Index

The page references in this index correspond to the printed edition from which this ebook was created. To find a specific word or phrase from the index, please use the search feature of your ebook reader.

Aalto University 101, 194

abdominoplasty (tummy tucks) 33

abuse 17, 18

Access to Nutrition Index (ATNI) 265

Ackerman, Joshua M. 133

addiction 24, 114, 115, 148, 209

additives 243

adipocytes 58, 61

adipokines 61

adiponectin 62–3

adipose tissue xv, 23, 36, 40, 41, 43, 52, 55, 56, 58

brown 59, 75–8

white 39, 59–62, 71, 78

adiposity rebound 53

adolescents 193, 248

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) 151

advertising 25, 112, 162, 172, 175, 176, 178, 261

aroma 187

to children 179–80, 271

cooking oil 267

Africa 200

agri-business 199–201

Ahima, Rexford 63

Aiello, Leslie 44, 46, 47

alcohol 30, 211, 251, 253, 260, 270

Alexander, Richard 48

alkaloids 147

ambience 252

American Beverage Association (ABA) 214

American Indians 205

American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 206

American National Institute of Health 85

American National Medal of Science 200

American Society of Nutrition 205

American travelling salesmen 28

Americans Against Food Taxes 214

Americans with Disabilities Act 1990 17

Amgen 74, 75

ammonia hydroxide gas 207

Amsterdam’s Academic Medical Centre 79

anandamide 72

androgynous 61

animal sources 223

antibiotics 84, 92

anti-diet book 35

appetite xv, 72, 165

appetitive networks 171–2

apple shape (android) 61

Applied Food Sciences 262

Aquatic Ape Theory 42, 43

aromas 175, 187

athletes 183–4

Atkins, Peter 198, 202

Atkins Diet 123, 231

audio branding 195

autoimmune condition 82

automatic barriers 7, 10

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) 93

Avena, Nicola 149

babies 39, 41, 53

baby-boomers 194

bacteria 84, 90, 92, 95, 97, 207, 259

bacteroidetes 89, 94

baked potatoes 187

balanced diet 232

Bálint, Resö 169

Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART) 122–3, 125

Banting, William 29

bariatric surgery 94

Barker Hypothesis 53, 56

Bartelsam, Joep 80, 83

basal ganglia 108, 110

Baumeister, Roy 130, 131, 132

bedtime 248, 255

Beef Products Inc. 208

behaviour

altering patient 32

consumer 172

excessive 261

motivating 103

pleasurable 115

Berlin’s Centre for Space Medicine 128

Berridge, Kent 161, 165, 171, 172, 173

best practice 265

beta endorphins 256

Bible’s deadly sins 31

Bicton College 216

Bifido-bacterium 88

Big Agriculture 200

Big Box retailers 215

big business 265, 274

Big Food 201, 204, 213, 260, 264, 267, 270

‘Big Snack’ 208

Big Tobacco 213

binge eating 124, 149, 150, 230, 236, 253, 263

binge-purge cycle 234, 235

bioelectric impedance 24

Blaser, Martin 92

bliss point 143, 210

blood cholesterol levels 224

blood glucose 55, 67, 155, 156, 157

blood lipid levels 225

Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent (BOLD) 103

blood sugar xiv, 54

blood-borne satiety factor 67

Bloomburg, Mayor 260

BMI 4, 21, 22, 22–3, 77

Body Dysmorphia 36

body image, healthy 15, 253

Body Mass Index see BMI

body mass, loss of lean 232

Body Surface Area (BSA) 41

body temperature 254

boiled food 50

Bon Appétit 143

bone 23

bonus packs 251

Book of Daniel 29–30

Boom! Marketing 186

Borlaug, Dr Norman 199, 200

Borody, Professor Thomas 82, 85

Boston University 63

Bowler, Ian 198, 202

Boyland, Dr Emma 176, 184

Bragg, Marie 183, 184

brain

energy demands 44, 48

fuel 44, 51

and glucose 43, 45, 54

and hormones 57

inflammation xv, 139

obese 102, 114, 148

parts 104, 108, 110

relative size 44, 45–6, 47

scans 102

brain-gut axis 80, 94

bran 226

brand recognition 186

Brazil 209

bread 187, 229, 251

breakfast 154, 155–6, 179, 247, 248, 249

breast milk 88, 90

breathe, harder to 137

Brighton 4, 10, 42

British Heart Foundation 267

British Medical Journal 53

Broadway, Michael 198

