PROLOGUE: ‘A BOLD, BAD MAN’
1. For the Abermule accident, see the Wikipedia entry: Abermule_train_collision; also, www.railwaysarchive.co.uk
2. Bonham Carter, Winston Churchill as I Knew Him, p. 15; Gilbert, World in Torment, p. 912.
3. Gilbert, World in Torment, p. 430; Anon., Outlook, 22 October 1921.
INTRODUCTION: ‘A TRAGIC FLAW IN THE METAL’
1. Bell, Churchill and the Dardanelles, provides a definitive study of the topic.
2. See Bonham Carter, Champion Redoubtable: The Diaries and Letters of Violet Bonham Carter 1914–1945, entry for Wednesday 19 May 1915, p. 53; Winston S. Churchill, Painting as a Pastime, p. 16.
3. Black, Winston Churchill in British Art, p. 42.
4. Brendon, Winston Churchill, p. 10; Henry W. Lucy, as quoted in the Dundee Advertiser, 21 September 1921; Cannadine, Aspects of Aristocracy, pp. 132, 161.
5. Stafford, Churchill and Secret Service, p. 34.
6. Langworth, Winston Churchill, Myth and Reality, pp. 39–42.
7. Allen Packwood, ‘A Tale of Two Statesmen: Churchill and Napoleon’, Finest Hour, no. 157, Winter 2012–13, pp. 14–19. For information about the Napier, I am grateful to Richard Langworth.
8. A. G. Gardiner, ‘Prophets, Priests, and Kings’, p. 104, quoted in Shelden, Young Titan, p. 8; for the 1913 portrait, see Gardiner, Pillars of Society, pp. 152–8.
9. Gardiner, Pillars of Society, p. 121.
10. Quoted in Toye, Lloyd George and Churchill: Rivals for Greatness, p. 131.
11. Lord Alanbrooke Diary, 14 February 1944, quoted in Gilbert and Arnn, The Churchill Documents, Volume 19: Fateful Questions September 1943 to April 1944, p. 1,748.
12. Bonham Carter, Winston Churchill as I Knew Him, p. 146; see also on Churchill’s ‘fierce loyalty’ to his immediate family, Cannadine, Aspects of Aristocracy, pp. 137, 138–43.
13. Soames, Winston Churchill: His Life as a Painter, p. 20.
14. Quoted in Buczacki, Churchill and Chartwell, p. 63. See also Randolph Churchill, Young Statesman: Winston S. Churchill 1901–1914, p. 69.
15. T. P. O’Connor, The Times, 20 March 1921.
16. Churchill and Gilbert, Companion Volume (Companion Volumes to the official biography by Randolph S. Churchill and Martin Gilbert), p. 953.
17. Gardiner, Pillars of Society, p. 153; Churchill, Preface to The Aftermath, vol. 4 of The World Crisis, pp. vii–viii.
18. Pelling, Winston Churchill, p. 258.
19. Stevenson, Lloyd George: A Diary, pp. 196–7.
20. Norwich (ed.), The Duff Cooper Diaries, entry for 23 January 1920.
21. As quoted by Harold Nicolson in his Foreword to W.S.C. A Cartoon Biography, compiled by Fred Urquhart, p. x.
22. Low, Low’s Autobiography, pp. 146–8.
23. Winston S. Churchill, ‘Cartoons and Cartoonists’, in his Thoughts and Adventures, pp. 9–21.
24. Quoted in Clarke, The Locomotive of War, p. 85.
25. Quoted in Paul Addison, ‘How Churchill’s Mind Worked’, unpublished paper for the Faculty Seminar at the University of Texas, 2017, with many thanks to the author.
1 ‘RULE BRITANNIA’
1. Stansky, Sassoon: The Worlds of Philip and Sybil, p. 56. Lord Riddell’s diary record of the weekend at Lympne can be found in his Intimate Diary of the Peace Conference and After, pp. 259–62. For the Greenwoods, see Maclaren, Empire and Ireland, passim. For Hankey on Sutherland, see Cameron Hazlehurst, introduction to The Lloyd George Magazine 1920–1923, vol. 1, p. xiv.
2. Boothby, I Fight to Live, p. 50.
3. Stansky, Sassoon, p. 157. For a more recent biography of Sassoon, see Collins, Charmed Life, passim, and for Lympne in particular, pp. 80–6.
4. Toye, Lloyd George and Churchill, p. 86.
5. Gilbert, The Challenge of War, p. 623.
6. Michael McMenamin, ‘Winston Churchill: The Untold Story of Young Winston and his American Mentor’, in McNamara (ed.), The Churchills in Ireland, pp. 199–219; see also Churchill on Cochran in his Thoughts and Adventures, pp. 32–3.
7. For Churchill’s view on Anglo-American naval power, see Phillips O’Brien, ‘Churchill and the U.S. Navy 1919–29’, in Parker (ed.), Winston Churchill, pp. 22–42.
8. Amery, Diaries, vol. 1, p. 254.
9. Rose, The Literary Churchill, p. 97.
10. Marsh, A Number of People: A Book of Reminiscences, p. 370.
11. Young, Churchill and Beaverbrook, pp. 28–9.
12. Colville Papers, entry for 1 April 1944, quoted in Gilbert and Arnn, The Churchill Documents, vol. 19, p. 2,270.
13. Maclaren, Empire and Ireland, p. 201.
14. Clarke, Mr. Churchill’s Profession, pp. 76–7; Lough, No More Champagne, pp. 126–8; Reynolds, In Command of History, p. 525.
15. Riddell, Intimate Diary of the Peace Conference and After, p. 261.
16. Morgan, Consensus and Disunity, p. 129; Lee of Fareham, ‘A Good Innings’: The Private Papers of Viscount Lee of Fareham, p. 197.
17. Paul Addison, ‘The Search for Peace in Ireland’, in Muller (ed.), Churchill as Peacemaker, p. 200; Bew, Churchill and Ireland, p. 1.
18. Bew, Churchill and Ireland, pp. 95, 100. See also Gilbert, World in Torment, pp. 443–71, 508. For further background on Ireland, see Townshend, The Republic, passim.
19. See Gilbert, World in Torment, pp. 77–9, and Riddell, Intimate Diary of the Peace Conference and After, p. 262. For peace feelers, etc., see Townshend, The Republic, pp. 223–4, and Bew, Churchill and Ireland, pp. 102–4.
20. Townshend, The Republic, pp. 193–7. For MacSwiney’s funeral, see Walsh, Bitter Freedom, pp. 262–3.
21. Gilbert, World in Torment, pp. 500–6.
22. Riddell, Intimate Diary of the Peace Conference and After, p. 8.
23. Margo Greenwood diary, 9 January 1921, quoted in Maclaren, Empire and Ireland, pp. 203–4.
24. Toye, Churchill’s Empire, p. 142.
2 FAMILY AND FRIENDS
1. Manchester, The Last Lion, pp. 750–6.
2. Stafford, Churchill and Secret Service, p. 102.
3. For Guest, see G. R. Searle’s entry in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography and his Corruption in British Politics, passim; see also David Cannadine, ‘The Perils of Family Piety’, in Blake and Louis (eds), Churchill, pp. 15–16.
4. Addison, Churchill, pp. 48–9.
5. See Buczacki, Churchill and Chartwell, for Churchill’s housing arrangements during this period. For his finances, see Lough, No More Champagne.
