NOTES

INTRODUCTION: PHILADELPHIA, JUNE 16, 1864

1. Albany (NY) Evening Journal, June 17, 1864; Philadelphia Press, June 17, 1864. For a general discussion of the Sanitary Commission, see Margaret Humphreys, Marrow of Tragedy: The Health Crisis of the American Civil War (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2013), 142–45; and Judith Ann Giesberg, Civil War Sisterhood: The U.S. Sanitary Commission and Women’s Politics in Transition (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 2000).

2. San Francisco Bulletin, July 22, 1864.

3. Duane Hamilton Hurd, History of Essex County, Massachusetts (Philadelphia: J. W. Lewis, 1888), 1:915; Samuel P. Bates, History of Pennsylvania Volunteers, 1861–5 (Harrisburg, PA: B. Singerly, 1869), 2:198.

4. Abraham Lincoln, “Speech at the Great Sanitary Fair,” June 16, 1864, in The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, ed. Roy P. Basler (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1953) 7:394 (hereafter cited as CW).

5. “The First Part of King Henry the Sixth,” The Complete Works of William Shakespeare, accessed February 10, 2017, http://shakespeare.mit.edu/1henryvi/full.html. There is no evidence that Lincoln read Henry VI, but the phrase had also entered the American vernacular.

1. GOOD DEATH

1. John Hanks, interview with John Miles, May 25, 1865, in Douglas L. Wilson and Rodney O. Davis, eds., Herndon’s Informants: Letters, Interviews, and Statements about Abraham Lincoln (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1998), 5 (hereafter cited as HI).

2. Dennis Hanks, interview with William H. Herndon, June 13, 1865, HI, 36; A. H. Chapman, written statement, September 8, 1865, HI, 96.

3. Lincoln, “Autobiography Written for John L. Scripps,” c. June 1860, CW 4:61; Nathaniel Grigsby, interview with William H. Herndon, September 12, 1865, HI, 111.

4. For physical descriptions of Lincoln’s parents, see Nathaniel Grigsby, interview with William H. Herndon, September 12, 1865, HI, 111; A. H. Chapman to William H. Herndon, September 8, 1865, HI, 97; Dennis F. Hanks to William H. Herndon, c. December 1865, HI, 149.

5. Lincoln to Jesse W. Fell, enclosing autobiography, December 20, 1859, CW 3:511.

6. E. Tucker, History of Randolph County, Indiana (Chicago: A. L. Klingman, 1852), 97; William Monroe Cockrum, Pioneer History of Indiana (Oakland City, IN: Press of the Oakland City Journal, 1907), 504.

7. Lincoln, “The Bear Hunt,” c. September 6, 1846, CW 1:386.

8. See generally Roderick Nash, Wilderness and the American Mind, 5th ed. (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2014), esp. chap. 4.

9. Dennis F. Hanks, interview with William H. Herndon, June 13, 1865, HI, 39–40.

10. Charles Blanchard, Counties of Morgan, Monroe, and Brown, Indiana (Chicago: F. A. Battey, 1884), 165–66.

11. Cockrum, Pioneer History of Indiana, 503; the authors from which I have quoted here and elsewhere commit occasional minor errors of spelling, punctuation, and grammar. Rather than correct each error with [sic], I have allowed the errors to remain in their original form.

12. Lincoln, “The Bear Hunt,” c. September 6, 1846, CW 1:388.

13. Dennis F. Hanks, interview with William H. Herndon, June 13, 1865, HI, 39.

14. Lincoln, autobiography for John L. Scripps, c. June 1860, CW 4:62.

15. Nathaniel Grigsby to William H. Herndon, September 4, 1865, HI, 94; Matilda Johnston Moore, interview with William H. Herndon, September 8, 1865, HI, 109.

16. At least one neighbor seems to have thought the Sparrows were in fact Nancy’s biological parents; see William Wood, interview with William H. Herndon, September 18, 1865, HI, 123.

17. D. Jesse Wagstaff, International Poisonous Plants Checklist: An Evidence-Based Reference (New York: Taylor and Francis, 2008), 12.

18. Walter H. Lewis and Memory P. F. Elvin-Lewis, Medical Botany: Plants Affecting Human Health, 2nd ed. (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2003), 90.

19. It seems unlikely that the cow was owned by the Lincolns, given that milk sickness was first detected in the Brooner and Sparrow families. On the Brooner family, see History of Warrick, Spencer, and Perry Counties (Chicago: Goodspeed and Co., 1885), 557.

20. Lewis and Elvin-Lewis, Medical Botany, 90.

21. Augustus Chapman, written statement, September 8, 1865, HI, 98.

22. Dennis F. Hanks, interview with William H. Herndon, June 13, 1865, HI, 41.

23. William Wood, interview with William H. Herndon, September 18, 1865, HI, 123.

24. Dennis F. Hanks, interview with William H. Herndon, June 13, 1865, HI, 40.

25. Drew Gilpin Faust, This Republic of Suffering: Death and the American Civil War (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2007), 7–28; Thomas Fuller and William Pickering, Good Thoughts in Bad Times (London: Pickering, 1841), 340.

26. Faust, Republic of Suffering, 7–11.

27. Dennis Hanks, interview with William H. Herndon, June 13, 1865, HI, 40.

28. See generally J. William Worden, Children and Grief: When a Parent Dies (London: Guildford Press, 2001), which has much useful information on modern research into this subject, esp. chaps. 1 and 4, though it is designed primarily for present-day child psychologists and clinicians; also helpful is Suzanne Sjöqvist, ed., Still Here with Me: Teenagers and Children on Losing a Parent, trans. Margaret Myers (London: Jessica Kingsley, 2007).

29. Alexander K. McClure, Abraham Lincoln and Men of War Times, 4th ed. (1892; repr., Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1996), 78.

30. William Wood, interview with William H. Herndon, September 15, 1865, HI, 123.

31. Ibid., 124; Dennis Hanks, interview with William H. Herndon, June 13, 1865, HI, 40; Henry B. Rankin, Personal Recollections of Abraham Lincoln (New York: Putnam and Sons, 1916), 320; Michael Burlingame, “Lincoln’s Depressions: ‘Melancholy Dripped from Him as He Walked,’” in The Inner World of Abraham Lincoln (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1994), 94.

32. On Thomas’s faith, see Dennis F. Hanks, interview with Erastus Wright, June 8, 1865, HI, 28; and A. H. Chapman, written statement, September 8, 1865, HI, 97. Also see generally Allen C. Guelzo, Abraham Lincoln as a Man of Ideas (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2009), 33–34; and Guelzo’s earlier, excellent biography centered around Lincoln’s religiosity, Abraham Lincoln: Redeemer President (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdman’s, 1999), 36–40, though I would somewhat disagree with Guelzo’s suggestion that Abraham broke so profoundly with his father on religious matters, since he seemed to retain the Hardshell Baptist’s fatalism.

33. John F. Cady, “The Religious Environment of Lincoln’s Youth,” Indiana Magazine of History 37 (March 1941), 16–19; William E. Bartelt, “There I Grew Up”: Remembering Abraham Lincoln’s Indiana Youth (Indianapolis: Indianapolis Historical Society, 2008), 135–36.

34. Lincoln later remembered that Elkin preached the funeral sermon in the Lincoln home “several months after her death”; see Rankin, Personal Recollections, 320. However, Lincoln did not mention the contents of the sermon or the reason for the delay. See also A. H. Chapman, written statement, September 8, 1865, HI, 97–98; and Jonathan Todd Hobson, Footprints of Abraham Lincoln (Dayton, OH: Otterbein Press, 1909), 18, 20, who states that Lincoln wrote to Elkin, asking him to preach the sermon, but the source for this assertion is unclear. Also see Philip D. Jordan, “The Death of Nancy Hanks Lincoln,” Indiana Magazine of History 40 (June 1944), 103–10.

35. At least one early biography furnishes details about Nancy’s funeral regarding the sermon, hymns, and Abraham’s behavior, but the sources for this information are unclear and may well simply be a fanciful imagining of these events; see James Baldwin, Abraham Lincoln: A True Life (New York: American Book Co., 1904), 52.

36. Lincoln to Andrew Johnston, April 18, 1846, CW 1:378; autobiography written for John L. Scripps, c. June 1860, CW 4:62. He did also mention Nancy in a letter to Mrs. Orville Browning, April 1, 1838, CW 1:118, but the circumstances of this letter suggest he may have been writing more as parody than an actual reference to memories of Nancy.

37. Nathaniel Grigsby, interview with William H. Herndon, September 12, 1865, HI, 113; David Turnham, interview with William H. Herndon, September 15, 1865, HI, 122; John Hanks, interview with William H. Herndon, c. 1865–66, HI, 456.

38. Hobson, Footprints of Lincoln, 21–22; Nathaniel Grigsby to William H. Herndon, September 4, 1865, HI, 94. That the child was born deceased was affirmed by Augustus Chapman, a neighbor; see Chapman, written statement, September 8, 1865, HI, 100.

39. Francis Marion Van Natter, Lincoln’s Boyhood: A Chronicle of His Indiana Years (New York: Public Affairs Press, 1963), 52, contends that “apparently” no midwife was present, but the account of Mrs. Lamar (see Hobson, Footprints of Lincoln, 22) directly contradicts this, and it would have been contrary to the commonly accepted practice of having a midwife present, even in frontier areas.

40. Hobson, Footprints of Lincoln, 22. On understanding the various causes of stillbirths, I relied on Fabio Facchinetti, Gustaaf A. Dekker, Dante Baronciani, and George Saade, eds., Stillbirth: Understanding and Management (Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2010), esp. 109–14.

41. A. H. Chapman, written statement, September 8, 1865, HI, 100; Chicago Times Herald, December 22, 1895; Samuel E. Kercheval to Jesse W. Weik, December 2, 1887, HI, 645.

42. Lincoln, autobiography written for John L. Scripps, c. June 1860, CW 4:65.

43. James Short to William H. Herndon, July 7, 1865, HI, 73; Lynn McNulty Greene to William H. Herndon, July 30, 1865, HI, 80; John McNamar to William H. Herndon, January 20, 1867, HI, 545–46.

44. James Short to William H. Herndon, July 7, 1865, HI, 73; Lynn McNulty Greene to William H. Herndon, July 30, 1865, HI, 80; Robert B. Rutledge to William H. Herndon, November 1, 1866, HI, 383; George U. Miles to William H. Herndon, March 23, 1866, HI, 236–37; John Y. Simon, “Abraham Lincoln and Ann Rutledge,” Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association 11 (1990): 13–33.

