Introduzione: l’importanza della storia
1 Stima annuale delle spese militari medie globali per l’anno 2016, in dollari Usa: anni ottanta: 1350 miliardi; anni novanta: 1050 miliardi; anni duemila: 1300 miliardi; anni duemiladieci: 1650 miliardi. Fonte: Sipri, 2018. Sipri Military Expenditure Database. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Consultato alla pagina https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex.
2 Marco Tullio Cicerone, Opere retoriche, vol. i, De Oratore, Brutus, Orator, Utet, Torino 1970, p. 865.
3 Vedi per esempio la brillante ricostruzione del Sistema del Congresso (detto anche «Concerto d’Europa») in Henry Kissinger, L’arte della diplomazia, Sperling, Milano 2011.
4 Per esempio, Bruce Bueno de Mesquita, The War Trap, Yale University Press, New Haven 1981.
5 Alcuni esempi notevoli: Paul Kennedy, Ascesa e declino delle grandi potenze, Garzanti, Milano 2011; A.F.K. Organski, World Politics, Knopf, New York 1968; David S. Landes, La ricchezza e la povertà delle nazioni. Perché alcune sono così ricche e altre così povere, Garzanti, Milano 2003.
6 Robert Dahl, «The Concept of Power», in Systems Research and Behavioral Science, 1957, vol. 2, n. 3, pp. 201-215.
7 Hans Morgenthau, La lotta per il potere e la pace, Il Mulino, Bologna 1997.
1. I cieli oscurati
1 John D. Smith (trans.), The Mahābhārata, Penguin, London 2009, p. 590.
2 Braj Basi Lal, «The Painted Grey Ware Culture of the Iron Age», in A.H. Dani e V.M. Masson (eds.), History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Unesco, Paris 1992, vol. i, pp. 421-441.
3 Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Scritti politici, a c. di Paolo Alatri, Utet, Torino 1970, pp. 323-324.
4 Robert D. Drennan e Christian E. Peterson, «Centralized Communities, Population, and Social Complexity after Sedentarization», in Jean-Pierre Bocquet-Appel e Ofer Bar-Yosef (eds.), The Neolithic Demographic Transition and Its Consequences, Springer, Dordrecht 2008, p. 383.
5 Incisioni e pitture come queste sono diffuse in tutto il mondo: in Valcamonica (Italia), sui monti del Tadrart Acacus (Libia), nella caverna di Fulton (Lesotho), nel Tassili n’Ajjer (Algeria) e a Bhimbetka (India).
6 Meyer Christian et al., «The Massacre Mass Grave of Schöneck-Kilianstädten Reveals New Insights into Collective Violence in Early Neolithic Central Europe», in Pnas, 2015, vol. 112, n. 36, pp. 11217-11222.
7 Immagine consultabile qui: https://www.pinterest.com/pin/436919601323913392/visual-search/?x=1&y=72&w=99&h=28. Contenuti analoghi anche in The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Ancient Art from the Shumei Family Collection, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 1996, pp. 23-25.
8 Immagine consultabile qui: https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/25/4b/16/254b16811f97f13735f4cf56b63ca37f.jpg.
9 Sui complessi archeologici di Dashly, vedi Phil Kohl, «The Ancient Economy, Transferable Technologies and the Bronze Age World-System: A View from the Northeastern Frontier of the Ancient Near East», in Michael Rowlands et al. (eds.), Centre and Periphery in the Ancient World, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1987, pp. 19-22.
10 Inni omerici, a c. di Giuseppe Zanetto, Rizzoli, Milano 1996, p. 187. Nota: un tempo gli inni erano attribuiti a Omero, ma ora la questione è dubbia.
11 Marc Van De Mieroop, A History of the Ancient Near East, ca. 3000-323 bc, Wiley Blackwell, Chichester 2016, p. 151.
12 Trevor Bryce, Letters of the Great Kings of the Ancient Near East: The Royal Correspondence of the Late Bronze Age, Routledge, London 2003, p. 102.
13 Anderson Kenneth, Il faraone trionfante. Ramses ii e il suo tempo, Euroclub, Bergamo 1988, p. 108 con ill.
14 Colin Barras, «World War Zero Brought down Mystery Civilisation of “Sea People”», in New Scientist, 2016, n. 3074.
15 Robert G. Morkot, The Egyptians: An Introduction, Routledge, London 2005, p. 185; B.J.J. Haring, Divine Households: Administrative and Economic Aspects of the New Kingdom Royal Memorial Temples in Western Thebes, Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten, Leiden 1997, p. 375.
16 Cameron Walker, «Ancient Egyptian Love Poems Reveal a Lust for Life», in National Geographic, 2004.
17 Musée du Louvre, inv. no. e27069.
18 William L. Moran, Les lettres d’El Amarna: correspondence diplomatique du pharaon, Éditions du Cerf, Paris 1987, p. 8.
19 James M. Weinstein, «The World Abroad. Egypt and the Levant in the Reign of Amenhotep iii», in David O’Connor e Eric H. Cline (eds.), Amenhotep iii: Perspectives on His Reign, University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor 1998, p. 227.
20 Carl Niebuhr, Il periodo amarniano. Le relazioni dell’Egitto con l’Asia occidentale nel xv secolo a.C. secondo le tavolette di Amarna. Gli annali di Suppiluliuma, Harmakis edizioni, Montevarchi 2017, p. 35.
21 Miriam Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature: A Book of Readings, University of California Press, Berkeley 1976, vol. ii, p. 71. (Citato in Letteratura e poesia dell’antico Egitto, a c. di Edda Bresciani, Einaudi, Torino 1990, p. 284.)
22 Susan Wise Bauer, The History of the Ancient World: From the Earliest Accounts to the Fall of Rome, W.W. Norton, New York 2007, p. 238.
23 Miriam Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature: A Book of Readings, University of California Press, Berkeley 1973, vol. i, pp. 141-142. Nota: il testo fu messo per iscritto per la prima volta nel xx secolo d.C. (citato in Letteratura e poesia dell’antico Egitto, cit., pp. 125-126).
24 La saga di Gilgameš, traduzione di G. Pettinato, Mondadori, Milano 2004, p. 8.
25 Stephanie Dalley, The Mystery of the Hanging Garden of Babylon: An Elusive World Wonder Traced, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2013, p. 48.