6. The Sunday Times, 4 December 1921.
7. David Freeman, ‘Eddie Marsh: A Profile’, Finest Hour, no. 131, Summer 2006; undated note by Churchill to Marsh, but pre-1914, in Marsh Papers, Churchill College, Cambridge, EMAR1. For Marsh’s own memoir, see his A Number of People, and for a biography, Hassall, Edward Marsh: Patron of the Arts, both very discreet. For Clementine (Hozier) to Marsh, see her undated letter (1908?) in the Marsh Papers, Churchill College, EMAR1.
8. There are numerous biographies of Lawrence. Here I have drawn mostly from that by James, The Golden Warrior, pp. 272–362.
9. For Lowell Thomas and his creation of the Lawrence myth, see Stephens, The Voice of America, esp. pp. 82–6 and 96–120.
10. See ‘Allenby Travelogue in the Provinces’, The Times, 13 November 1919; also Stephens, The Voice of America, p. 112.
11. Churchill, Great Contemporaries, p. 137; James, The Golden Warrior, p. 362.
12. Speech to the Oxford Union, 18 November 1920, in Churchill, Winston S., Winston S. Churchill, p. 3,027. See also Gilbert, The World in Torment, p. 437, and Morgan, Consensus and Disunity, p. 137. The Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB) was established in July 1920. Malone was subsequently arrested, jailed, and stripped of his OBE.
13. Stafford, Churchill and Secret Service, passim.
14. Colville, The Churchillians, p. 172.
15. See Paul Addison’s entry on Sinclair in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, online edition 2008.
16. Hunter, Winston and Archie, pp. 12–13; De Groot, Liberal Crusader, passim; Paul Addison, entry on Sinclair in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
17. Stafford, Churchill and Secret Service, p. 99.
18. From The World Crisis, quoted in Bennett, Churchill’s Man of Mystery: Desmond Morton and the World of Intelligence, p. 28. Morton, like Sinclair, helped Churchill collect and select material about Russia for the final volume of The World Crisis. See Gilbert, The Wilderness Years, pp. 298–309.
19. Bennett, Churchill’s Man of Mystery, p. 62.
20. Gilbert, In Search of Churchill, p. 90. For more on Spears and Churchill, see Egremont, Under Two Flags: The Life of Major-General Sir Edward Spears, passim; also Colville, The Churchillians, pp. 203–4.
21. Churchill and Gilbert, Companion Volume, vol. IV, pt 2, p. 1,071.
22. From Krassin, London, to Tchitcherin, Moscow, copies for Krestnitsky, Lenin, Trotsky, Levrava, 30 December 1920, CHAR 16/74; Churchill note, 5 January 1921.
3 ‘HE USES IT AS AN OPIATE’
1. Diary of Alexander MacCallum Scott, 28 July 1917, University of Glasgow MS Gen 1465/8.
2. Letter from Belgium to Clementine, 23 November 1915, in Soames, Winston and Clementine, p. 116.
3. For a description of the day, see The Times, Friday 12 November 1920, ‘Armistice Day: The Burial of the Unknown Soldier’. For the wider social context, see Juliet Nicolson, The Great Silence: 1918–1920. Living in the Shadow of the Great War, passim.
4. Major Geiger to Sir Archibald Sinclair, 13 January 1921, in Churchill and Gilbert, Companion Volume, vol. IV, pt 2, p. 1,307.
5. Leslie, Jennie, p. 239.
6. Letter from Mimizan to Clementine, 27 March 1920, in Soames, Winston and Clementine, p. 223; Soames, Winston Churchill: His Life as a Painter, p. 23.
7. Ibid, p. 46.
8. Ibid, p. 38. His 1915 portrait of Lavery, given to the artist, was exhibited in 1919 at the Royal Society of Portrait Painters.
9. Coombs and Churchill, Sir Winston Churchill, p. 202.
10. For Dada and Paris, see Rasula, Destruction Was My Beatrice, pp. 145–78.
11. Stafford, Churchill and Secret Service, pp. 111–12.
12. Daily Herald, 7 January 1921.
13. For Cassel, see the entry by Pat Thane in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, online edition 2008; Ridley, Bertie, pp. 334–5; and for the connections with Churchill, see Randolph S. Churchill, Young Statesman 1901–1914, pp. 53–4, 88–9, 195–6.
14. The Times, 7 February 1921.
15. Clementine Churchill to Winston Churchill, 26 February 1921, in Soames, Winston and Clementine, p. 234.
16. The Sunday Times, 30 January 1921; see also ‘Riviera Notes,’ The Times, 24 January 1921; and Howarth, When the Riviera Was Ours, p. 98.
17. Macmillan, The Riviera, pp. xi–xii.
18. Spurling, Matisse: A Life, pp. 336–7, 454. A decade later, when the Regina finally closed its doors to guests and was converted to apartments, Matisse was the first, and for a long time, the only buyer. Cimiez is now the site of the Musée Matisse.
19. Churchill, Painting as a Pastime, pp. 34–6.
20. For Bodkin, see Eade, ‘Churchill as a Painter’, in Eade (ed.), Churchill by his Contemporaries, p. 287.
4 A WORLD IN TORMENT
1. For Churchill’s reaction to Hunter’s suspension, see his letter of 18 February 1921 to Brigadier-General W. Horwood in CHAR 2/14. For Thompson, see his overblown memoir, I Was Churchill’s Shadow, passim.
2. Churchill to Balfour, 26 February 1921, in Churchill and Gilbert, Companion Volume, vol. IV, pt 2, p. 1,379.
3. Curzon to his wife, 14 February 1921, in Gilbert, World in Torment, p. 528.
4. Churchill, Departmental minute, 10 February 1921, in ibid, pp. 1,342–3.
5. Sinclair to Churchill, 10 February 1921, in Hunter, Winston and Archie, pp. 154–5. For Sinclair’s reports on Krassin, Kopp, etc. see passim, pp. 141–55; also Stafford, Churchill and Secret Service, pp. 131–3; for Churchill on Savinkov, see his essay in Great Contemporaries, pp. 125–33.
6. Minute to Cabinet Finance Committee, 4 January 1921, Churchill and Gilbert, Companion Volume, vol. IV, p. 1,287; speech on Air Estimates to House of Commons, 1 March 1921, in Rhodes James (ed.), Winston S. Churchill, pp. 3,070–83.
7. Churchill, ‘Air Estimates’, House of Commons, 1 March 1921, in Rhodes James, ibid, pp. 3,078–9.
8. Churchill to Curzon, 4 February 1921, in ibid, p. 1,340. Also, Stafford, Churchill and Secret Service, p. 144.
9. Ibid, passim.
10. Ziegler, King Edward VIII, p. 112.
11. Riddell, Intimate Diary of the Peace Conference and After, p. 286.
12. Ibid, p. 59.
13. Letter to Clementine, 16 February 1921, CSCT 2/14/16, Churchill College Archives.
14. Ibid.
15. See his letters to Clementine of 9 and 16 February 1921, ibid. For his general stance on the monarchy, see Philip Ziegler, ‘Churchill and the Monarchy’, in Blake and Louis (eds), Churchill, pp. 187–98.
