Academic tribalism, 5
behavioral manifestations, 61, 179
Client-Centered treatment of, 67, 69, 82, 100–103, 179, 193
and cognitive complaints, 102, 179
and counseling methods, 77
and creative self-expression, 9
and defensiveness, 59
and diverse behavior, 9
excessive, 181
exploration of, 75
extinction of, 187
and extrovert, 59, 60–61, 65–66, 67, 69, 81–82, 97–98, 180, 186, 191, 193, 237
fluctuation of, 58
and group counseling, 236
and incubation effects, 186
and insomnia, 9
interpersonal, 50–51, 58, 69, 71, 75, 78n, 92, 100–103, 184, 185, 225
and introvert 59, 60, 65–66, 69, 71, 80, 82, 83, 87, 98, 99, 103, 178, 181, 182, 191, 213, 234
and maladaptive behavior, 184
and methods of reduction, 96
and personal problems, 182
and placebo groups, 85, 196, 239–40
prevalence of, 222
and psychosomatic symptoms, 9
and psychotherapy, 177
and Rational-Emotive treatment, 67–68, 69
and risk taking, 219
and self-reporting, 67
and Systematic Desensitization treatment, 78
and therapeutic goal, 9
and treatment, 50, 78–79, 100, 178–89, 196
Arbuckle, D. S., on therapists’ differences, 15
on therapists’ variables, 16
Arousal level, 180
Assertive training, 225
Attention, as treatment, 24, 66, 70, 80, 81, 88, 92, 93, 177, 187, 196
Attitudinal change, 185
Autonomic activity, definition of, 12
Avoidance behavior, and relaxation, 181–82
Bandura, A., on controlling variables, 23
on outcome analyses, 22
on rejection of studies, 5
Behavior Checklist of Interpersonal Anxiety, 31, 37
Behavioral, and group counseling, 237
inducement of change, 236
measure, 81
ratings, 59
and Systematic Desensitization, 223
treatment evaluation, 234
Behaviorists, classification of neurosis, 224
Blocker, D., on evaluation of psychotherapeutic theory, 2
on pre-treatment differences, 4n
Bone, Harry, on treatment method overlap, 216–17
Carkhuff, R. R., and Client-Centered treatment, 52
and self-exploration, 67
on therapist variables, 4n
Central therapeutic ingredients, 76, 183
Client-Centered treatment, 43
and anxiety reduction, 179, 193
description, 216
and extroversion, 26, 68–69, 79–80, 101–2
and outcome research, 21
and personality type, 69
and process research, 21
and self-exploration, 67
and therapist 16
treatment description, 52
sample selection, 8
self-exploration, 19, 63, 64, 76–77, 182
speech activity, 75
thinking and behavior, 74
treatment focus, 8
Cognitive complaints, 87–88, 102
Cognitive dissonance, 2
Cognitive group counseling, 237
Colby, K. M., on current predicament in psychotherapy, 6
Comparative approach, in research group, 23–28
results of, 24
Conditionability, 12
Cooke, G., on fear reduction, 180
Cortical excitation, 179
Counseling, effective relationship, 236
methods, 77
Counselor, bias, 235
charisma, 240
effect, 66, 83–85, 95–97, 189–91
and personality type, 86–89, 98–100, 183
and “school” differences, 95–96, 102
and treatment, 74
Counterconditioning, 12, 13, 181
Creative self-expression, 9
Davison, G., on limitations of Systematic Desensitization, 180
Defensiveness, and Edwards Social Desirability Scale, 192
and mode of anxiety expressed, 59–60
Dimensions, introversion-extroversion, 12
normal-neuroticism, 12
Discrimination learning, 185
and extinction, 186
Dissonance, between “schools,” 3
Diverse behavior, and anxiety, 9
Edgar, T. E., on outcome of psychotherapy, 21
Edwards Personal Preference Schedule, 47, 49
Edwards Social Desirability Scale 31, 32, 77, 89
Ellis, A., on Rational-Emotive treatment, 26, 51
on therapy, 68
Error correcting, 187
Error of misplaced precision, 16
Excitatory and inhibitory potential 12
Extinction, 3, 12, 14, 186, 187
Extrovert, and anxiety, 60–61, 65–66, 67
and behavior differences, 59