brown adipose tissue (BAT) 59, 75–6

adult 76–8

Brownback, Sam 208

Bruce, Amanda 177

buffet 245

building regulations 273

bulimia 124

bulk sizes, avoid 240

bullied 14

Burger King 190

Burnell, Emma 8

bus shelters 187

C. difficile 79, 81, 83, 89

Cadbury’s 186

cafeteria overconsumption 245

caffeine 123, 136, 146

cake experiment 241

calories

burn 76, 78

counting 222

daily requirements 232–3

density 145

in food 245

limit 232

reduce 269

restriction 123

stores 60

Camos, Paul 33

Campbell, Dr Ian 20

cancer xiv, xv, 36, 213

Cannon, Geoffrey 208, 209

Canter, Deborah 30

Cap’n Crunch 180

carbohydrates 123, 124, 225–9

Cardello, Hank 272

cardio-metabolic diseases and fast food 212

cardiovascular disease xiv, 36, 256

cartoon characters 179

Case Western Reserve University 130

cause marketing 213

celebrity endorsement 184, 185

Centre for Digestive Diseases, The 82

cereals 180–2, 228

Chace Tolmen, Edward 245

challenging cultural norms 35

Chandon, Pierre 242

Chaput, Jean-Philippe 136

charitable donations 213

cheapest ingredients 204

chemical fertilisers 200

chicken wings 239

childhood obesity xiv, 19, 119, 177, 178, 264, 265

children 270

advertising 177, 268

and diabetes 54

with obese parents 119

perceptions of fat people 32

sleep 136

tobacco use 267

Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario 136

China xiii, 23, 81

chocolate

consumption 146

cravings 148

drink 145

fat 147

manufacture 145–6

psychoactive effect of 146–7

cholesterol xiv, 62

chronic diseases 258, 271

Chun, Marvin 164

cigarette advertisements 267

Cinnamon Toast Crunch 192

classical music 195

clearing the table, avoid 240

Clostridium difficile 79

clothes 5, 12

Coca-Cola 12, 190, 202, 206, 238, 269

cocoa beans 145

coeliac disease 227, 228

coffee 161, 187

cognitive decline xv, 158

Cohen, Deborah 261, 270, 271

Cohn, Ferdinand 84

Colangelo, Robert 204, 272

cold 42, 78

Coleman, Douglas 65, 67

colour contrast 238

Colour Me Delicious 186

Columbia University 149

Columbus, Christopher 145

comfort eating 15, 21, 127, 145, 152

comfort foods 141, 143

commercial agriculture 199

commercials see advertising

computer games 191, 193

ConAgra 206, 273

Conditioned Consumption 162–3

conflicts of interest 206, 266

consumer behaviour 258

consumption 163, 164, 240

‘contextual cueing’ 164, 175

contrave 263

cookery books 29, 30

cooking 49–51, 50, 51, 239

‘core’ microbiome 89, 96

corn and sugar 230

Cornell, Carol 164

Cornell University 90, 242

coronary heart disease 63

corporate social responsibility (CSR) 213

Corticotropin-Releasing Factor (CRF) 151

Costello, Elizabeth 86

cottage cheese 249

Counting Calories 143

Coupe, Marsha 17, 18

cows 46–7, 203

craving 113, 127, 129, 148, 152, 173

Crawford, Joanna 148

Credit Suisse 270

Crispin Porter & Bogusky 267

crisps

eating study 185

jumbo bags 244

crockery size 238

crops 201, 272

cutlery 239

Cypess, Dr Aaron 77

Darnell, Jim 69

Darwinian theory 42, 52

Davis, Adelle 248

Davis, William 227

DDB advertising agency 188

De re Medicina 30

Dead Sea Rift 50

Degher, Douglas 20

Denver General Hospital 81

Department of Agriculture (US) 258

Department of Energy (US) 205

Department of Nutrition Science 206

destroy biodiversity 201

developing countries xii, xiii, xiv, 204, 214

Devlin, Professor Keith 23

DeVoe, Sanford 176

diabetes see Type II diabetes

Diabetes Mellitus 51

diet

books 29

choices 56

dramatic results from 222

and fashion 223

high in protein 236

higher quality 51

industry 33

liquid 30

quality of 46

quick and easy 262

shocking 222

suggestions 236–7

Diet and Health Research Industry Club (DRINC) 265

dieting 29, 261

books on 30

boundaries 123, 124, 126

extremes 33

successful 126, 127

digestive tract 45

digital media 189, 255

dining 246, 251

disability 21

discrimination 18

Ditto, Beth 35

dolphins 43

