of Delaware Press, 2001), pp. 38–39.

8. Jaime Lara, City, Temple, Stage: Eschatological Architecture and Liturgical Theatrics in New Spain (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 2004).

9. William Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation, 1620–1647, ed. Samuel Eliot Morison (New York: Modern Library, 1967), p. 296.

10. Graziano, Millennial New World, chap. 4.

11. Julia J. S. Sarreal, The Guaraní and Their Missions: A Socioeconomic History (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2014); Sélim Abou, The Jesuit “Republic” of the Guaranis (1609–1768) and Its Heritage (New York: Crossroad, 1997).

12. Antonio Ruiz de Montoya, The Spiritual Conquest Accomplished by the Religious Society of Jesus in the Provinces of Paraguay, Paraná, Uruguay and Tape (St. Louis, MO: Institute of Jesuit Sources, 1993), p. 109.

13. Guillaume Ansart, “From Voltaire to Raynal and Diderot’s Histoire des deux Indes: The French Philosophes and Colonial America,” in America through European Eyes: British and French Reflections on the New World from the Eighteenth Century to the Present, ed. Aurelian Craiutu and Jeffrey C. Isaac (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2009), pp. 71–90.

14. Tim Blanning, The Pursuit of Glory: Europe, 1648–1815 (New York: Viking, 2007), p. 96.

15. Edward Johnson, Johnson’s Wonder-Working Providence, 1628–1651, ed. J. Franklin Jameson (New York: Scribner’s, 1910), p. 59.

16. Kenneth Shipps, “Puritan Emigration to New England,” New England Historical and Genealogical Register 135 (1981): 91, n. 43.

17. Simon Schama, The Embarrassment of Riches: An Interpretation of Dutch Culture in the Golden Age (New York: Knopf, 1987), pp. 94, 98.

18. Ibid., p. 224.

19. Jean R. Soderlund et al., eds., William Penn and the Founding of Pennsylvania, 1680–1684: A Documentary History (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1983), p. 77.

20. Ibid., pp. 77, 55, 58–65.

21. Voltaire, “On Paraguay,” in The Works of Voltaire, trans. William F. Fleming (Paris: E. R. Dumont, 1901), vol. 39, p. 269; Edith Philips, The Good Quaker in French Legend (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1932), chap. 4.

22. J. Potter, “The Growth of Population in America, 1700–1760,” in Population in History: Essays in Historical Demography, ed. D. V. Glass and D.E.C. Eversley (Chicago: Aldine, 1965), p. 638.

CHAPTER 5. Left All Alone in America

1. Thomas Coleman, The Christians Course and Complaint (London, 1643), p. 70.

2. Oliver Cromwell’s Letters and Speeches, ed. Thomas Carlyle, 2 vols. (New York: Harper, 1851), 2:263–64.

3. Journal of John Winthrop, 1630–1649, ed. Richard S. Dunn, James Savage, and Laetitia Yeandle (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996), pp. 70, 207; Records of the Governor and Company of the Massachusetts Bay in New England, 5 vols., ed. Nathaniel B. Shurtleff (Boston, 1853–54), 1:204.

4. Francis J. Bremer, “Puritan Crisis: New England and the English Civil Wars, 1630–1670” (PhD diss., Columbia University, 1972), chap. 1.

5. David W. Galenson, “The Settlement and Growth of the Colonies: Population, Labor, and Economic Development,” in The Cambridge Economic History of the United States, vol. 1: Colonial Era, ed. Stanley L. Engerman and Robert E. Gallman (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008), table 4.5.

6. Susan Hardman Moore, Pilgrims: New World Settlers and the Call of Home (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2007), pp. 55–56, 70, 82.

7. Bremer, “Puritan Crisis,” pp. 115, 217–25.

8. Journal of John Winthrop, p. 416.

9. Bremer, “Puritan Crisis,” p. 219.

10. Alison Games, The Web of Empire: English Cosmopolitans in an Age of Expansion, 1560–1660 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008).

11. Christopher Durston, Cromwell’s Major-Generals: Godly Government during the English Revolution (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2001), chap. 8; David Underdown, Fire from Heaven: The Life of an English Town in the Seventeenth Century (London: HarperCollins, 1992); David Underdown, Revel, Riot, and Rebellion: Popular Politics and Culture in England, 1603–1660 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1985).

12. Perry Miller, Errand into the Wilderness (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1956), p. 11.

13. Journal of John Winthrop, pp. 353–54.

14. Carla Gardina Pestana, The English Atlantic in an Age of Revolution, 1640–1661 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004), pp. 58–59.

15. John Coffey, “The Toleration Controversy during the English Revolution,” in Religion in Revolutionary England, ed. Christopher Durston and Judith Maltby (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2006); John Coffey, Persecution and Toleration in Protestant England, 1558–1689 (Harlow, UK: Longman, 2000); Andrew R. Murphy, Conscience and Community: Revisiting Toleration and Religious Dissent in Early Modern England and America (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2001).

16. Journal of John Winthrop, pp. 608, 635.

17. Bremer, “Puritan Crisis,” p. 283.

18. William Hooke, New-Englands Sence of Old-England and Irelands Sorrowes (London, 1645), p. 19.

19. Nicholas Guyatt, Providence and the Invention of the United States, 1607–1876 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007), p. 33.

20. Galenson, “Settlement and Growth of the Colonies,” table 4.5.

21. Edward Johnson, Johnson’s Wonder-Working Providence, 1628–1651, ed. J. Franklin Jameson (New York: Scribner’s, 1910), p. 29; Increase Mather, Returning unto God the Great Concernment of a Covenant People (Boston, 1680), p. A2; Jonathan Mitchell, Nehemiah on the Wall in Troublesome Times (Cambridge, 1671), p. 19; John Norton, The Heart of New-England Rent at the Blasphemies of the Present Generation (London, 1660), p. 79.

22. Urian Oakes, New-England Pleaded With (Cambridge, 1673), p. 17; Increase Mather, The Day of Trouble Is Near (Cambridge, 1674), p. 26; Samuel Wakeman, “To the Christian Reader,” Sound Repentance the Right Way to Escape Deserved Ruine (Boston, 1685).

23. Wakeman, “To the Christian Reader”; Increase Mather, Ichabod, or, A Discourse Shewing What Cause There Is To Fear That the Glory of the Lord Is Departing from New-England (Boston, 1702), pp. 57, 63.

24. W[illiam] Stoughton, New-Englands True Interest; Not to Lie (Cambridge, 1670), p. 10; Mather, Returning unto God, pp. A2, 10.

25. Robert Middlekauf, The Mathers: Three Generations of Puritan Intellectuals, 1596–1728 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1971), p. 101.

26. Oakes, New-England Pleaded With, pp. 20–21, 54.

27. Cotton Mather, Magnalia Christi Americana, Books I and II, ed. Kenneth B. Murdock (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1977), p. 126.

28. Ibid., pp. 129, 92–93, 89, 123, 196; Cotton Mather, Magnalia Christi Americana, 2 vols. (Hartford, CT: Andrus, 1855), 1:580.

29. Oakes, New-England Pleaded With, p. 25.

CHAPTER 6. Love Is a Bond or Ligament

1. “Arguments for the Plantation of New England,” in Winthrop Papers, 5 vols. (Boston: Massachusetts Historical Society, 1929–47), 2:106–49; [John Winthrop et al.], A Short Story of the Rise, Reign and Ruin of the Antinomians, Familists, and Libertines that Infected the Churches of New England (London, 1644).

2. The Journal of John Winthrop,1630–1649, ed. Richard S. Dunn, James Savage, and Laetitia Yeandle (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996), pp. 584–89.

3. Henry Jacie [sic] to John Winthrop Jr., c. Feb. 1635, Winthrop Papers, 3:188.

4. John Yates, A Modell of Divinitie, Catechistically Composed (London, 1622); James Harrington, Rota; or, A Model of a Free State or Equall Commonwealth (London, 1660); James Harrington, The Art of Law-Giving, Book 3, Shewing a Model Fitted unto the Present State or Balance of This Nation (London, 1659).

5. Journal of John Winthrop, p. 590.

6. Isa. 58:6–8; Deut. 15:7–8 (Geneva Bible).

7. Matt. 5:42; 1 John 3:17 (Geneva Bible).

8. Frances J. Bremer, John Winthrop: America’s Forgotten Founding Father (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003), p. 179; Abram C. Van Engen, Sympathetic Puritans: Calvinist Fellow Feeling in Early New England (New York: Oxford University Press, 2015), p. 26.

9. “An Exhortation, concerning Good Order & Obedience,” Certayne Sermons Appointed by the Queene Majesty, to be Declared and Read (1562), quoted in Darrett B. Rutman, ed., John Winthrop’s Decision for America: 1629 (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1975), p. 56; William J. Bouwsma, John Calvin: A Sixteenth-Century Portrait (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), pp. 194, 51, 201.

10. Edmund S. Morgan, “John Winthrop’s ‘Modell of Christian Charity’ in a Wider Context,” Huntington Library Quarterly 50:2 (Spring 1987): 147.

11. Thomas Smith, Sir Thomas Smithes Voiage and Entertainment in Rushia (London, 1605), p. B3.

12. William Ames, Marrow of Sacred Divinity (London, 1642), chap. 7.

13. Jonathan Edwards, Charity and Its Fruits (1738), in The Works of Jonathan Edwards, vol. 8, Ethical Writings, ed. Paul Ramsey (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1989), p. 178.

CHAPTER 7. Moralizing the Market Economy

1. Alison Games, Migration and the Origins of the English Atlantic World (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999).

2. James E. McWilliams, Building the Bay Colony: Local Economy and Culture in Early Massachusetts (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2007); Margaret Ellen Newell, From Dependency to Independence: Economic Revolution in Colonial New England (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1998); Virginia DeJohn Anderson, New England’s Generation: The Great Migration and the Formation of Society and Culture in the Seventeenth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), chap. 4; Daniel Vickers, “Competency and Competition: Economic Culture in Early America,” William and Mary Quarterly 47:1 (Jan. 1990): 3–29. On the pervasiveness of debts and obligation in contemporaneous England: Craig Muldrew, The Economy of Obligation: The Culture of Credit and Social Relations in Early Modern England (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1998).

3. Mark Valeri, “Religious Discipline and the Market: Puritans and the Issue of Usury,” William and Mary Quarterly 54:4 (Oct. 1997): 47–68; Mark Valeri, Heavenly Merchandize: How Religion Shaped Commerce in Puritan America (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2010); David D. Hall, A Reforming People: Puritanism and the Transformation of Public Life in New England (New York: Knopf, 2011), chap. 4.

4. John Winthrop to Margaret Winthrop, Nov. 12, 1629, Winthrop Papers, 5 vols. (Boston: Massachusetts Historical Society, 1929–47), 2:168; John Winthrop to Margaret Winthrop, Nov. 24, 1629, ibid., 2:174; John Winthrop to Margaret Winthrop, Feb. 5, 1629/30, ibid., 2:201–2.

5. Records of the Governor and Company of the Massachusetts Bay in New England, ed. Nathaniel B. Shurtleff, 5 vols. (Boston, 1853–54), 1:61–64.

6. “Address of John Winthrop to the Company of the Massachusetts Bay,” Winthrop Papers, 2:175.

7. Records of the Governor and Company of the Massachusetts Bay, 1:64–66.

8. “Address of John Winthrop to the Company of the Massachusetts Bay,” Winthrop Papers, 2:174–77.

9. Records of the Governor and Company of the Massachusetts Bay, 1:74, 89, 91, 109.

10. Ibid., 1:223, 307.

11. Ibid., 1:142.

12. The Journal of John Winthrop, 1630–1649, ed. Richard S. Dunn, James Savage, and Laetitia Yeandle (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996), pp. 174–75.