26 Brandon Drake, «The Influence of Climatic Change on the Late Bronze Age Collapse and the Greek Dark Ages», in Journal of Archaeological Science, 2012, vol. 39, n. 6, pp. 1862-1870; David Kaniewski et al., «The Late Bronze Age Collapse and the Early Iron Age in the Levant: The Role of Climate in Cultural Disruption», in Susanne Kerner et al. (eds.), Climate and Ancient Societies, Museum Tusculanum Press, Copenhagen 2015, pp. 157-176.
27 K. Lawson Younger Jr, «The Late Bronze Age / Iron Age Transition and the Origins of the Arameans», in K. Lawson Younger Jr (ed.), Ugarit at Seventy-Five, Eisenbrauns, Winona Lake 2007, pp. 159, 161.
28 Li Feng, Landscape and Power in Early China: The Crisis and Fall of the Western Zhou, 1045-771 bc, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2006.
29 David N. Keightley, Sources of Shang History: The Oracle-Bone Inscriptions of Bronze Age China, University of California Press, Berkeley 1985, pp. 33-34; Barbara Bennett Peterson et al. (eds.), Notable Women of China: Shang Dynasty to the Early Twentieth Century, Routledge, Abingdon 2015, p. 14.
30 Gli storici moderni stimano fra i 50 000 e i 70 000 combattenti per ciascun esercito.
31 Il testo più antico in cui siano contenuti i caratteri che indicano «il centro sotto i cieli» o «il regno di mezzo» si trova inciso sul vaso detto He zun, un recipiente per il vino in bronzo che risale al 1039 a.C.
32 Edward L. Shaughnessy, Sources of Western Zhou History: Inscribed Bronze Vessels, University of California Press, Berkeley 1991, pp. 188-189.
33 Don J. Wyatt, «Shao Yong’s Numerological-Cosmological System», in John Makeham (ed.), Dao Companion to Neo-Confucian Philosophy, Springer, Dordrecht 2010, p. 24.
34 Michel Cartier, «La Population de la Chine au fil des siècles», in Isabelle Attané (ed.), La Chine au seuil de xxie siècle: questions de population, questions de société, Ined, Paris 2002, p. 22.
35 La «migrazione indo-ariana» rimane al centro del dibattito fra gli scienziati che sostengono che le tribù ariane siano nate nell’Asia meridionale e quanti ritengono che siano invece originarie di altre zone.
36 John D. Smith (trans.), op. cit, p. 322.
2. Il pavone di re Salomone
1 K. Lawson Younger Jr, A Political History of the Arameans: From Their Origins to the End of Their Polities, Sbl Press, Atlanta 2016, p. 224.
2 La città di Nimrud esisteva già, ma non era mai stata capitale.
3 James B. Pritchard (ed.), Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament, Princeton University Press, Princeton 1969, p. 560.
4 Dominik Bonatz (ed.), The Archaeology of Political Spaces: The Upper Mesopotamian Piedmont in the Second Millennium bce, De Gruyter, Berlin 2014.
5 Ada Cohen e Steven E. Kangas (eds.), Assyrian Reliefs from the Palace of Ashurnasirpal ii: A Cultural Biography, University Press of New England, Hanover (nh) 2010.
6 Israel Smith Clare, Library of Universal History, R.S. Peale and J.A. Hill, New York 1897, vol. i, p. 151.
7 Robert K. Rittner, The Libyan Anarchy: Inscriptions from Egypt’s Third Intermediate Period, Society of Biblical Literature, Atlanta 2009, pp. 219-220.
8 I.E.S Edwards, Storia del mondo antico, vol. iii, La crisi e la restaurazione dei regni orientali. Nascita della civiltà greca, Garzanti, Milano 1982, p. 629.
9 Karol Myśliwiec, The Twilight of Ancient Egypt: First Millennium B.C.E., Cornell University Press, Ithaca (ny) 2000, pp. 49-51.
10 Secondo libro delle Cronache 9:21.
11 Hallvard Hagelia, «Philological Issues in the Tel Dan Inscription», in Lutz Edzard e Jan Retsö (eds.), Current Issues in the Analysis of Semitic Grammar and Lexicon i, Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden 2005, p. 235.
12 J.A. Brinkman, A Political History of Post-Kassite Babylonia, 1158-722 bc, Pontificium Institutum Biblicum, Roma 1968, p. 280.
13 Bruce K. Waltke e Charles Yu, An Old Testament Theology: An Exegetical, Canonical, and Thematic Approach, Zondervan, Grand Rapids 2011, p. 319.
14 Marc Van De Mieroop, A History of the Ancient Near East, ca. 3000-323 bc, Wiley Blackwell, Chichester 2016, p. 278.
15 Jonathan Taylor, «The Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser iii», in Nimrud: Materialities of Assyrian Knowledge Production. The Nimrud Project, 2015. Disponibile all’indirizzo http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/nimrud/livesofobjects/blackobelisk/.
16 Musée du Louvre, inv. no. ao19913. Si noti che questo rilievo proviene dal palazzo di Assurbanipal a Ninive, dunque da un periodo leggermente più tardo (intorno al 640 a.C.).
17 Bill T. Arnold e Bryan E. Beyer (eds.), Readings from the Ancient Near East: Primary Sources for Old Testament Study, Baker Academic, Grand Rapids 2002, p. 101.
18 Christopher A. Faraone, «Molten Wax, Spilt Wine and Mutilated Animals: Sympathetic Magic in Near Eastern and Early Greek Oath Ceremonies», in The Journal of Hellenic Studies, 1993, vol. 113, p. 62.
24 Martha L. Carter e Keith N. Scoville (eds.), Sign, Symbol, Script: An Exhibition on the Origins of Writing and the Alphabet, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 1984, p. 44.
25 Matthijs J. De Jong, Isaiah among the Ancient Near Eastern Prophets: A Comparative Study of the Earliest Stages of the Isaiah Tradition and the Neo-Assyrian Prophecies, Brill, Leiden 2007, p. 204.
26 S. Makhortykh, «About the Question of Cimmerian Imports and Imitations in Central Europe», in P.F. Biehl e Y.Y. Rassamakin (eds.), Import and Imitation in Archaeology, Beier & Beran, Langenweißbach 2008, pp. 167-186.
27 Irina P. Panyushkina, «Climate-Induced Changes in Population Dynamics of Siberian Scythians (700-250 B.C.)», in L. Giosan et al. (eds.), Climates, Landscapes, and Civilizations, American Geophysical Union, Washington 2012, pp. 145-154.
28 R.D. Barnett, Phrygia and the Peoples of Anatolia in the Iron Age, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1967, pp. 9-10. (Citato in Storia del mondo antico, vol. iii, La crisi e la restaurazione dei regni orientali. Nascita della civiltà greca, cit., p. 25.)