45. Robert B. Rutledge to William H. Herndon, November 1, 1866, HI, 383; William G. Greene, interview with William H. Herndon, May 30, 1865, HI, 21; John Hill to William H. Herndon, June 6, 1865, HI, 23–25; Hardin Bale, interview with William H. Herndon, May 29, 1865, HI, 13.

46. John Hill to William H. Herndon (enclosed clipping from Menard Axis), February 15, 1862, HI, 25; Isaac Cogdal, interview with William H. Herndon, c. 1865–66, HI, 440.

47. See the excellent historiographic overview in Simon, “Lincoln and Ann Rutledge,” 13–18. For critics of Mary Lincoln (William Herndon, for example), the alleged romance with Rutledge proved a useful contrivance to argue that Lincoln never really loved his wife, a claim that has appeared in numerous biographies; see, e.g., Carrie Douglas Wright, Lincoln’s First Love: A True Story (Chicago: A. C. McClurg and Co., 1901).

48. William G. Greene, interview with William H. Herndon, May 30, 1865, HI, 21; Robert B. Rutledge to William H. Herndon, November 18, 1866, HI, 402.

49. William G. Greene, interview with William H. Herndon, May 30, 1865, HI, 21; James Smith to William H. Herndon, December 24, 1867, HI, 547.

50. On the pathology and symptoms of typhoid, see Donald Emmeluth, Typhoid Fever (Philadelphia: Chelsea House, 2004).

51. William G. Greene, interview with William H. Herndon, May 30, 1865, HI, 21; John Jones, written statement enclosed in letter from Robert Rutledge to William H. Herndon, October 22, 1866, HI, 387.

52. Oliver Carruthers and R. Gerald McMurtry, Lincoln’s Other Mary (Chicago: Ziff-Davis, 1946), 201.

53. Jesse William Weik, The Real Lincoln: A Portrait (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1922), 395; Simon, “Lincoln and Ann Rutledge,” 28.

54. Lincoln to C. U. Schlater, January 5, 1849, CW 2:19.

2. EDDY

1. On the history of the Lincoln home, see the useful and detailed description in Alan Manning, Father Lincoln: The Untold Story of Abraham Lincoln and His Boys—Robert, Eddy, Willie, and Tad (Guilford, CT: Lyons Press, 2016), 28–29.

2. Robert Rutledge to William H. Herndon, November 21, 1866, HI, 409.

3. On Mary’s background, see Catherine Clinton, Mrs. Lincoln: A Life (New York: HarperCollins, 2009), 9–47. There are many excellent accounts of their courtship; see Clinton, Mrs. Lincoln, 48–77, and esp. Douglas L. Wilson, Honor’s Voice: The Transformation of Abraham Lincoln (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1998), 195–232.

4. Bonnie E. Paull and Richard E. Hart, Lincoln’s Springfield Neighborhood (Charleston, SC: History Press, 2015), 39–45; Richard Lawrence Miller, “Life at Eighth and Jackson,” in Frank J. Williams and Michael Burkhimer, eds., The Mary Lincoln Enigma: Historians on America’s Most Controversial First Lady (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2012), 66; Katherine Helm, The True Story of Mary, Wife of Lincoln (New York: Harper, 1928), 98.

5. Mary Todd Lincoln to Abraham Lincoln, May 1848, in Justin G. Turner and Linda Levitt Turner, eds., Mary Todd Lincoln: Her Life and Letters (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1972), 37. For general observations about Eddy’s “sickly” health, see Jean H. Baker, Mary Todd Lincoln: A Biography (New York: W. W. Norton, 1989), 105; Glenna R. Schroeder-Lein, Lincoln and Medicine (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2012), 11; and David Herbert Donald, Lincoln (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1995), 107. On the New England tour, see Paul Finkelman and Martin J. Hershock, eds., The Political Lincoln: An Encyclopedia (Washington, DC: CQ Press, 2008), 418; and Stacy Pratt McDermott, Mary Lincoln: Southern Girl, Northern Woman (New York: Routledge, 2015), 69.

6. John C. Gunn, Gunn’s Domestic Medicine, or The Poor Man’s Friend (Pittsburgh: Edwards and Newman, 1839), 501; Ben H. McClary, “Introducing a Classic: ‘Gunn’s Domestic Medicine,’” Tennessee Historical Quarterly 45 (Fall 1986): 210–16. On the various possible home treatments for sick children in this era, see Charles E. Rosenberg, Right Living: An Anglo-American Tradition of Self-Help Medicine and Hygiene (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003), 3–4; Florence W. Asher, “Women, Wealth, and Power: New York City, 1860–1900,” PhD diss., City University of New York, 2006, 203–4; Mary Ellen Jones, Daily Life on the Nineteenth Century American Frontier (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1998), 200; and Baker, Mary Todd Lincoln, 125–26, who also lists some possible home remedies. For the cough pills advertisement, see Illinois Journal, January 1, 1850.

7. On tuberculosis as “constitutional,” see John Duffy, “Social Impact of Disease in the Late Nineteenth Century,” in Judith Walzer Leavitt and Ronald L. Numbers, Sickness and Health in America: Readings in the History of Medicine and Public Health (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1978), 419.

8. Benjamin Marten, A New Theory of Consumptions (London: R. Knapock, 1720), chaps. 1, 3. Some sources state definitively that Eddy died from diphtheria, but the sourcing for this is suspect; see Carol A. Dyer, Biographies of Disease: Tuberculosis (Santa Clara, CA: Greenwood Press, 2010), 15–17, and the close analysis in Schroeder-Lein, Lincoln and Medicine, 11. One interesting theory holds that Eddy died from thyroid cancer, reflecting a family genetic predisposition toward a rare disorder called MEN2B; see an exhaustive discussion of this possibility in John G. Sotos, The Physical Lincoln (Mt. Vernon, VA: Mt. Vernon Book Systems, 2008); and Schroeder-Lein, Lincoln and Medicine, 11–12. Most historians have accepted the tuberculosis theory; Eddy’s symptoms fit the disease, and tuberculosis was responsible for the deaths of large numbers of children (and adults) during this time period; see the useful discussion of this in McDermott, Mary Lincoln, 69.

9. Sangamo (IL) Journal, January 2, 1850.

10. Samuel P. Wheeler, “Solving a Lincoln Literary Mystery: ‘Little Eddie,’” Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association 33 (Summer 2012), 34, writes that doctors at first diagnosed Eddy with diphtheria, but it is unclear which doctors he is referring to or which sources support this assertion. Baker, Mary Todd Lincoln, 124, makes a similar assertion, as do several other works, suggesting either an early misdiagnosis of diphtheria from unnamed local doctors or that Eddy simply died of diphtheria outright. See McDermott, Mary Lincoln, 69; Sandra L. Quinn and Sanford Kantor, American Royalty: All the President’s Children (Westport: Greenwood Press, 1995), 95; and Stephen Mansfield, Lincoln’s Battle with God: A President’s Struggle with Faith and What It Meant for America (Nashville: Thomas Nelson, 2012), 83. However, the exact primary sources for any of these assertions are unclear; I have not located any definitive, reliable primary source suggesting either a misdiagnosis or a death from diphtheria for Eddy by a doctor (or anyone else).

11. On Wallace’s background, see John Carroll Power, History of the Early Settlers of Sangamon County, Illinois (Springfield, IL: Edwin A. Wilson and Co., 1876), 748. On medicine during this period, see M. Monir Madkour, Tuberculosis (New York: Springer, 2004), 25; Jan-Willem Gerritsen, The Control of Fuddle and Flash: A Sociological History of the Regulation of Alcohol and Opiates (Leiden, Netherlands: Koninklijke, 2000), 117–19.

12. Dyer, Biographies of Disease, 15–17.

13. See Paull and Hart, Lincoln’s Springfield Neighborhood, esp. chap. 4. I qualify my statements here because census records for 1850 do show an Irish girl named Catherine Gordon living in the Lincoln home, but it is not clear exactly when in 1850 she did so. It is also possible that a Portuguese woman named Frances Affonsa, who is identified as a laundress working for the Lincolns from November 1849 to February 1861, may have been present, but it is not clear whether she lived with the Lincolns during all or part of this span. Also, Mrs. John Todd Stuart, who visited the Lincoln home after Eddy’s death and provides the only extant eyewitness account of Mary’s mourning, mentions the presence of a servant in the home, but it is not clear from her description exactly when Mrs. Stuart’s visit occurred; it may well have been after April, when we know Lincoln had hired Vance; see interview with Mrs. John Todd Stuart, Chicago Tribune, February 12, 1900, 14.

14. See Flurin Condrau, “Beyond the Total Institution: Towards a Reinterpretation of the Tuberculosis Sanatorium,” in Flurin Condrau and Michael Worboys, eds., Tuberculosis Then and Now: Perspectives on the History of an Infectious Disease (Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2010), 72–75.

15. James Gourley, interview with William H. Herndon, c. 1865–66, HI, 453; see also Paull and Hart, Lincoln’s Springfield Neighborhood, 28, 146.

16. Lincoln quote in Elizabeth Todd Edwards, interview with William H. Herndon, c. 1865–66, HI, 444–45. On Mary’s relationship to Elizabeth, see generally Stephen Berry, House of Abraham: Lincoln and the Todds, a Family Divorced by War (New York: Mariner Books, 2009), 25–30, 47. None of the Todd sisters remarked directly on Eddy’s illness, but Frances identified herself as a generally regular visitor to the Lincoln home; see Frances Todd Wallace, interview with William H. Herndon, c. 1865–66, HI, 485.

17. Lloyd Ostendorf and Walter Oleksy, eds., Lincoln’s Unknown Private Life: An Oral History by His Black Housekeeper Mariah Vance, 1850–1860 (Mamaroneck, NY: Hastings House, 1995), 69.

18. “Domestic man” quote from Frances Todd Wallace, interview with William H. Herndon, c. 1865–66, HI, 485; see also James Gourley, interview with William H. Herndon, c. 1865–66, HI, 452–53; and John B. Weber, interview with William H. Herndon, November 1, 1866, HI, 389.

19. On the shawl, see Francis Fisher Browne, The Every-day Life of Abraham Lincoln (Chicago: Browne and Howell, 1914), 125.

20. Lincoln to John D. Johnston, January 12, 1851, CW 2:96–97. On service at state Whig convention, see Illinois Journal, December 24, 1851; and Martha L. Benner and Cullom Davis et al., eds., The Law Practice of Abraham Lincoln: Complete Documentary Edition, 2nd ed. (Springfield: Illinois Historic Preservation Agency, 2009), http://www.lawpracticeofabrahamlincoln.org (hereafter cited as LPAL).