13. John White to John Winthrop, Nov. 16, 1636, Winthrop Papers, 3:321–23.

14. Journal of John Winthrop, p. 308.

15. Records of the Governor and Company of the Massachusetts Bay, 1:331.

16. Ibid., 1:260, 283, 284; Journal of John Winthrop, pp. 342, 424.

17. Ibid., p. 66.

18. Records of the Governor and Company of the Massachusetts Bay, 1:131–33, 253.

19. Bernard Bailyn, ed., The Apologia of Robert Keayne: The Self-Portrait of a Puritan Merchant (New York: Harper and Row, 1964); Valeri, Heavenly Merchandize, chap. 1.

20. Journal of John Winthrop, p. 307.

21. Ibid., p. 308.

22. Valeri, Heavenly Merchandize; Mark A. Peterson, The Price of Redemption: The Spiritual Economy of Puritan New England (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1997); Joseph A. Conforti, Saints and Strangers: New England in British North America (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006).

23. Wendy Warren, New England Bound: Slavery and Colonization in Early America (New York: Liveright, 2016).

CHAPTER 8. The Poor and the Boundaries of Obligation

1. Bernard Bailyn, ed., The Apologia of Robert Keayne: The Self-Portrait of a Puritan Merchant (New York: Harper and Row, 1964), pp. 45–55.

2. Ibid., pp. 6–20.

3. John Winthrop to—[1629], Winthrop Papers, 5 vols. (Boston: Massachusetts Historical Society, 1929–47), 2:122.

4. Paul Slack, Poverty and Policy in Tudor and Stuart England (London: Longman, 1988); Paul Slack, From Reformation to Improvement: Public Welfare in Early Modern England (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1999), chap. 2; Keith Wrightson and David Levine, Poverty and Piety in an English Village: Terling, 1525–1700 (New York: Academic Press, 1979); William Hunt, The Puritan Moment: The Coming of Revolution in an English County (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1983), esp. chap. 6; Steve Hindle, On the Parish? The Micro-Politics of Poor Relief in Rural England, c. 1550–1750 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2004).

5. Slack, Poverty and Policy, p. 170.

6. David Underdown, Fire from Heaven: The Life of an English Town in the Seventeenth Century (London: Harper Collins, 1992).

7. Slack, From Reformation to Improvement, p. 47.

8. Ibid., p. 86.

9. John White to John Winthrop, Nov. 16, 1636, Winthrop Papers, 3:322.

10. Records of the Governor and Company of the Massachusetts Bay in New England, ed. Nathaniel B. Shurtleff, 5 vols. (Boston, 1853–54), 1:287, 2:173, 164.

11. Marcus W. Jernegan, “The Development of Poor Relief in Colonial New England,” Social Service Review 5:2 (June 1931): 175–98; Charles R. Lee, “Public Poor Relief and the Massachusetts Community, 1620–1715,” New England Quarterly 55:4 (Dec. 1982): 564–85; Darrett B. Rutman, Winthrop’s Boston: Portrait of a Puritan Town, 1630–1649 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1965), chap. 8; Stephen Foster, Their Solitary Way: The Puritan Social Ethic in the First Century of Settlement in New England (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1971), chap. 5.

12. Record Commissioners of the City of Boston, Fourth Report: Dorchester Town Records, 2nd ed. (Boston, 1883), pp. 317, 237. Online at https://archive.org/details/fourthreportofre04bost.

13. Rutman, Winthrop’s Boston, p. 230; Lee, “Public Poor Relief,” 577, 581.

14. Barry Levy, Town Born: The Political Economy of New England from Its Founding to the Revolution (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009), pp. 47–48.

15. Record Commissioners of the City of Boston, Fourth Report: Dorchester Town Records, pp. 181, 197, 202, 208, 229, 257–58.

16. Ibid., p. 236.

17. Ibid., p. 237.

18. Ibid., pp. 214, 219.

19. Ibid., pp. 203, 207, 211, 212, 261.

20. Ibid., pp. 166, 181–82, 185.

21. Ruth Wallis Herndon, “‘Who Died an Expence to This Town’: Poor Relief in Eighteenth-Century Rhode Island,” in Down and Out in Early America, ed. Billy G. Smith (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2004); Ruth Wallis Herndon, Unwelcome Americans: Living on the Margin in Early New England (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001).

22. Gary B. Nash, “Poverty and Politics in Early American History,” in Smith, Down and Out in Early America, chap. 1; Heli Meltsner, The Poorhouses of Massachusetts: A Cultural and Architectural History (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2012).

23. I. Smith Homans, History of Boston from 1630 to 1856 (Boston: F. C. Moore, 1856), p. 55; Eric Nellis and Anne Decker Cecere, eds., The Eighteenth-Century Records of the Boston Overseers of the Poor (Boston: Colonial Society of Massachusetts, 2007), chap. 3.

24. Priscilla Ferguson Clement, Welfare and the Poor in the Nineteenth-Century City: Philadelphia, 1800–1854 (Rutherford, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1985), chap. 2; John K. Alexander, Render Them Submissive: Responses to Poverty in Philadelphia, 1760–1800 (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1980); Mara Kaktins, “Almshouses (Poorhouses),” in The Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia, http://philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/archive/almshouses-poorhouses.

25. Harold Kirker and James Kirker, Bulfinch’s Boston, 1787–1817 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1964); Meltsner, Poorhouses of Massachusetts, pp. 90–91. More generally: Christine Leigh Heyrman, “The Fashion among More Superior People: Charity and Social Change in Provincial New England, 1700–1740,” American Quarterly 34:2 (Summer 1982): 107–24.

CHAPTER 9. Inventing Foundations

1. Gary B. Nash, First City: Philadelphia and the Forging of Historical Memory (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002), p. 70; Edwin Wolf, Philadelphia: Portrait of an American City. A Bicentennial History (Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 1975); Nicholas Garrison, “A View of the House of Employment, Alms-House, Pennsylvania Hospital, and Part of the City of Philadelphia,” 1767, New York Public Library, Digital Collections, https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47d9-7ad6-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99; Benjamin Easburn, “A Plan of the City of Philadelphia, 1776,” Free Library of Philadelphia, Digital Collections, https://libwww.freelibrary.org/digital/item/MBEAAA00001.

2. Linda Colley, Britons: Forging the Nation, 1707–1837 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1992); David A. Bell, The Cult of the Nation in France: Inventing Nationalism, 1680–1800 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001); Simon Schama, The Embarrassment of Riches: An Interpretation of Dutch Culture in the Golden Age (New York: Knopf, 1987); Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism, rev. ed. (London: Verso, 1983).

3. Bell, Cult of the Nation, p. 4.

4. Wim Klooster, Revolutions in the Atlantic World: A Comparative History, new ed. (New York: New York University Press, 2018); Felipe Fernández-Armesto, The Americas: A Hemispheric History (New York: Modern Library, 2003).

5. John M. Murrin, “A Roof without Walls: The Dilemma of Early American National Identity,” in Beyond Confederation: Origins of the Constitution and American National Identity, ed. Richard Beeman et al. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1987); Michael A. McDonnell, “War and Nationhood: Founding Myths and Historical Realities,” in Remembering the Revolution: Memory, History and Nation Making from Independence to the Civil War, ed. Michael A. McDonnell et al. (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2013), pp. 19–40.

6. Simon P. Newman, Parades and the Politics of the Street: Festive Culture in the Early American Republic (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1997); Alfred F. Young, The Shoemaker and the Tea Party: Memory and the American Revolution (Boston: Beacon Press, 1999); Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger, eds., The Invention of Tradition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983); Boyd C. Shafer, Faces of Nationalism: New Realities and Old Myths (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1972), chaps. 6–7; Michael Billig, Banal Nationalism (London: Sage, 1995); Rachel Tsang and Eric Taylor Woods, eds., The Cultural Politics of Nationalism and Nation-Building: Ritual and Performance in the Forging of Nations (London: Routledge, 2014).

7. Hobsbawm and Ranger, Invention of Tradition; David Waldstreicher, In the Midst of Perpetual Fetes: The Making of American Nationalism, 1776–1820 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997); Drew Gilpin Faust, The Creation of Confederate Nationalism: Ideology and Identity in the Civil War South (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1988); John R. Gillis, ed., Commemorations: The Politics of National Identity (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994); Stefan Berger and Christoph Conrad, eds., The Past as History: National Identity and Historical Consciousness in Modern Europe (Houndmills, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014).

8. Mona Ozouf, Festivals and the French Revolution (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1988), p. 9.

9. Mark A. Noll, “The Image of the United States as a Biblical Nation, 1776–1865,” in The Bible in America: Essays in Cultural History, ed. Nathan O. Hatch and Mark A. Noll (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982), pp. 39–58; Eran Shalev, American Zion: The Old Testament as a Political Text from the Revolution to the Civil War (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2013). On Paine: Eric Foner, Tom Paine and Revolutionary America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1976).

10. David Ramsey, An Oration, Delivered on the Anniversary of American Independence, July 4th, 1794 (London, 1795), pp. 5, 17; Samuel Stillman, An Oration Delivered July 4th, 1789, at the Request of the Inhabitants of the Town of Boston (Boston, 1789), p. 20; John L. O’Sullivan, “The Great Nation of Futurity,” United States Magazine and Democratic Review 6:23 (Nov. 1839): 426–30.

11. Ralph V. Turner, Magna Carta: Through the Ages (Harlow, UK: Pearson/Longman, 2003).

12. Mona Ozouf, “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity,” in Realms of Memory: Rethinking the French Past, 3 vols., ed. Pierre Nora (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996–98), 3:77–116.

13. Pauline Maier, American Scripture: Making the Declaration of Independence (New York: Knopf, 1997), chap. 4; Newman, Parades and the Politics of the Street; Len Travers, Celebrating the Fourth: Independence Day and the Rise of Nationalism in the Early Republic (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1997).

14. Faust, Creation of Confederate Nationalism, p. 21.

CHAPTER 10. Mobile Metaphors of Nationalism

1. Malcolm Freiberg, “The Winthrops and Their Papers,” Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society 80 (1968): 55–70.

2. “Constitution of the Historical Society” and “Introductory Address from the Historical Society to the Public,” Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society 1 (1792): 1–4; Louis Leonard Tucker, The Massachusetts Historical Society: A Bicentennial History, 1791–1991 (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1995).

3. Memoirs of Hon. Thomas Lindall Winthrop, LL.D. (Boston, 1857).

4. “June Meeting, 1872,” Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society 12 (1871–73): 233–37.

5. “List of 22 Historical Books Dated 1607–1728—Sent F. B. Winthrop to Reverend Samuel Miller, 30 January 1809,” New-York Historical Society Archives, Patricia D. Klingenstein Library, New-York Historical Society. For additional details of the Model’s early years: Richard M. Gamble, In Search of the City on a Hill: The Making and Unmaking of an American Myth (London: Continuum, 2012), chap. 4.

6. Gamble, In Search of the City on a Hill, p. 95. On Folsom: Lyman Horace Weeks, ed., Prominent Families of New York, rev. ed. (New York: Historical Company, 1897), p. 221.

7. Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society, 3rd ser., 7 (1838): 29–30, 32, 33–48.

8. American Quarterly Register 13:2 (Nov. 1840): 213–20. David F. Allmendinger Jr., “The Strangeness of the American Education Society: Indigent Students and the New Charity, 1815–1840,” History of Education Quarterly 11:1 (Spring 1971): 3–22.

9. Edmund Clarence Stedman and Ellen Mackay Hutchinson, eds., A Library of American Literature from the Earliest Settlement to the Present Time, 10 vols. (New York: W. E. Benjamin, 1888), 1:304–7.

10. John Gorham Palfrey, History of New England, vol. 1 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1858), pp. 312–13; Charles F. Richardson, ed., American Literature, 1607–1885, 2 vols. (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1889–91), 1:90–91. Moses Coit Tyler gave a page to the Model in his A History of American Literature, 1607–1865 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1878). On Bancroft: Gamble, In Search of the City on a Hill, pp. 102–5.

11. Noah Webster, History of the United States (Columbus, OH: J. N. Whiting, 1841); Charles A. Goodrich, History of the United States of America on a Plan Adapted to the Capacity of Youth (Boston: Jenks, Hickling, and Swan, 1852); Edward Eggleston, A History of the United States and Its People for the Use of Schools (New York: D. Appleton, 1889); Edward Channing, A Students’ History of the United States (New York: Macmillan, 1904); David Saville Muzzey, An American History (Boston: Ginn, 1911); Woodrow Wilson, A History of the American People (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1902).