16. For Jack Churchill, see Lee and Lee, Winston and Jack, passim; also Colville, The Churchillians, pp. 201–21.
17. Lough, No More Champagne, p. 128.
5 THE GREAT CORNICHE OF LIFE
1. Churchill to Clementine, 27 January 1921, in Soames, Winston and Clementine, p. 224. For Churchill and his finances, see Lough, No More Champagne, passim.
2. Soames, Clementine Churchill, p. 196; Churchill to Clementine, 6 February 1921, in Soames, Winston and Clementine, p. 225. For more on the Garron Towers Estate, see Lough, No More Champagne, pp. 130–1, and CHAR 1/151/1.
3. ‘Men, Women, and Memories’, The Sunday Times, 20 March 1921.
4. Geiger to Sinclair, CHAR 16/75, Churchill College, Cambridge; The Times, 28, 29, 31 January, 1, 4 February 1921; The Sunday Times, 4 February 1921; Clementine to Churchill, 7 February 1921, in CHAR 1/139/3-8. The official biography makes no reference to this visit.
5. Diary of Lady Jean Hamilton, 4 February 1921.
6. For Lavery’s stay and painting at Cap d’Ail, see McConkey, Free Spirit, pp. 148–9.
7. Garvin on Churchill quoted in Rhodes James, Churchill, p. 91; Clementine to Churchill, 13 February 1921, Soames, Winston and Clementine, p. 228. In place of the biography, Garvin wrote the glowing foreword to Alexander MacCallum Scott’s 1916 biography, Winston Churchill in Peace and War; see especially pp. ii–iii.
8. Dilks, ‘The Great Dominion’, p. 16.
9. For Maclean’s reaction to Churchill, see Chalmers, A Gentleman of the Press, p. 123. For his meeting with Clementine, see her letter of 18 February in Soames, Winston and Clementine, p. 231.
10. Maclean’s magazine, 15 June 1921; Hamilton, Gallipoli Diary, pp. ix, 242; Churchill, Ian Hamilton’s March, passim.
11. Churchill to Clementine, 15 August 1929, in Soames, Winston and Clementine, p. 338.
12. J. H. Plumb, ‘The Historian’, in Taylor et al., Churchill: Four Faces and the Man, pp. 123, 139.
13. Letters of 7 and 21 February 1921, in Soames, Winston and Clementine, pp. 226, 233.
14. John Simkin, ‘Edward Marsh’, on spartacus-educational.com (2014).
15. Toye, Lloyd George and Churchill, p. 5.
16. The Sunday Times, 6 February 1921, p. 11. For ‘Anti-Waste’ see Morgan, Consensus and Disunity, esp. pp. 96–8.
17. Cowling, The Impact of Labour 1920–1924, pp. 166–7.
18. Wilson, The Downfall of the Liberal Party, pp. 117–18, and J. M. McEwan, ‘Lloyd George’s Acquisition of the Daily Chronicle in 1918’, in Journal of British Studies, vol. 22, no. 1, Autumn 1982, pp. 127–44. For the 1920 Club, see Cameron Hazlehurst, Introduction to The Lloyd George Liberal Magazine 1920–1923, vol. 1, p. xiii.
19. ‘The Menace of Labour’, The Times, 18 March 1921, p. 12.
20. The Times, 11 February 1921, p. 12. For Guest’s tour, see The Lloyd George Liberal Magazine 1920–1923, vol. 1, pp. 378–81.
21. Morgan, Consensus and Disunity, p. 115.
22. For Churchill’s position on these social issues, see Pelling, Winston Churchill, pp. 271–7; Addison, Churchill on the Home Front 1900–1955, pp. 200–21; and Cameron Hazlehurst, ‘Churchill as a Social Reformer: The Liberal Phase’, Historical Studies, vol. 17, no. 66, pp. 84–92.
23. MacMillan, Paris 1919, p. 354.
24. Gilbert, The World in Torment, pp. 535–6.
6 ‘THIS WILD COUSIN OF MINE’
1. Sheridan, Naked Truth, p. 33.
2. Ibid, p. 25.
3. Clementine to Winston, Saturday 4 December 1915, in Soames, Winston and Clementine, pp. 125–6.
4. Leslie, Cousin Clare, pp. 78–9.
5. Ibid, pp. 94–7; also, Sheridan, Naked Truth, pp. 127–35.
6. Quoted in Cameron Hazlehurst, ‘Churchill’s “collection of brilliant lions”: The Other Club and its Founders’, p. 6, unpublished article kindly lent by its author.
7. For Birkenhead, see Campbell, F. E. Smith, First Earl of Birkenhead, passim; and the same author’s entry on him in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
8. Ibid, p. 143.
9. Sheridan, To the Four Winds, p. 87.
10. Campbell, F. E. Smith, First Earl of Birkenhead, passim; Leslie, Jennie, p. 342.
11. Stafford, Churchill and Secret Service, p. 111.
12. Leslie, Cousin Clare, p. 102; Gilbert, World in Torment, p. 422.
13. Sheridan, Mayfair to Moscow, pp. 21–5.
14. Churchill and Gilbert, Companion Volume, vol. IV, pt. 2, pp. 1,174, 1,182–3.
15. Sheridan, Mayfair to Moscow, p. 49.
16. Oswald Frewen Diary, Sunday 5 September 1920.
17. Stafford, Churchill and Secret Service, p. 125.
18. The Times, 22 November 1920; and Sheridan, Mayfair to Moscow, pp. 184, 187.
19. Sheridan, To the Four Winds, p. 210.
20. Leslie, Cousin Clare, pp. 134–5.
21. Sheridan, Mayfair to Moscow, entry for 19 October 1921.
22. CHAR 1/138/5–6.
23. Baruch, The Public Years, pp. 121–2; Colville, The Churchillians, pp. 86–7; Fishman, My Darling Clementine, p. 325.
7 ‘THE FORTY THIEVES’
1. Churchill, History of the English-Speaking Peoples, vol. III, p. 238.
2. The diary of Wing-Commander Maxwell Henry Coote is to be found in the Liddell Hart Centre at King’s College, London, Ref.: GB 0099 KCLMA Coote. For Sir Martin Gilbert’s account of the Cairo Conference, see World in Torment, pp. 544–7.
3. The Sunday Times, 13 March 1921; Thompson, Assignment Churchill, p. 13.
4. Manchester, The Last Lion, vol. 2, p. 70. Manchester himself, however, chooses the wrong hotel, claiming that the conference was held at the Mena House.
5. Hardy, The Poisoned Well, p. 130.
6. ‘The Cairo Season’, The Times, 2 April 1921.
7. Humphreys, Grand Hotels of Egypt in the Golden Age of Travel, pp. 148–57; Churchill to Warren Fisher of the Treasury, 18 March 1921, in Churchill and Gilbert, Companion Volume, vol. IV, pt 2, pp. 1,400–1; Hardy, The Poisoned Well, p. 65.
8. Barr, A Line in the Sand, p. 121.
9. The Sunday Times, 13 March 1921; Daily Herald, 14 March 1921.
10. Gilbert, World in Torment, vol. I, pp. 532–3, 537–8; for Churchill and Lawrence, see Richard Meinertzhagen, quoted in Dockter, Churchill and the Islamic World, p. 130; and Churchill to Shuckburgh, 18 February 1921, in Churchill and Gilbert, Companion Volume, vol. IV, pt 2, pp. 1,362–3.