29 Ian Morris, «The Eighth-Century Revolution», in Princeton/Stanford University Working Papers in Classics, n. 120507, 2005, p. 9; Jonathan M. Hall, A History of the Archaic Greek World, ca. 1200-479 bce, John Wiley, Chichester 2013, p. 111.
30 Sing C. Chew, The Recurring Dark Ages: Ecological Stress, Climate Changes, and System Transformation, Altamira Press, Lanham 2007, pp. 65-80.
31 Edward L. Shaughnessy, «Western Zhou History», in Michael Loewe e Edward L. Shaughnessy (eds.), The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 B.C., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1999, p. 310.
32 James Legge (trans.), The Sacred Books of China: The Texts of Confucianism, Clarendon Press, Oxford 1879, vol. i, p. 201.
33 James Legge (trans.), The Chinese Classics, Trübner &. Co., London 1861, vol. i, p. 275.
34 James Legge (trans.), The Sacred Books of China: The Texts of Confucianism, Clarendon Press, Oxford 1885, vol. iii, p. 289.
35 Edward L. Shaughnessy, op. cit, p. 318.
36 James Legge (trans.), The Chinese Classics, Trübner & Co., London 1865, vol. iii, part 2, p. 624.
37 Edward L. Shaughnessy, «Historical Perspectives on the Introduction of the Chariot into China», in Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 1988, vol. 48, part 1, pp. 189-237.
38 Gli xianyun erano detti anche quanrong.
39 James Legge (trans.), The Sacred Books of China: The Texts of Confucianism, Clarendon Press, Oxford 1885, vol. iii, p. 229.
40 John Minford, «The Triumph: A Heritage of Sorts», in China Heritage Quarterly, 2009, vol. 9, n. 19. Consultabile qui: http://www.chinaheritagequarterly.org/articles.php?searchterm=019_triumph.inc&issue=019.
41 Edward L. Shaughnessy, «Western Zhou History», in Michael Loewe e Edward L. Shaughnessy (eds.), The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 B.C., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1999, p. 322.
42 James Legge (trans.), The Chinese Classics, Trübner & Co., London 1871, vol. iv, part 2, p. 258.
43 Edward L. Shaughnessy, op. cit., p. 324.
44 Edward L. Shaughnessy, Sources of Western Zhou History: Inscribed Bronze Vessels, University of California Press, Berkeley 1991, p. 265.
47 Junko Habu, Ancient Jomon of Japan, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2004.
48 Christopher A. Pool, Olmec Archaeology and Early Mesoamerica, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2007, p. 136.
49 Michael D. Coe et al. (eds.), The Olmec and Their Neighbors: Essays in Memory of Matthew W. Stirling, Dumbarton Oaks Research Library, Washington 1981.
50 Prudence M. Rice, Maya Calendar Origins: Monuments, Mythistory, and the Materialization of Time, University of Texas Press, Austin 2007, pp. 96-97.
51 Ross Hassig, War and Society in Ancient Mesoamerica, University of California Press, Berkeley 1992, pp. 23-30.
3. I persiani all’attacco
1 Amélie Kuhrt, The Persian Empire: A Corpus of Sources from the Achaemenid Period, Routledge, Abingdon 2007, vol. i, pp. 53-54.
3 Steven W. Holloway, Aššur Is King! Aššur Is King! Religion in the Exercise of Power in the Neo-Assyrian Empire, Brill, Leiden 2002, p. 92.
4 Diana Edelman, «Tyrian Trade in Yehud under Artaxerxes i: Real or Fictional? Independent or Crown Endorsed?», in Oded Lipschits e Manfred Oeming (eds.), Judah and the Judeans in the Persian Period, Eisenbrauns, Winona Lake 2006, p. 223.
5 Simo Parpola, Letters from Assyrian Scholars to the Kings Esarhaddon and Ashurbanipal, Eisenbrauns, Winona Lake 2007, vol. ii, p. 488.
6 Gershon Galil, The Lower Stratum Families in the Neo-Assyrian Period, Brill, Leiden 2007.
8 Daniel David Luckenbill, The Annals of Sennacherib, Wipf and Stock, Eugene (or) 2005, p. 18.
9 British Museum, inv. no. 1856,0909.16.
10 British Museum, inv. no. 1856,0909.53.
11 John M.P. Smith (trans.), «Annals of Ashurbanipal», in Robert Francis Harper (ed.), Assyrian and Babylonian Literature: Selected Translations, D. Appleton and Company, New York 1901, p. 107.
12 Elizabeth Carter, Excavations at Anshan (Tal-e Malyan): The Middle Elamite Period, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 1996, pp. 1-6; John Hansman, «Anshan in the Median and Achaemenian Periods», in Ilya Gershevitch (ed.), The Cambridge History of Iran, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1985, vol. ii, pp. 25-35; Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis e Sarah Stewart (eds.), Birth of the Persian Empire, I.B. Tauris, London 2005.
13 Christopher Tuplin, «Medes in Media, Mesopotamia, and Anatolia: Empire, Hegemony, Domination or Illusion?», in Ancient West and East, 2004, vol. 3, n. 2, pp. 223-251.
14 A. Kirk Grayson, Assyrian and Babylonian Chronicles, Eisenbrauns, Winona Lake 2000, p. 108.
16 Amélie Kuhrt, op. cit., pp. 47-48.
17 Senofonte, Ciropedia, vol. ii, Rizzoli, Milano 1995, pp. 647-649.
19 Antonios Finitsis, Visions and Eschatology: A Socio-Historical Analysis of Zechariah 1-6, T & T Clark, London 2011, pp. 64-86.
20 James M. Trotter, Reading Hosea in Achaemenid Yehud, Sheffield Academic Press, London 2001.
21 Josef Wiesehöfer, Ancient Persia: From 550 bc to 650 ad, I.B. Tauris, London 2001, p. 77.
22 Amélie Kuhrt, op. cit., p. 486.
24 Vedi per esempio la serie di pannelli con rilievi provenienti dal palazzo di Sargon ii a Khorsabad, che ritraggono il trasporto del legno di cedro dal Libano: Musée du Louvre, inv. no. ao19888-19891.
25 Matthijs J. de Jong, Isaiah among the Ancient Near Eastern Prophets: A Comparative Study of the Earliest Stages of the Isaiah Tradition and the Neo-Assyrian Prophecies, Brill, Leiden 2007, p. 221.