12. The Writings and Speeches of Daniel Webster, 18 vols. (Boston: Little, Brown, 1903).

13. Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Report of the Commission to Procure Memorial Statues for the National Statuary Hall at Washington (Boston, 1877).

14. Michael G. Kammen, Mystic Chords of Memory: The Transformation of Tradition in American Culture (New York: Knopf, 1991); Michael A. McDonnell et al., eds., Remembering the Revolution: Memory, History, and Nation Making from Independence to the Civil War (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2013); Harlow W. Sheidley, Sectional Nationalism: Massachusetts Conservative Leaders and the Transformation of America, 1815–1836 (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1998), chap. 5; Alfred F. Young, The Shoemaker and the Tea Party: Memory and the American Revolution (Boston: Beacon Press, 1999).

15. Annals of the Congress on the United States, 1789–1824, HeinOnline, https://www.heinonline.org/HOL/Index?index=congrec/aoc&collection=congrec; The Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution Digital Edition, ed. John P. Kaminski et al. (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2009–2018), http://rotunda.upress.virginia.edu/founders/RNCN.html.

16. John Adams to Nathaniel Greene, Mar. 1780, The Adams Papers Digital Edition, ed. C. James Taylor (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2008), http://www.upress.virginia.edu/content/adams-papers-digital-edition.

17. William Plummer Jr., An Address Delivered at Portsmouth, N.H, on the Fourth of July, 1828 (Portsmouth, NH, 1828), p. 23; Paul Dean, A Discourse, Delivered at the Annual Election, Jan. 4, 1832 (Boston, 1832), p. 34.

18. Sketch of the Life and Public Services of Gen. Lewis Cass (Washington, DC, 1848), p. 7.

19. Rev. J. W. Wiley, “The Daughters of China,” The Ladies’ Repository 15 (Mar. 1855); “On Certain Errors of Pious Students in Our Colleges,” Home, the School and the Church, or, The Presbyterian Education Repository 1 (1850): 79; “Masonic Record,” North American, or, Weekly Journal of Politics, Science, and Literature 1 (Oct. 13, 1827): 22; James L. Ridgely, Oration Delivered in Faneuil Hall, before the Independent Order of Odd Fellows (Boston, 1845), p. 38; “The Feeding of Cotton Plants,” Southern Cultivator 8 (April 1850): 49; “Book Farming,” New York Farmer 8 (June 1835): 170.

20. New York Mirror, Dec. 5, 1829, p. 174; “Brooklyn on a Hill,” New York Evangelist 62 (Feb. 12, 1891): 7; Proceedings of the National Convention of Insurance Commissioners (1918), p. 129; “Baltimore and Her Great Railroad,” American Farmer 2 (Dec. 1867): 178; “Some Things about Akron,” Ohio Farmer 18 (May 15, 1869): 312; Albert D. Richardson, Our New States and Territories, Being Notes of a Recent Tour of Observations through Colorado, Utah, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, Montana, Washington Territory, and California (New York, 1866), p. 44.

21. Jonathan Kittredge, An Address Delivered before the Temperance Society of Plymouth, N.H., July 4, 1829 (Boston, 1830), p. 18; Irving Fisher, “Can Prohibition Drive Out Drink?,” Independent, Jan. 4, 1919, p. 97.

22. “New Hampshire Democracy and Massachusetts Whigism,” Liberator 16 (Mar. 6, 1846), p. 38.

23. Charles W. Webber, The Gold Mines of the Gila, vol. 2 (New York, 1849), p. 175.

24. The Morality of Public Men: A Second Letter to the Right Hon. the Earl of Derby (London, 1853), p. 12; [Elizabeth Heyrick], Appeal to the Hearts and Consciences of British Women (Leicester, 1828), p. 15.

25. Maximilien Robespierre, “Sur les principes de morale politique qui doivent guider la convention nationale dans l’administration intérieure de la république,” in Oeuvres de Robespierre, ed. A. Vermorel (Paris, 1866), p. 295. On Michelet: Tzvetan Todorov, On Human Diversity: Nationalism, Racism, and Exoticism in French Thought (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993), pp. 210–11. More generally: Tyler Stovall, Transnational France: The Modern History of a Universal Nation (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2015).

26. James E. Sanders, The Vanguard of the Atlantic World: Creating Modernity, Nation, and Democracy in Nineteenth-Century Latin America (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2014), pp. 85, 88.

27. Samuel Sherwood, The Church’s Flight into the Wilderness: An Address on the Times (New York, 1776), pp. 46–47. More generally: James P. Byrd, Sacred Scripture, Sacred War: The Bible and the American Revolution (New York: Oxford University Press, 2013); Nicholas Guyatt, Providence and the Invention of the United States, 1607–1876 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007); Mark A. Noll, “The Image of the United States as a Biblical Nation, 1776–1865,” in The Bible in America: Essays in Cultural History, ed. Nathan O. Hatch and Mark A. Noll (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982), pp. 39–58.

28. Harriet Beecher Stowe, “Poganuc People,” in The Writings of Harriet Beecher Stowe , 16 vols., Riverside ed. (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1896), 11:139–40.

29. Andrew Jackson, “Farewell Address,” Mar. 4, 1837, The American Presidency Project, Gerhard Peters and John Woolley, eds., http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu.

30. William Carey Crane, Life and Selected Literary Remains of Sam Houston of Texas (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1884), p. 287; John L. O’Sullivan, “The Great Nation of Futurity,” United States Magazine and Democratic Review 6:23 (Nov. 1839): 430; Charleston Courier, July 4, 1845, quoted in Merle Curti, The Roots of American Loyalty (New York: Columbia University Press, 1946), p. 68.

31. Quoted in Drew Gilpin Faust, The Creation of Confederate Nationalism: Ideology and Identity in the Civil War South (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2006), p. 26.

32. Guyatt, Providence and the Invention of the United States, p. 66; Mary Anne Perkins, Nation and Word, 1770–1850: Religious and Metaphorical Language in European National Consciousness (Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 1999), p. 165.

33. Pasi Ihalainen, Protestant Nations Redefined: Changing Perceptions of National Identity in the Rhetoric of the English, Dutch, and Swedish Public Churches, 1685–1772 (Leiden: Brill, 2005), pp. 135–36; Simon Schama, The Embarrassment of Riches: An Interpretation of Dutch Culture in the Golden Age (New York: Knopf, 1987), chap. 2; Philip S. Gorski, “The Mosaic Moment: An Early Modernist Critique of Modernist Theories of Nationalism,” American Journal of Sociology 105:5 (Mar. 2000): 1428–68.

34. Quoted in Michael Lind, The Next American Nation: The New Nationalism and the Fourth American Revolution (New York: Free Press, 1996), p. 231.

35. Perkins, Nation and Word, p. 146. See also “Chosen Peoples,” special issue of Nations and Nationalism 5:3 (July 1999); Anthony D. Smith, Chosen Peoples (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003).

36. Todd Gitlin and Liel Liebovitz, The Chosen Peoples: America, Israel, and the Ordeals of Divine Election (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2010), chap. 1.

37. Thomas Jefferson, “Inaugural Address,” Mar. 4, 1801, The American Presidency Project, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu; John Adams to Benjamin Rush, Oct. 22, 1812, in Old Family Letters (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1892), p. 311; Robert C. Winthrop, “The Oregon Question and the Treaty of Washington,” Mar. 18, 1844, quoted in Guyatt, Providence and the Invention of the United States, p. 222; Abraham Lincoln, “Address to the New Jersey State Senate, Feb. 21, 1861,” Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, ed. Roy P. Basler et al., 9 vols. (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1953–55), 4:236.

CHAPTER 11. From the Top Mast

1. Herman Melville, White-Jacket; or, The World in a Man-of-War (1850), The Writings of Herman Melville, Northwestern-Newberry ed., vol. 5 (Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1970), pp. 3–5

2. Ibid., pp. 150–51.

3. Henry Southgate, ed., Many Thoughts of Many Minds, 3rd ed. (London: Griffin, Bone, 1862), p. 468; Elon Foster, New Cyclopaedia of Prose Illustrations (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1877), pp. 612–13.

4. The Letters of Herman Melville, ed. Merrell R. Davis and William H. Gilman (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1960), p. 106; Willard Thorp, “Historical Note,” to Melville, White-Jacket.

5. Melville, White-Jacket, pp. 138, 297 and, more generally, chaps. 33–36.

6. Ibid., pp. 375, 194.

7. O. A. Brownson, An Address Delivered at Dedham on the Fifty-Eighth Anniversary of American Independence, July 4, 1834 (Dedham, MA, 1834), pp. 3–4, 10; O. A. Brownson, An Oration before the Democracy of Worcester and Vicinity, Delivered at Worcester, Mass., July 4, 1840 (Boston, 1840), p. 34.

8. Margaret Fuller, “American Facts,” in Life Without and Life Within: Reviews, Narratives, Essays, and Poems (Boston, 1859), p. 108.

9. “The Stain on Our National Character,” Liberator, Apr. 7, 1848, p. 54.

10. American Anti-Slavery Society, Annual Report (New York, 1855), p. 13.

11. Frederick Douglass, “Anthony Burns Returned to Slavery,” in Frederick Douglass, Selected Speeches and Writings, ed. Philip S. Foner (Chicago: Lawrence Hill Books, 1999), p. 281.

12. Frederick Douglass, “The Dred Scott Decision,” in Douglass, Selected Speeches and Writings, p. 350. More generally: David W. Blight, Frederick Douglass’ Civil War: Keeping Faith in Jubilee (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1989).

13. Sacvan Bercovitch, The Puritan Origins of the American Self (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1975).

14. Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, ed. Roy P. Basler et al., 9 vols. (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1953–55), searchable online at https://quod.lib.umich.edu/l/lincoln. Lincoln used the “almost chosen people” phrase in his “Address to the New Jersey State Senate, Feb. 21, 1861,” ibid., 4:236.

15. Mark A. Noll, America’s God: From Jonathan Edwards to Abraham Lincoln (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), pp. 432, 433; George Rable, God’s Almost Chosen Peoples: A Religious History of the American Civil War (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2010), p. 55.

16. Drew Gilpin Faust, The Creation of Confederate Nationalism: Ideology and Identity in the Civil War South (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1988), p. 29.

17. Harry S. Stout, Upon the Altar of the Nation: A Moral History of the American Civil War (New York: Viking, 2006); Nicholas Guyatt, Providence and the Invention of the United States, 1607–1876 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007), chap. 7; Leonard Rogoff, “Who Is Israel? Yankees, Confederates, African Americans, and Jews,” American Jewish Archives Journal 64:1–2 (2012): 33.

18. Abraham Lincoln, “Second Inaugural Address, Mar. 4, 1865,” Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, 8:333; Richard Carwardine, “Lincoln’s Religion,” in Our Lincoln: New Perspectives on Lincoln and His World, ed. Eric Foner (New York: W. W. Norton, 2008), p. 238.

19. Abraham Lincoln, “Address at Independence Hall in Philadelphia, Feb. 22, 1861,” Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, 4:240.

CHAPTER 12. Constructing a City on a Hill in Africa

1. Quoted in Richard West, Back to Africa: A History of Sierra Leone and Liberia (London: Cape, 1970), pp. 139–40. On the American Colonization Society and its Liberia project: James Ciment, Another America: The Story of Liberia and the Former Slaves Who Ruled It (New York: Hill and Wang, 2013); Nicholas Guyatt, “‘The Outskirts of Our Happiness’: Race and the Lure of Colonization in the Early Republic,” Journal of American History 95:4 (Mar. 2009): 986–1011; Claude A. Clegg III, The Price of Liberty: African Americans and the Making of Liberia (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004); Charles S. Johnson, Bitter Canaan: The Story of the Negro Republic (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books, 1987); Tom W. Shick, Behold the Promised Land: A History of Afro-American Settler Society in Nineteenth-Century Liberia (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980).