11. Coote Diary, Friday 11 March 1921.
12. Ironside (ed.), High Road to Command, pp. 190–1. See also John C. Cairns’ entry on Ironside in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, online edition 2007.
13. Churchill to the House of Commons, 14 June 1921.
14. See e.g. Wallach, Desert Queen, and Howell, Queen of the Desert. For ‘the only female star’, see Asher-Greve, ‘Gertrude Bell’, in Cohen and Joukowsky (eds), Breaking Ground, p. 163. See also Lukitz, A Quest in the Middle East, passim, and the same author’s entry on Bell in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, online edition 2008.
15. Hardy, The Poisoned Well, p. 147; and letter to her father, March 1919, held in the online Bell Archive at the University of Newcastle upon Tyne.
16. Bell, letter to her father, 10 January 1921, in Bell Archive, University of Newcastle upon Tyne.
17. Liora Lukitz, ‘Bell, Gertrude Margaret Lowthian (1868–1926)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, online edition 2008.
18. Coote Diary, Sunday 13 March 1921; Gilbert, World in Torment, pp. 546–7.
19. Coote Diary, Monday 14 March 1921.
20. Boyle, Trenchard, pp. 381–4.
21. Bell, letter to Frank Balfour, 25 March 1921, in Bell Archive, University of Newcastle upon Tyne; Gilbert, World in Torment, pp. 549–50; Catherwood, Churchill’s Folly, pp. 135–6.
22. Coote Diary, 15 March 1921.
23. Gilbert, World in Torment, pp. 551–2; Churchill to Lloyd George, 16 March 1921, in Gilbert, Companion Volume, vol. IV, pt 2, pp. 1,396–7.
24. Coote Diary, 17 March 1921.
25. Churchill to Lloyd George, 14, 18, 21, 23 March 1921, and Lloyd George to Churchill, 16 and 22 March 1921, in Churchill and Gilbert, Companion Volume, vol. IV, pt. 2, pp. 1,388–415; also, Barr, A Line in the Sand, pp. 124–7.
26. ‘Scrutator’, The Sunday Times, 20 March 1921.
27. Gilbert, World in Torment, p. 557.
28. Lawrence to his brother Bob, quoted in Gilbert, World in Torment, pp. 556–7; Bell to Frank Balfour, 25 March 1921, in Bell Archive, University of Newcastle upon Tyne.
8 THE SMILING ORCHARDS
1. Coote Diary, 24 March 1921; Ridley, Bertie, p. 388.
2. Wasserstein, Herbert Samuel, p. viii.
3. Sebag Montefiore, Jerusalem, pp. 412–19; Shalom Goldman, ‘The Rev. Herbert Danby (1889–1953): Hebrew Scholar, Zionist, Christian Missionary’, Modern Judaism, vol. 27, no. 2, May 2007.
4. Gilbert, Companion Volume, vol. IV, pt 2, p. 1,449.
5. Coote Diary, 21 March 1921.
6. Gilbert, World in Torment, p. 559.
7. Storrs, Orientations, pp. 311, 325.
8. Sebag Montefiore, Jerusalem, pp. 441–3.
9. Storrs, Orientations, pp. 282–4.
10. Coote Diary, entries for 25 and 26 March 1921; Storrs, Orientations, pp. 432–3.
11. Wilson, King Abdullah, Britain and the Making of Jordan, pp. 3, 29–30; Graves (ed.), Memoirs of King Abdullah of Transjordan, p. 202; Churchill to the House of Commons, 14 June 1921, in Rhodes James (ed.), Winston S. Churchill, p. 3,095.
12. Wilson, King Abdullah, Britain and the Making of Jordan, p. 53.
13. Hardy, The Poisoned Well, pp. 90–1; Churchill to Curzon, 5 April 1921, in Churchill and Gilbert, Companion Volume, vol. IV, pt 3, p. 1,432; Wilson, King Abdullah, Britain and the Making of Jordan, pp. 207–15.
14. See Gilbert, World in Torment, pp. 562–6.
15. Coote Diary, 29 March 1921.
16. Churchill, ‘Transjordania’, Memorandum for the Cabinet, 2 April 1921, in Churchill and Gilbert, Companion Volume, vol. IV, pt 3, p. 1,430; Churchill to Curzon, 5 April 1921, in Churchill and Gilbert, Companion Volume, vol. IV, pt 3, p. 1,432.
17. Coote Diary, entries for 27, 28, 30 March 1921.
18. Gilbert, World in Torment, pp. 572–5.
19. Twenty years later the Esperia was torpedoed by a British submarine off the coast of Tripoli.
9 TRAGEDY STRIKES
1. See Churchill’s hotel bill for 4–8 April 1921 in CHAR 1/154; Martin, Jennie, vol. 2, pp. 395–6. The error that Churchill rushed back to London is repeated in Roberts, Churchill, p. 284; Roy Jenkins simply ignores the episode.
2. McConkey, Free Spirit, pp. 148–9; Churchill’s Foreword was drafted for him by his private secretary Eddie Marsh; The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, 17 December 1921. For Lavery’s election to the Royal Academy, see The Times, 2 March 1921. Sir Martin Gilbert makes no mention of this Cap d’Ail visit in the main narrative of his official biography; it appears only as a footnote in the relevant companion volume of documents.
3. The Times, 28 April 1921.
4. Gilbert, World in Torment, pp. 581–2.
5. For Bill Hozier’s death, see The Times, 16 April 1921; for Lady Blanche’s letter to Churchill, see CHAR 1/138.
6. Letter from New York of 8 April 1921, CHAR 1/138; Bricrin Dolan, ‘Clare Sheridan, an Adventuress and her Children’, Journal of Irish Literature, vol. 19, no. 2, May 1990, pp. 3–46. In 1943 Clare was to suggest to her cousin Winston that he include her brother Oswald on a mission to Moscow on the grounds that he had driven by motorcycle with her across Russia in 1923 and hence possessed ‘an exceptional understanding’ of the Soviet Union. See Clare to Winston, 27 September 1943, in Gilbert and Arnn, The Churchill Documents, vol. 19, pp. 286–7.
7. Lady Jean Hamilton Diary, undated but February 1921.
8. Handwritten note dated 29 June 1921, sold at Christie’s, New York, 23 June 2011, Sale 2456, Lot 7.
9. Martin, Jennie, vol. 2, pp. 396–401.
10. Boston Evening Globe, 29 June 1921; Boston Post, 10 July 1921, CHAR 1/146; Baruch, undated, CHAR 1/140/84.
11. Gilbert, World in Torment, pp. 605–6; The Sunday Times, 3 July 1921; The Times, 4 July 1921; Churchill to ‘Dearest Millie’, in Sutherland Papers, Staffordshire and Stoke-on-Trent Library Services, online www.sutherlandcollection.org.uk. I am grateful to Paul Addison for this reference.
10 PEACEMAKER
1. Mowat, Britain Between the Wars 1918–1940, pp. 119–29; Lee of Fareham, ‘A Good Innings’, p. 208.
2. For the rising internal paranoia within the IRA of early 1921, see Townshend, The Republic, pp. 262–6; Walsh, Bitter Freedom, pp. 252–7.