domestication of fire 51

Domino’s Pizza 161

dopamine 109, 111, 113, 129, 146, 147, 148, 150, 171, 172, 173

receptors 114, 120, 148

Doritos 192

Dougherty, Bailey 186

Drexel University 138

drink size 260

drugs

abuse 120, 134

addiction 119, 270

easily given 264

illicit 114

weight loss 263

Dunbar, Robin 48

Dunkin’ Donuts 187

Dust Bowl 199

dynamic contrast 144

Earcons 195

‘eat less, move more’ 139

eating 102

addictive 114

amounts 3

anticipation of 119

behaviour 228

in company 251, 252

decisions about 113, 252

desire 110, 138, 175

disorders 124

and emotions 142

evidence of 239

healthier 272

hedonic 141

impulsively 24, 128

inhibited 12, 113

memories 110

outside of meals 247

for pleasure 108, 109

before shopping 250

stop 243

unhealthily 263

education 259, 261, 266

Edward VII 28

Eiseman, Ben 81, 82

Eldredge, Kathleen 138

emotions 21, 142, 154, 171

and brands 188, 193

and Doritos 192

and eating 140, 141, 150, 154

and facial expressions 167

feel good 186

and health 19

managing negative 235

and taste 111

and virtual worlds 191

emulsions 145

endorsements on children, impact of 184

endosperm 226

endospores 90

energy

deprivation 150

needs 59

source of 226

storage 54, 59

energy-dense snacks 25

England’s fattest man 26

enhanced satiety 89

Enteric Nervous System (ENS) 93

environment, relaxing 252

EPODE International Network (Ensemble Prévenons l’Obésité Des Enfants) 265

escapism 154

European Journal of Preventive Cardiology 256

evoke desire 161

evoked qualities 144

excess tummy fat 229

exercise 128, 233

benefits of 255

burns calories 255

habits 138

insufficient 24, 56

and mental health 256

regular 255, 256

Expensive Tissues Theory 44

fabricated results 262

Facebook 189, 192

fad diets 221, 222, 225, 233, 234, 261

faecal matter 83, 86

faecal transplant 80, 82

fake foods 206

famines averted 200

farmers’ markets 216, 272

farming efficiencies 201

farms 199, 203, 216, 230

fast-food

and BMI 212

children prefer 177

logos 176

and obesity 212

outlets 190

restaurants 212, 252

wars 176

fat 23, 58

and babies 39, 53, 55, 56

desirable 28, 30, 31

different kinds of 40, 223–5

reducing 123, 223, 226

relative to organs 24

storage of 40, 65, 95, 158

and sugar 243

suit 3, 6

Fat Activism 35, 36

fat identity 20, 35

stereotypes 32

Fat is a Feminist Issue 18, 34, 35

Fat Men’s Club of Connecticut 28

Father of the Green Revolution 199

fatism 3, 14

Federal Trade Commission 262

Fell, James 256

Ferrero 202

Ferrerò, Guillaume 245

fibre 47, 226

fibroblasts 59

firmicutes 89–90, 94

fish 224

‘five-a-day’ 139

flappers 31

flavonols 147

flavour 144, 210

Florida State University 130

foetuses 53, 54, 87

Fogg, Brian 190

Fogle, Jared 242

food

associations 176, 183

avoid 235

choosing well 235–7

convenience 209

corporations 209, 212

craving 112, 172

deprivation 49, 236

and dopamine 115

and emotion 119, 127, 143

as fuel 274

and GI 155–7

healthier 265, 272, 273

hygiene 259, 273

images 103, 139, 271

industry 264, 272

intolerance 228

labelling 211, 243, 268, 269

luminous 207

production 201, 211, 216, 265, 265–6, 270

types 268

Food and Brand Lab at Cornell 181

Food and Drug Administration (US) 170, 173

food cues 113, 118, 142, 163, 170, 171, 172, 173, 175, 183, 186, 195

aromatic 187

environmental 24, 101

implanting 196

sensitivity to 120, 162

viewing 178

Food Pleasure Equation 144

Food Standards Agency 271

Forbes, Laura 230, 231

‘forbidden foods’ 150

Fordism 201–2

Forsythe, Tom 181

Frances, Allen 263

Frankengrain, The 227

Frediani, Kevin 216

Freedhoff, Dr Yoni 185, 234

fresh produce 272

Friedman, Jeffrey 68–71, 74

Frito Lay 192

fruit and vegetables 49, 112, 204, 222, 246, 249, 258, 266, 272

fullness 226, 236, 248, 253

fun and happiness messaging 178

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) 24, 102, 103, 104, 170, 177