changes in, 90
characteristics of, 13
and Client-Centered treatment, 26, 68–69, 193
and differences from introvert, 177
and fantasy, 13
and follow-up, 93
and general anxiety, 191
and group counseling, 236, 237
and interaction effects, 67
and interpersonal anxiety, 69, 185
interviews with, 65
in-treatment, 74
and learning 179
and level of anxiety, 59
and low arousal level, 180
and Maudsley Personality Inventory, 60, 92, 94, 98, 99
and negative reinforcement, 186
and performance in group, 180
and personality of counselor, 86
and personality questionnaire, 11–12
and pre-treatment differences, 59
and prevalence, 214
and Rational-Emotive treatment, 92, 93–94
and Systematic Desensitization treatment, 66, 84–85, 179, 181
and thinking modes, 49
and treatment achieving, 65, 79–80, 81–82, 86, 91–92, 97–98, 194, 195
and visual imagery, 13
Eysenck, H. J., on conditionability, 12
on excitatory and inhibitory potentials, 12
on introverts, 13
on neurotic disorders, 4
and psychotherapy and counseling, 20
and Systematic Desensitization, 179
Fantasy, 13
Feelings, relaxation of, 236
Fenichel, O., on extroversion, 13
Festinger, L., on techniques, 2
Follow-up, effect, 90
Frank, J. D., on Client-Centered treatment, 16
on client classification and description, 21–22
on client variables, 8
Franks, C, on introversion, 13
Garfield, S. L., on outcome studies, 18
Goldstein, A. P., on current status of psychotherapy, 6
on outcome of psychotherapy, 20–21
Gray, J., on performance of introverts, 180
Grummon, D. L., on the comparative approach, 24–25
Hoskisson, J. B., on work condemnation, 3
Inactivity, effect of, 214
Incubation effects, 186
Index of Interpersonal Anxiety, 32, 51, 77, 81, 179, 181, 241, 243
Inhibitory potential, 12
Inhibitory influence, 181
Insight orientation, 18
Insight treatment, 18n
Insomnia, 9
Interaction, with counselor, 69
Interpersonal activity, 70, 71, 75, 77, 81, 87, 181
checklist, 47
contacts, 10
exploration, 183
treatment effects, 78
and treatment method, 218
Interpersonal anxiety, definition of, 78n
reduction of, 51
as target behavior, 234
Interpersonal Anxiety Scale, 30, 31–32, 31n, 32n, 33, 58, 245
Inter-rater reliability, 73
In-treatment, and self-exploration, 67
and self-reported anxiety, 67
Introverts, anxiety level, 59, 60
attention as treatment for, 66, 80, 88
and attitudinal change, 185
and behavior ratings, 59
characteristics of, 13
and Client-Centered therapy, 66
and comparison to extroverts, 177
and countcrconditioning, 12, 13
and discrimination learning, 185
and excessive anxiety level, 181
and expectations of relief, 70
and fantasy, 13
and general anxiety, 191
and group counseling, 236
and interaction effects, 67
and interpersonal activities, 82
and interpersonal anxiety, 69, 71, 80, 184
interviews with, 65
and learning, 179
and level of anxiety, 59
and Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, 214
and personality type, 80–83, 86–89, 92–95
and preference for isolation, 180
pre-treatment differences, 59
and Rational-Emotive treatment, 69, 71, 80, 83, 93–94, 182, 213
and reassurance, 178
and scales of anxiety, 191
and Systematic Desensitization therapy, 69, 71, 80, 93–94
and treatment outcome, 194, 195
and visual imagery, 13
London, P., on current status of psychotherapy, 6
on treatment approaches, 25
Luborsky, L., on patient personality, 10–11
Maladaptive anxiety, 183
attitudinal complexes, 185
behavior, 184
Maudsley Personality Inventory, 60
Mowrer, O., on socialization, 12
Multivariate comparative model, 27
Muscle relaxation and counterconditioning, 181
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, 30, 32, 47, 49, 60, 94, 96