21. Interview with Mrs. John Todd Stuart, Chicago Tribune, February 12, 1900, 14.

22. Search results for “undertaker” in the Springfield, Illinois, City Directory for 1855 on Ancestry.com, accessed June 18, 2015. I have located little evidence of a direct connection between Lincoln and any of these individuals. In 1840, Lincoln did litigate a debt-related case that had a defendant named Francis, but it is unclear from the rather sparse records whether this as the same J. Francis mentioned above; see Maxwell v. Francis, et al. (1840), LPAL.

23. Robert Haberstein and William Lamer, The History of American Funeral Directing, 5th ed. (New York: National Funeral Directors Assoc., 2001), 18; Vanderlyn R. Pine, Caretaker of the Dead: The American Funeral Director (New York: Irvington, 1975), 15–16.

24. See John Todd Stuart to J. A. Reed, in Helm, True Story of Mary, 117. Exactly when this visit occurred is unclear from the letter, and some historians have assumed that Smith did not actually meet Lincoln until right after Eddy died; see, e.g., Ronald C. White Jr., A. Lincoln: A Biography (New York: Random House, 2009), 180. But an account by a Lincoln friend named Thomas Lewis states that Lincoln sent for Smith to talk with him right after he returned from his visit with the Todd family in Kentucky, suggesting that Lincoln had at least met Smith prior to Eddy’s illness; see Rufus Rockwell Wilson, ed., Intimate Memories of Lincoln (Elmira, NY: Primavera Press, 1945), 129–30.

25. Springfield Illinois Journal, January 1, 1850; see also Penny Colman, Corpses, Coffins, and Crypts: A History of Burial (New York: Henry Holt and Co., 1997), 79–82.

26. Edward J. Russo and Curtis R. Mann, Oak Ridge Cemetery (Charleston, SC: Arcadia, 2009), 10–11. In 1855, the city would begin laying plans to establish Oak Ridge Cemetery as the city’s primary cemetery. Also see Carl Volkmann and Roberta Volkmann, Springfield’s Sculptures, Monuments, and Plaques (Charleston, SC: Arcadia, 2008), 97.

27. Colman, Corpses, Coffins, and Crypts, 90–94.

28. Matt. 19:14 (King James Version). Flood is identified as a stonecutter in the 1855 city directory, per search results for “stone” in the Springfield, Illinois, City Directory for 1855 on Ancestry.com, accessed July 2, 2015. See also Megan E. Springate, Coffin Hardware in Nineteenth-Century America (Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press, 2015), 69; Karen Sanchez-Eppler, Dependent States: The Child’s Part in Nineteenth-Century American Culture (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005), chap. 3.

29. See Dana Luciano, Arranging Grief: Sacred Time and the Body in Nineteenth-Century America (New York: New York University Press, 2007), 5–8; and James J. Farrell, Inventing the American Way of Death, 1830–1920 (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1980), chaps. 1–3.

30. On Swedenborg’s ideas, see http://www.swedenborg.com/emanuel-swedenborg/writings, accessed July 26, 2017.

31. Lincoln, “Handbill Replying to Charges of Infidelity,” July 31, 1846, CW 1:382.

32. Springfield Illinois Journal, February 2, 1850; Lincoln to John D. Johnston, February 23, 1850, CW 2:77. On the custom of an overnight vigil, see Jason Emerson, Giant in the Shadows: The Life of Robert T. Lincoln (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2012), 22.

33. The poem was titled “The Lock of Hair,” written by Lydia M. Sigourney; see Julie Aronson and Marjorie E. Weiseman, Perfect Likeness: European and American Portrait Miniatures from the Cincinnati Art Museum (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2006), 66.

34. See Jacqueline S. Thursby, Funeral Festivals in America: Rituals for the Living (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2006), 89–90; Farrell, American Way of Death, 157–58; and Margaret Coffin, Death in Early America: The History and Folklore of Customs and Superstitions of Early Medicine, Funerals, Burials, and Mourning (Nashville: Thomas Nelson, 1976), 78.

35. See, e.g., Anne E. Beidler, The Addiction of Mary Todd Lincoln (New York: Coffeetown Press, 2009), 134. On the practice of women not attending funerals, see Susan Smart, A Better Place: Death and Burial in Nineteenth-Century Ontario (Toronto: Dundurn Press, 2011), 58; and Marian Gouverneur, As I Remember: Recollections of American Society during the Nineteenth Century (New York: D. Appleton and Co., 1911), 28.

36. Farrell, American Way of Death, 40. See also Ferenc Morton Szasz and Margaret Connell Szasz, Lincoln and Religion (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2014), 26; Wheeler, “Solving a Lincoln Literary Mystery,” 35.

37. Lou Taylor, Mourning Dress: A Costume and Social History (New York: Routledge, 1983), 14.

38. Thursby, Funeral Festivals in America, 90; Karen Halttunen, Confidence Men and Painted Women: A Study of Middle-Class Culture in America, 1830–1870 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1982), 147; Robert de Valcourt, The Illustrated Manners Book: A Manual of Good Behavior and Polite Accomplishment (New York: T. C. Leland, 1855), 157.

39. On hearses, see Smart, Better Place, 52; and James K. Crissman, Death and Dying in Central Appalachia: Changing Attitudes and Practices (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1994), 102. On the etiquette for the cortege, see How to Behave: A Pocket Manual of Republican Etiquette, and Guide to Correct Personal Habits (New York: Fowler and Wells, 1857), 99.

40. See “Indenture for Cemetery Plot,” December 2, 1851, CW 2:162. Later, Eddy’s body would be moved again to Oak Ridge Cemetery and reinterred next to his father.

41. Clifton D. Bryant, ed., Handbook of Death and Dying (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2003), 1:832.

42. Jeffrey Steele, “The Gender and Racial Politics of Mourning,” in Peter N. Stearns and Jan Lewis, eds., An Emotional History of the United States (New York: New York University Press, 1998), 93–95.

43. William H. Herndon and Jesse W. Weik, Herndon’s Lincoln (1889; repr., Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2006), 473; Smith quoted in William E. Barton, The Soul of Abraham Lincoln (1920; repr., Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2005), 47.

44. Lincoln to John D. Johnston, February 23, 1850, CW 2:76–77; see also Joshua Lawrence Schenk, Lincoln’s Melancholy: How Depression Challenged a President and Fueled His Greatness (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2005), 107.

45. Schenk, Lincoln’s Melancholy, 95–98; see also Mary McCartin Wearn, Negotiating Motherhood in Nineteenth-Century American Literature (New York: Routledge, 2008), 30–31.

46. Springfield Illinois Journal, January 1, 1850; Walter Raleigh Houghton, American Etiquette and Rules of Politeness (Chicago: Rand McNally and Co., 1889), 270–73. See also Kate Sweeny, American Afterlife: Encounters in the Customs of Mourning (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2014), 17–20; and Jill Condra, ed., The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Clothing through World History (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2008), 3:83; on the differing standards regarding periods of mourning, see Taylor, Mourning Dress, 101.

47. “Mourning and Funeral Usages,” Harper’s Bazaar, April 17, 1886.

48. See interview with Mrs. John Todd Stuart, Chicago Tribune, February 12, 1900, 14.

49. See, e.g., Larry D. Mansch, Abraham Lincoln, President-Elect: The Four Critical Months from Election to Inauguration (New York: McFarland, 2007), 36; Jason Emerson, The Madness of Mary Lincoln (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2007), 12; and Turner and Turner, Mary Todd Lincoln, 40, whose assertions of Mary’s collapse and uncontrolled weeping have no visible basis in primary source evidence. Others cite Mrs. John Todd Stuart’s interview, Chicago Tribune, February 12, 1900, 14, as proof of Mary’s desolate emotional state, but a careful reading of this interview shows that Mrs. Stuart did not describe Mary as doing anything other than refusing to eat a meal. Some historians also cite the reminiscences of Mary Edwards Brown to the effect that Mary was entirely unhinged in her grief for Eddy; see Dorothy Meserve Kunhardt, “An Old Lady’s Lincoln Memories,” Life, February 9, 1959, 57, but again, a close reading of this source indicates only that Mary refused a meal. Some might have been confused by a statement earlier in this article to the effect that Mary was “hysterical with grief,” but it is not clear exactly who made this assertion (57); possibly it was former Lincoln neighbor Mary Black Remann, but a careful reading suggests that the assertion was actually made by the author of the Life magazine article, Kunhardt, and is supported by no apparent primary source evidence.

3. THE IDEAS OF DEATH

1. Dennis F. Hanks, interview with William H. Herndon, June 13, 1865, HI, 37; Sarah Bush Lincoln, interview with William H. Herndon, September 8, 1865, HI, 107.

2. On the relationship between Abraham and Thomas, see Brian R. Dirck, Lincoln in Indiana (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2017), 55–68.

3. Lincoln to John D. Johnston, January 12, 1851, CW 2:97.

4. See Harold Holzer, Lincoln and the Power of the Press: The War for Public Opinion (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2014), 42, 82, 162.

5. Illinois Daily Journal, February 7, 1850.

6. Wheeler, “Solving a Lincoln Literary Mystery,” 34–46.

7. Michael Burlingame, “Lincoln’s Depressions,” in Inner World of Abraham Lincoln, 103.

8. The text of “Mortality” is available in many places; I used http://www.abrahamlincolnonline.org/lincoln/education/knox.htm, accessed August 17, 2015. See also Robert V. Bruce, “The Riddle of Death,” in The Lincoln Enigma: The Changing Faces of an American Icon, ed. Gabor Boritt (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001), 134–35.

9. Lincoln, “My Childhood-Home I See Again,” c. February 25, 1846, CW 1:367–70.

10. Lincoln to Andrew Johnston, September 6, 1846, CW 1:386.

11. Lincoln to Joshua F. Speed, February 3, 1842, CW 1:267; see also Bruce, “Riddle of Death,” 136–39.

12. Thomas Bowdler, ed., The Family Shakespeare in Ten Volumes (London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, Browne, and Green, 1825), 10:242.

13. Lincoln to James H. Hackett, August 17, 1863, CW 6:392; Bowdler, Family Shakespeare, 6:61.

14. Bowdler, Family Shakespeare, 6:61

15. Bruce makes this point with particular (and convincing) force in his essay “Riddle of Death,” 137–39; Mark S. Schantz, Awaiting the Heavenly Country: The Civil War and America’s Culture of Death (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2008), 44; Isaac Cogdal, interview with William H. Herndon, c. 1865–66, HI, 441.

16. On his close study of Blackstone, see Robert B. Rutledge to William H. Herndon, November 30, 1866, HI, 426; and Brian R. Dirck, Lincoln the Lawyer (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2007), chap. 1.

17. William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England (1765; repr., Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979), 1:132, 301, 348, 416.

18. Ibid., 1:422.

19. Dirck, Lincoln the Lawyer, 54–75.

20. See George R. Dekle Sr.’s excellent overview of these cases in Prairie Defender: The Murder Trials of Abraham Lincoln (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2017).