2. Tom W. Shick, “A Quantitative Analysis of Liberian Colonization from 1820 to 1843 with Special Reference to Mortality,” Journal of African History 12:1 (1971): 45–59.

3. “Address Delivered before a Society in North Carolina, Auxiliary to the Society at Washington, for Colonizing the Free People of Colour on the Coast of Africa,” African Repository 3:3 (May 1827); “Twenty-First Annual Meeting of the American Colonization Society,” African Repository 14:1 (Jan. 1838).

4. American Colonization Society, Eighth Annual Report (Washington, DC, 1825), pp. 13–14.

5. Leslie M. Alexander, African or American? Black Identity and Political Activism in New York City, 1784–1861 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2008), p.180; Frederick Douglass, “Henry Clay,” North Star, Jan. 28, 1848; Frederick Douglass’ Paper, Feb. 26, 1852.

6. Frederick Douglass, “Emigration to Hayti,” Douglass’ Monthly, Jan. 1861; Frederick Douglass, “A Trip to Haiti,” Douglass’ Monthly, May 1861. On Douglass and the emigration movement: David W. Blight, Frederick Douglass’ Civil War: Keeping Faith in Jubilee (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1989), chap. 6.

7. Joseph Saye Guannu, ed., The Inaugural Addresses of the Presidents of Liberia: From Joseph Jenkins Roberts to William Richard Tolbert, Jr., 1848 to 1976 (Hicksville, NY: Exposition Press, 1980), pp. 84, 28, 179.

8. Hollis R. Lynch, ed., Black Spokesman: Selected Published Writings of Edward Wilmot Blyden (New York: Humanities Press, 1971), pp. 27, 50, 43.

9. Guannu, Inaugural Addresses of the Presidents of Liberia, p. 13; Lynch, Black Spokesman, p. 79.

10. Hilary Teage, “Liberia Anniversary Oration, Delivered December 1st, 1846, in the Baptist Church of Monrovia,” African Repository 239: 9 (Sept. 1847); Guannu, Inaugural Addresses of the Presidents of Liberia, pp. 63, 78, 87.

11. Booker T. Washington, ed., Tuskegee and Its People: Their Ideals and Achievements (New York: Appleton, 1905), p. 56; “Bishop W. T. Vernon on Booker T. Washington,” Chicago Defender, Apr. 25, 1931, p. 15.

12. Louis R. Harlan, “Booker T. Washington and the White Man’s Burden,” American Historical Review 71:2 (Jan. 1966): 441–67; Louis R. Harlan, Booker T. Washington: The Wizard of Tuskegee, 1901–1915 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1983), chap. 11.

13. West, Back to Africa, p. 267; Ibrahim Sundiata, Brothers and Strangers: Black Zion, Black Slavery, 1914–1940 (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2003), p. 19.

14. W.E.B. Du Bois, “The African Roots of War,” Atlantic Monthly 115 (May 1915): 707–14. On Du Bois and Africa: David Levering Lewis, W.E.B. Du Bois: A Biography (New York: Henry Holt, 2009), chap. 15; Frank Chalk, “Du Bois and Garvey Confront Liberia: Two Incidents of the Coolidge Years,” Canadian Journal of African Studies 1:2 (Nov. 1967): 135–42; James Campbell, Middle Passages: African American Journeys to Africa, 1787–2005 (New York: Penguin, 2006), chap. 6.

15. W.E.B. Du Bois, “Little Portraits of Africa,” Crisis, Apr. 1924, pp. 273–74; W.E.B. Du Bois, Dusk of Dawn: An Essay toward an Autobiography of a Race Concept (New York: Schocken Books, 1940), chap. 5; W.E.B. Du Bois, “The Primitive Black Man,” Nation, Dec. 17, 1924, 675–76.

16. Du Bois, “Little Portraits of Africa”; Langston Hughes, “Ships, Sea, and Africa: Random Impressions of a Sailor on His First Trip down the West Coast of the Motherland,” Crisis, Dec. 1923, pp. 69–71.

17. W.E.B. Du Bois, “Worlds of Color,” Foreign Affairs 3:3 (Apr. 1925): 444; W.E.B. Du Bois, “Sensitive Liberia,” Crisis, May 1924, p. 10.

18. Du Bois, “Worlds of Color,” p. 444.

CHAPTER 13. The Carnage of God’s Chosen Nations

1. Lloyd C. Gardner, Walter F. LaFeber, and Thomas J. McCormick, Creation of the American Empire: U.S. Diplomatic History (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1973), p. 4; Dennis Merrill and Thomas G. Paterson, eds., Major Problems in American Foreign Relations: Documents and Essays, vol. 1, To 1920, 7th ed. (Boston: Wadsworth, 2010), p. 31.

2. Walter A. McDougall, Promised Land, Crusader State: The American Encounter with the World since 1776 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1997); Robert Kagan, Dangerous Nation (New York: Knopf, 2006); Andrew J. Bacevich, The Limits of Power: The End of American Exceptionalism (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2008); Andrew Preston, Sword of the Spirit, Shield of Faith: Religion in American War and Diplomacy (New York: Knopf, 2012). McDougall partially retracted his earlier thesis in “The Unlikely History of American Exceptionalism,” American Interest 8:4 (Mar.–Apr. 2013): 6–15.

3. John L. O’Sullivan, “Annexation,” United States Magazine and Democratic Review 17 (July–Aug. 1845): 5–10; Albert J. Beveridge, The Meaning of the Times and Other Speeches (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1908), p. 85.

4. Perry Anderson, “Imperium,” New Left Review 83 (Sept.–Oct. 1983): 6.

5. Thomas Foxcroft, Grateful Reflexions on the Signal Appearances of Divine Providence for Great Britain and Its Colonies in America (Boston, 1760), pp. 11, 9. More generally: Nicholas S. Guyatt, Providence and the Invention of the United States, 1607–1876 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007), chap. 2.

6. Jane Burbank and Frederick Cooper, Empires in World History (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2010); Charles S. Maier, Among Empires: American Ascendancy and Its Predecessors (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006).

7. Walter Nugent, Habits of Empire: A History of American Expansion (New York: Knopf, 2008); Thomas Bender, A Nation among Nations: America’s Place in World History (New York: Hill and Wang, 2006), chap. 4; Frank Ninkovitch, The United States and Imperialism (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2001); Walter Johnson, River of Dark Dreams: Slavery and Empire in the Cotton Kingdom (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2013).

8. Peter J. Kastor and Francois Weil, eds., Empires of the Imagination: Transatlantic Histories of the Louisiana Purchase (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2009).

9. Pekka Hämäläinen, The Comanche Empire (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2008).

10. Theodore Roosevelt, “Fourth Annual Message to Congress,” Dec. 6, 1904, The American Presidency Project, Gerhard Peters and John Woolley, eds., http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu.

11. Alice L. Conklin, A Mission to Civilize: The Republican Idea of Empire in France and West Africa, 1895–1930 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1997); Sebastian Conrad, German Colonialism: A Short History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012); Burbank and Cooper, Empires in World History; Duncan Bell, “Ideologies of Empire,” in The Oxford Handbook of Political Ideologies, ed. Michael Freeden and Marc Stears (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013).

12. Albert J. Beveridge, “The Star of Empire,” in Beveridge, Meaning of the Times, pp. 120–21, 131, 133.

13. Albert J. Beveridge, “Speech in the U.S. Senate,” Congressional Record, Jan. 9, 1900, pp. 704, 712.

14. Robert D. Schulzinger, American Diplomacy in the Twentieth Century, 3rd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), p. 11.

15. Albert Marrin, The Last Crusade: The Church of England in the First World War (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1974), pp. 142, 135; Gerhard Besier, ed., Die protestantischen Kirchen Europas im Ersten Weltkrieg (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht, 1984), pp. 157, 17; Alice L. Conklin, Sarah Fishman, and Robert Zaretsky, France and Its Empire since 1870, 2nd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2015), p. 132.

16. David Roberts, ed., Minds at War: Poetry of the First World War in Context (Burgess Hill, UK: Saxon Books, 1996), p. 46; Besier, Die protestantischen Kirchen Europas, pp. 156, 18.

17. Roberts, Minds at War, p. 338.

18. Samuel Eliot Morison, ed., The Humble Request of the Massachusetts Puritans and A Modell of Christian Charity by John Winthrop, 1630, Old South Leaflets no. 207 (Boston, 1916), pp. 1–2.

19. Woodrow Wilson, A History of the American People (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1903); John Fiske, The Beginnings of New England (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1889); Henry Cabot Lodge, A Short History of the English Colonies in America (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1881).

20. Woodrow Wilson, “The Course of American History,” in Woodrow Wilson, Mere Literature, and Other Essays (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1896).

21. Woodrow Wilson, “Message to the National Army, Aug. 7, 1917,” The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, ed. Arthur S. Link et al., 69 vols. (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1966–94), 43:380; Woodrow Wilson, “Address to the Senate, July 10, 1919,” ibid., 61:427–28.

22. Woodrow Wilson, “Annual Message to Congress, Dec. 4, 1917,” ibid., 45:202; Woodrow Wilson, “Remarks to Confederate Veterans, June 5, 1917,” ibid., 42:452. See also Richard M. Gamble, The War for Righteousness: Progressive Christianity, the Great War, and the Rise of the Messianic Nation (Wilmington, DE: ISI Books, 2003).

23. Thomas J. Knock, To End All Wars: Woodrow Wilson and the Quest for a New World Order (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995).

24. Woodrow Wilson, “Campaign Address in Jersey City, May 25, 1912,” Papers of Woodrow Wilson, 24:443; Woodrow Wilson, “Address to the U.S. Senate, July 10, 1919,” ibid., 61:436; Woodrow Wilson, “Speech at Coeur D’Alene, Sept. 12, 1919,” ibid., 63:213; Woodrow Wilson “Speech at Pueblo, NM, Sept. 25, 1919,” ibid., 63:512.

25. A. J. Hoover, God, Germany, and Britain in the Great War: A Study in Clerical Nationalism (New York: Praeger, 1989), pp. 90, 69; Besier, Die protestantischen Kirchen Europas, p. 131. See also Philip Jenkins, The Great and Holy War: How World War I Became a Religious Crusade (New York: HarperOne, 2014); John F. Piper Jr., The American Churches in World War I (Athens: Ohio University Press, 1985).

26. Mary Borden, The Forbidden Zone (London: Heinemann, 1929), pp. 183–84.

CHAPTER 14. The Historical Embarrassments of New England

1. Tercentenary of the Founding of Boston: An Account of the Celebration Marking the Three Hundredth Anniversary of the Settlement of the Site of the City of Boston, Massachusetts, 1930 (Boston: City of Boston Printing Department, 1930). Online at https://archive.org/stream/tercentenaryoffo00bost/tercentenaryoffo00bost_djvu.txt.

2. Edwin Markham, “Ode to Boston,” in Tercentenary of the Founding of Boston.

3. “Commission Approves Design of Memorial Commemorating Establishment of Boston,” Daily Boston Globe, Jan. 16, 1930, p. 10.

4. Harlow W. Sheidley, Sectional Nationalism: Massachusetts Conservative Leaders and the Transformation of America, 1815–1836 (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1998), pp. 141–45.

5. Joseph A. Conforti, Imagining New England: Explorations of Regional Identity from the Pilgrims to the Mid-Twentieth Century (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001); Stephanie Kermes, Creating an American Identity: New England, 1789–1825 (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008); Sheidley, Sectional Nationalism; John D. Seelye, Memory’s Nation: The Place of Plymouth Rock (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998); Lawrence Buell, New England Literary Culture: From Revolution through Renaissance (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986), chap. 8; Ruth Miller Elson, Guardians of Tradition: American Schoolbooks of the Nineteenth Century (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1964), pp. 169–73.

6. Wesley Frank Craven, The Legend of the Founding Fathers (New York: New York University Press, 1956).

7. George Bancroft, History of the United States from the Discovery of the American Continent to the Present Time, 10 vols. (Boston: Charles Bowen, etc., 1834–74), 1:393–94.