Outcome, 22
and Client-Centered group, 21
and controlling variables, 23
and process, 239
and research, 235
Paul, G. L., on anxiety reduction, 178
and client classification, 21–22
and insight-orientation, 18
and interpersonal performance, 8–9
and maladaptive anxiety, 183
and models of therapy, 42
and therapists’
techniques, 15
effects on treatment, 79–83, 86–89, 91–95, 98–100
similarity of counselor-client, 183
variables, 229
Phillips, E. L., on “schools” of psychotherapy, 2–3
Placebo group, and attention, 177, 187
as control, 20, 53–54, 90–91, 97, 99, 103, 178, 196
differences, 88
effects of, 14–15, 16, 28, 197
and interpersonal anxiety, 92, 239–40
and introversion, 87
and treatment approach, 24, 66–67, 85, 101
Predictor variables, 230
Pre-treatment variables, 234–35
Process and outcome variables, 19–28, 239
Process research, 22
Psychosomatic symptoms, 9
Psychotherapy, and anxiety reduction, 177
approaches, 187
current status of, 6
evolution of, 2
failure of, 3
historical perspective of, 2–3
and outcome studies, 18, 20–21
and research factors, 7
theories of 194
and verbal counseling, 182
Rational-Emotive treatment, 26, 43, 51–52
and anxiety reduction, 67–68, 69, 71
and extroversion, 92
and follow-up effects, 90–91, 92
and interpersonal activities, 71, 77, 81, 87, 102, 181
and introversion, 80, 83, 93–94, 182, 213
and personality type consideration 69
and reassurance effects, 178
and self-report anxiety, 67
Reflection of feelings, 236
Relationship Questionnaire, 31, 33
Research weakness, 4
Rogerian model, 241
Rogers, C. R., on Client-Centered psychotherapy, 16
on Client-Centered treatment, 52
on current status of psychotherapy, 6
on normal behavior, 21n
on therapists’ differences, 1, 68
on treatment effect, 230
Sargent, Heken D., on the importance of follow-up, 28
Scheffe post hoc comparisons, 56
and follow-up treatment, 197
“Schools,” as a consequence of theories, 27
and counseling, 95–96, 102, 236, 237
description of, 2
difference between, 230
and dissonance, 3
distinctions, 21
new, 5
Self-exploration, 67
Self-respect measures, 71
Shlien, J. M., and psychotherapy and counseling, 20
on schools of psychotherapy, 3–4
Singer, J. L., and visual imagery, 13
Speech activity, 75
State Anxiety Inventory, 31, 32, 33, 53, 58
Strupp, H. H., on effectiveness of psychotherapy, 10
on normal behavior, 21n
on selection of therapists, 18–19
Sundland, D. M., 42
Systematic Desensitization, 18
and anxiety reduction, 78, 193
and behavior therapy, 223
and follow-up, 90
and inhibitory influence, 181
and interpersonal activity, 71, 100–103
and interpersonal anxiety, 69
and level of relaxation, 181
and therapy, 179
Therapeutic, approaches, 187
schools, 75
Therapist Orientation Sheet, 42
Therapist Personal Data Sheet, description of, 42
Therapist Rating Sheet, 32, 33
Therapists, self-exploration, 75
Client-Centered, 16
differences, 15
goals, 9
insight-oriented, 18
and personal commitment, 18
techniques, 15
transparency, 11
treatment, 10
Thinking modes, 49
Trait Anxiety Inventory, 31, 32
Treatment, anxiety, 50, 82, 85, 100
and attention, 66
and counselor behavior, 74
and extroverts, 65
improvement, 86
insight, 18n
interpersonal activity, 78
and interpersonal effect, 218
and prognosis, 196
and progress, 195
and treatment methods, 78–79, 87, 81–82, 97–98, 195
and treatment outcome, 194
Truax, C. B., and Client-Centered treatment, 52
and self-exploration, 67
on therapist variables, 4n
Verbal counseling, 182
Visual imagery, 13
Walters, R. H., on rejection of studies, 5
Wolpe, L, on conditionability, 12
on inhibition, 181
on introverts, 13
on visual imagery, 13
Zubin, J., and the criterion problem, 21