Gates Foundation, Bill and Melinda 265

gender stereotypes 35

gene expression 69

General Mills 181, 182, 202

genes transmitted 55

genetic mutation 66

genetically lucky 107

George III 27

George IV 28

George Mason University 28

germ 226

German, Bruce 88

Gessa, Gianluigi 115

ghrelin 91, 93, 134, 152

signalling 247

Gilman, Sander 32

glasses, narrow 238

Global Positioning Systems (GPS) 189

globalisation xii

globus allidus 109

glucose

and the brain 154

consuming 51

excess 55, 225

extra 43

insufficient 226

metabolise 52

gluten 227, 228, 229

gluttony 28, 31, 58

glycaemic index 155, 157, 229

glycogen 226

‘golden arches’ 161, 176

Goren-Inbar, Professor Naama 51

Grain Brain 227

grave 26

grazing 247

Great Depression 199

greed

controlling 20

label 139

green coffee bean extract 262

Green Revolution 199, 200, 201

Green Sense Farm 204, 273

greenhouse gas 203

Greer, Germaine 35

grown hydroponically 272

Grupo Bimbo 202

Guernsey 27

Guillemin, Roger 71

Guinness Book of World Records 22

Gulas, Charles 194

Gura, Trisha 88

gut

flora 85, 90, 91, 94, 96

microbiota 97

smaller 44, 51

hair, lack of 43

hamburgers 207, 242

Hamstra, Petra 169

Hardy, Alister 42

Harold, King 30

Harris, Jennifer 178, 182

Harvard xv, 77

Haub, Mark 221, 222

haunted hotel 192

Hawksworth, Elizabeth 5

health xiv, 224

and behaviour 35

claims 186

compromise long-term 231

and eating 186, 268

and food 272

halo 241

inspectors 259

professionals 32

scares 208

‘health-wash’ 185

Healthy At Every Size (HAES) 35

Healthy Weight Commitment Foundation 273

heart disease xiv, xv

Hebrew University 51

HED foods 51, 127, 149, 157, 183, 202,

258, 261, 269, 270

advertising of 179, 268

desire for 119, 250

rewarding properties of 129

hedonic

excess 120

hotspots 113

motivation 102

helicobacter pylori 92

Helmer, James 176

Helpful Fellow Travellers 89

Herman, Peter 124, 126

heroes 185

Heuer, Chelsea 18

HFCs and obesity 230

hibernating animals 40

high blood pressure see hypertension

high energy dense foods see HED foods

High Fat and Salt and Sugar Products (HFSS) 185

High Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS) 230

high protein snack 251

high texture 144

high-fat diet 139

high-sugar foods 230

Hindman, Hunter 193

hippocampus 171

Hoeve Rosa Farm 203

Hoglund Brain Imaging Centre 177

Holden, William 166

homeostasic balance 104

homeostatic control 106

homeostatic motivation 102

Honey Nut Cheerios 182, 192

honey roast ham 211

hormones 58, 59, 60

Hotel 626 192

HPA axis 152

H. pylori 92, 93

Hudson Institute 272

Hughes, Gerald 20

human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) 88

hunger

feelings of 104, 106, 134

hormones 71, 152

sensation of 120

hungry body 56

hunter/gatherer 52

hydrogenated oils 224

hydroponic factories 204

‘hyperphagics’ 152

hypertension xiv, 35, 63

hypocretin 116

hypoglycaemia 156

Hypoglycaemic Blues 154

hypophagics 152

hypothalamic

control 107

dysfunction 112

functioning 106

signalling 107

Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal Axis (HPA) 150

hypothalamus xv, 72, 104–6, 110, 113, 116, 139, 141

ice-cream 35, 164–5

icons, auditory 195

idealised appearance 268

‘I’m lovin’ it’ 188

images of food 101, 118, 162

Imperial College London 55

imported food 199

improving wheat production 199–200

impulse marketing 271

impulsivity 129, 135

overeating 123, 138

sleep 137

India xii, 200

individual liberties 260

individual responsibility 214, 265