8. Sheidley, Sectional Nationalism, p. 126. See also Ann Uhry Abrams, The Pilgrims and Pocahontas: Rival Myths of American Origins (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1999).

9. Quoted in Seelye, Memory’s Nation, p. 258; Joshua Barker Whitridge, An Oration Delivered on the Anniversary of the New-England Society, Charleston, S.C., Delivered December 22, 1835 (Charleston, SC, 1836), p. 15; Robert C. Winthrop, An Address Delivered before the New England Society in the City of New York, Dec. 23, 1839 (Boston, 1840), pp. 13, 59.

10. Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, 4 vols., trans. James T. Schleifer (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 2010), 1:110–14.

11. Ibid., 1:52–53, 2:455. See also George Wilson Pierson, Tocqueville in America, abridged ed. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), chap. 8.

12. R. B. Bernstein, The Founding Fathers Reconsidered (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009).

13. David W. Galenson, “The Settlement and Growth of the Colonies: Population, Labor, and Economic Development,” Daniel Vickers, “The Northern Colonies: Economy and Society, 1600–1775,” and Russell E. Menard, “Economic and Social Development of the South,” all in Stanley L. Engerman and Robert E. Gallman, The Cambridge Economic History of the United States, vol. 1, The Colonial Era (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Nicholas Canny, “English Migration into and across the Atlantic in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries,” in Europeans on the Move: Studies in European Migration, 1500–1800, ed. Nicholas Canny (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994), pp. 39–75.

14. Mark A. Peterson, “Life on the Margins: Boston’s Anxieties of Influence in the Atlantic World,” in The Atlantic World: Essays on Slavery, Migration, and Imagination, ed. Wim Klooster and Alfred Padula (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2005), pp. 45–59; Vickers, “Northern Colonies,” p. 235; Galenson, “Settlement and Growth of the Colonies,” p. 198.

15. Susan-Mary Grant, North Over South: Northern Nationalism and American Identity in the Antebellum Era (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2000).

16. John Fiske, The Beginnings of New England; or, the Puritan Theocracy in Its Relations to Civil and Religious Liberty (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1889); Charles Francis Adams, Three Episodes of Massachusetts History (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1892).

17. Herbert Sherman Houston, “Memorials of Phillips Brooks,” Outlook 61:1 (Jan. 7, 1899): 61; Kenyon Cox, “Augustus Saint Gaudens,” Century Illustrated Magazine 35:1 (Nov. 1887): 30.

18. William Carlos Williams, In the American Grain (New York: Boni, 1925), pp. 67, 65.

19. Samuel Eliot Morison, “Those Misunderstood Puritans,” Forum and Century 85 (Mar. 1931): 142–47.

20. Mark L. Sargent, “The Conservative Covenant: The Rise of the Mayflower Compact in American Myth,” New England Quarterly 61:2 (June 1988): 233–51, esp. p. 248; Seelye, Memory’s Nation; Peter J. Gomes, “Puritans and Pilgrims: ‘Heroes’ and ‘Villains” in the Creation of the American Past,” Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society, 3rd ser., 95 (1983): 1–16.

21. Edmund S. Morgan, Roger Williams: The Church and the State (New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1967).

22. Adams, Three Episodes, pp. 569, 488.

23. Francis J. Bremer, “Remembering—and Forgetting—John Winthrop and the Puritan Founders,” Massachusetts Historical Review 6 (2004): 38–69.

24. Vernon Louis Parrington, Main Currents in American Thought, vol. 1, The Colonial Mind (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1927), pp. 6, vii, 43, 47, 50.

25. Tercentenary of the Founding of Boston; “Racial Groups’ Tercentenary Program Begins Tomorrow,” Daily Boston Globe, July 13, 1930, p. B8.

26. None of the printed publications of the Tercentenary Commission included mention of the Model: Samuel Eliot Morison, Historical Background for the Massachusetts Bay Tercentenary in 1930 (Boston, 1928); Massachusetts Historical Society, The Founding of Massachusetts: A Selection from the Sources of the History of the Settlement, 1628–1631 (Boston, 1930); Mrs. N. S. Bell, Pathways of the Puritans (Framingham, MA, 1930); Massachusetts Department of Education, Material Suggested for Use in the Schools in Observance of the Tercentenary of Massachusetts Bay Colony (Boston, 1930).

CHAPTER 15. Puritanism in an Existentialist Key

1. On Perry Miller as a teacher and historian: Edmund S. Morgan, “Perry Miller and the Historians,” Harvard Review 2:2 (1964): 52–59; Ann Douglas, “The Mind of Perry Miller,” New Republic, Feb. 3, 1982, pp. 26–30; Nicholas Guyatt, “‘An Instrument of National Policy’: Perry Miller and the Cold War,” Journal of American Studies 36:1 (Apr. 2002): 107–49; David Levin, “Perry Miller at Harvard,” Southern Review 19 (Oct. 1983): 802–16; Kenneth S. Lynn, “Perry Miller,” American Scholar 52:2 (Spring 1983): 221–27.

2. Albert J. Gelpi, “Perry Miller, 1905–1963,” Harvard Review 2:2 (1964): 5–7.

3. Perry Miller, Errand into the Wilderness (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1956), p. viii; Elizabeth Miller to Sanford Searl Jr., quoted in Rivka Maizlish, “Rethinking the Origins of American Studies (with Help from Perry Miller),” U.S. Intellectual History Blog, Nov. 13, 2013, https://s-usih.org/2013/11/rethinking-the-origin-of-american-studies-with-help-from-perry-miller.

4. Miller, Errand into the Wilderness, pp. 16, viii.

5. Perry Miller and Thomas H. Johnson, eds., The Puritans: A Sourcebook of Their Writings, 2 vols. (New York: American Book Company, 1938), 1:1.

6. Vernon Louis Parrington, Main Currents in American Thought, vol. 1, The Colonial Mind, 1620–1800 (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1927), p. 6.

7. Perry Miller, “The Marrow of Puritan Divinity,” Publications of the Colonial Society of Massachusetts (Feb. 1935), reprinted in Miller, Errand into the Wilderness. Miller’s full statement came in Perry Miller, The New England Mind: The Seventeenth Century (New York: Macmillan, 1939).

8. Miller and Johnson, Puritans, 1:195–99.

9. Miller, New England Mind: The Seventeenth Century, pp. 477, 483.

10. Ibid., p. 477.

11. Ibid., chap. 1.

12. Ibid., p. 10.

13. Miller, “Marrow of Puritan Divinity,” in Miller, Errand into the Wilderness, p. 65; Miller, New England Mind: The Seventeenth Century, p. 487.

14. George Cotkin, Existential America (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003).

15. Miller and Johnson, Puritans, 1:63.

16. For Miller’s and Niebuhr’s assessments of each other: Perry Miller, “The Great Method,” Nation 169:6 (Aug. 6, 1949): 138–39; Perry Miller, “The Influence of Reinhold Niebuhr,” Reporter, May 1, 1958, pp. 39–40; Reinhold Niebuhr, review of Perry Miller, The New England Mind: From Colony to Province, New Republic 129:5 (Aug. 31, 1953): 18; Reinhold Niebuhr, “Perry Miller and Our Embarrassment,” Harvard Review 2:2 (1964): 49–51.

17. Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., A Life in the Twentieth Century: Innocent Beginnings, 1917–1950 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2000), pp. 161–63; Robert Coles, “Dr. Percy’s Hold on Medicine,” in The Last Physician: Walker Percy and the Moral Life of Medicine, ed. Carl Elliott and John Lantos (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1999), p. 12; Robert Coles, Lives We Carry with Us: Profiles of Moral Courage, ed. David D. Cooper (New York: New Press, 2010).

18. Perry Miller, “Errand into the Wilderness,” first delivered as a lecture at Brown University in 1952, reprinted in Miller, Errand into the Wilderness. An extensive critical literature soon grew up around the essay. Among the particularly acute contributions: Andrew Delbanco, “The Puritan Errand Re-viewed,” Journal of American Studies 18:3 (Dec. 1984): 343–60; Theodore Dwight Bozeman, “The Puritans’ ‘Errand into the Wilderness’ Reconsidered,” New England Quarterly 59:2 (June 1986): 231–51; Theodore Dwight Bozeman, To Live Ancient Lives: The Primitivist Dimension in Puritanism (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988); Gordon S. Wood, “Struggle over the Puritans,” New York Review of Books, Nov. 9, 1989, pp. 26–34; David D. Hall, “Narrating Puritanism,” in New Directions in American Religious History, ed. Harry S. Stout and D. G. Hart (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997).

19. Perry Miller, The New England Mind: From Colony to Province (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1953), p. 25.

20. Miller, “Errand into the Wilderness,” in Miller, Errand into the Wilderness, p. 11.

21. Perry Miller, “Liberty and Conformity” (1958), in Perry Miller, The Responsibility of Mind in a Civilization of Machines (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1979).

22. Miller, “Errand into the Wilderness,” p. 13; Miller, New England Mind: From Colony to Province, p. 485.

23. Perry Miller, “The Shaping of the American Character” (1955), in Miller, Nature’s Nation, pp. 12–13.

24. Perry Miller, “The Social Context of the Covenant” (1953), in Miller, Responsibility of Mind, p. 157.

CHAPTER 16. Arguing over the Puritans during the Cold War

1. Philip Gleason, “World War II and the Development of American Studies,” American Quarterly 36:3 (1984): 343–58; Stephen J. Whitfield, The Culture of the Cold War (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991); Wendy L. Wall, Inventing the “American Way”: The Politics of Consensus from the New Deal to the Civil Rights Movement (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008); Robert H. Walker, American Studies in the United States: A Survey of College Programs (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1958); “The American Studies Movement: A Thirty-Year Retrospective,” American Quarterly 31:3 (1979): 289–406; Marvin Wachman, “Colgate’s Course in the American Idea,” Journal of Higher Education 26:5 (May 1955): 243.

2. Perry Miller, “What Drove Me Crazy in Europe,” Atlantic Monthly 187 (Mar. 1951): 41, 45.

3. William Benton, “The Struggle for the Minds and Loyalties of Mankind,” Congressional Record, Mar. 22, 1950, pp. 3763–65.

4. Dwight D. Eisenhower, “Address Accepting the Presidential Nomination at the Republican National Convention in Chicago,” July 11, 1952, The American Presidency Project (hereafter “APP”), Gerhard Peters and John Woolley, eds., http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu.

5. John Jessup, The Third Estate: Selections from the Writings of John Knox Jessup, ed. Henry Grunwald (privately printed), pp. 29, 32.

6. Clinton Rossiter, “The American Mission,” American Scholar 20:1 (Winter 1950/51): 19–28; Harvey Wish, Society and Thought in America, vol. 1 (New York: Longmans, Green, 1950), chap. 2; Edward M. Burns, The American Idea of Mission: Concepts of National Purpose and Destiny (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1957).

7. Edmund S. Morgan, The Puritan Dilemma: The Story of John Winthrop (Boston: Little, Brown, 1958); Jon Butler, “In Memoriam: Edmund Sears Morgan,” Perspectives on History, Dec. 2013, p. 39.

8. Daniel J. Boorstin, The Americans: The Colonial Experience (New York: Random House, 1958), bk. 1.

9. John P. Diggins, “The Perils of Naturalism: Some Reflections on Daniel J. Boorstin’s Approach to American History,” American Quarterly 23:2 (May 1971): 153–80; Daniel J. Boorstin, The Lost World of Thomas Jefferson (New York: Holt, 1948); Daniel J. Boorstin, The Genius of American Politics (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1953), p. 187.

10. Daniel J. Boorstin, ed., An American Primer (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1966).

11. John F. Kennedy, “Inaugural Address,” Jan. 20, 1961, APP.

12. “Text of Kennedy’s Speech,” New York Times, Jan. 10, 1961, p. 20.

13. Richard M. Gamble, In Search of the City on a Hill: The Making and Unmaking of an American Myth (London: Continuum, 2012), p. 133; Arthur S. Schlesinger Jr. to “Fred,” c. Jan. 6, 1961, in John F. Kennedy Papers, Speech Files, Address to the Massachusetts State Legislature, Jan. 9, 1961, https://www.jfklibrary.org/Asset-Viewer/Archives/JFKPOF-034-001.aspx; “The Progressive Spirit in an Age of Conformity—Address by Senator Douglas,” Congressional Record, appx., Mar. 2, 1957, pp. A1659–60.