3. For Stenning’s murder, see ‘List of Suspected Civilian Spies Killed by the IRA, 1920–21’ by Dr Andy Bielenberg and Professor Emeritus James S. Donnelly, at theirishrevolution.ie; for Frewen, see the biography by Leslie, Mr. Frewen of England, passim.
4. James S. Donnelly, ‘Big House Burnings in County Cork during the Irish Revolution 1920–1921’, Eire-Ireland, vol. 47, nos 3–4, Fall/Winter 2012, pp. 141–80; Leslie, Mr. Frewen of England, p. 195.
5. Charles Lysaght, ‘Leslie, John Randolph (‘Shane’)’, Dictionary of Irish Biography; Leslie, Cousin Clare, p. 163; Leslie, Long Shadows, p. 228.
6. Aidan Dunne, ‘A Passion for the Political’, The Irish Times, 26 July 2010; Lavery, The Life of a Painter, pp. 211–12 (he gives no date for this letter); Bew, Churchill and Ireland, p. 103. Bew claims it was a portrait of MacSwiney, but as no such portrait is known to exist it was presumably the Southwark Cathedral scene.
7. Isaiah Berlin, ‘Personal Impressions’, quoted in Robert Rhodes James, ‘Churchill the Parliamentarian, Orator, and Statesman’, in Blake and Louis (eds), Churchill, p. 108.
8. Soames (ed.), Winston and Clementine, pp. 231–2.
9. Bew, Churchill and Ireland, p. 105.
10. Street, Ireland in 1921, pp. 23–7.
11. Townshend, The Republic, p. 301.
12. Gilbert, World in Torment, p. 666.
13. ‘Ireland and Anglo-American Relations’, 28 June 1921, in Rhodes James (ed.), Winston S. Churchill, pp. 3,113–14.
14. James, ‘Churchill the Parliamentarian, Orator, and Statesman’, in Blake and Louis (eds), Churchill, pp. 506–17.
15. Duff Cooper Papers, DUFC 15/2/5, Churchill College, Cambridge; Field, Bendor, passim.
16. Rose, Churchill, p. 180; and see his article on ‘Churchill and Zionism’ in Blake and Louis (eds), Churchill, pp. 147–66; Makovsky, Churchill’s Promised Land, passim.
17. Quoted in Cocker, Richard Meinertzhagen, pp. 2, 105, 268. For his ornithological frauds, see Fortey, Dry Store Room No. 1, pp. 281–3; see also Garfield, The Meinertzhagen Mystery, passim. Meinertzhagen also claimed to have rescued one of the Tsar’s daughters from Ekaterinburg, and to have interviewed Hitler with a pistol in his pocket.
18. For his meeting with Churchill, see Cocker, Richard Meinertzhagen, pp. 148–9; Mattar, The Mufti of Jerusalem, pp. 26–8.
19. Gilbert, World in Torment, p. 583; and Cocker, Richard Meinertzhagen, p. 267, fn 28.
20. For the speech, see Rhodes James (ed.), Winston S. Churchill, pp. 3,095–111.
21. Thomas Marlowe, ‘Memorandum for Lord Northcliffe’, 30 May 1921, in Churchill and Gilbert, Companion Volume, pp. 1,477–8; Neville Chamberlain to his sister Hilda, 18 June 1921, in The Neville Chamberlain Diary Letters, Volume Two: The Reform Years 1921–1927, ed. Robert Self, p. 65; Churchill to Lloyd George, 17 June 1921, in Churchill and Gilbert, Companion Volume, p. 1,511.
22. Gilbert, World in Torment, pp. 598–9.
11 ‘WHERE ARE WE GOING IN EUROPE?’
1. The Times, 21 June 1921.
2. Churchill, My Early Life 1874–1908, p. 71.
3. Ibid, pp. 113, 215; The Times, 23 June 1921.
4. Sixsmith, Russia, pp. 8–9.
5. Stafford, Churchill and Secret Service, pp. 145–7; Bennett, Churchill’s Man of Mystery, pp. 48, 54–5.
6. Ibid, 18–19 June 1921; Egremont, Under Two Flags, p. 97.
7. Letter to her husband, 11 July 1921, in Soames (ed.), Winston and Clementine, p. 238.
8. Ibid, letters of 11, 20 or 27 July 1921, pp. 238–9; Soames, Clementine Churchill, p. 217.
9. Memorandum for Lord Northcliffe by Thomas Marlowe, 30 May 1921, Churchill and Gilbert, Companion Volume, vol. III, pp. 1,477–8.
10. Toye, Lloyd George and Churchill, p. 196.
11. There is a considerable scholarly literature about the Mui-tsai system. A useful starting point is the article by Susan Pedersen, ‘The Maternalist Moment in British Colonial Policy: The Controversy over “Child Slavery” in Hong Kong 1917–1941’, Past and Present, no. 171, May 2001, from which the quotation by Churchill is taken (p. 171). For a contemporary account by anti-slavery activists, see Lt Cmdr and Mrs H. L. Haslewood, Child Slavery in Hong Kong: The Mui Tsai System, London, The Sheldon Press, 1930.
12. ‘International Affairs’, 8 June 1921, in Rhodes James (ed.), Winston S. Churchill, pp. 3,091–4.
13. The Times, 24 May 1921; see also 2 and 21 June 1921; Steiner, The Lights that Failed, p. 196.
14. ‘International Affairs’, Speech to the Manchester Chamber of Commerce, 8 June 1921, in Rhodes James (ed.), Winston S. Churchill, pp. 3,091–4.
15. C. P. Snow, Variety of Man (1969), pp. 136–8, quoted in an article by Paul Addison, ‘How Churchill’s Mind Worked’. I am deeply grateful to the author for sharing this with me before publication. Hitler’s election as sole leader of the Nazi Party took place in Munich on 29 July 1921.
16. Graham, Arthur Meighen, a Biography, vol. II, pp. 76–81.
17. For Churchill’s 15 June speech, see The Times, 16 June 1921.
12 IMPERIAL DREAMS
1. For the guest list, see The Times, Court and Social Section, 28 June 1921.
2. Graham, Arthur Meighen, vol. II, p. 84.
3. Ibid, pp. 108, 507; The Times, 11 April 1921; Ian McGibbon, ‘Allen, James 1855–1942’, Dictionary of New Zealand Biography.
4. ‘Prince and West Indies: Mr. Churchill on Links with Canada’, The Times, 25 June 1921.
5. Churchill, Cabinet Memorandum, ‘The Anglo-Japanese Alliance, 17 June 1921’, in Churchill and Gilbert, Companion Volume, vol. IV, pt 3, pp. 1,512–13.
6. Churchill, Cabinet Memorandum, 4 July 1921, in Churchill and Gilbert, Companion Volume, vol. IV, pt 3, pp. 1,539–42; Gilbert, World in Torment, pp. 606–7; Beloff, Imperial Sunset, p. 331; Neidpath, The Singapore Naval Base and the Defence of Britain’s Eastern Empire 1919–1941, p. 41.
7. Gilmour, Curzon, pp. 524–5; Davenport-Hines, Ettie, p. 241.
8. Hancock, Smuts, pp. 129–30.
9. Churchill and Gilbert, Companion Volume, vol. IV, pt 3, pp. 1,544–6.
10. Hamill, The Strategic Illusion, pp. 17–30. For other useful studies of the Singapore base, see McIntyre, The Rise and Fall of the Singapore Naval Base 1919–1942, and Neidpath, The Singapore Naval Base and the Defence of Britain’s Eastern Empire 1919–1941.