21. People v. Armstrong (1858), LPAL; also Dirck, Lincoln the Lawyer, 115–16.

22. Dirck, Lincoln the Lawyer, 118; also William Walker to William H. Herndon, June 3, 1865, HI, 22.

23. Dirck, Lincoln the Lawyer, 22.

24. Baker v. Addington, et al. (June 1840), LPAL; Bond v. Barrett, et al. (August 1850), LPAL; People v. House (April 1857), LPAL; McLean County Bank and Gridley v. Chicago and Mississippi Railroad (June 1856), LPAL.

25. Lincoln to Jesse W. Fell, Enclosing Autobiography, December 20, 1859, CW 3:512.

26. Edward Everett, Eulogy on Thomas Dowse, of Cambridgeport (Boston: John Wilson and Son, 1859), 44, 46.

27. Thomas Sewall, An Eulogy on Dr. Godman, Being an Introductory Lecture, Delivered November 1, 1830 (Washington, DC: W. M. Greer, 1830), 8.

28. Joseph Leonard Tillinghast, Eulogy Pronounced in Providence, July 17, 1826, upon the Characters of John Adams and Thomas Jefferson (Providence, RI: Miller and Grattan, 1826), 8.

29. On Lincoln and the Adams funeral, see Lincoln to Henry Slicer, June 1, 1848, CW 1:475.

30. Power, Early Settlers of Sangamon County, 537; Newton Bateman and Paul Selby, eds., Historical Encyclopedia of Illinois and History of Sangamon County (Chicago: Munsell, 1912), 2:613; Lincoln to Joshua F. Speed, February 3, 1842, CW 1:268; Lincoln, “Eulogy on Benjamin Ferguson,” February 8, 1842, CW 1:268–69. Lincoln’s reference to Ferguson’s role in arbitrating his neighbors’ disputes may refer to Ferguson’s role as an arbitrator in a court in which Lincoln was involved; see Hough v. Thomas, March 1841, LPAL.

31. Roy P. Basler, the editor of The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, noted these errors; see Lincoln, “Eulogy on Zachary Taylor,” July 25, 1850, CW 2:83–90.

32. Sangamon Journal, July 9, 1852.

33. Lincoln, “Eulogy on Henry Clay,” July 6, 1852, CW 2:122, 126, 130.

34. Lincoln, “Remarks at Closing of the Sanitary Fair, Washington, DC,” March 18, 1864, CW 7:254.

35. Lincoln, “Speech in Springfield, Illinois,” July 17, 1858, CW 2:519; see also Robert W. Johannsen, Stephen A. Douglas (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1997), 655.

36. Lincoln, “Speech in Lewistown, Illinois,” August 17, 1858, CW 2:547.

37. Lincoln, “Speech in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,” February 22, 1861, CW 4:240.

38. Text of Melville’s poem, “The Portent,” at https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems-and-poets/poems/detail/45903, accessed August 1, 2016.

39. Ted A. Smith, Weird John Brown: Divine Violence and the Limits of Ethics (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2015), 166; David S. Reynolds, John Brown, Abolitionist: The Man Who Killed Slavery, Sparked the Civil War, and Seeded Civil Rights (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2005), 108, 130.

40. Reynolds, John Brown, 282.

41. Ibid., 322–29.

42. The text of Brown’s interview is from http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/johnbrown/browninterview.html, accessed August 4, 2016.

43. Brown indeed consciously laid the groundwork for his own future martyrdom, a point well made by Paul Finkelman in his excellent essay “Manufacturing Martyrdom: The Antislavery Response to John Brown’s Raid,” in Finkelman, ed., His Soul Goes Marching On: Responses to John Brown and the Harpers Ferry Raid (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1995), 43.

44. Louis DeCaro Jr., ed., John Brown Speaks: Letters and Statements from Charlestown (London: Rowman and Littlefield, 2015), 105.

45. Oscar W. Firkins, Ralph Waldo Emerson (Mineola, NY: Dover, 2000), 139.

46. J. T. Lloyd, Henry Ward Beecher: His Life and Work (London: Walter Scott, 1887), 259; text of Natick resolutions from https://archive.org/details/10928042.4856.emory.edu, accessed August 5, 2016.

47. On these issues, see the thoughtful nuanced analysis of Brown’s martyrdom in Eyal Naveh, “John Brown and the Legacy of Martyrdom,” in Peggy A. Russo and Paul Finkelman, eds., Terrible Swift Sword: The Legacy of John Brown (Athens: Ohio University Press, 2005), 77–90.

48. Lincoln, “Speech at Elwood, Kansas,” November 30 or December 1, 1859, CW 3:496.

49. Lincoln, “Speeches at Leavenworth, Kansas,” December 3, 1859, CW 3:502–3.

50. Lincoln, “Speech at Cooper’s Institute,” February 27, 1860, CW 3:538, 541.

4. ELMER

1. New York Times, May 25, 1861; John Hay, “A Young Hero: Personal Reminiscences of Colonel E. E. Ellsworth,” McClure’s Magazine 6 (December 1895–May 1896), 354.

2. Ruth Painter Randall, Colonel Elmer Ellsworth (Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1960), 8–40; Charles A. Ingraham, “Colonel Elmer E. Ellsworth: First Hero of the Civil War,” Wisconsin Magazine of History 1 (June 1918), 7–9.

3. On Lincoln’s mentoring and fatherlike persona to younger men, see Michael Burlingame’s perceptive essay “Surrogate Father Abraham,” in his Inner World of Abraham Lincoln, 73–91, and his observations regarding Lincoln’s self-identification with Ellsworth in Abraham Lincoln: A Life (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008), 2:177.

4. Michael Burlingame, ed., At Lincoln’s Side: John Hay’s Civil War Correspondence and Selected Writings (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2000), 149; Lincoln to Ephraim D. and Phoebe Ellsworth, May 25, 1861, CW 4:385; Randall, Ellsworth, 155–56, 210.

5. Hay to William H. Herndon, September 5, 1866, in Burlingame, At Lincoln’s Side, 123; Ingraham, “Elmer E. Ellsworth,” 20; Michael S. Greene, Lincoln and the Election of 1860 (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2011), 102.

6. Ingraham, “Elmer E. Ellsworth,” 13–14.

7. Hay, “Young Hero,” 356.

8. Herndon and Weik, Herndon’s Lincoln, 199.

9. Henry A. Buckingham, Harry Burnham, the Young Continental, or Memoirs of an American Officer during the Campaigns of the Revolution (New York: Burgess and Garrett, 1851), 255.

10. Lincoln, “Speech before the U.S. House of Representatives,” July 27, 1848, CW 1:510; autobiography for Jesse N. Fell, December 20, 1859, CW 3:512. For a good brief overall discussion of Lincoln’s Black Hawk War experiences, see Wilson, Honor’s Voice, 89–91.

11. Lincoln, “Seventh Debate with Stephen Douglas,” October 15, 1858, CW 3:316.

12. On Cameron’s fitness for the job, or lack thereof, see Paul Kahan, Amiable Scoundrel: Simon Cameron, Lincoln’s Scandalous Secretary of War (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2016), 153–55.

13. Lincoln, “Speech in Springfield, Illinois,” November 20, 1860, CW 4:142–43.

14. Harold Holzer, ed., Dear Mr. Lincoln: Letters to the President (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1993), 341; R. A. Hunt to Lincoln, January 18, 1861, Abraham Lincoln Papers, Library of Congress, Washington, DC; Henry Clay Whitney, Lincoln the President (New York: Current Literature, 1909), 319.

15. Only James K. Polk, Millard Fillmore, and Franklin Pierce were younger than Lincoln on the day of their inauguration.

16. Ward Hill Lamon, Recollections of Abraham Lincoln (1895; repr., Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1994), 47.

17. Lincoln, “Springfield Farewell Address,” February 11, 1861, CW 4:190.

18. “A young creole” to Abraham Lincoln, c. 1861, in Holzer, Dear Mr. Lincoln, 342; Daniel Stashower, The Hour of Peril: The Secret Plot to Murder Lincoln before the Civil War (New York: Minotaur Books, 2013), 56; William H. Herndon to Jesse W. Weik, November 14, 1865, in Douglas L. Wilson and Rodney O. Davis, eds., Herndon on Lincoln: Letters (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2016), 165.

19. New York Times, July 9, 1860.

20. Randall, Ellsworth, 214–15.

21. Exercises Connected with the Unveiling of the Ellsworth Monument, at Mechanicville, May 27, 1874 (Albany, NY: Joel Munsell, 1875), 36.

22. Randall, Ellsworth, 148.

23. Michael R. Burlingame and John R. Turner Ettlinger, eds., Inside Lincoln’s White House: The Complete Civil War Diary of John Hay (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1997), 16–17.

24. Ibid., 17; New York Times, July 9, 1860; Randall, Ellsworth, 237–39.

25. Burlingame and Ettlinger, Inside Lincoln’s White House, 5; Randall, Ellsworth, 237.

26. Robert Colby to Abraham Lincoln, May 18, 1861, Lincoln Papers.

27. Tyler Dennett, ed., Lincoln and the Civil War in the Diaries and Letters of John Hay (New York: DaCapo Press, 1988), 8; Burlingame and Ettlinger, Inside Lincoln’s White House, 12.

28. Lincoln to Elmer Ellsworth, April 15, 1861, CW 4:333; Randall, Ellsworth, 227; Lincoln, “Draft of Proposed Order Establishing a Military Bureau,” March 18, 1861, CW 4:291; Lincoln to Simon Cameron, March 5, 1861, CW 4: 273; Burlingame, At Lincoln’s Side, 149.

29. Lincoln to Elmer Ellsworth, April 15, 1861, CW 4:333.

30. See Brownell’s account in Evert A. Duyckinck, History of the War for the Union (New York: Johnson, Fry and Co., 1862), 198–99.

31. Noah Brooks, Abraham Lincoln: And the Downfall of American Slavery (New York: G. P. Putnam’s, 1896), 274.

32. Ibid., 198–99; New York Times, May 27, 1861.

33. New York Herald, May 25, 1861.

34. Life of James W. Jackson, the Alexandria Hero, the Slayer of Ellsworth, the First Martyr in the Cause of Southern Independence (Richmond, VA: West and Johnson, 1862), 33–34; New York Herald, May 25, 1861.

35. New York Herald, May 25, 1861.

36. Homer Bates, Lincoln in the Telegraph Office (New York: Century Co., 1907), 29; New York Herald, May 25, 1861.

37. New York Times, May 27, 1861; Margaret Leech, Reveille in Washington (New York: NYRB Classics, 2011), 94.

38. On the use of the East Room for state funerals, see Michael Nelson, ed., Guide to the Presidency (New York: Routledge Press, 2012), 937. See also Charles A. Church, Past and Present in the City of Rockford and Winnebago County, Illinois (Chicago: S. J. Clarke, 1905), 89.