14. “State House Talk Seen as Call for Moral Uplift in Bay State,” Boston Globe, Jan. 10, 1961, p. 1; “Kennedy Pledges Rule of Integrity,” New York Times, Jan. 10, 1961, pp. 1ff.; Charles L. Whipple, “Dirty Money in Boston,” Atlantic Monthly, Mar. 1961, pp. 41–46.

15. John F. Kennedy, “Remarks at a Dinner for the Big Brothers of America,” June 7, 1961, APP.

16. John W. Jeffries, “The ‘Quest for National Purpose’ of 1960,” American Quarterly 30:4 (Autumn 1978): 451–70; John K. Jessup, “A Noble Framework for a Great Debate,” Life, May 23, 1960, p. 25.

17. John F. Kennedy, “We Must Climb to the Hilltop,” Life, Aug. 22, 1960, pp. 70ff.

18. Albert H. Rosenthal, “Ideas Are Weapons,” Congressional Record, appx., Sept. 6, 1961, pp. A7021–22.

19. Lyndon B. Johnson, “Remarks in Boston at Post Office Square,” Oct. 27, 1964, APP; Richard M. Nixon, “Remarks to the 89th Annual International Meeting of the Knights of Columbus in New York City,” Aug. 17, 1971, APP; George McGovern, An American Journey: The Presidential Campaign Speeches of George McGovern (New York: Randon House, 1974), p. 212.

20. Robert F. Kennedy, “Racial Problems in the North: Speech to the National Council of Christians and Jews,” in RFK: Collected Speeches, ed. Edwin Guthman and C. Richard Allen (New York: Viking, 1993), p. 158; Hubert Humphrey, “Address to the Citizens Crusade against Poverty,” Feb. 10, 1965, Congressional Record, Feb. 17, 1965, p. 2824.

21. Oscar Handlin, ed., American Principles and Issues: The National Purpose (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1961), pp. 33–34.

22. Merle Curti, The Growth of American Thought, 2nd ed. (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1943); Boorstin, An American Primer; Loren Baritz, ed., Sources of the American Mind: A Collection of Documents and Texts in American Intellectual History (New York: Wiley, 1966); Cleanth Brooks, R.W.B. Lewis, and Robert Penn Warren, eds., American Literature: The Makers and the Making (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1973).

23. Robert N. Bellah, “Civil Religion in America,” Daedalus 96:1 (Winter 1967): 1–21; Robert N. Bellah, The Broken Covenant: American Civil Religion in Time of Trial (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1975).

24. Thomas A. Bailey and David M. Kennedy, American Pageant: A History of the Republic, 6th ed. (Lexington, MA: D. C. Heath, 1979); Charles M. Dollar et al., eds., America: Changing Times (New York: Wiley, 1979).

25. John F. Kennedy, “Three Women of Courage,” McCall’s, Jan. 1958.

26. Rev. D. Paul Reaser in the Congressional Record, July 20, 1973, p. 25249.

27. Christopher Looby, “Scholar and Exegete: A Tribute to Sacvan Bercovitch,” Early American Literature 39:1 (2004): 1–9; Sacvan Bercovitch, “Introduction: The Music of America,” in his The Rites of Assent: Transformations in the Symbolic Construction of America (New York: Routledge, 1993).

28. Doris Friedensohn, “The Mid-Life Crisis of American Studies,” American Quarterly 31:3 (1979): 372–76.

29. Sacvan Bercovitch, The American Jeremiad (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1978); Sacvan Bercovitch, “How the Puritans Won the American Revolution,” Massachusetts Quarterly 17 (1976): 597–663; Sacvan Bercovitch, “The Rites of Assent: Rhetoric, Ritual, and the Ideology of American Consensus,” in The American Self: Myth, Ideology, and Popular Culture, ed. Sam B. Girgus (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1981), pp. 5–42.

30. Sacvan Bercovitch, “The Biblical Basis of the American Myth,” in The Bible and American Arts and Letters, ed., Giles Gunn (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1983), p. 223; Sacvan Bercovitch, Preface to the 2011 edition of The Puritan Origins of the American Self, (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2011), pp. xi–xii.

31. Ibid., p. xix.

32. For important critiques of Bercovitch’s work: David Harlan, “A People Blinded from Birth: American History According to Sacvan Bercovitch,” Journal of American History 78:3 (Dec. 1991): 949–71; Donald Weber et al., “Symposium on The Puritan Origins of the American Self,” Early American Literature 47:2 (2012): 377–441; Michael P. Winship, “What Puritan Guarantee?,” Early American Literature 47:2 (2012): 411–20.

CHAPTER 17. Ronald Reagan’s Shining City on a Hill

1. Ronald Reagan, “Remarks at the Republican National Convention in New Orleans, Louisiana,” Aug. 15, 1988, The American Presidency Project (hereafter “APP”), Gerhard Peters and John Woolley, eds., http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu.

2. Reagan, “Remarks at Oath Taking Ceremony, State Capitol Rotunda, Sacramento, CA,” Jan. 2, 1967, Ronald Reagan, Governor’s Papers, Press Unit, Series III: Speeches, box P17, Ronald Reagan Presidential Library (hereafter “RRPL”).

3. Sean Wilentz, The Age of Reagan: A History, 1974–2008 (New York: Harper, 2008), p. 58. The false quotation was “It would not matter if 3/4 of the human race perished; the important thing is that the remaining 1/4 be communist.”

4. Ronald Reagan, “Commencement Address at Eureka College,” 1957, Reagan 2020, http://reagan2020.us/speeches/Your_America_to_be_Free.asp; Ronald Reagan, “Remarks to the First Conservative Political Action Conference,” Jan. 25, 1974, Reagan 2020, http://reagan2020.us/speeches/City_Upon_A_Hill.asp; George Lippard, “The Unknown Speaker,” in Wilmot Brookings Mitchell, ed., School and College Speaker (New York: Henry Holt, 1902), pp. 275–78.

5. Ronald Reagan, The Notes: Ronald Reagan’s Private Collection of Stories and Wisdom, ed. Douglas Brinkley (New York: Harper, 2011), p. 34; William Safire, ed., Lend Me Your Ears: Great Speeches in History (New York: Norton, 1992), p. 7.

6. Ken Khachigian, “Memorandum for the President-Elect: First Draft of Inaugural Address,” Jan. 4, 1981, Kenneth L. Khachigian Files, box 1, RRPL.

7. Larry Seidler to Tony Dolan, “Corrections in ‘Vision of America’ Speech,” Oct. 29, 1980, Ronald Reagan 1980 Presidential Campaign Papers, Series XXII, Tony Dolan Files, box 865, RRPL.

8. Reagan, Notes, p. 7. By this point Reagan had altered Winthrop’s “through” to “throughout.” In his earliest use of Winthrop’s words, in his speeches of 1969–70, he had quoted them correctly.

9. Jerry C. Martin, “Information and Policy Research for Ronald Reagan, 1969–75,” an interview conducted by Sarah Sharp for the Government History Documentation Project, Ronald Reagan Gubernatorial Era, Regional Oral History Office, Bancroft Library, University of California at Berkeley, pp. 28–29.

10. Speechwriting Office Files, RRPL; Edwin Meese Papers, Hoover Institution Archives, Stanford University (hereafter “Edwin Meese Papers”). Some of these handwritten texts are collected in Reagan, In His Own Hand, ed. Kiron K. Skinner, Annelise Anderson, and Martin Anderson (New York: Free Press, 2001).

11. Jerry R. Martin to Ronald Reagan, Jan. 14, 1974, and “Remarks to the American Conservative Union/Young Americans for Freedom Political Action Conference, Mayflower Hotel, Washington, DC,” Jan. 25, 1974, draft, both in Edwin Meese Papers, box 280: RR: Speeches/Drafts/Articles 1970–1974, Hoover Institution Archives, courtesy of Hoover Institution Library and Archives, Stanford University.

12. “Speech to the Board of Governors of the Ronald Reagan Library Foundation,” Dec. 14, 1985, draft, White House Office of Speechwriting, Speech Drafts, box 244, RRPL.

13. Anthony Dolan, “Presidential Remarks: Lighting of the Statue of Liberty, Governors’ Island, New York,” July 3, 1986, draft dated June 29, 1986, Anthony R. Dolan Files, box 44, RRPL.

14. Anthony Dolan, “Remarks at the Heritage Foundation Dinner,” Oct. 3, 1983, draft, Dolan Files, box 23, RRPL.

15. Anthony Dolan to Edwin Meese, c. June 1980, Ronald Reagan 1980 Presidential Campaign Papers, 1964–1980, box 867, RRPL.

16. Ronald Reagan, “Farewell Address to the Nation,” Jan. 11, 1989, APP.

17. Reagan, In His Own Hand, pp. 13–15.

18. Ronald Reagan, “Address to the Employees of Forest Lawn,” Nov. 2, 1961, White House Office of Speechwriting, Research Office, Series IV, Subseries C: Reagan Speeches, 1952–1978, box 424, RRPL.

19. Ronald Reagan, “Remarks Announcing Candidacy for the Republican Presidential Nomination,” Nov. 13, 1979, APP.

20. “Text of Kennedy’s Speech,” New York Times, Jan. 10, 1961, p. 20.

21. Daniel J. Boorstin, The Americans: The Colonial Experience (New York: Random House, 1958), p. 3.

22. Ronald Reagan, “A Time for Choosing” (1964), in A Time for Choosing: The Speeches of Ronald Reagan, 1961–1982, ed. Alfred A. Balitzer and Gerald M. Bonetto (Chicago: Regnery, 1983).

23. Ronald Reagan, “Remarks at John F. Kennedy High School, Fremont, CA,” June 13, 1973, Edwin Meese Papers, box 282.

24. Reagan, “Speech to the Economic Club of New York, New York City,” Jan. 17, 1966, Ronald Reagan 1980 Presidential Campaign Papers, box 873, RRPL.

25. Ronald Reagan, “Remarks at an Eisenhower College Fund Raising Luncheon,” Oct. 14, 1969, Gubernatorial Papers, 1966–75, Press Unit—Speeches 8/1/68 to 12/31/72, box P18, RRPL.

26. Ronald Reagan, “Election Eve Address: A Vision for America,” Nov. 3, 1980, APP.

27. “Draft—Report to the People Script—Campus Unrest 1968,” Edwin Meese Papers, box 284.

28. Ronald Reagan, “Remarks at a Luncheon Sponsored by the Independent Colleges of Southern California, Los Angeles Music Center,” May 23, 1969; Ronald Reagan, “Remarks at an Eisenhower College Fund Raising Dinner, Washington, DC,” October 14, 1969; Ronald Reagan, “Remarks at a Eureka College Fund Raising Luncheon, Chicago, IL,” Oct. 22, 1969; Ronald Reagan, “Address at Pepperdine College,” Feb. 9, 1970, all in Gubernatorial Papers, 1966–75, Press Unit—Speeches 8/1/68 to 12/31/72, box P18, RRPL. The second of these speeches is reprinted in Ronald Reagan, Speaking My Mind: Selected Speeches (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1989). For yet another version of the same speech: Ronald Reagan, “Commencement Address at Azusa-Pacific College, Azusa, CA,” May 5, 1973, Gubernatorial Records, Research Files (Mary Sturgis Tuttle), box G0199, RRPL.

29. Reagan, “Remarks to the First Conservative Political Action Conference.”

30. Ronald Reagan, “The New Republican Party: Remarks to the Fourth Annual CPAC Convention,” Feb. 6, 1977, Reagan 2020, http://reagan2020.us/speeches/The_New_Republican_Party.asp.

31. Ronald Reagan, In His Own Hand (New York: Free Press, 2001), p. 140.

32. Ronald Reagan, “Let Them Go Their Way: Remarks to the 2nd Annual CPAC Convention,” Mar. 1, 1975, Reagan 2020, http://reagan2020.us/speeches/Let_Them_Go_Their_Way.asp.