inflammation 60

influencing food choices 258

informed choices 269

infrared detection 24

INSEAD 242

Institute of Education, University of London 19

insula 110

insulation 41, 43, 60

insulin 139, 156, 158

before birth 53

and leptin 121

levels 224

produce 54

receptors 154

resistance 52, 54, 55, 158

sensitivity 96, 158

spikes 158, 227

intellect 48

intense pleasure 111

intensive farms 201

Interdisciplinary Obesity Centre in Rorschach 134

intestinal microbiota 85, 86

Inuits 41

‘involuntary music imagery’ (INMI) 194

Inzlicht, Michael 134

Iowa Gambling Task 129

iPhones 195

Israel 50

Italy 30

Jackson Laboratory, Maine 65, 66

Jackson mice 65–7, 94

Japan 23

Jay, Melanie 32

Jiang, Yuhong 164

John Moores University, Liverpool 44

Jones, Dan 188

Joslin Diabetes Center 76

judgement of the overweight 12, 15, 32

junk food 222

Kahn, Ronald 77

Kansas State University 221

Karremans, Johan C. 167

Katz, David 207

Kellogg’s 180, 182, 190, 191, 202, 206, 229

Kersten, Fons 203

Kessler, David 170

ketones 231

Keys Benjamin, Ancel 22

Khoruts, Alex 82

kidneys 226, 232

Kissileff Eating Lab 155

Kleiber, Max 233

Kolkey, Eugene 180

Koob, George 141

Kraft Foods 202

Kreek, Professor Mary 69

lack of transparency 266

Lake Hula 50

Lambert, Daniel 26–8

Lay’s potato chips 209

Lazar, Mitchell 62

‘lean, finely textured beef’ (LFTB) 207–8

learning and memory 113

leave wrappers 240

Leeuwenhoek, Antony van 83–4

leftover beef scraps 207

legislation 259, 260

Leonard, William 44

leptin 56, 152

clinical trials 74

deficiency 75

discovery 69–71

and fertility 73

injections 74, 75, 91, 263

levels 72, 74

naming 71

pathway 75

resistance 75

role of 72–3

and survival 73

‘Let’s Move’ 264

lettuces 204, 216

Ley, Ruth 90, 94, 95

lifelong health problems 56

lifestyle, changes 235

lifestyles

active 213

modern 24

lignin 47

Likkanen, Dr Lassi 194

Lindlahr, Victor 49

Lineker, Gary 184, 185

lipid levels 62

lipocytes 59

lipodystrophy 61

liposuctions 33

Lipton’s Iced Tea 168

liver 61, 62

livestock 203

location-marketing techniques 190

logos 161, 163, 164, 170, 175

Logue, Alexandra Professor 55

long shelf-life products 209

love 176, 188

low calories 186, 254, 264, 273

low carbohydrate diets 232

low cost food 202

low fat 241, 242, 243

diets 232

labelling 241, 242

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) 223

Lowe, Michael 138

Lu, Bing xv

lunch, split 248

macronutrient stimulation 144

Mailman School of Public Health xiv

malnutrition xiii, 53

Mars 202, 206

mass production 202 see also Fordism

Match of the Day 185

McBride, Robert 210

McCain foods 187

McCaskill, Senator Claire 262

McDonald, Ronald 212

McDonald’s 161, 176, 188, 190, 195, 206, 212, 242

McMaster University 162, 176

meat 48, 49, 207–8

Medeiros, Marilaine 136, 137

‘medicalising’ obesity 263

memories 110, 144, 171, 188

mental health, decline in xv

mental maps 48

mental stimulation, avoid 255

metabolic syndrome xiv, 61, 62

metagenomics 96

Mexicans and Coca-Cola 215

microbes, harmful 88

microbiome 85, 87, 91, 94

microbiota 89, 91, 95

micronutrients, deficient in 53

mid-morning energy dip 154, 248

Mills, David 88

mind mirrors 133

Mindlab Laboratory 4

mineral water 167

‘miracle’ diets 222

mirrors, avoid 5

mitochondria 76

Mobile Marketing Daily 189

mobile technology 189

Modi, Professor Neena 55, 56

molecular biology 69

monoamine oxidase (MAO) 147

Monteiro, Carolos 208, 209

mood 128, 147, 229

moral issue 34