39. Julia Taft Bayne, Tad Lincoln’s Father (1931; repr., Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2001), 15.

40. Ashley M. Bycock, “Embalming in Memory: Mourning, Narrativity, and Historiography in the Nineteenth-Century United States,” PhD diss., Northwestern University, 2008, 178.

41. New York Times, May 27, 1861; John Strausbaugh, City of Sedition: The History of New York City during the Civil War (New York: Hachette Books, 2010), ii; Leech, Reveille in Washington, 94–95.

42. Lincoln to Ephraim D. and Phoebe Ellsworth, May 25, 1861, CW 4:385.

43. Harry E. Pratt, Concerning Mr. Lincoln (Springfield, IL: Abraham Lincoln Association, 1944), 81.

44. Michael Burlingame, ed., Lincoln’s Journalist: John Hay’s Anonymous Writings for the Press, 1860–1864 (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1998), 70; Bayne, Tad Lincoln’s Father, 15; Randall, Ellsworth, 264.

45. Lincoln to Ephraim D. and Phoebe Ellsworth, May 25, 1861, CW 4:386.

46. Burlingame, Lincoln’s Journalist, 70; Joseph Medill to Abraham Lincoln, May 25, 1861, Lincoln Papers.

47. New York Times, May 25, 1861.

48. Fremont (OH) Daily Journal, May 25, 1861. See also “One of Your People” to Abraham Lincoln, May 28, 1861, Lincoln Papers, which characterized Ellsworth’s demise as essentially a noncombat death.

49. “Death of Elmer Ellsworth,” Jewish Life in Mr. Lincoln’s City, accessed August 11, 2016, http://www.jhsgw.org/exhibitions/online/lincolns-city/items/show/245; “Secessionist Prisoner Captured at Alexandria, the Marshall House at Alexandria, the Murder of Colonel Ellsworth,” Harper’s Weekly, June 15, 1861.

50. Life of James W. Jackson, 9.

51. Randall, Ellsworth, 272. On Ellsworth’s effect on Northern popular opinion, see generally Adam Stauffer, “‘The Fall of a Sparrow’: The (Un)timely Death of Elmer Ellsworth and the Coming of the Civil War,” Gettysburg College Journal of the Civil War Era 1 (2010), 51.

52. Lincoln, “Message to Congress in Special Session,” July 4, 1861, CW 4:441.

5. WILLIE

1. Bayne, Tad Lincoln’s Father, 40. Correspondent Noah Brooks wrote a similar tale of Tad waving a “captured Rebel flag” from a White House window in April 1865; one wonders if this was the Ellsworth flag, removed from the drawer yet again. See Michael Burlingame, ed., Lincoln Observed: Civil War Dispatches of Noah Brooks (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998), 182.

2. Elizabeth Keckley, Behind the Scenes, or Thirty Years a Slave, and Four Years in the Lincoln White House (New York: G. W. Carleton, 1868), 41. I have chosen throughout this work to spell her last name “Keckly,” following the analysis of this issue by Jennifer Fleischner in Mrs. Lincoln and Mrs. Keckly: The Remarkable Story of the Friendship between a First Lady and a Former Slave (New York: Broadway Books, 2004). However, her name is spelled “Keckley” in the book she authored, Behind the Scenes, so the citations will use the spelling under which the book was published.

3. Burlingame, At Lincoln’s Side, 135.

4. Keckley, Behind the Scenes, 46; Bayne, Tad Lincoln’s Father, 107.

5. Bayne, Tad Lincoln’s Father, 128–29, 132–33.

6. See generally James Marten, The Children’s Civil War (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998), esp. chaps. 1, 4.

7. Matthew Pinsker, Lincoln’s Sanctuary: Abraham Lincoln and the Soldiers’ Home (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003), 4–5; P. D. Gurley, “Extracts from an Unpublished Manuscript,” in Lincoln in His Own Time: A Biographical Chronicle of His Life, Drawn from Recollections, Interviews, and Memoirs by Family, Friends, and Associates, ed. Harold K. Bush (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2011), 65.

8. William H. Herndon to Isaac N. Arnold, October 24, 1883, in Wilson, Herndon on Lincoln, 154.

9. Burlingame, At Lincoln’s Side, 165; Joseph Wallace, The Life and Public Services of Edward D. Baker, United States Senator from Oregon (Springfield, IL: Journal Co., 1870), 109–10; New York World, October 25, 1861. The counting of nine bullets in his body is related in the Washington, DC, Daily Republican, October 24, 1861.

10. Burlingame, Lincoln Observed, 215; New York Tribune, October 23, 1861.

11. New York Tribune, October 23, 1861; also Martin Crawford, ed., William Howard Russell’s Civil War: Private Diary and Letters, 1861–1862 (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1992), 159.

12. New York Commercial Advertiser, October 24 and 31, 1861. The embalming procedure attracted the attention of those “curious to witness the process.”

13. Burlingame and Ettlinger, Inside Lincoln’s White House, 27; J. D. Baltz, Hon. Edward D. Bates, Senator from Oregon (Lancaster, PA: Baltz, 1888), 22; Betty Bolles Ellison, The True Mary Todd Lincoln: A Biography (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2014), 143; Daniel Mark Epstein, The Lincolns: Portrait of a Marriage (New York: Ballantine Books, 2008), 244–45.

14. Crawford, William Howard Russell’s Civil War, 159; Clinton, Mrs. Lincoln, 152; Epstein, Lincolns, 52. Mary mentions Baker as among the leading luminaries in their social-political circle in her letter to Francis Bicknell Carpenter, December 8, 1865, in Turner and Turner, Mary Todd Lincoln, 298.

15. Michael Burlingame, “The Lincolns’ Marriage: A Fountain of Misery, of a Quality Absolutely Infernal,’” in Inner World of Abraham Lincoln, 220; Epstein, Lincolns, 345; H. Donald Winkle, Lincoln’s Ladies: The Women in the Life of the Sixteenth President (Nashville: Cumberland House, 2004), 149–50.

16. E.g., New York Commercial Advertiser, October 24, 1861; New York Herald, October 24, 1861; Washington, DC, Daily National Intelligencer, October 24 and 25, 1861.

17. Harry C. Blair and Rebecca Tarshis, The Life of Colonel Edward D. Baker, Lincoln’s Constant Ally (Portland: Oregon Historical Society, 1960), 157. Willie’s poem and letter to the National Republican are reproduced in Keckley, Behind the Scenes, 41–42.

18. Charles Sumner, An Oration Delivered by Charles Sumner, November 27, 1861 (New York: Young Men’s Republican Union, 1861), 5. See also S. U. Deverett to Abraham Lincoln, December 11, 1861, Lincoln Papers.

19. Salem (MA) Register, February 27, 1862.

20. I am here following Glenna R. Schroeder-Lein’s convincing analysis in Lincoln and Medicine, 22–24, which makes a good case for their having contracted typhoid via the basement.

21. Emmeluth, Typhoid Fever, 18–30.

22. Ibid., 8–11.

23. Lincoln to Anson G. Henry, July 4, 1860, CW 4:82.

24. Keckley, Behind the Scenes, 43.

25. Salem (MA) Register, February 27, 1862; Philadelphia Press, February 21, 1862.

26. For the typhoid treatments common in that era, see Magnus Huss, Statistics and Treatment of Typhus and Typhoid Fever (London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, 1855), esp. 96–180.

27. Some sources suggest that Willie was the first of the two brothers to be taken ill. The first public mention of this illness was in the New York Tribune, February 11, 1862, which names only Willie as being sick.

28. Gurley, “Extracts from an Unpublished Manuscript,” 63; Bayne, Tad Lincoln’s Father, 199–200.

29. New York Evening Post, February 22, 1862; Washington, DC, Evening Star, February 14, 1862; John Nicolay, journal entry for February 18, 1862, in Michael Burlingame, ed., With Lincoln in the White House: Letters, Memoranda, and Other Writings of John G. Nicolay, 1860–1865 (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2006), 182.

30. Washington, DC, Evening Star, February 6, 1862; Keckley, Behind the Scenes, 42–43.

31. Washington, DC, Evening Star, February 19, 1862; Erika Holst, “‘One of the Best Women I Ever Knew’: Abraham Lincoln and Rebecca Pomeroy,” Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association 31 (Summer 2010), 12–16. While Lincoln seems to have been caught off guard by Willie’s passing, others saw it coming; see John Nicolay to Therena Bates, February 21, 1862, in Burlingame, With Lincoln in the White House, 71, who wrote that Willie’s death had been seen as inevitable for several days.

32. Bayne, Tad Lincoln’s Father, 199.

33. Salem (MA) Register, February 27, 1862; Providence (RI) Evening Press, February 12, 1862; Sandusky (OH) Register, February 26, 1862; Keckley, Behind the Scenes, 43; Nicolay, journal entry for February 20, 1862, in Burlingame, With Lincoln in the White House, 71.

34. C. Edwards Lester, The Light and Dark of the Rebellion (Philadelphia: George W. Childs, 1863), 144. A good explanation of this “French process” (also later used to preserve Lincoln’s body) can be found in E. Lawrence Abel, A Finger in Lincoln’s Brain: What Modern Science Reveals about Lincoln, His Assassination, and Its Aftermath (Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger, 2015), 117; and Pascale Trompette and Melanie Lemonnier, “Funeral Embalming: The Transformation of a Medical Innovation,” Science Studies 22 (2009), 12.

35. Philadelphia Inquirer, February 24, 1862; Providence (RI) Evening Press, February 24, 1862; Washington, DC, Evening Star, February 24, 1862; Newark (NJ) Sentinel of Freedom, February 25, 1862.

36. Keckley, Behind the Scenes, 44. Detailed descriptions of the funeral were published and reprinted throughout the North; see, e.g., New London (CT) Daily Chronicle, February 28, 1862; Washington, DC, Evening Star, February 24, 1862.

37. Guelzo, Redeemer President, 321; David R. Barbee, “President Lincoln and Doctor Gurley,” Abraham Lincoln Quarterly 5 (March, 1948), 3–24; Grant R. Brodrecht, “‘Our Country’: Northern Evangelicals and the Union during the Civil War and Reconstruction,” PhD diss., University of Notre Dame, 2008, 67. The full text of Gurley’s eulogy appears at http://www.abrahamlincolnonline.org/lincoln/education/williedeath.htm, accessed October 2, 2016; and in Gurley, “Extracts from an Unpublished Manuscript,” 62–64.