11. Wm. Matthew Kennedy, ‘Imperial Austerlitz. The Singapore Strategy and the Culture of Victory 1917–1924’, in Walsh and Varnava (eds), The Great War and the British Empire, p. 124. See also Hamill, The Strategic Illusion, pp. 25–9.
12. Toye, Churchill’s Empire, p. xvii; Clarke, The Locomotive of War, p. 94, and Mr. Churchill’s Profession, pp. 291–3.
13. The Times, 12, 13 July 1921.
14. Amery, Diaries, p. 270.
15. Churchill, Cabinet Memorandum, 23 July 1921, Churchill and Gilbert, Companion Volume, vol. IV, pt 3, pp. 1,563–6; Beloff, Imperial Sunset, pp. 341–4.
16. The Times, Friday 1 July 1921.
17. Quoted in Boyle, Trenchard, p. 159.
18. Bridge, William Hughes, passim.
19. The Times, 26 August 1921.
20. The Times, 8 September, 3 October 1921.
13 ‘I WILL TAKE WHAT COMES’
1. Churchill Cabinet Memorandum, ‘The Situation in Palestine’, 10 June 1921, in Churchill and Gilbert, Companion Volume, vol. IV, pt. 3, pp. 1,499–500.
2. ‘Note of a Conversation held at A. J. Balfour’s house’, 22 July 1921, ibid, pp. 1,558–60; Churchill to Cabinet, 11 August 1921, ibid, pp. 1,585–90.
3. ‘Conversation between Winston S. Churchill and Shibley Jamal’, 15 August 1921, in ibid, pp. 1,592–1601; Churchill, ‘Remarks to the Palestinian Arab Delegation’, 22 August 1921, ibid, pp. 1,610–18.
4. Churchill to Cabinet, 4 August 1921, in ibid, pp. 1,576–8; Churchill to Lloyd George, 7 August 1921, ibid, p. 1,582.
5. Churchill to Trenchard, 22 July 1921, in ibid, p. 1,561; see also pp. 1,497–8, 1,547.
6. Haldane to Churchill, 14 August 1921, in ibid, pp. 1,590–1.
7. Gertrude Bell to her father Sir Hugh Bell, 20 December 1921, Bell Archive, University of Newcastle upon Tyne.
8. R. M. Douglas, ‘Did Britain Use Chemical Weapons in Mandatory Iraq?’, The Journal of Modern History, vol. 81, no. 4, December 2009, pp. 859–87; and Haldane to Churchill, 14 August 1921, in Churchill and Gilbert, Companion Volume, vol. IV, pt. 3, pp. 1,590–1.
9. Lough, No More Champagne, pp. 136–7.
10. Librairie P-V Stock, Paris, to Churchill, 28 July 1921, in CHAR 1/153/15–18.
11. Churchill to Jackson, 22 July 1921, in Churchill and Gilbert, Companion Volume, vol. IV, pt. 3, pp. 1,562–3.
12. Lough, No More Champagne, p. 138; H. A. L. Fisher Diary, 19 August 1921, in Churchill and Gilbert, Companion Volume, vol. IV, pt 3, p. 1,609; Barker & Co. (Coachbuilders) Ltd to Churchill, 19 August 1921, in CHAR 1/153/ 27–28.
13. Churchill to Clementine, 18 July 1921 (not in Soames, Winston and Clementine), CSCT 2/14/30.
14. Gertrude Bell to Sir Hugh Bell, 28 August 1921, in Bell Archive, University of Newcastle upon Tyne.
15. Soames, Clementine Churchill, pp. 200–2; A Daughter’s Tale, p. 5; Winston and Clementine, p. 241; also Gilbert, World in Torment, p. 613.
16. Davenport-Hines, Ettie, p. 241.
17. Leslie, Long Shadows, p. 24; Sinclair to Churchill, undated, but August, in Churchill and Gilbert, Companion Volume, vol. IV, pt 3, pp. 1,621–2; Elizabeth Walden to Churchill, 19 August 1921, in CHAR 1/ 153/26.
18. The Times, 21 August 1921.
19. Lough, No More Champagne, pp. 135–6.
20. Churchill to Clementine, 19 September 1921, in Gilbert, The World in Torment, pp. 613–14. For the full text, see CSCT 2/14/32.
21. Churchill to Edwina Ashley, 25 September 1921, in Churchill and Gilbert, Companion Volume, vol. IV, pt 3, p. 1,627.
22. Clementine to Churchill, 22 September 1921, in Soames, Winston and Clementine, p. 242; The Times, 27 September 1921.
14 ‘A SEAT FOR LIFE’
1. Churchill, The World Crisis 1918–1928: The Aftermath, pp. 311–12.
2. Maclaren, Empire and Ireland, p. 235. The idea for the map was Margo Greenwood’s.
3. For the text of the letter, and much that follows here, see Jones, Whitehall Diary, ed. Keith Middlemas), Volume III, Ireland 1918–1925, pp. 1,921–3. For De Valera’s ‘second-rate political margarine’, see The Times, 7 September 1921.
4. Dundee Advertiser, 5 September 1921.
5. Owen, Tempestuous Journey, pp. 577–9.
6. ‘Brahan Castle: Wise Behind the Hand’, The Times, 6 September 1921.
7. Dundee Advertiser, 7 September 1921; The Times, 8 September 1921.
8. Nicolson, King George the Fifth, his Life and Reign, p. 359.
9. Jones, Whitehall Diary; Churchill, The World Crisis: The Aftermath, p. 313.
10. The Times, 13 September 1921; for Lloyd George’s illness, see The Times, 21 September 1921; for Riddell, see his Intimate Diary of the Peace Conference and Beyond, p. 325; for Houston, see Campbell, F. E. Smith, First Earl Birkenhead, pp. 97–8.
11. Letter to Clementine, 19 September 1921, in CSCT 2/14/32; for Lloyd George’s letter of invitation to De Valera, see The Times, 30 September 1921.
12. Tomlinson, Dundee and the Empire, p. 9; Paterson, Churchill, pp. 46, 48, 267. See also Jeffrey, This Dangerous Menace, p. 9.
13. Sir George Ritchie to Churchill, 17 June 1921, in CHAR5/24.
14. Speech at King’s Theatre, Dundee, 14 February 1920, in Rhodes James (ed.), Winston S. Churchill, p. 2,938.
15. Paterson, Churchill, p. 148; for an obituary of Ritchie, see the Dundee Advertiser, 5 December 1921; for Churchill’s letter to Ritchie on Socialism, see The Times, 17 February 1920; for that on the Middle East, see CHAR 5/21, final draft by Marsh with Churchill’s changes, dated 1 March 1921.
16. Churchill, Thoughts and Adventures, pp. 159–60.
17. Cited in William M. Walker, ‘Dundee’s Disenchantment with Churchill: A Comment on the Downfall of the Liberal Party’, The Scottish Historical Review, vol. 49, no. 147, April 1970, p. 99.