33. Reagan, “Election Eve Address.”

34. Jimmy Carter, “Address to the Nation on Energy and Policy Goals,” July 15, 1979, APP.

35. Ronald Reagan, “Remarks at a Dinner Marking the 10th Anniversary of the Heritage Foundation,” Oct. 8, 1983, APP; Ronald Reagan, “Final Radio Address to the Nation,” Jan. 14, 1989, APP.

36. “Draft—Report to the People Script—Campus Unrest 1968.”

37. Reagan, “Remarks at a Luncheon Sponsored by the Independent Colleges of Southern California”; Reagan, “Commencement Address at Azusa-Pacific College, Azusa, CA.”

38. Anthony Dolan to Edwin Meese, c. June 1980, Ronald Reagan 1980 Presidential Campaign Papers, box 867, RRPL; Reagan, “Election Eve Address.”

39. Anthony Dolan, “Election Eve Address: A Vision for America,” draft, Ronald Reagan 1980 Presidential Campaign Papers, box 867, RRPL.

40. Reagan, “Election Eve Address”; Ronald Reagan, “Remarks at a Luncheon of the World Affairs Council of Philadelphia,” Oct. 15, 1981, APP; Ronald Reagan, “Proclamation 4850—Captive Nations Week,” June 30, 1981, APP; Ronald Reagan, “Remarks at the Annual Convention of the National League of Cities in Los Angeles, CA,” Nov. 29, 1982, APP; Ronald Reagan, “Address to the Nation on the Eve of the Presidential Election,” Nov. 5, 1984, APP; Ronald Reagan, “Remarks to the Annual Convention of the Texas State Bar Association,” July 6, 1984, APP.

41. Ronald Reagan, “Remarks at the Welcoming Rally at the Republican National Convention in New Orleans, Louisiana,” Aug. 14, 1988, APP; Ronald Reagan, “Remarks at the Republican National Convention in New Orleans, Louisiana,” Aug. 15, 1988, APP; Ronald Reagan, “Remarks Accepting the Presidential Nomination at the Republican National Convention in Dallas, Texas,” Aug. 23, 1984, APP.

42. Reagan, “Farewell Address to the Nation.”

43. Reagan, “Remarks Accepting the Presidential Nomination at the Republican National Convention in Dallas, Texas.”

44. Reagan, “Remarks Announcing Candidacy for the Republican Presidential Nomination.”

45. Reagan, “Final Radio Address to the Nation.”

CHAPTER 18. Puritan Foundations of an “Exceptionalist” Nation

1. Mario Cuomo, “Keynote address at the 1984 Democratic National Convention,” American Rhetoric, http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/mariocuomo1984dnc.htm; Michael Dukakis, “Address Accepting the Presidential Nomination at the Democratic National Convention in Atlanta,” July 21, 1988, The American Presidency Project (hereafter “APP”), Gerhard Peters and John Woolley, eds., http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu; Bill Clinton, “Remarks to the Democratic Leadership Council,” Oct. 27, 1997, APP; Al Gore, “Speech on Martin Luther King, Jr., Day at the Ebenezer Baptist Church, Atlanta,” Jan. 17, 2000, Clinton White House, https://clintonwhitehouse4.archives.gov/WH/EOP/OVP/speeches/mlk_other.html.

2. Sarah Palin, America by Heart: Reflections on Family, Faith, and Flag (New York: HarperCollins, 2010), chap. 3; Newt Gingrich and Callista Gingrich, A City upon a Hill: The Spirit of American Exceptionalism [video] (Washington, DC: Citizens United Productions, 2011); George W. Bush, “Remarks at the Simon Wiesenthal Center in Los Angeles,” Mar. 6, 2000, APP.

3. Hillary Clinton, “Speech to the American Legion in Cincinnati,” Aug. 31, 2016, Time.com, http://time.com/4474619/read-hillary-clinton-american-legion-speech.

4. John M. Murrin et al., Liberty, Equality, Power: A History of the American People (Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace, 1996), p. 70; Paul S. Boyer, American History: A Very Short Introduction (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012), pp. 11–13.

5. “Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills for Social Studies. Subchapter C. High School. United States History Studies since 1877, Beginning with the School Year 2011–12,” Texas Education Agency, http://ritter.tea.state.tx.us/rules/tac/chapter113/ch113c.html; Russell Shorto, “How Christian Were the Founders? History Wars: Inside America’s Textbook Battles,” New York Times Magazine, Feb. 14, 2010, pp. 32ff.

6. Larry Krieger and Jane Robbins, “Five Reasons Why the College Board’s U.S. History Talking Points Are Wrong,” The Federalist, Sept. 17, 2014, https://thefederalist.com/2014/09/17/five-reasons-the-college-boards-u-s-history-talking-points-are-wrong/hat; Stanley Kurtz, “A Hard Left for High-School History,” National Review 66:20 (Nov. 3, 2014): 25–26; Stanley Kurtz, “Sorry, Still No Exceptionalism in APUSH, National Review 66:20 (Nov. 3, 2014): 25–26; Peter Wood, “APUSH: The New, New History,” Academic Questions 29 (2015): 224–35; “Letter Opposing the 2014 APUSH Framework,” National Association of Scholars (NAS), June 2, 2015, https://www.nas.org/images/documents/Historians_Statement.pdf.

7. Republican National Committee, “Resolution Concerning Advanced Placement U.S. History (APUSH),” Aug. 8, 2014, https://prod-static-ngop-pbl.s3.amazonaws.com/docs/RESOLUTION_CONCERNING_ADVANCED_PLACEMENT_US_HISTORY_APUSH.pdf; State of Oklahoma, 55th Legislature, 1st Session, (2015), House Bill 1380, p. 3.

8. Peter Wood, “AP History and Us,” NAS, Aug. 6, 2015, https://www.nas.org/articles/ap_history and_us; Terry Golway, ed., American Political Speeches (New York: Penguin, 2012), p. xxvi.

9. Daniel T. Rodgers, “Exceptionalism,” in Imagined Histories: American Historians Interpret the Past, ed. Anthony Molho and Gordon S. Wood (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1998), pp. 21–40; Daniel T. Rodgers, “American Exceptionalism Revisited,” Raritan Review 24 (Fall 2004): 21–47. For acute critiques of exceptionalism: Walter A. McDougall, “American Exceptionalism … Exposed,” Foreign Policy Research Institute, Oct. 13, 2012, https://www.fpri.org/article/2012/10/american-exceptionalism-exposed; Richard Gamble, “Reconsidering American Exceptionalism,” The Imaginative Conservative, Oct. 8, 2013, http://www.theimaginativeconservative.org/2013/10/american-exceptionalism.html; James W. Ceasar, “The Origins and Character of American Exceptionalism,” American Political Thought 1:1 (May 2012): 3–28.

10. Seymour Martin Lipset, The First New Nation: The United States in Comparative and Historical Perspective (New York: Basic Books, 1963), p. vii; Seymour Martin Lipset, American Exceptionalism: A Double-Edged Sword (New York: Norton, 1996).

11. Samuel P. Huntington, American Politics: The Promise of Disharmony (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981).

12. Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, trans. James T. Schleifer, 4 vols. (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 2010), 3:767–68. See also Aurelian Craiutu and Jeremy Jennings, “The Third ‘Democracy’ ”: Tocqueville’s View of America after 1840,” American Political Science Review 98:3 (Aug. 2004): 391–401.

13. Tocqueville, Democracy in America, 3:767–68.

14. Newt Gingrich, Quotations from Speaker Newt: The Little Red, White, and Blue Book of the Republican Revolution (New York: Workman, 1995), pp. 172–73; Daniel Bell, “The End of American Exceptionalism,” The Public Interest, no. 41 (Fall 1975): 197, 205.

15. Barack Obama, “The President’s News Conference in Strasbourg,” Apr. 4, 2009, APP.

16. Mark Nusbaum, Sarah Palin: Rendezvous with Liberty (Maitland, FL: Xulon Press, 2009), p. 296; Mitt Romney, No Apology: The Case for American Greatness (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2010), p. 29; Newt Gingrich with Vince Haley, A Nation Like No Other: Why American Exceptionalism Matters (Washington, DC: Regnery, 2011).

17. “Presidential Debates: Palmetto Freedom Forum in Columbia, SC,” Sept. 5, 2011, APP; Ben Smith and Jonathan Martin, “The New Battle: What It Means to Be an American,” Politico, Aug. 20, 2010.

18. “2012 Republican Party Platform,” Aug. 27, 2012, APP; “2016 Republican Party Platform,” Jul. 18, 2016, APP. In the same vein: Richard Lowry and Ramesh Ponnuru, “An Exceptional Debate: The Obama Administration’s Assault on American Identity,” National Review, Mar. 8, 2010, pp. 31–38.

19. In confirmation of the point, the French were simultaneously engaged in their own debate over exceptionalism: Tony Chafer and Emmanuel Godin, eds., The End of the French Exception? Decline and Revival of the “French Model” (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010).

20. John R. Bolton, “The First Post-American President and American Sovereignty,” AEI.org, May 18, 2010, https://www.aei.org/publication/the-first-post-american-president-and-american-sovereignty.

21. David Grayson Allen, In English Ways: The Movement of Societies and the Transferal of Local Law and Custom to Massachusetts Bay in the Seventeenth Century (New York: W. W. Norton, 1982).

22. Wim Klooster, Revolutions in the Atlantic World: A Comparative History, new ed. (New York: New York University Press, 2018); Jonathan Sperber, Revolutionary Europe, 1780–1850 (London: Routledge, 2000).

23. David Brion Davis, Inhuman Bondage: The Rise and Fall of Slavery in the New World (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006).

24. Paul Bairoch, “International Industrialization Levels from 1750 to 1980,” Journal of European Economic History 11:2 (Fall 1982): 269–333; Edward J. Davies II, The United States in World History (New York: Routledge, 2006), chaps. 4–6.

25. Adam McKeown, “Global Migration, 1846–1940,” Journal of World History 15:2 (June 2004): 155–89; Dirk Hoerder, Cultures in Contact: World Migrations in the Second Millennium (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2002).

26. C. A. Bayly, The Birth of the Modern World, 1780–1914: Global Connections and Comparisons (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2004); Daniel T. Rodgers, Atlantic Crossings: Social Politics in a Progressive Age (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998).

27. Bairoch, “International Industrialization Levels,” p. 301; Charles S. Maier, Among Empires: American Ascendancy and Its Predecessors (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2016); John A. Thompson, A Sense of Power (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2015); Alfred E. Eckes Jr. and Thomas W. Zeiler, Globalization and the American Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003).

28. William C. Wohlforth, “U.S. Strategy in a Unipolar World,” in America Unrivaled: The Future Balance of Power, ed. G. John Ikenberry (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2002), p. 104.

29. Giovanni Gozzini, “The Global System of International Migrations, 1900 and 2000: A Comparative Approach,” Journal of Global History 1:3 (Nov. 2006): 321–41; Andrew Kohut and Bruce Stokes, America against the World: How We Are Different and Why We Are Disliked (New York: Times Books, 2006), p. 35.

30. Andrew J. Bacevich, The Limits of Power: The End of American Exceptionalism (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2008); Fareed Zakaria, The Post-American World (New York: Norton, 2008); David S. Mason, The End of the American Century (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2009); Edward Luce, Time to Start Thinking: America in the Age of Descent (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2012). For criticism of the “declinist” thesis: Robert Kagan, “Not Fade Away: The Myth of American Decline,” New Republic, Jan. 11, 2012.

31. Peter Baldwin, The Narcissism of Minor Differences: How America and Europe Are Alike (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009); Godfrey Hodgson, The Myth of American Exceptionalism (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2009).

32. Michael Shally-Jensen, ed., American Political Culture: An Encyclopedia, 4 vols. (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2015) 1:41; Steven G. Calabresi, “‘A Shining City on a Hill’: American Exceptionalism and the Supreme Court’s Practice of Relying on Foreign Law,” Boston University Law Review 86:5 (Dec. 2006): 1335–1416.