26 S.V. Makhortykh, «The Northern Black Sea Steppes in the Cimmerian Epoch», in E. Marian Scott et al. (eds.), Impact of the Environment on Human Migration in Eurasia, Kluwer, Dordrecht 2004, p. 38.
27 Irina P. Panyushkina, «Climate-Induced Changes in Population Dynamics of Siberian Scythians (700-250 B.C.)», in L. Giosan et al. (ed.s), Climates, Landscapes, and Civilizations, American Geophysical Union, Washington 2012, p. 145.
28 René Grousset, The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia, Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick 1970.
29 Renate Rolle, The World of the Scythians, University of California Press, Berkeley 1989, p. 100.
31 Omero, Iliade, trad. it. di G. Cerri, Rizzoli, Milano 2007, p. 667.
32 Esiodo, Le opere e i giorni, Rizzoli, Milano 2007, p. 111.
34 James F. McGlew, op. cit., pp. 52-86.
35 Tirteo, in Lirici greci dell’età arcaica, Rizzoli, Milano 2007, p. 75.
36 Archiloco, Frammenti, trad. it. di N. Russello, Rizzoli, Milano 2004, p. 103.
37 Callino, in Lirici greci dell’età arcaica, cit., p. 63.
38 Willis Barnstone (trads.), Ancient Greek Lyrics, Indiana University Press, Bloomington 2010, p. 16.
39 Ian Morris, «The Growth of Greek Cities in the First Millennium», in Glenn R. Storey (ed.), Urbanism in the Preindustrial World: Cross-Cultural Approaches, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa 2006, pp. 37-38.
40 Tucidide, La Guerra del Peloponneso, Milano 2014, pp. 331 e 271.
41 Maria Eugenia Aubet, The Phoenicians and the West: Politics, Colonies and Trade, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1993.
42 Non sappiamo granché su Tarso, neppure dove si trovasse, benché con ogni probabilità facesse parte della sfera d’influenza fenicia. W. Culican, «Phoenicia and Phoenician Colonization», in John Boardman et al. (eds.), Storia del mondo antico, vol. iii, La crisi e la restaurazione dei regni orientali. Nascita della civiltà greca, Garzanti, Milano 1982, pp. 509-510.
43 Ellie Zolfagharifard, «Huge Tomb of Celtic Prince Unearthed in France», in Daily Mail, 6 marzo 2015.
44 Livio, Storia di Roma, vol. i, Rizzoli, Milano 2007, p. 279.
45 Bhikkhu Bodhi, The Numerical Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of the Anguttara Nikaya, Wisdom Publications, Boston 2012, p. 300.
47 James Legge (trans.), The Chinese Classics, Trübner & Co., London 1872, vol. v, part 1, p. 2.
48 Lothar Von Falkenhausen, «The Waning of the Bronze Age: Material Culture and Social Developments, 770-481 B.C.», in Michael Loewe e Edward L. Shaughnessy (eds.), The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 B.C., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1999, pp. 450-544; Cho-yun Hsu, «The Spring and Autumn Period», in op. cit., pp. 545-586.
49 Olivia Milburn (trans.), Urbanization in Early and Medieval China: Gazetteers for the City of Suzhou, University of Washington Press, Seattle 2015, p. 222; Alfred Schinz, The Magic Square: Cities in Ancient China, Edition Axel Menges, Stuttgart 1996, p. 54.
50 Harry Miller, The Gongyang Commentary on The Spring and Autumn Annals: A Full Translation, Palgrave Macmillan, New York 2015, p. 14. L’incontro si tenne nel 498.
51 Daqun Liu, «International Law and International Humanitarian Law in Ancient China», in Morten Bergsmo et al. (eds.), Historical Origins of International Criminal Law, Torkel Opsahl, Brussels 2014, vol. i, p. 91.
54 James Legge (trans.), The Chinese Classics, Trübner & Co., London 1872, vol. v, part 2, p. 534.
55 Guan Zhong e W. Allyn Rickett (trans.), Guanzi: Political, Economic, and Philosophical Essays from Early China: A Study and Translation, Cheng and Tsui Company, Boston 2001, vol. i, pp. 111, 206, 96, 210, 99.
56 James Legge (trans.), op. cit., pp. 122, 139, 120.
57 Lao Tzu, Tao Tê Ching. Il Libro della Via e della Virtù, trad. it. di A. Devoto, Adelphi, Milano 1973, p. 85.
59 Sun Tzu, L’arte della guerra, Mondadori, Milano 2018, p. 5.
4. Oro e ferro
1 Atene, Museo archeologico nazionale, inv. n. 1818. Vedi anche alla pagina: https://www.pinterest.com/pin/23643966768039280/.
2 Krzysztof Nawotka, Alexander the Great, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, Newcastle 2010, p. 58.
3 British Museum, inv. no. 1848,1020.62; Lloyd Llewellyn-Jones, «The Great Kings of the Fourth Century and the Greek Memory of the Persian Past», in John Marincola et al. (eds.), Greek Notions of the Past in the Archaic and Classical Eras: History without Historians, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh 2012, pp. 339-340.
4 Josef Wiesehöfer, Ancient Persia: From 550 bc to 650 ad, I.B. Tauris, London 2001, p. 33.
5 Pierre Briant, From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire, Eisenbrauns, Winona Lake 2002, p. 460; Senofonte, Ciropedia, trad. it. di F. Ferrari, vol. 1, Rizzoli, Milano 1995, p. 369.
6 Demostene, Per la corona, Rizzoli, Milano 1994, pp. 197-203.
7 Tucidide, La Guerra del Peloponneso, Rizzoli, Milano 2014, p. 699.
9 Demostene, Orazioni. Filippiche, Olintiche, Sulla pace, Sui fatti del Chersoneso, Rizzoli, Milano 2007, p. 271.
10 Platone, La Repubblica, Rizzoli, Milano 2006, p. 707.
11 Aristotele, Retorica, Bompiani, Milano 2014, pp. 37-39.
12 Erodoto, Le storie, Fondazione Lorenzo Valla, Arnoldo Mondadori Editore, Milano 1988, vol. i, p. 51.
13 Tucidide, op. cit., p. 111.
16 Brigitte Hees, Honorary Decrees in Attic Inscriptions, 500-323 B.C., tesi di dottorato non pubblicata, University of Arizona, 1991, p. 49. Consultabile alla pagina: http://hdl.handle.net/10150/185480.