18. Walker, Juteopolis, pp. 426, 440.
19. Walker, ‘Dundee’s Disenchantment’, p. 103.
20. Ibid, p. 104; Churchill, Thoughts and Adventures, p. 161.
15 ‘THE COURAGE AND INSTINCT OF LEADERSHIP’
1. See the Dundee Advertiser, all issues 6–30 September 1921.
2. Churchill to Ritchie, 11 September 1921, in CHAR 5/24; D. J. Macdonald to Churchill, 17 September 1921, in CHAR 5/24; Addison, Churchill on the Home Front 1900–1955, p. 220.
3. Churchill to Worthington Evans, 15 July 1921; and Alexander Spence to Churchill, 21 July 1921, both in CHAR 5/24.
4. Churchill to Lloyd George, 23 September 1921, in CHAR 5/24.
5. Winston S. Churchill, ‘The Scaffolding of Rhetoric’, unpublished essay 1897; Moran, quoted in Cannadine (ed.), Winston S. Churchill, introduction, p. xiv; Clarke, Mr. Churchill’s Profession, pp. 294–5.
6. Dundee Advertiser, 26 September 1921.
7. For the text of the Caird Hall speech, see Rhodes James (ed.), Winston S. Churchill, pp. 3,128–31; the Dundee Advertiser and The Times, 26 September 1921.
8. Rhodes James (ed.), Winston S. Churchill, p. 3,140.
9. Rhodes James, Churchill, p. 20, fn 32; Henry Lucy (‘Toby M.P.’), Lords and Commoners, p. 80.
10. Gilbert, World in Torment, p. 669; The Times, 24, 26 September 1921.
11. Saturday Review, 1 October 1921; Outlook, 22 October 1921.
12. Sidebotham, Pillars of the State, pp. 140, 149–50.
13. T. P. O’Connor, The Times, 23 October 1921; Addison, Churchill on the Home Front 1900–1955, p. 202.
14. Churchill to Curzon, 29 September 1921, in Churchill and Gilbert, Companion Volume, vol. IV, pt 3, pp. 1,634–5.
15. Churchill, ‘Dundee and the Housing Scheme’, Cabinet Memorandum, 20 July 1921, in CAB/22/126, National Archives. I am grateful to Paul Addison for drawing my attention to this.
16. Riddell, Lord Riddell’s Intimate Diary of the Peace Conference and After 1918–1923, 15 September 1921, p. 235; see also Morgan, Consensus and Disunity, pp. 104–5.
17. Churchill, ‘The Unemployment Situation’, Cabinet memorandum, 28 September 1921; Lloyd George to Churchill 1 October 1921; Churchill to Lloyd George, 8 October 1921, all in Churchill and Gilbert, Companion Volume, vol. IV, pt 3, pp. 1,630–44; for the Glasgow speech, see Rhodes James, Churchill, pp. 40–1.
1. Davenport-Hines, Ettie, pp. 239, 241.
2. Lady Hamilton Diary, Sunday 16 October 1921.
3. Duff Cooper Diary, 5 November 1921.
4. See Hassall’s entry on Marsh in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2004–16), and Douglas Plummer, Queer People, p. 304.
5. Mallet, Anthony Hope and His Books, pp. 196–7, 221, 232. Hope’s full name was Anthony Hope Hawkins; Campbell, F. E. Smith, p. 267. The club’s official history can be found in Colin Coote’s now dated 1971 The Other Club, while a more recent and valuable analysis of its origins and historiography can be found in Cameron Hazlehurst’s unpublished article ‘Churchill’s “collection of brilliant lions”: The Other Club and its Founders’, kindly lent to the author by Professor Hazlehurst. See also Toye, Lloyd George and Churchill, p. 85.
6. See Marsh’s (undated) draft with Churchill’s amendments in the Marsh Papers at Churchill College, Cambridge, EMAR1. For the Alpine Club events, see The Times, 16 and 24 October 1921; C. H. Collins Baker, Secretary, to Churchill, 22 November 1921, in CHAR 1/138/123; M. Wise of Thornton Butterworth to Churchill, 10 November 1921, in CHAR 8/40.
7. Campbell, F. E. Smith, p. 267; Clementine to Churchill, 10 September 1921, in Soames, Winston and Clementine, p. 300. See also her letter of 11 July 1921, ibid, p. 238.
8. For the November Beaverbrook dinner, see The Sunday Times, 27 November, 1921; for Bennett, see Drabble, Arnold Bennett, a Biography, esp. pp. 230–61; and John Lucas, entry for Bennett in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. For Beaverbrook and Bennett, see Taylor, Beaverbrook, esp. pp. 54–5, 170, 234–45, 657. For Churchill’s letter of thanks, see Churchill and Gilbert, Companion Volume, vol. IV, pt 3, pp. 1,550–1, Young, Churchill and Beaverbrook, p. 59. For his visit to Hollywood and the exchanges with Korda, see John Fleet, ‘Alexander Korda: Churchill’s Man in Hollywood’, in Finest Hour, no. 179, Winter 2018, pp. 12–15, and, in the same issue, Churchill’s description of Hollywood from the Daily Telegraph.
9. Taylor, Beaverbrook, p. 657.
10. Winston S. Churchill, My African Journey, pp. 3–8, 21–2; also Randolph S. Churchill, Young Statesman, pp. 221–38.
11. Churchill to Montagu, 8 October 1921, and Montagu’s reply, 12 October 1921, in Gilbert, Companion Volume, vol. IV, pt 3, pp. 1,644–50.
12. The Times, 29 September 1921; Ronald Hyam, ‘Churchill and the British Empire’, in Blake and Louis (eds), Churchill, pp. 167–85. The Times, 30 November 1921; Churchill to Curzon, in Churchill and Gilbert, Companion Volume, 9 November 1921, vol. IV, pt 3, pp. 1,665–6; Grey, quoted in Rhodes James, Churchill, p. 45.
13. Churchill to Sir John Shuckburgh, 12 November 1921, in Churchill and Gilbert, Companion Volume, vol. IV, pt 3, pp. 1,668–9.
14. Gilbert, World in Torment, p. 639.
15. The Times, 18 October 1921.
16. Stafford, Roosevelt and Churchill, pp. 68–9.
17. Gilbert, World in Torment, p. 62.
18. The Times, 12 November 1921.
19. The Times, ‘Mr. Churchill’s Fortune’, 17 November 1921; Washington Post, 3 December 1921, in CHPC 2/2/288, Churchill Archive.
17 ‘THE DARK HORSE OF ENGLISH POLITICS’
1. Stafford, Churchill and Secret Service, p. 157.
2. Clementine Churchill to her husband, 18 February, 11 July 1921, in Soames, Winston and Clementine, pp. 232, 238.
3. Quoted in Forester, Michael Collins, p. 220; see also for Crompton and Moya Llewellyn Davies, Coogan, Michael Collins, pp. 108–9, 284–6. Moya Llewellyn Davies later claimed to have had a sexual liaison with Collins, but this is much disputed. See her entry in the Dictionary of Irish Biography. For her husband Crompton, see Lubenow, The Cambridge Apostles, 1820–1914, pp. 195–6; also his obituary in The Times, 25 November 1935; The Times, 11 December 1921; Walsh, Bitter Freedom, p. 311; and Slinn, Clifford Chance, pp. 71–3.
4. For Birkenhead and Chamberlain’s crucial role, see Campbell, F. E. Smith, pp. 549–85; Maclaren, Empire and Ireland, pp. 239–43.