38. Washington, DC, Evening Star, February 24, 1862.

39. Springfield (MA) Republican, February 28, 1862.

40. Bayne, Tad Lincoln’s Father, 199.

41. Burlingame, At Lincoln’s Side, 135; Nathaniel Parker Willis, “Sketch on the Funeral for Willie Lincoln (1862),” in Bush, Lincoln in His Own Time, 72.

42. Springfield (MA) Republican, February 22 and 28, 1862.

43. Ibid., February 28, 1862.

44. Ibid., February 15, 1862.

45. New York Evening Post, February 22, 1862.

46. Mary Lincoln to William A. Newell, December 16, 1862, Turner and Turner, Mary Todd Lincoln, 143; Mary Lincoln to James Smith, June 8, 1870, ibid., 568; Mary Lincoln to Mrs. Charles Eames, July 26, 1862, ibid., 131; Mary Lincoln to Hannah Shearer, November 20, 1864, ibid., 189.

47. “Monarch” quote in Anna L. Boyden, Echoes from Hospital and White House (Boston: M. A. Lothrop, 1884), 85; Burlingame, At Lincoln’s Side, 111.

48. Bayne, Tad Lincoln’s Father, 200; Burlingame, At Lincoln’s Side, 112; see also Michael Burlingame, “Lincoln and His Sons,” in Inner World of Abraham Lincoln, 67; Clinton, Mrs. Lincoln, 177.

49. Keckley, Behind the Scenes, 51; Clinton, Mrs. Lincoln, 176.

50. New York Evening Post, March 24, 1862; Burlingame and Ettlinger, Inside Lincoln’s White House, 35.

51. Springfield (MA) Republican, February 28, 1862.

52. Washington, DC, Evening Star, March 20, 1862; Portsmouth (NH) Journal of Literature and Politics, March 22, 1862; Lowell (MA) Daily Citizen and News, March 24, 1862.

53. E.g., Charleston Mercury, April 2, 1862; Augusta (GA) Chronicle, April 5, 1862; Boston Liberator, March 17, 1862.

54. Salem (MA) Register, June 16, 1862.

55. Mary Lincoln to Ruth Harris, May 17, 1862, Turner and Turner, Mary Todd Lincoln, 125–26; San Francisco Bulletin, March 8, 1862.

56. Walter Lowenfels, ed., Walt Whitman’s Civil War (New York: DaCapo Press, 1961), 258. This description of Mary in full black mourning is somewhat at odds with accounts in newspapers in the spring of 1862 that Mary had ordered an expensive bonnet that was constructed for what would have been called “half-mourning,” with white and gray trim; Wisconsin Patriot, May 10, 1862.

57. The Englishman’s description was reprinted in several contemporary newspapers, e.g., Columbian Register, June 21, 1862, and also Harold Holzer, ed., Lincoln as I Knew Him (Chapel Hill: Algonquin Books, 1999), 120. An extensive analysis of the hat, now in possession of the Smithsonian Institute, appears at http://americanhistory.si.edu/blog/closer-look-president-lincolns-silk-hat, accessed October 27, 2016.

58. Washington, DC, National Republican, April 7, 1862; Lincoln to Dorothea Dix, May 4, 1862, CW 10:132.

59. Keckley, Behind the Scenes, 43.

60. Ibid., 49; Boston Advertiser, February 28, 1862.

61. Helm, True Story of Mary, 198–99.

62. Keckley, Behind the Scenes, 44.

63. Anna Caroline Gentry, interview with William H. Herndon, September 17, 1865, HI, 131.

64. Michael Burlingame discussed this in his essay “Lincoln’s Attitude toward Women,” in Inner World of Abraham Lincoln, 131.

65. McDermott, Mary Lincoln, 107; for a scanned facsimile, see http://www.shapell.org/manuscript/abraham-lincoln-mary-lincoln-son-willie-dies-white-house-typhoid, accessed October 25, 2016; Elizabeth Todd Edwards, interview with William H. Herndon, ca. 1865–66, HI, 444–45.

66. Howard Glyndon [Laura Catherine Redding Searing], “The Truth about Mrs. Lincoln,” Independent 1758 (August 10, 1882), 85.

6. GHOSTS

1. Burlingame and Ettlinger, Inside Lincoln’s White House, 128. See also Lincoln to Major General Burbridge, August 8, 1864, CW 7:484–85; Berry, House of Abraham, 149–51.

2. Helm, True Story of Mary, 225–27.

3. Francis B. Carpenter, The Inner Life of Abraham Lincoln: Six Months in the White House (1866; repr., Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1995), 116.

4. Robert Wesley McBride, Lincoln’s Bodyguard, the Union Light Guard of Ohio (Indianapolis: Edward J. Hecker, 1911), 26–27.

5. Boston Christian Era, February 28, 1862.

6. Boyden, Echoes from Hospital and White House, 69–70.

7. J. S. Hastings to Abraham Lincoln, August 9, 1861, Lincoln Papers; Lydia Smith to Abraham Lincoln, October 4, 1862, Lincoln Papers; “G.A.A. Wide Awake” to Abraham Lincoln, December 11, 1860, Lincoln Papers; John W. Edmonds to Abraham Lincoln, June 1, 1863, Lincoln Papers.

8. I. B. Conklin to Abraham Lincoln, December 28, 1861, Lincoln Papers.

9. R. A. Beck to Abraham Lincoln, November 30, 1864, Lincoln Papers.

10. Drew Gilpin Faust discusses this surging interest in This Republic of Suffering, esp. chap. 6.

11. Beecher’s letter reprinted in the Chicago Independent, March 20, 1856; Rockford (IL) Rock River Democrat, February 7, 1854.

12. “Free love bagnios” quote in New York Herald, November 11, 1861; “Millerism” quote from a speech given by a Copperhead in England, reprinted in New Hampshire Sentinel, February 24, 1864; comments in a similar vein in Philadelphia Democratic Leader, January 10, 1863; “indiscriminately” quote in Springfield (IL) Daily Illinois State Dealer, January 21, 1858. For an excellent overview of the relationship between Spiritualism and radical politics, see Mark A. Lause, Free Spirits: Spiritualism, Republicanism, and Radicalism in the Civil War Era (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2016), esp. chaps. 1–2.

13. Herndon, Herndon’s Lincoln, 263.

14. Springfield (IL) Daily Illinois State Register, December 24, 1858; Springfield (IL) Daily Illinois State Journal, March 2, 1858.

15. Susan B. Martinez cites this document, but with no corroboration, in The Psychic Life of Abraham Lincoln (Franklin Lakes, NY: Career Press, 2007), 126.

16. Lause, Free Spirits, 70–71; Eliab W. Capron, Modern Spiritualism: Its Facts and Fanaticisms, Its Consistencies and Contradictions (Boston: Bela Marsh, 1855), 335.

17. The story of the New York medium in Cleveland Plain Dealer, February 18, 1861; the endorsement of the Spiritualist Convention in New York Evening Post, August 11, 1864; the rumors of Lincoln’s Spiritualism in, e.g., Springfield (MA) Republican, February 27, 1861; Portland (ME) Daily Eastern Argus, September 17, 1863.

18. Joshua Speed to Abraham Lincoln, October 26, 1863, Lincoln Papers.

19. New York World, May 25, 1863. See also the September 13, 1863, issue, in which the World composed an extended and surely apocryphal story of Lincoln asking Robert Owen for Spiritualist political advice.

20. “A Citizen of Ohio” [David Quinn], Interior Causes of the War: The Nation Demonized, and Its President a Spirit-Rapper (New York: M. Doolady, 1863); New York Semi-Weekly Press, September 8, 1863. See also Camden (NJ) Democrat, March 21, 1863; Louisville (KY) Daily Democrat, March 11, 1863.

21. Philadelphia Illustrated New Age, August 19, 1864.

22. Nettie Colburn Maynard, Was Abraham Lincoln a Spiritualist? (Philadelphia: Rufus C. Hartranft, 1891), 63, 70–74.

23. Lause, Free Spirits, 77, argues that Speed may not have known about Colburn’s earlier visits to the White House, not having been in Washington for over a year, an “irregular visitor.” Perhaps, but if he wrote the letter at Colborn’s behest, which seems likely, why then would she not have at least mentioned those earlier encounters to Speed? This surely would have made the letter stronger and more likely to gain her the president’s attention.

24. See Lause, Free Spirits, 70–72, which takes a more sympathetic view of Colborn and the material she presents in her book.

25. The Boston Gazette account was reprinted in, among other places, the New York Herald, May 30, 1863; Portland (ME) Daily Argus, June 1, 1863; Manchester (NH) Weekly Union, June 2, 1863.

26. New Haven (CT) Columbian Register, June 13, 1863; Manchester (NH) Weekly Union, June 2, 1863. A virulent anti-Lincoln newspaper did use this story to compose an extended indictment of the president; see Belfast (ME) Republican Journal, August 21, 1863.

27. William Herndon expressed an ambivalent opinion on this matter, writing to a religious journal in 1885 that he may have “grounds” of the “probability of the fact” that Lincoln attended séances while living in Springfield, but Herndon is so uncharacteristically vague on this matter—admitting that he had no “personal knowledge”—that I am inclined to discount this source entirely; see William H. Herndon, “Letter from Lincoln’s Old Partner,” Religio-Philosophical Journal, December 12, 1885, 118.

28. Decatur (IL) Daily Republican, October 24, 1891.

29. Theodore C. Pease and James G. Randall, eds., The Diary of Orville Hickman Browning (Springfield: Illinois State Historical Society, 1925), 1:608.

30. United States v. Colchester, 2 Int. Rev. Rec. 70 (1865), https://law.resource.org/pub/us/case/reporter/F.Cas/0025.f.cas/0025.f.cas.0492.pdf, accessed November 9, 2016; New York Times, August 27, 1865.

31. Noah Brooks, “Glimpses of Lincoln in Wartime,” Century Magazine 49 (January, 1895), 462–63.

32. Lamon, Recollections, 121; Don E. Fehrenbacher and Virginia Fehrenbacher, eds., Recollected Words of Abraham Lincoln (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1996), 191; Ervin Chapman, Latest Light on Lincoln and Wartime Memories (New York: Fleming H. Revell, 1917), 2:505. In 1885, a man named Jack Laurie wrote in a letter to a Spiritualist publication that the president was a frequent visitor to his parents’ Washington home and that Lincoln often attended their séances; the story possesses a small whiff of credibility, since Mary did visit the Lauries for Spiritual advice, as documented by Orville Hickman Browning (Pease and Randall, Diary of Orville Hickman Browning, 1:608), but as is always the case, there is no corroborating evidence for Abraham having done so, and it is mentioned by no other reliable non-Spiritualist sources. For the text of this letter, see http://www.iapsop.com/spirithistory/unlocking_the_mystery_of_a_lincoln_relic.html, accessed November 30, 2016.