Moskowitz, Howard 210

Moss, Michael 209, 210

mother’s milk 63, 87

motivation 104, 256

movies 163, 166

MRI 55

munchers 152–3

muscle 23

music cues 194

musical memory 194

Musicus, Aviva 180, 181

naked ape 41

naloxone 149

naltrexone 173

‘nanny state’ 260

narcolepsy 116

National Institute of Health 270

National Institute on Drug Abuse 72

National Weight Control Registry 254

Neel, James 51

Nestlé 202

Nestle, Marion 206

Net Cost market 187

neural communications 93

neuropeptides 72, 116

New England Journal of Medicine 77

New York City Council 260

New York Times 227

New York University 32, 92

newborn babies scan 55

NHS, drain on the 18

Nidetch, Jean 34

Nieuwdorp, Dr Max 79, 80, 83

night shifts 254

Nobby’s Nuts 185

Nobel Peace Prize 71, 200

Northern Arizona University 20

Northern Michigan University 198

nourishing foodstuffs 236

Novak, Kim 166

nucleus accumbens 111, 113

Nummenmaa, Dr Lauri Tapio 101, 102, 104, 118

nutrition transition xii, 205

nutritional deficiencies 258

nutritional jargon 211

nutritionally poor food 16, 204

nuts and seeds 224

obese

brains of 118

doctors’ views 32

numbers of xii–xiii

parents 55

super 23

obesity

business 261, 262

and children xi, xiii, 177

financial cost of 274

intolerance 33

and lifestyle 67, 78

morbid 23

public awareness of 264

the word 31

Obesity Solutions Initiative 272

obesogenic environment 16, 25, 36, 112, 174, 261, 263, 264, 271, 274

ocean-dwelling mammals 43

Ohashi, Koji 63

olive oil 224

Oliver, Jamie 208

Olson, Jane 143

Olympics 183

omega-3 224, 225

opiate receptors 173, 256

‘opioid agonists’ 173

oranges, eating only 155

Orbach, Susie 18, 35

orbitofrontal cortex 109, 113

Oreos 183

orexin 116, 117

organs 45, 88

orgasm 111

Osaka University 63

otitis media (ear infection) 92

overeating 58, 120, 137, 139, 148, 209, 237, 274

in company 251

health consequences of 266

impulsive 132

at night 247

pleasure in 112

overweight 23, 36

children xiv, 19, 178

narcoleptics 117

numbers of xi–xiii

pride in being 21, 28

women xi, 56

ownership of your body 257

oxygen 76, 103

Oz, Dr Mehmet 262

pacesetters 251

packaging labels 269 see also food labelling

painful joints xiv

Palaeolithic era 52

pancreas 156, 158

Pani, Luca 115

Papies, Esther 169

parabiosis 66

Parker, Gordon 148

paroxetine 147

patronising adults 260

pause points 243, 244

Pavlovian 112

Payne-Palacio, June 30

pear shape (gynoid) 61

PepsiCo 190, 202, 206

Perlmutter, David 227

personal information 189

personal responsibility 274

person’s perception 107

persuasive messages 267

pesticides 200

pharmacological interventions 32, 117

phenylethylamine 146

Phul, Rebecca 18

physical

activity 129, 254

appearance 34

attractiveness 268

differences 42

exercise 14

Physical Education lessons 19

physiological change 104

Picnic (movie) 166

‘pink slime’ 207–8

pituitary gland 151

placebo effect 228

plate, small 238

pleasure 120, 145, 172, 173

triggers 143–5

plus-size fashion 35

Polivy, Janet 124, 126

pop music 195, 252

popcorn eating 163

portal artery 61

portions 222, 238, 260

Post and General Mills 192

post-prandial glycosuria 52

poverty 199, 200

preadipocytes 59

priming 164, 165

Prince of Wales Hospital, Australia 148

Principle of Least Resistance 245

Pringles 244

prize 183

processed foods xiv, 91, 205, 206

profits in food industry 202

prokaryotes 85

protein

diet 231, 232, 248, 249

eat 243

excess 231

increasing 249

metabolise 231

powders 250

processing 231