33. Peter Schuck, “Origins and Future of U.S. ‘Exceptionalism,’ ” May 2, 2008, NPR.org, https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=90126925. Schuck was promoting his new book: Peter H. Schuck and James Q. Wilson, eds., Understanding America: The Anatomy of an Exceptional Nation (New York: PublicAffairs, 2008).

34. Eric Metaxas, If You Can Keep It: The Forgotten Promise of American Liberty (New York: Viking, 2016), pp. 186, 188.

CHAPTER 19. Ambivalent Evangelicals

1. Crosswalk.com, https://www.crosswalk.com/culture/music/city-on-a-hill-541246.html.

2. City on a Hill, Louisville, KY, http://www.cityonahill.tv/city-on-a-hill-radio-show-podc.

3. City on a Hill Radio Show, https://www.cityonahillstudio.com.

4. City on a Hill Ministries, Zeeland, MI, http://www.coahm.org.

5. City on the Hill Music Festival, Duluth, MN, http://cityonthehillmusicfest.com.

6. City on a Hill, Inc., Garden City, KS, http://www.cityonahillinc.com/substance-addiction-garden-city-ks.html.

7. City on a Hill, Milwaukee, WI, http://www.cityonahillmilwaukee.org.

8. Christian Smith et al., American Evangelicalism: Embattled and Thriving (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998); Randall Balmer, Mine Eyes Have Seen the Glory: A Journey into the Evangelical Subculture in America, 25th Anniversary ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2014).

9. For example: NJ Family First, http://www.njfpc.org/programs-2/citizen-builders/city-on-the-hill.

10. Citizens United Productions, A City upon a Hill: The Spirit of American Exceptionalism, http://www.cityuponahill.com.

11. Stephen M. Stookey, “In God We Trust? Evangelical Historiography and the Quest for a Christian America,” Southwestern Journal of Theology 41:2 (Spring 1999): 41–69; and 41:3 (Summer 1999): 5–37.

12. Peter Marshall and David Manuel, The Light and the Glory (Old Tappan, NJ: Fleming H. Revell, 1977), pp. 18, 154, 22.

13. Mark A. Beliles and Stephen K. McDowell, America’s Providential History (Charlottesville, VA: Providence Foundation, 1989). For more on the Providence Foundation see https://providencefoundation.com.

14. Barton published his books and videos through his own Wallbuilders organization, see https://wallbuilders.com; Ruth Murray Brown, For a “Christian America”: A History of the Religious Right (Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2002), chap. 13; “Barton’s Bunk: Religious Right ‘Historian’ Hits the Big Time in Tea Party America,” Right Wing Watch: A Project of People for the America Way, Apr. 18, 2011, http://www.rightwingwatch.org/report/bartons-bunk-religious-right-historian-hits-the-big-time-in-tea-party-america. See also Julie Ingersoll, “Meet the Tea Party’s Evangelical Quack,” Salon, Aug. 23, 2015.

15. Quoted in Jeff Sharlet, “Through a Glass Darkly: How the Christian Right Is Imagining U.S. History,” Harper’s Magazine, Dec. 2006, p. 36.

16. Richard Lee, The American Patriot’s Bible: The Word of God and the Shaping of America (Nashville: Thomas Nelson, 2009).

17. “The Agitator,” Time, Sept. 28, 2009, pp. 30–36; Chris Good, “Glenn Beck Comes to Town,” Atlantic, Aug. 28, 2010; Ross Douthat, “Mr. Beck Goes to Washington,” New York Times, Aug. 30, 2010; Ross Douthat, Bad Religion: How We Became a Nation of Heretics (New York: Free Press, 2012), chap. 8.

18. “Can Glenn Beck Save America?,” Dallas News, July 2012, http://www.dallasnews.com/news/arlington/2012/07/27/can-glenn-beck-save-america-many-fans-at-arlington-event-think-so; Mercury One, History of America—A Short Film from Restoring Love [YouTube video], https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yf4uuE0SWFE; NXG, Restoring Love [YouTube video], https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jzdqPnylLJk.

19. Mercury One, John Winthrop and the Journey to America—A Short Film from Restoring Love [YouTube video], https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-CaLshwQrTM.

20. Pat Robertson, America’s Dates with Destiny (Nashville: Thomas Nelson, 1986); Tim LaHaye, Faith of Our Founding Fathers: A Comprehensive Study of America’s Christian Foundations (Brentwood, TN: Wolgemuth and Hyatt, 1987); Beliles and McDowell, America’s Providential History; Gary DeMar, America’s Christian History: The Untold Story (Atlanta: American Vision, 1993); William J. Federer, America’s God and Country Encyclopedia of Quotations (Coppell, TX: FAME Publishing, 1994).

21. George W. Bush, “Remarks at the Simon Wiesenthal Center in Los Angeles,” Mar. 6, 2000, The American Presidency Project, Gerhard Peters and John Woolley, eds., http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu; George W. Bush, “Remarks on the National Day of Prayer, May 6, 2004,” The American Presidency Project, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu.

22. John McCain quoted in Jon Meacham, “A Nation of Christians Is Not a Christian Nation,” New York Times, Oct. 7, 2007.

23. J. Matthew Wilson, “‘Blessed Are the Poor’: American Protestantism and Attitudes toward Poverty and Welfare,” Southeastern Political Review 27:3 (Sept. 1999): 421–37; Daniel Cox et al., Economic Values Survey 2013, Public Religion Research Institute, https://www.prri.org/research/economic-values-survey-07-2013; Pew Research Center, U.S. Religious Landscape Survey: Views About Government Aid to the Poor, http://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/views-about-government-aid-to-the-poor.

24. Beliles and McDowell, America’s Providential History; Federer, America’s God and Country Encyclopedia of Quotations.

25. The Mayflower and the First Thanksgiving, https://www.amazon.com/Mayflower-First-Thanksgiving-Huckabees-History/dp/B00BE9GKLE; Rod Gragg, The Pilgrim Chronicles: An Eyewitness History of the Pilgrims and the Founding of Plymouth Colony (Washington, DC: Regnery, 2013).

26. Garrett Epps, “Genuine Scholars Smack Down an Unruly Colleague,” Atlantic, Aug. 10, 2012, https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2012/08/genuine-christian-scholars-smack-down-an-unruly-colleague/260994; Jon Meacham, American Gospel: God, the Founding Fathers, and the Making of a Nation (New York: Random House, 2007); John Fea, Was America Founded as a Christian Nation? A Historical Introduction (Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press, 2011).

27. Michael Lienesch, Redeeming America: Piety and Politics in the New Christian Right (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1993), p. 155.

28. Jerry Falwell, Listen, America! (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1980), pp. 117, 7; Tom Tancredo, “The Vanishing American,” WND, May 3, 2013, http://www.wnd.com/2013/05/the-vanishing-american; Miranda Blue, “Return to Wichita: 25 Years after the Summer of Mercy, the Rescue Movement Plots Its Next Steps,” Right Wing Watch, Oct. 2016, http://www.rightwingwatch.org/report/return-to-wichita-25-years-after-the-summer-of-mercy-the-rescue-movement-plots-its-next-steps.

29. Ruth Murray Brown, For a “Christian America”: A History of the Religious Right (Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2002), pp. 81–84; Joseph Gimenez quoted in Jeffrey L. Sheler, Believers: A Journey into Evangelical America (New York: Viking, 2006), p. 36; Lienesch, Redeeming America, p. 172.

30. Richard M. Gamble, In Search of the City on a Hill: The Making and Unmaking of an American Myth (London: Continuum, 2012), pp. 169, 183.

31. Mark A. Noll, George M. Marsden, and Nathan O. Hatch, The Search for Christian America, expanded ed. (Colorado Springs, CO: Helmers and Howard, 1989); Richard T. Hughes, Christian America and the Kingdom of God (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2009); Robert Tracy McKenzie, “Metaxas on America as a ‘City on a Hill,’ ” Faith and History: Thinking Christianly about the American Past [blog], July 4, 2016, https://faithandamericanhistory.wordpress.com/2016/07/04/america-as-a-city-on-a-hill. For a nonprovidentialist evangelical history of the United States, see David Edwin Harrell Jr. et al., Unto a Good Land: A History of the American People (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2005).

32. Nicholas Guyatt, Have a Nice Doomsday: Why Millions of Americans Are Looking Forward to the End of the World (New York: Harper Perennial, 2007); Matthew Avery Sutton, American Apocalypse: A History of Modern Evangelicalism (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2014).

33. Franky Schaeffer quoted in Lienesch, Redeeming America, p. 165; Bob Jones III quoted in Hughes, Christian America, p. 159; Jerry Falwell quoted in Michelle Goldberg, Kingdom Coming: The Rise of Christian Nationalism (New York: Norton, 2006), p. 8.

34. Accessed 2/14/2017.

EPILOGUE. Disembarking from the Arbella

1. Barack Obama, “Remarks Commemorating the 50th Anniversary of the Selma to Montgomery Marches for Voting Rights in Selma, Alabama,” Mar. 7, 2015, The American Presidency Project (hereafter “APP”), Gerhard Peters and John Woolley, eds., http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu.

2. Daniel Boorstin, ed., An American Primer, 2 vols. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1966), 1:xvii.

3. Hillary Clinton, “Speech to the American Legion, Cleveland, OH,” Aug. 31, 2016, transcript at Time.com, http://time.com/4474619/read-hillary-clinton-american-legion-speech. On Rubio: Jennifer Rubin, “A Speech for All Times,” Washington Post, June 27, 2013; Ted Cruz, “Speech at Liberty University, Lynchburg, VA,” Mar. 23, 2015, transcript at Washington Post, https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/transcript-ted-cruzs-speech-at-liberty-university/2015/03/23/41c4011a-d168-11e4-a62f-ee745911a4ff_story.html; Dr. Ben and Candy Carson [Facebook post], Mar. 11, 2016, https://www.facebook.com/realbencarson/posts/607001686132968; Chris Christie, “Speech at Saint Anselm College, Goffstown, NH,” Jan. 4, 2016, transcript at Washington Post, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/01/04/chris-christie-just-made-a-compelling-argument-for-why-republicans-shouldnt-nominate-donald-trump; Barack Obama, “Remarks to the Democratic National Convention in Philadelphia, July 27, 2016,” APP; Mitt Romney, “Speech at the University of Utah, Salt Lake City,” Mar. 2, 2016, transcript at Time.com, http://time.com/4246596/donald-trump-mitt-romney-utah-speech; Rudy Giuliani, “Speech at the Republican National Convention, Cleveland, OH,” July 18, 2016, transcript at Time.com, http://time.com/4412059/republican-convention-rudy-giuliani-transcript-video.

4. Donald J. Trump, “Remarks Announcing Candidacy for President in New York City,” June 16, 2015, APP; Donald J. Trump, “Remarks on Foreign Policy at the National Press Club in Washington, DC,” Apr. 27, 2016, APP; Peter Wehner, “From the Shining City on a Hill to America Is a Dumpster Fire,” in “What We Saw during the Debate,” New York Times, Sept. 26, 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/opinion/clinton-trump-first-debate-election-2016.

5. Ibid.; Donald J. Trump, “Address Accepting the Presidential Nomination at the Republican National Convention in Cleveland, OH,” July 21, 2016, APP.

6. Ibid.

7. Chris Christie in “Republican Candidates Debate in North Charleston, SC,” Jan. 14, 2016, APP; Jeb Bush in “Republican Candidates Debate in Las Vegas, NV,” Dec. 15, 2015, APP.

8. The ghost writers of the book with which Donald Trump bid for the Republican Party presidential nomination in 2012 had called out Barack Obama for waffling on the “exceptionalism” of America. Donald J. Trump, Time to Get Tough: Make America #1 Again (Washington, DC: Regnery, 2011), pp. 155–57. But by 2016 “exceptionalism” had dropped out of Trump’s own vocabulary.

9. Jill Radsken, “The Return of Winthrop House,” Harvard Gazette, Jan. 24, 2017.

10. “Full Transcript and Video: James Comey’s Testimony on Capitol Hill,” New York Times, June 8, 2017.