17 Atene, Museo dell’acropoli, inv. n. 2996, 2985.
18 Senofonte, Elleniche, a c. di M. Ceva, Mondadori, Milano 1996, p. 377.
19 Senofonte, Discorso di Senofonte sulle rendite di Atene e de’ varj mezzi di accrescerle, Stamperia Stecchi, Firenze 1763, pp. 10-11. Consultabile alla pagina: https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_UTacGRpHKLUC#page/n23/mode/2up.
20 Antony Adolf, Peace: A World History, Polity Press, Cambridge 2009, p. 42.
21 Romanzo di Alessandro, Sellerio, Palermo 2005, p. 118. Le esatte origini di questo testo sono ancora ignote.
22 Plutarco, Vite, a c. di G. Marasco, Utet, Torino 1994, vol. v, p. 373.
23 Polibio, Storie i-iii, a c. di A. Borgogno, Aracne, Roma 2006, p. 55.
24 Senofonte, Memorabili, Rizzoli, Milano 2007, p. 197.
25 Radha Kumud Mookerji, Chandragupta Maurya and His Times, Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi 1966, p. 165.
26 Kautilya, Arthaśāstra (L’arte del governo), Bariletti, Roma 1990, pp. 301 e 303.
27 Gli editti di Aśoka, a c. di G. Pugliese Carratelli, Adelphi, Milano 2003, pp. 55 e 52.
28 John Knoblock (trans.), Xunzi: A Translation and Study of the Complete Works, Stanford University Press, Stanford 1990, vol. ii, p. 197.
29 Mark Edward Lewis, The Early Chinese Empires: Qin and Han, Belknap Press, Cambridge (ma) 2007, p. 19.
30 Alfred Schinz, The Magic Square: Cities in Ancient China, Edition Axel Menges, Stuttgart 1966, p. 89.
31 Gang Deng, The Premodern Chinese Economy: Structural Equilibrium and Capitalist Sterility, Routledge, London 1999, p. 140.
32 Mark Edward Lewis, op. cit., p. 14.
33 James Legge (trans.), The Chinese Classics, Trübner & Co., London 1861, vol. ii, p. 76; James Legge (trans.), The Sacred Books of China: The Texts of Confucianism, Clarendon Press, Oxford 1885, vol. 3, p. 289.
34 Shang Yang, Il libro del signore di Shang, Adelphi, Milano 1989, p. 238.
35 Ellen Y. Zhang, «“Weapons Are Nothing But Ominous Instruments”: The Daodejing’s View on War and Peace», in Ping-cheung Lo e Sumner B. Twiss (eds.), Chinese Just War Ethics: Origin, Development, and Dissent, Routledge, London 2015, p. 260.
37 Bramwell Bonsall, The Annals of the Warring States, World Heritage Encyclopedia, 2011.
5. I carri non sentono il freno
1 La maggior parte delle nostre fonti sui Qin, compreso lo Shiji di Sima Qian (parzialmente tradotto in italiano da V. Cannata con il titolo di Memorie storiche, Luni editrice, Milano 2017), risalgono al successivo periodo Han e, di conseguenza, sono spesso filtrate dai tentativi degli Han di delegittimare i loro predecessori.
2 Sima Qian, Burton Watson (trans.), Records of the Grand Historian: Qin Dynasty, Columbia University Press, New York 1993, p. 45; trad. it. di V. Cannata, Memorie storiche (Shiji), 2 voll., Luni Editrice, Milano 2017, vol. i, p. 149.
3 William H. Mott e Jae Chang Kim, The Philosophy of Chinese Military Culture: Shih vs. Li, Palgrave Macmillan, New York 2006, p. 56.
4 Zhang Longxi, «Heaven and Man: From a Cross-Cultural Perspective», in Jin Y. Park (ed.), Comparative Political Theory and Cross-Cultural Philosophy: Essays in Honor of Hwa Yol Jung, Lexington Books, Lanham 2009, p. 144.
5 Luo Yuming, A Concise History of Chinese Literature, Brill, Leiden 2011, vol. i, pp. 125-146.
6 Sadao Nishijima, «The Economic and Social History of Former Han», in Denis Twitchett e Michael Loewe (eds.), The Cambridge History of China, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1986, vol. i, p. 552.
7 Luo Yuming, 2011, cit., p. 140.
8 Anne Behnke Kinney (trans.), «The Annals of [Emperor Hsiao]-Wen», in Anne Behnke Kinney, The History of the Former Han Dynasty, 2003. Consultabile alla pagina: http://www2.iath.virginia.edu:8080/exist/cocoon/xwomen/texts/hanshu/d2.14/1/0/english.
9 Lisa Eileen Husmann, «Territory, Historiography, and the Minorities Question in China», unpublished ma dissertation, University of California, Berkeley 1993, p. 9.
10 Michael Schuman, Confucius and the World He Created, Basic Books, New York 2015, p. 174.
11 Peter Golden, «Courts and Court Culture in the Proto-Urban and Urban Developments among the Pre-Chinggisid Turkic Peoples», in David Durand-Guédy (ed.), Turko-Mongol Rulers, Cities and City Life, Brill, Leiden 2013, p. 32.
12 Mark E. Lewis, «The Han Abolition of Universal Military Service», in Hans van de Ven (ed.), Warfare in Chinese History, Brill, Leiden 2000, pp. 46-47.
13 Sima Qian, op. cit., vol. i, pp. 411-414.
14 H.G. Rawlinson, Bactria: The History of a Forgotten Empire, Probsthain & Co, London 1912.
15 Diodoro Siculo, Biblioteca storica, a c. di G. Cordiano e M. Zorat, Rusconi, Milano 1998, vol. i, pp. 234, 235, 236.
16 Thiruvalluvar, P.S. Sundaram (trans.), The Kural, Penguin, London 2005, p. 109.
17 Le leggi di Manu, W. Doniger (ed.), trad. it. di T. Ripepi, Adelphi, Milano 1996, p. 231.
18 Polibio, Storie i-iii, a c. di A. Borgogno, Aracne, Roma 2006, p. 99.
20 J.F. Lazenby, The First Punic War: A Military History, Routledge, London 2016, p. 40.
21 Plutarco, Vite. Aristide – Catone, Milano 2011, p. 459.
23 Caio Velleio Patercolo, Storia romana, trad. it. di R. Nuti, Rizzoli, Milano 1997, p. 73.
24 Virgilio, Georgiche, Rizzoli, Milano 2015, pp. 183-185.
25 Tibullo, Elegie, Rizzoli, Milano 2013, p. 181.
26 Orazio, Odi ed epodi. Canto secolare, Feltrinelli, Milano 2010, p. 397.
27 M. Tullio Cicerone, Le orazioni, a c. di G. Bellardi, vol. 2, Dal 69 al 59 a.C., Utet, Torino 1981, p. 329.
28 Wilhelm Stelkens, Der römische Geschichtsschreiber Sempronius Asellio, J.B. Klein, Hamburg 1867, p. 81.
6. I barbari alle porte
1 Virgilio, Eneide, Rizzoli, Milano 2007, p. 33.
2 Anthony Everitt, Hadrian and the Triumph of Rome, Random House, New York 2009, p. 173.
3 Ottaviano Augusto, Res Gestae, a c. di Luca Canali, Mondadori, Milano 2002, p. 57.
4 Ibidem; «Arabia Felix» («Arabia Felice») era il nome che i romani davano alla parte meridionale della penisola arabica.