proteobacteria 90

pseudomembranous colitis 81

psilocybin 147

psychological

aspects of weight gain 3

barriers 13

coping mechanism 20

needs 143

profile 125

wants 25, 161

puberty 73

public, influencing the 213

public health cost 274

public interest, protect the 209

pulses (legumes) 29

puritanism 32

putamen 109

quantities, smaller 252

Quetelet, Adolphe 22

Radboud University 167

Rand, Dr Colleen 21

rats 149, 162–3

receptor depletion 114

reduced fat 242

Rees, Rebecca 19, 20

refrigerated ships 199

regular versions 243

regulate energy levels 71

regulation 259, 260

of advertising 179

battles 260

of fast food 213

reinforcement learning 109

renal function, stress on 232

reserpine 147

resistin, levels of 62

Responsibility Deal 265, 269

restaurants 252–3

Restraint Scale 124

retailers, decline in independent 215

rewards 163, 171

and behaviour 152

desire for 115

hypo-responsive to 119

and junk food 210

and punishment 112

sensitivity to 119

signalling of 118

and sweetness 227

rheumatoid arthritis xv

RNA (ribonucleic acid) 69, 70

road, crossing the 10

Robertson, Marcia 44

Robinson, Terry 172, 173

Rockefeller University 68, 74

Roman Apicius 29

Rozin, Paul 245, 246

‘Rubenesque’ women 28

Rudd Center for Food Policy and Obesity see Yale Rudd Center

rugby supporters 140

Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute 78

satiety

enhance 243

factor 67, 69

scales 253

scanner, how it works 103

Scarpello, Lindsay 190

Scherer, Professor Philipp 64

Schewe, Charles 194

Schmeichel, Brandon 134

Schmid, Sebastian 134

schools, ban HED foods in 270

Schor, Juliet 177

Schultz, Adolph 39

Schwartz, Barry 197

Schwarzenegger, Arnold 21–3

scientific grant bodies 266

Scripps Research Institute, California 141

SCUBA diving 42

seals and whales 41, 49

second brain 93

Secret Eaters 241, 244

sedentary occupations 25

sedentary people 23

self-control 130, 132, 134, 136, 138, 150, 173

depletion of 133

failing 134

increase 138

lack of 20, 34

other’s 133

undermined 191

self-image 8, 267

self-imposed boundaries 124

self-medication, food as 141

self-monitoring 132

self-regulatory framework 265

self-service counters 246

Sensometrics 210

serotonin 86

serving meals 245

sex and women 34

Shiva, Vandana 200

shopping, when hungry 250–1

short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) 89, 91, 95

Siiteri, Pentti 59

silica 47

simple sugars 225

Simpson, Wallis 31

Simpsons cartoon 185

Sinclair, David 41

size, own responsibility 20

skin-fold measurements 24

‘Skippers’ 152–3

sleep 128, 134–8, 235, 254–5

improving 249

insufficient 25

‘sleep attacks’ 116

slender figure, regaining a 33

slimming clubs 33

slimming drug 67, 117, 173, 263–4

slogan power 188

Smith, Steve 189

Smith MD, Steven 78

smoking 267, 273

smoothies 250

snacks 135, 169, 210, 243, 247, 254

desire to 248

diary 248

hide 246

impulsive 138

individually wrapped 244

measure out 245

modern 209

social

class 15

events 19

intelligence 48

media 189

networking 193

‘rejection’ 153

‘social brain’ hypothesis 48

Sodexo 273

soft drinks 177, 215

SOLOMO (Social-Local-Mobile) 190

‘sonic signature’ 194

sorbitol 211

South Africa 31

South Korea 187

Soylent Pink (pink slime) 207

spit-roasting 50

spokes-characters 180, 182

sporting events, sponsor 183

sports fans 140

sportsperson endorsement 183–4

Sproesser’s experiment 152–3

SSRI (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors) antidepressants 147