7. BATTLEFIELDS

1. “Hell” quote in Theodore Poilpot, ed., A Comprehensive Sketch of the Battle of Manassas (Washington, DC: Manassas Panorama, 1886), 22; breakfast description in Benson John Lossing, The Pictorial Field Book of the United States in the Civil War (Hartford, CT: T. Belknap, 1874), 1:541; William W. Bennett, A Narrative of the Great Revival Which Prevailed in the Southern Armies (Philadelphia: Claxton, Pemsro and Haffelfinger, 1878), 125; horse description in Marilyn Seguin, Dogs of War and Stories of Other Beasts of Battle in the Civil War (Boston: Branden, 1998), 119.

2. Frank Moore, ed., The Civil War in Song and Story, 1860–1865 (New York: Peter Fenton Collier, 1865), 65.

3. Robert Hunter Rhodes, ed., All for the Union: The Civil War Diary and Letters of Elisha Hunt Rhodes (New York: Random House, 1985), 76.

4. George Washington Herr, Episodes of the Civil War: Nine Campaigns in Nine States (San Francisco: Bancroft Co., 1890), 78.

5. Browne, Every-day Life of Abraham Lincoln, 105.

6. Charles Carlton Coffin, “Antietam Scenes,” Century Illustrated Monthly Magazine, 32 (May–October 1886), 318.

7. Cecil D. Eby Jr., ed., A Virginia Yankee in the Civil War: The Diaries of David Hunter Strother (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1961), 112–13.

8. St. Albans (VT) St. Albans Daily Messenger, August 2, 1861.

9. Letter printed in Pittsfield (MA) Sun, October 16, 1862. See also Faust, This Republic of Suffering, 14–18.

10. Worcester Massachusetts Spy, August 7, 1861.

11. New York Tribune, August 31, 1861; Springfield (IL) Daily Illinois State Journal, August 8, 1861.

12. Cincinnati Commercial Tribune, August 3, 1861.

13. Concord (NH) Independent Democrat, August 8, 1861; Portland (ME) Daily Eastern Argus, June 1, 1863.

14. Lincoln, “Annual Address to Congress,” December 3, 1861, CW 5:36; “Message to Congress in Special Session,” July 4, 1861, CW 4:421–41.

15. Lincoln, “Proclamation of a National Fast Day,” August 12, 1861, CW 4:482.

16. New York Herald, July 25, 1861.

17. Lincoln to General Don Carlos Buell, January 13, 1862, CW 5:98.

18. On his denials, William E. Gienapp and Erica L. Gienapp, eds., The Diary of Gideon Welles, Lincoln’s Secretary of the Navy (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2014), 35 and 35n18; Stephen W. Sears, George B. McClellan: The Young Napoleon (New York: Ticknor and Fields, 1988), 117–18.

19. Stephen W. Sears, Landscape Turned Red: The Battle of Antietam (New Haven, CT: Ticknor and Fields, 1983), 20.

20. George B. McClellan to Mary Ellen McClellan, June 2, 1862, and June 23, 1862, in Stephen W. Sears, ed., The Civil War Papers of George B. McClellan: Selected Correspondence, 1860–1865 (New York: DaCapo Press, 1992), 287, 306–7.

21. For a detailed rendering of the story, see L. E. Chittenden, Recollections of President Lincoln and His Administration (New York: Harper and Bros., 1891), 266–73.

22. Stephen R. Riggs to Abraham Lincoln, November 17, 1862, Lincoln Papers.

23. Donald, Lincoln, 365.

24. Lincoln, “Address on Colonization to a Deputation of Negroes,” August 4, 1862, CW 5:372.

25. Gienapp and Gienapp, Diary of Gideon Welles, 65.

26. I have here been aided in reconstructing Lincoln’s visit by a most helpful article, Richard E. Clem, “Stories Conflict over Lincoln’s Visit to Antietam,” Washington Times, September 19, 2003, http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2003/sep/19/20030919-075636-6787r, accessed December 27, 2016.

27. John G. Nicolay and John Hay, “Abraham Lincoln: A History” (New York: Century, 1890), 7:546.

28. Allan Nevins, ed., A Diary of Battle: The Personal Journals of Colonel Charles S. Wainwright, 1861–1865 (New York: DaCapo Press, 1998), 118.

29. Lamon, Recollections, 148.

30. Nevins, Diary of Battle, 118.

31. Lamon, Recollections, 144. “Manhattan’s” account was reprinted in numerous papers, e.g., Madison (WI) Weekly Wisconsin Patriot, February 7, 1863; Macon (GA) Macon Telegraph, March 10, 1863; Manchester (NH) Weekly Union, February 17, 1863; New York World, January 27, 1863.

32. Manchester (NH) Weekly Union, February 17, 1863. The New York Sunday Times piece is reprinted in the Camden (NJ) Camden Democrat, January 10, 1863; San Francisco Bulletin, February 27, 1863. This may actually be a somewhat mangled reference to an African American musician named John “Picayune” Butler, who enjoyed a measure of popularity during this time, especially for a song called “Picayune Butler’s Come to Town”; see Cecelia Conway, African Banjos in Appalachia: A Study of Folk Traditions (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1995), 101.

33. D. M. Demarest to John Hay, August 2, 1864, Lincoln Papers.

34. Cleveland Plain Dealer, September 10, 1864; New Haven (CT) Columbian Register, October 15, 1864.

35. Philadelphia Illustrated New Age, October 22, 1864; Cincinnati Daily Inquirer, July 12, 1864; Madison (WI) Daily Patriot, November 1, 1864; Columbus (OH) Daily Ohio Statesman, October 6, 1864.

36. Samuel Wilkeson to John G. Nicolay, September, 1864, Lincoln Papers.

37. Philadelphia Illustrated New Age, November 8, 1864.

38. Manchester (NH) Weekly Union, October 11, 1864.

39. Lamon, Recollections, 145; Cincinnati Daily Inquirer, September 22, 1864.

40. Lincoln, “Memorandum concerning Ward Hill Lamon and the Antietam Episode,” September 2, 864, CW 7:548–49.

41. Lamon, Recollections, 149.

8. CONTROL

1. Lincoln to Thomas H. Clay, October 8, 1862, CW 5:452.

2. Lincoln to Simon Cameron, January 10, 1862, CW 5:95.

3. Lincoln to George B. McClellan, October 24, 1862, CW 5:474.

4. Gienapp and Gienapp, Diary of Gideon Welles, 96.

5. W. Roy Mason, “Notes of a Confederate Staff Officer,” in Johnson, Battles and Leaders, 3:101.

6. St. Albans (VT) Messenger, December 25, 1862; Pittsfield (MA) Sun, December 25, 1862. See U.S. Congress, Report of the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War, Senate Report No. 71, 37th Cong., 3rd sess. (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1863), 1:2–6; Bruce Tap, Over Lincoln’s Shoulder: The Committee on the Conduct of the War (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1998), 144–47.

7. New York World, December 17, 1862; Salt Lake City Deseret News, January 21, 1863; New York Journal of Commerce, commentary reprinted in Boston Post, December 18, 1862.

8. Manchester (NH) Weekly Guardian, December 22, 1862, reprinting an editorial from the New York World; Concord New Hampshire Patriot and State Gazette, December 31, 1862.

9. Belfast (ME) Republican Journal, January 2, 1863.

10. Springfield (IL) Daily Illinois State Register, January 8, 1863.

11. New York World, December 17, 1862.

12. Lincoln, “Congratulations to the Army of the Potomac,” December 22, 1862, CW 6:13.

13. Philadelphia Democratic Leader, January 3, 1863.

14. Boston Daily Advertiser, December 30, 1862.

15. Bates, Lincoln in the Telegraph Office, 189.

16. Gienapp and Gienapp, Diary of Gideon Welles, 110; Burlingame, At Lincoln’s Side, 27.

17. New York Journal of Commerce, commentary reprinted in Boston Post, December 18, 1862.

18. Lincoln, “Annual Message to Congress,” December 1, 1862, CW 5:537.

19. Lincoln, “Address on Colonization to a Deputation of Negroes,” August 14, 1862, CW 5:372.

20. Lincoln, “Response to a Serenade,” February 1, 1865, CW 8:254.

21. Portland (ME) Daily Advertiser, September 27, 1862.

22. The “500,000 sons” cartoon at http://452758903693057864.weebly.com/anti-lincoln-cartoons.html, accessed January 11, 2017; bloody sword illustration at http://www.lib.niu.edu/2001/iht820129.html, accessed January 11, 2017; depiction of Lincoln on a field of dead and dying men at http://www.abrahamlincolnsclassroom.org/cartoon-corner/president-lincoln/the-commander-in-chief-conciliating-the-soldiers-votes-on-the-battle-field, accessed January 11, 2017.

23. Washington correspondent quoted in Worcester (MA) National Aegis, June 13, 1863.

24. Memphis Avalanche, editorial reprinted in the Boston Liberator, June 14, 1861.

25. Burlingame, Lincoln Observed, 13.

26. Lincoln, “Remarks to a Chicago Delegation,” September 13, 1862, CW 5:420; Lincoln, “Annual Message to Congress,” December 1, 1862, CW 5:518.

27. Burlingame, Lincoln: A Life, 2:446.

28. Lincoln, “Meditation on Divine Will,” c. September 1862, CW 5:403–4.

29. Lincoln to Cuthbert Bullitt, July 28, 1862, CW 5:346.

30. Lincoln, “Proclamation of a National Fast Day,” August 12, 1861, CW 4:482.

31. Lincoln, “Proclamation Appointing a National Fast Day,” March 30, 1863, CW 6:155–56.

32. Lincoln to Albert G. Hodges, April 4, 1864, CW 7:282.

33. “Eliza W. Farnham: An Unsung Heroine of Gettysburg,” https://npsgnmp.wordpress.com/2012/03/02/eliza-w-farnham-an-unsung-heroine-of-gettysburg, accessed January 23, 2017. See also Gregory A. Coco, A Strange and Blighted Land: Gettysburg, the Aftermath of Battle (Gettysburg, PA: Thomas, 1995); and Gabor Boritt, The Gettysburg Gospel: The Lincoln Speech That Nobody Knows (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2006), 6–10.

34. New Haven (CT) Palladium, July 7, 1863.

35. Lincoln, “Response to a Serenade,” July 7, 1863, CW 6:319–20.

36. Bates, Lincoln in the Telegraph Office, 155–56; Gienapp and Gienapp, Diary of Gideon Welles, 248.

37. Burlingame and Ettlinger, Inside Lincoln’s White House, 64–65; Gienapp and Gienapp, Diary of Gideon Welles, 295.

38. Lincoln to George Meade, July 14, 1863, CW 6:328.

39. Garry Wills, Lincoln at Gettysburg: The Words That Remade America (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1992), 20, 55, 89–90.