6 Tacito, Tutte le opere, Newton Compton, Roma 2013, p. 1123.
11 Musée du Louvre, inv. no. ma1009.
12 Cassio Dione, Storia romana, Rizzoli, Milano 2018, vol. ix, p. 139.
18 Willem Jongman, «Slavery and the Growth of Rome: The Transformation of Italy in the Second and First Centuries», in Catharine Edwards e Greg Woolf (eds.), Rome the Cosmopolis, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2003, p. 108.
19 Branko Milanovic et al., Measuring Ancient Inequality, World Bank, Policy Research Working Paper, Washington dc 2007, wps 4412, pp. 66-68. Consultabile alla pagina: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/803681468135958164/Measuring-ancient-inequality.
20 Apuleio, Le metamorfosi o l’asino d’oro, a. c. di L. Nicolini, Rizzoli, Milano 2015, p. 601.
21 Cassio Dione, op. cit., p. 307.
22 Pausania, Guida della Grecia. Libro vii – L’Acaia, Fondazione Lorenzo Valla, Arnoldo Mondadori Editore, Milano 2000, p. 99.
24 Erodiano, Storia dell’Impero romano dopo Marco Aurelio, Sansoni, Firenze 1967, p. 221.
25 Michael C. Howard, Transnationalism in Ancient and Medieval Societies: The Role of Cross-Border Trade and Travel, McFarland & Co., Jefferson 2012, p. 65.
27 Gaio Plinio Secondo, Storia naturale, Einaudi, Torino 1982, vol. i, p. 711.
28 Raoul McLaughlin, Rome and the Distant East: Trade Routes to the Ancient Lands of Arabia, India and China, Continuum, London 2010, p. 134.
29 Wilfred H. Schoff (trans.), The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea: Travel and Trade in the Indian Ocean by a Merchant of the First Century, Longmans, Green, and Co., London 1912.
34 Stuart H. Young, Biography of the Bodhisattva Aśvaghosa, 2002. Consultabile alla pagina: http://buddhism.lib.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-AN/103180.htm.
36 Nicholas Sims-Williams, «Bactrian Historical Inscriptions of the Kushan Period», in The Silk Road, 2012, vol. 10, p. 77.
37 John M. Rosenfield, The Dynastic Arts of the Kushans, University of California Press, Berkeley 1967, p. 16.
38 Cassio Dione, Storia romana, vol. 5, Libri lii-lvi, Rizzoli, Milano 1998, pp. 289-291.
39 Mark Elvin, The Pattern of the Chinese Past: A Social and Economic Interpretation, Stanford University Press, Stanford 1973, p. 31.
40 Mike Dash, «Emperor Wang Mang: China’s First Socialist?», Smithsonian, 9 dicembre 2011. Consultabile alla pagina: http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/emperor-wang-mang-chinas-first-socialist-2402977/#S71e97Gbvdie37vF.99.
41 Anthony E. Clark, Ban Gu’s History of Early China, Cambria Press, Amherst 2008, p. 155.
42 Mark E. Lewis, «The Han Abolition of Universal Military Service», in Hans van de Ven (ed.), Warfare in Chinese History, Brill, Leiden 2000, pp. 33-76.
43 Tamara T. Chin, «Defamiliarizing the Foreigner: Sima Qian’s Ethnography and Han-Xiongnu Marriage Diplomacy», in Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, vol. 70, n. 2, 2010, p. 317.
44 Mark E. Lewis, op. cit., p. 45.
46 Mark Edward Lewis, The Early Chinese Empires. Qin and Han, Belknap Press, Cambridge (ma) 2007, pp. 145-146.
47 Ying-shih Yü, «Han Foreign Relations», in Denis Twitchett e Michael Loewe (eds.), The Cambridge History of China, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1986, vol. i, p. 415.
48 Mark E. Lewis, op. cit., p. 69.
49 Patricia Ebrey, «Estate and Family Management in the Later Han as Seen in the Monthly Instructions for the Four Classes of People», in Jos Gommans e Harriet Zurndorfer (eds.), Roots and Routes of Development in China and India: Highlights of Fifty Years of The Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient (1957-2007), Brill, Leiden 2008, pp. 124-168.
50 Zong-qi Cai, «Pentasyllabic Shi Poetry: The “Nineteen Old Poems”», in Zong-qi Cai (ed.), How to Read Chinese Poetry: A Guided Anthology, Columbia University Press, New York 2008, p. 107.
51 Rafe De Crespigny, A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23-220 ad), Brill, Leiden 2007, p. 50.
52 Wai Kit Wicky Tse, «Dynamics of Disintegration: The Later Han Empire (25-220 ce) and Its Northwestern Frontier», tesi di dottorato di ricerca non pubblicata, University of Pennsylvania, 2012. Consultabile alla pagina: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/589/.
55 Arthur Cotterell, A History of Southeast Asia, Marshall Cavendish Editions, Singapore 2014, p. 73.
56 Georges Maspéro, The Champa Kingdom: The History of an Extinct Vietnamese Kingdom, White Lotus Press, London 2002, p. 24.
57 William L. Westermann, The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity, The American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia 1955; Walter Scheidel, The Roman Slave Supply, Princeton/Stanford Working Papers in Classics n. 050704, 2007, p. 2; Walter Scheidel, Slavery and Forced Labor in Early China and the Roman World, Princeton/Stanford Working Papers in Classics, n. 041301, 2013, p. 6. Entrambi i lavori di Scheidel sono consultabili alla pagina: https://www.princeton.edu/~pswpc/papers/authorMZ/scheidel/scheidel.html.