Stafford University 86

standardised measure 22

Stanford University 23, 138, 190

Starbucks 161

‘starvation signal’ 64

statins 62

Stearns, Peter 28, 34

steps 7, 8

stereotypes, weight-based 18

Stern, Andrew 208

Stini, William Professor 41

stress

and anxiety 110

control 235

hyperphagics 153

and the hypothalamus 151

minimising 138

and obesity 150

Stull, Donald 198

subliminal priming 166, 167

substantia nigra 109

Subway 242

successful dieters 126

sugar 210, 230

addictive 150

in beverages 214, 260

crashes 156, 158

and fat 243

spikes 157

‘super’ foods 208

supermarkets 197, 198, 215, 216

supraliminal cues 168–9

surgery 32, 261

Surgery 81

Swarthmore College 197

sweating 43

taste 110, 111, 143

taxes on sugary drinks 214

Taylor, Ros 17

television advertising and children 271

temperature 41, 43

tetrahydro-beta-carbolines 147

Texas A&M University 134

theobromine 146

‘Theory of Mind’ 48

thermogenesis 231

thin, obsessed with 33

three square meals 247

thrifty gene 51, 54

Tilley, Paul 188

Timberlake, Justin 188

time pressures 25, 176

tobacco 213, 260

topiramate 263

trade associations and lobbying 214

traditional diets xii, xiii, 204, 205

traffic-light system for beverages 269

trans fat 224

treats 157, 240, 271

triglycerides 158

Truth campaign 267

tryptophan 146

Twitter 192

Type II diabetes xiv, 35, 36, 52, 53, 55, 62, 63, 66, 154, 158

Type III diabetes xv

Tyson Rorer, Sarah 15

UK Health Forum xii

ulcerative colitis 82

Ultragrain 273

ultra-sweet taste 230

underwater weighing 24

Unilever 202

University College London 44

University of Aberdeen 41

University of Alberta 3

University of Arizona 41

University of Berlin 42

University of California 59, 88, 193

University of Colorado 33

University of Durham 198

University of Florida 21, 164

University of Guelph 44

University of Illinois 32

University of Kansas 177, 198

University of Kostanz 152

University of Leicester 198

University of Liverpool 155, 176, 184

University of Lübeck 134

University of Michigan 48, 51, 161, 172, 194

University of Minnesota 82

University of Ottawa 185

University of Pennsylvania 62, 63, 245

University of São Paulo 208

University of Southampton 53

University of Sussex 6, 122

University of Texas 64

University of Toronto 124, 134, 176

University of Utrecht 169

urinary tract infection 79

value packs 239

vancomycin 79

vegetables see fruit and vegetables

vegetarian diet 29, 48

Velasquez-Manoff, Moises 87

vending machines 270

ventral tegmental area (VTA) 111

Vicary, James McDonald 166

Victoria, Queen 28

visceral adipose tissue 40

visual clues 244

vital functions 116

vitamins and fat 225

Volkow, Nora 72, 121

vulnerability 14, 24

Wagon & Horses 27

waist circumference 24

waitress service 252

Walker, Meghan 229

Walker Crisps 184–5

walking regime 128

Wang, Claire xiv

Wang, Gene-Jack 205

Wansink, Brian 180, 181, 242

wanting and motivation 172, 173

‘war on fat’ 33

wash hands 259

Washington University 94

WAT 61

Watson, John Broadus 195

Weaver, Connie 206

Webber, Laura xii

weigh-ins 253, 254

weight

categories 23

and the chest 137

controlling 107, 123, 127, 245

cycling 35, 127, 256

gain xiv, 229

and genetics 106–7

loss 32, 34, 221, 228, 231, 235, 256, 262

normal 23

reducing strategies 239, 240, 243, 244, 246, 247, 249, 250, 251, 253

reduction 232, 265

regained 34

stigma 18

Weight Concern 21

Weight Watchers 34

weightlifter 22

Weingarten, Harvey 162, 171

wellbeing, feelings of 256

Wellcome Trust 265

Wellington, Duke of 29

Westenhöfer, Max 42

Western-style diet xii, 205

What-the-Hell dieters 126, 127

wheat 227

Wheat Belly 227

Wheeler, Peter 44, 45, 46, 47

white adipose tissue (WAT) 39, 59–62, 71, 78

white flour 229, 230

white lipid 59

wholegrain options 230

Williams, Pharrell 188

women xi, 56

domestic role 34

fasting 113

social class 15

words and food cues 188

World Bank 200

World Health Organization 212, 264

World Public Nutrition Association 208

Wrangham, Richard 50

xanthines 146

xylitol 211

Yale Rudd Center 18, 180, 182, 191

Yale University 133, 164, 178, 183

Yale’s Prevention Research Center 207

young children 179

youthful body 33

yo-yo dieting 36, 256

Zhong, Chen-Bo 176

Zombie eating 163