40. Ibid., 24–27. For a meticulous study of the process by which he wrote the address, see Martin P. Johnson, Writing the Gettysburg Address (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2013).

41. James N. Duffy, Gottfried Krueger, and William H. Corbin, Final Report of the Gettysburg Battle-field Commission of New Jersey (Trenton, NJ: John L. Murphy, 1890), 6.

42. “Contract for Removing the Dead,” Gettysburg (PA) Adams Sentinel, http://www.crossroadsofwar.org/research/newspapers/?id=6934, accessed July 1, 2018; Boritt, Gettysburg Gospel, 72–73; Michael Kammen, Digging Up the Dead: A History of Notable American Reburials (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010), 102; James M. Paradis, African Americans and the Gettysburg Campaign (Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2005), 57–59; Mark H. Dunkelman, Gettysburg’s Unknown Soldier: The Life, Death, and Celebrity of Amos Humiston (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1999), 155.

43. Wills, Lincoln at Gettysburg, 33, 206–8; Madison (WI) Weekly Wisconsin Patriot, November 28, 1863.

44. Boritt, Gettysburg Gospel, 91–93.

45. E.g., New Haven (CT) Palladium, November 16, 1863; Philadelphia Illustrated New Age, November 14, 1863.

46. Lincoln, “Address Delivered at the Dedication of the Ceremony at Gettysburg,” November 18, 1863, CW 7:18.

47. Ibid., 7:19.

48. As a rule, Lincoln was unwilling to offer any concrete predictions regarding the war’s end; see his “Speech to the Philadelphia Sanitary Fair,” June 16, 1864, CW 7:395.

49. Lincoln, “Speech at a Republican Banquet,” December 10, 1856, CW 2:385.

9. DUTY

1. Washington, DC, Daily National Intelligencer, June 18 and 21, 1864.

2. Washington, DC, Evening Star, June 20, 1864; Springfield (MA) Republican, June 25, 1864.

3. Gienapp and Gienapp, Diary of Gideon Welles, 70.

4. Lincoln to William Seward, June 28, 1862, CW 5:292; Lincoln, “Remarks to Union Kentuckians,” November 21, 1862, CW 5:503.

5. Mark Neely does an excellent job of sorting out the exact context and circumstances of these oft-used quotes; see Neely, The Civil War and the Limits of Destruction (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009), 116.

6. Lincoln to Ulysses S. Grant, August 3, 1864, CW 7:476.

7. Ulysses S. Grant, Personal Memoirs of Ulysses S. Grant (New York: Dover, 1995), 482n.

8. G. Norton Galloway, “Hand to Hand Fighting at Spotsylvania,” Century Magazine 24 (1887), 307.

9. Ulysses S. Grant to Edwin M. Stanton, May 11, 1864, in John Y. Simon and John F. Marszalek, eds., The Papers of Ulysses S. Grant (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1982), 10:422; Lincoln to Ulysses S. Grant, August 17, 1864, CW 7:499.

10. “City Point National Cemetery, Hopewell, Virginia,” National Park Service, https://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/national_cemeteries/VIrginia/City_Point_National_Cemetery.html, accessed April 10, 2016.

11. Gienapp and Gienapp, Diary of Gideon Welles, 431.

12. Lincoln to Mrs. Sara B. Meconkey, May 9, 1864, CW 7:334; Bates, Lincoln in the Telegraph Office, 246–47.

13. Lincoln to Ulysses S. Grant, April 30, 1864, CW 7:324; Bates, Lincoln in the Telegraph Office, 245.

14. Lincoln, “Proclamation to the Friends of Union and Liberty,” CW 7:333; Lincoln, “Response to a Serenade,” May 9, 1864, CW 7:334.

15. Jubal A. Early, A Memoir of the Last Year of the War for Independence (Philadelphia: R. P. Pryne, 2015), 118.

16. Burlingame and Ettlinger, Inside Lincoln’s White House, 221; Pease and Randall, Diary of Orville Hickman Browning, 675; Philadelphia Inquirer, July 14, 1864.

17. Chittenden, Recollections of President Lincoln, 428; Burlingame and Ettlinger, Inside Lincoln’s White House, 221.

18. Burlingame and Ettlinger, Inside Lincoln’s White House, 222; Gienapp and Gienapp, Diary of Gideon Welles, 446.

19. Pease and Randall, Diary of Orville Hickman Browning, 676.

20. Keckley, Behind the Scenes, 134; Boston Liberator, August 26, 1864.

21. Cincinnati Daily Inquirer, July 28, 1864.

22. Lincoln to Lydia Bixby, November 21, 1864, CW 8:116–17.

23. See Michael Burlingame’s analysis of the Bixby letter controversy in his article “New Light on the Bixby Letter,” Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association 16 (Winter 1995), 59–71. Burlingame makes a convincing case for Hay as the letter’s likely author.

24. E.g., Boston Liberator, December 2, 1864; Hartford (CT) Daily Courant, November 26, 1864; Providence (RI) Evening Press, November 26, 1864; Worcester (MA) Palladium, November 30, 1864.

25. Philadelphia Illustrated New Age, November 28, 1864; see also Columbus (OH) Crisis, December 14, 1864; Denver (CO) Rocky Mountain News, December 15, 1864.

26. Worcester (MA) National Aegis, December 3, 1864; Salem (MA) Observer, December 3, 1864; Chicago New Covenant, December 17, 1864; Boston Recorder, December 2, 1864. For examples of the minimalist approach of merely reprinting the letter with little additional comment on its contents, see, e.g., in addition to the newspapers cited in the previous note, Boston Traveler, November 26, 1864; Washington (PA) Reporter, December 7, 1864; Boston Daily Advertiser, November 26, 1864; Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, December 24, 1864.

27. Lincoln to Fanny McCullough, December 23, 1862, CW 6:16–17.

28. Ibid., 6:17n1.

29. On this point of lack of information regarding dead soldiers, see Faust, This Republic of Suffering, esp. chap. 3

30. Lincoln, “Annual Message to Congress,” December 8, 1863, CW 7:53; Lincoln to William Dennison and Others, June 27, 1864, CW 7:411; Lincoln, “Response to Serenade,” May 9, 1864, CW 7:334.

31. Lincoln, “Speech at Great Central Sanitary Fair,” June 16, 1864, CW 7:394.

32. Fehrenbacher and Fehrenbacher, Recollected Words, 441; Swett to William H. Herndon, January 17, 1866, HI, 166.

33. Lincoln, “To Whom It May Concern,” December 23, 1863, CW 7:89.

34. Burlingame and Ettlinger, Inside Lincoln’s White House, 64; see also William C. Davis, Lincoln’s Men: How President Lincoln Became Father to an Army and a Nation (New York: Free Press, 1999), 173–91.

35. Burlingame and Ettlinger, Inside Lincoln’s White House, 64.

36. Lincoln to Horatio Seymour, August 7, 1863, CW 6:370. He also made of this line a bit of a grim joke, telling the story of Confederate conscription agents who “take every man who hasn’t been dead more than two days!”; see Paul M. Zall, ed., Abe Lincoln Laughing: Humorous Anecdotes from Original Sources by and about Abraham Lincoln (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982), 112.

37. Portland (ME) Daily Eastern Argus, August 26, 1863.

38. Lincoln, “Annual Message to Congress,” December 1, 1862, CW 5:537.

39. Burlingame and Ettlinger, Inside Lincoln’s White House, 64; Lincoln to Edwin M. Stanton, January 28, 1864, CW 7:158; Lincoln, “To Whom It May Concern,” January 18, 1864, CW 7:137; Lincoln, “Order Commuting Sentence of Deserters,” February 26, 1864, CW 7:208.

40. Lincoln, “Speech to One Hundred Sixty-Sixth Ohio,” August 22, 1864, CW 7:512.

41. He did “congratulate” the 166th Ohio (see ibid.), but his use of the word in this context seems to have been a congratulations that the men had returned home unscathed; in a similar vein, see his “Speech to Forty-Second Massachusetts Regiment,” October 31, 1864, CW 8:84. His use of “glory” or “glorious” in connection with battlefield sacrifice was likewise very infrequent. He did make a vague reference to recent events “bring[ing] up glorious names” in his “Response to a Serenade” following the Gettysburg and Vicksburg victories, July 7, 1863, CW 6:320. He also mentioned the “glorious achievements” of the army in his “Proclamation of Thanksgiving and Prayer,” September 3, 1864, CW 7:533. But these cases were exceptional. Also, the inclusion of the word glorious in the Bixby letter seems to me to reinforce the argument that he did not actually write that letter; Lincoln to Lydia Bixby, November 21, 1864, CW 8:117.

42. Lincoln, “Order of Thanks to One Hundred Day Troops from Ohio,” September 10, 1864, CW 7:547. See also his broader proclamation, “Order of Thanks to One Hundred Day Troops,” October 1, 1864, CW 8:33.

43. Lincoln, “Reply to Emancipation Memorial,” September 13, 1862, CW 5:424.

44. Lowell (MA) Daily Citizen and News, July 29, 1863.

45. Lincoln to James C. Conkling, August 26, 1863, CW 6:410.

46. Ibid., 6:409.

47. Lincoln, “Order of Retaliation,” July 30, 1863, CW 6:357.

48. Lincoln, “Second Inaugural Address,” March 4, 1865, CW 8:333.

49. Ibid., 8:332–33.

CONCLUSION

1. For a good description of the wound, see Edward Steers Jr., Blood on the Moon: The Assassination of Abraham Lincoln (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2001), 118.

2. Waldo Emerson Reck, A. Lincoln: His Last 24 Hours (London: McFarland and Co., 1987), 147–48, 157.

3. John S. Barnes, “With Lincoln from Washington to Richmond in 1865, Part I,” Appleton’s Magazine 9 (May 1907), 519.

4. William H. Crook, “Lincoln’s Last Day: New Facts Now Told for the First Time,” Harper’s Monthly Magazine 115 (September 1907): 519.

5. Mary Lincoln to Simon Cameron, April 6, 1866, in Turner and Turner, Mary Todd Lincoln, 351–52; Helm, True Story of Mary, 225.

6. Reck, A. Lincoln, 139. See also Clinton, Mrs. Lincoln, 245–47.

7. Keckley, Behind the Scenes, 83, 85.

8. Jackson (MI) Citizen Patriot, July 19, 1882.

9. Merrill D. Peterson, Lincoln in American Memory (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 14–22.

10. Zall, Abe Lincoln Laughing, 73.