58 Le opere di Walter Scheidel sono particolarmente istruttive. Vedi, per esempio: Walter Scheidel, Physical Wellbeing in the Roman World, Princeton/Stanford Working Papers in Classics, n. 091001, 2010. Consultabile alla pagina: www.princeton.edu/~pswpc/papers/authorMZ/scheidel/scheidel.html.
59 Thomas W. Gallant, Risk and Survival in Ancient Greece: Reconstructing the Rural Domestic Economy, Stanford University Press, Stanford 1991, pp. 20-21, 40-58.
7. La grande crisi degli imperi
1 Xiaofei Tian, Tao Yuanming and Manuscript Culture: The Record of a Dusty Table, University of Washington Press, Seattle 2005, p. 186.
2 T. Owen (trans.), The Fourteen Books of Palladius Rutilius Taurus Æmilianus on Agriculture, J. White, London 1807.
3 Nagit Margy, «A Hun-Age Burial with Male Skeleton and Horse Bones Found in Budapest», in Florin Curta (ed.), Neglected Barbarians, Brepols, Turnhout 2010, pp. 137-175.
4 Atreya Biswas, The Political History of the Hunas in India, Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, New Delhi 1971, p. 69.
5 Michael McCormick et al., «Climate Change during and after the Roman Empire: Reconstructing the Past from Scientific and Historical Evidence», in Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 2012, vol. 43, n. 2, pp. 169-220.
6 J. Otto Maenchen-Helfen, The World of the Huns: Studies in Their History and Culture, University of California Press, Berkeley 1973, p. 33.
7 Cipriano vescovo di Cartagine, Lettere, Città Nuova, Roma 2006-2007, 2 voll.
8 Zosimo, Storia nuova, Rizzoli, Milano 2007, p. 95.
9 Williams, Stephen, Diocleziano. Un autocrate riformatore, ecig, Genova 1995, p. 192.
10 Antony Kropff, An English Translation of the Edict on Maximum Prices, also Known as the Price Edict of Diocletian (Edictum de pretiis rerum venalium), 2016. Consultabile alla pagina: http://www.academia.edu/23644199/New_English_translation_of_the_Price_Edict_of_Diocletianus.
11 Peter Heather, «Senators and Senates», in Averil Cameron e Garnsey Peter (eds.), The Cambridge Ancient History, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1998, vol. xiii, pp. 185-186.
12 Oracoli sibillini, Città Nuova Editrice, Roma 2008, p. 104.
13 Ammiano Marcellino, Le storie, a c. di A. Selem, Utet, Torino 1965, p. 1039.
14 Naphtali Lewis e Meyer Reinhold (eds.), Roman Civilization: Selected Readings, The Republic, Columbia University Press, New York 1955, vol. i, p. 377.
15 R.C. Blockley, «The Romano-Persian Peace Treaties of A.D. 299 and 363», in Florilegium, 1984, vol. 6, pp. 28-49.
16 Andy Merrills e Richard Miles, The Vandals, Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester 2009, p. 42.
18 Martha Malamud, Rutilius Namatianus’ Going Home: De Reditu Suo, Routledge, Abingdon 2016, p. 6. (Citato in G. Ravegnani, La caduta dell’impero romano, Il Mulino, Bologna 2012, p. 79.)
19 Michael Maas, Readings in Late Antiquity: A Sourcebook, Routledge, Abingdon 2010, p. 138.
20 Robert L. Benson, «The Gelasian Doctrine: Uses and Transformations», in Dominique Sourdel (ed.), La Notion d’autorité au Moyen Age: Islam, Byzance, Occident, Presses Universitaires de France, Paris 1982, p. 14.
21 Gregorio di Tours, La storia dei franchi, in M. Oldoni (a c. di), Fondazione Lorenzo Valla, Arnoldo Mondadori Editore, Milano 1981, vol. i, p. 193.
22 Luo Guanzhong, Moss Roberts (trans.), The Romance of the Three Kingdoms: A Historical Novel, University of California Press, Berkeley 1991, p. 923.
23 Chen Shou, San guo zhi [Records of the Three Kingdoms], Dingwen Printing, Taipei 1977, p. 210.
24 Qinhua Chen, Sons of Heaven: Stories of Chinese Emperors through the Ages, Foreign Languages Press, Beijing 2000, p. 118.
25 Harold M. Tanner, China: A History, Hackett, Indianapolis 2009, p. 143.
27 Edward L. Dreyer, «Military Aspects of the War of the Eight Princes, 300-307», in Nicola Di Cosmo (ed.), Military Culture in Imperial China, Harvard University Press, Cambridge 2009, p. 124.
28 Nina Duthie, «Origins, Ancestors, and Imperial Authority in Early Northern Wei Historiography», dissertazione non pubblicata, Columbia University, p. 112. Consultabile alla pagina: https://doi.org/10.7916/D8NC601F.
29 Nicholas Sims-Williams (trans.), The Sogdian Ancient Letters, 2004. Consultabile alla pagina: https://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/sogdlet.html.
31 Henry Wace e Philip Schaff (eds.), A Select Library of Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church: Second Series, vol. 6, St. Jerome: Letters and Select Works, James Parker and Company, Oxford 1893, p. 500. (Citato in G. Ravegnani, op. cit., p. 79.)
32 M. Boyce (trans.), The Letter of Tansar, Istituto Italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente, Roma 1968, pp. 40-46.
33 Richard N. Frye, The History of Ancient Iran, C.H. Beck’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Munich 1984, p. 371.
34 Ammiano Marcellino, Le storie, cit., p. 615.
35 P.M. Sykes, A History of Persia, Macmillan and Co., London 1915, vol. i, p. 484.
36 Linda T. Darling, A History of Social Justice and Political Power in the Middle East: The Circle of Justice from Mesopotamia to Globalization, Routledge, Abingdon 2013, p. 42.
37 P.M. Sykes, op. cit. p. 390.
38 Timo A. Nieminen, «The Asian War Bow», in E. Barbiero et al. (eds.), 19th Australian Institute of Physics Congress, 2010, p. 4. Consultabile alla pagina: https://arxiv.org/abs/1101.1677.
39 V.R. Ramachandra Dikshitar, The Gupta Polity, Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi 1993, pp. 151-152.
40 Prem Singh Jina, Famous Western Explorers to Ladakh, Indus Publishing Company, New Delhi 1995, pp. 139-140.
41 B.A. Litvinsky, «The Hephthalite Empire», in B.A. Litvinsky et al. (eds.), History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Unesco, Paris 1996, vol. iii, pp. 135-162.