5. Gilbert, World in Torment, pp. 669–73.
6. Winston S. Churchill, ‘The Irish Treaty’, in Thoughts and Adventures, p. 167; Hart, Mick, p. 29; Clementine to her husband, 5 January 1935, in Soames, Winston and Clementine, p. 367.
7. Lavery, The Life of a Painter, p. 213.
8. McCoole, Hazel, p. 74.
9. Leslie, Long Shadows, p. 228; see also Coogan, Michael Collins, p. 288.
10. Coogan, Michael Collins, pp. 288–9; McCoole, Hazel, pp. 63–82.
11. Taylor, Michael Collins, p. 155.
12. Churchill, ‘The Irish Treaty’, p. 170; Jones, Whitehall Diary, p. 157; Mowat, Britain Between the Wars, p. 90; Coogan, Michael Collins, pp. 252–9. Owen, Tempestuous Journey, p. 583; The Times, 27 October 1921.
13. Toye, Churchill’s Empire, p. 50; Norwich (ed.), The Duff Cooper Diaries 1915–1951, entry for 5 November 1921, p. 153.
14. Clementine to Winston, 5 January 1935, in Soames, Winston and Clementine, p. 367.
15. Churchill, The Aftermath, p. 321; Childers’ Diary, 5 December 1921, quoted in Hart, Mick, pp. 317–18; Sir Henry Wilson Diary, 5 December 1921, in Churchill and Gilbert, Companion Volume, vol. IV, pt 3, p. 1,648; Wilson (ed.), The Political Diaries of C. P. Scott 1911–1928, pp. 406–7. For the meeting in the Long Gallery at Chequers, see Jones, Whitehall Diary, pp. 176–7.
16. Churchill and Gilbert, Companion Volume, vol. IV, pt 3, pp. 673–7; for full details see Frank Pakenham (Lord Longford), Peace by Ordeal, Appendix 1, pp. 288–93; Campbell, F. E. Smith, p. 572; McCoole, Hazel, p. 84.
18 FLEETING SHADOWS
1. Churchill, Great Contemporaries, p. 132.
2. Stafford, Churchill and Secret Service, p. 142; Bennett, Churchill’s Man of Mystery, p. 55.
3. Sidebotham, Pillars of the State, p. 96.
4. Stafford, Churchill and Secret Service, pp. 136–7; Michael Heller, ‘Krassin-Savinkov: Une rencontre secrète’, in Cahiers du Monde russe et soviétique, Janv–Mars 1985, pp. 63–8; David Watson, ‘The Krassin–Savinkov Meeting of 10 December 1921’, ibid, juillet–décembre 1986, pp. 461–70; Spence, Savinkov, passim; David Footman, ‘Boris V. Savinkov’, History Today, 1958, pp. 73–82; for Lloyd George and the background to Genoa, see Andrew Williams, ‘The Genoa Conference of 1922: Lloyd George and the Politics of Recognition’, in Fink et al. (eds), Genoa, Rapallo, and European Reconstruction in 1922, pp. 29–40.
5. Churchill to Curzon, 24 December 1921, in Churchill and Gilbert, Companion Volume, vol. IV, pt 3, pp. 1,699–711; see also Gilbert, World in Torment, pp. 760–1.
6. Stafford, Churchill and Secret Service, p. 147. In 1941, in deference to his wartime Soviet ally Stalin, he had his essay on Savinkov removed from that year’s edition of Great Contemporaries, along with that on Trotsky.
7. Vera R. Weizmann to Churchill, 2 December 1921, and E. Marsh to Mrs Vera R. Weizmann, 5 December 1921, in CHAR 2/118/ 22, 35.
8. The Rev. T. Gordon Sharpe to Churchill, 9 December 1921, Churchill to Cox & Co, 19 December 1921, in CHAR 1/151/51–55; The Times, 13 December 1921.
9. The Times, 9 December 1921.
10. Rhodes James (ed.), Winston S. Churchill, pp. 3,146–57.
11. Gilbert, World in Torment, p. 681; The Sunday Times, 18 December 1921; McCoole, Hazel, p. 83.
12. Ibid, pp. 681–3.
13. Headlam-Morley to Churchill, 10 December 1921, in CHART 8/40/199; Churchill to Clementine, 29 December 1921, in Gilbert, Companion Volume, pp. 1,706–7.
14. Churchill to Clementine, 4 January 1922, in Soames, Winston and Clementine, p. 246; Gilbert, World in Torment, pp. 761–2.
15. Clementine to Churchill, 27 December 1921, in CHAR 1/139/93–106, summarized in Soames, Winston and Clementine, p. 243; Churchill to Clementine, 29 December 1921, in ibid, p. 244.
16. Churchill’s obituary statement on Ritchie, 3 December 1921, in Churchill and Gilbert, Companion Volume, vol. IV, pt 3, pp. 1,683–4.
17. Churchill to Clementine, 1 January 1922, in Soames, Winston and Clementine, p. 245.
EPILOGUE: ‘HE WOULD MAKE A GREAT PRIME MINISTER’
1. Churchill, The Second World War, vol. 1, p. 21; Bew, Churchill and Ireland, pp. 7, 31.
2. Churchill to Clementine, 27 January 1922, in CSCT 2/14/1; Gilbert, World in Torment, p. 795.
3. Ibid, pp. 758, 791–2. Lord Ranksborough, formerly Major-General John Brocklehurst who had been present during the Siege of Ladysmith and was the Liberal whip in the House of Lords, died in February 1921; for Churchill’s comment, see CHAR 2/115/3.
4. See her file in KV 2 1033, National Archives, Leslie, Cousin Clare, p. 249. The bust now stands in the hall at Chartwell.
5. Bennett, Churchill’s Man of Mystery, p. 62; Stafford, Churchill and Secret Service, pp. 146, 185.
6. Soames, Churchill: His Life as a Painter, p. 199.
7. Churchill, Thoughts and Adventures, p. 213.
8. For the parliamentary machinations leading up to this, see Jenkins, Churchill, pp. 370–92.
9. Quoted in Gilbert, World in Torment, pp. 890–1, 909.
10. Begbie [‘A Gentleman with a Duster’], The Mirrors of Downing Street, pp. 121–7.
11. Begbie’s leaflet ‘To the Women Electors of Dundee’ is to be found in the National Library of Scotland. It took many years for Churchill’s instructions to Hong Kong to be enforced locally.
12. Scott, Winston Churchill in Peace and War, pp. 252, 154–5.
13. Addison, Politics from Within, p. 128; Morgan and Morgan, Portrait of a Progressive, p. 9. In the 1930s Churchill was to ensure that Addison, by then a Labour peer and fellow opponent of appeasement, should be supplied with inside information on air defences; ibid, p. 229.
14. Diary of Alexander MacCallum Scott, 5 March 1927, in MSG 1465/22, University of Glasgow. I am grateful to Cameron Hazlehurst for bringing these words to my attention.
15. Bonham Carter, Winston Churchill as I Knew Him, passim.
16. D’Abernon, Red Cross and Berlin Embassy, pp. 8, 65–6. For her previous encounters with Churchill, see Shelden, Young Titan, p. 160; Randolph S. Churchill, Young Statesman, p. 197; Churchill to Lady Lytton, 19 September 1907, in Churchill and Gilbert, Companion Volume, vol. IV, pt 2, p. 679.
17. Quoted in Davenport-Hines, Ettie, p. 337.