42 Citato in Radhakumud Mookerji, The Gupta Empire, Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi 1989, p. 55.
43 Robert S. Wicks, Money, Markets, and Trade in Early Southeast Asia: The Development of Indigenous Monetary Systems to ad 1400, Cornell Southeast Asia Program, Ithaca 1992.
44 George Coedès, «Deux Inscriptions Sanskrites Du Fou-Nan», in Bulletin de l’École française d’Extrême-Orient, 1931, vol. 31, nn. 1-2, p. 2.
45 Lynda Norene Shaffer, Maritime Southeast Asia to 1500, M.E. Sharpe, Armonk 1996.
46 Patrick Peebles (ed.), Voices of South Asia: Essential Readings from Antiquity to the Present, Routledge, Abingdon 2015, p. 59.
47 Ho-t’ae Chŏn, Goguryeo: In Search of Its Culture and History, Hollym International, Elizabeth 2008.
48 J.Y. Kim, «The Kwanggaet’o Stele Inscription», in Ian Nish (ed.), Contemporary European Writing on Japan: Scholarly Views from Eastern and Western Europe, Paul Norbury, Woodchurch 1988, pp. 79-81.
49 Christian Julien Robin, «Arabia and Ethiopia», in Scott Fitzgerald Johnson (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity, Oxford University Press, New York 2012, p. 277.
8. Nel nome del Profeta
1 Josef W. Meri, Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia, Routledge, London 2006, vol. i, p. 203.
2 Il Corano, trad. it. di H.R. Piccardo, Newton Compton, Roma 2014, sura 3.109.
6 Barnaby Rogerson, The Heirs of the Prophet Muhammad and the Roots of the Sunni-Shia Schism, Little Brown, London 2006, p. 160.
7 Teofilo di Edessa, Robert G. Hoyland (trans.), Theophilus of Edessa’s Chronicle and the Circulation of Historical Knowledge in Late Antiquity and Early Islam, Liverpool University Press, Liverpool 2011, p. 133.
9 Procopio di Cesarea, Le guerre. Persiana – Vandalica – Gotica, M. Craveri (a c. di), Einaudi, Torino 1977, pp. 37-38.
10 Musée du Louvre, inv. no. ao9063.
11 Peter N. Bell, Three Political Voices from the Age of Justinian: Agapetus, «Advice to the Emperor»; «Dialogue on Political Science»; Paul the Silentiary, «Description of Hagia Sophia», Liverpool University Press, Liverpool 2009, p. 175.
12 Michael Maas, Readings in Late Antiquity: A Sourcebook, Routledge, 2010, p. 90. In italiano, Maurizio, Strategikon. Il manuale di arte militare dell’Impero romano d’Oriente, a. c. di G. Cascarino, Il Cerchio, Città di Castello (pg) 2016, p. 169.
13 Michael Maas, op. cit., p. 382.
14 Menandro, R.C. Blockley (trans.), The History of Menander the Guardsman, Cairns, Liverpool 1985, p. 63.
15 Gregorio di Tours, La storia dei franchi, a c. di M. Oldoni, Fondazione Lorenzo Valla, Arnoldo Mondadori Editore, Milano 1981, vol. ii, p. 301.
16 R.W. Dyson (ed.), Introduction to James of Viterbo, De Regimine Christiano: A Critical Edition and Translation, Brill, Leiden 2009, p. xxxi.
17 Yizhak Hen, «Converting the Barbarian West», in Daniel E. Bornstein (ed.), A People’s History of Christianity, Fortress Press, Minneapolis 2010, vol. iv, p. 42.
18 C. John Cadoux, The Early Christian Attitude to War: A Contribution to the History of Christian Ethics, Headley Bros, London 1919, pp. 86-201.
20 Sant’Agostino, La città di Dio, trad. it. di D. Gentili, Città Nuova, Roma 1997, pp. 263-264.
21 Leone vi, George T. Dennis (trans.), The Taktika of Leo vi, Dumbarton Oaks, Washington dc 2010, p. 5.
22 Julia Lovell, La Cina contro il mondo. Storia della Grande Muraglia dal 1000 a.C. al 2000 d.C., trad. it. di M. Faccia, Newton Compton, Roma 2007, p. 101.
23 Mei-Hsiu Wang, «Cultural Identities as Reflected in the Literature of the Northern and Southern Dynasties Period (4th-6th Centuries A.D.)», dissertazione non pubblicata, University of Leeds, 2007, p. 160. Consultabile alla pagina: http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/364/.
24 Albert E. Dien, Six Dynasties Civilization, Yale University Press, New Haven 2007, p. 6.
25 Albert E. Dien, «The Stirrup and Its Effect on Chinese Military History», in Ars Orientalis, 1986, vol. 16, pp. 33-56.
26 Jack W. Chen, The Poetics of Sovereignty: On Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty, Harvard University Asia Center, Cambridge 2010, p. 39.
27 Patricia Buckley Ebrey, Chinese Civilization: A Sourcebook, Free Press, New York 1993, p. 114.
28 Qizhi Zhang, An Introduction to Chinese History and Culture, Springer, Heidelberg 2015, p. 196.
29 Susan Whitfield, Life along the Silk Road, University of California Press, Berkeley 2015, p. 14.
30 Kangying Li, The Ming Maritime Trade Policy in Transition, 1368 to 1567, Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden 2010, p. 8.
31 Qingxin Li, The Maritime Silk Road, China Intercontinental Press, Beijing 2006, p. 40.
32 E. Denison Ross, The Orkhon Inscriptions: Being a Translation of Professor Vilhelm Thomsen’s Final Danish Rendering, in Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London, 1930, vol. 5, n. 4, pp. 864-865, 862.
33 David Drew, The Lost Chronicles of the Maya Kings, University of California Press, Berkeley 1999, p. 197; trad. it. di V. Piccolo, Le cronache perdute dei re Maya, Piemme, Casale Monferrato 2000, p. 198.
35 Detta anche Placchetta di Leida: Museo nazionale di etnologia di Leida, inv. n. rv-1403-1193.
36 George L. Cowgill, «State and Society at Teotihuacan, Mexico», in Annual Review of Anthropology, 1997, vol. 26, p. 145.
37 Dirk van Tuerenhout, «Maya Warfare: Sources and Interpretations», in Civilisations: Revue internationale d’anthropologie et de sciences humaines, 2002, vol. 50, pp. 129-152.
9. La terra fra speranza e catastrofe
1 Alfred Schinz, The Magic Square: Cities in Ancient China, Axel Menges, Stuttgart 1996, p. 206.
2 Gene W. Heck, Charlemagne, Muhammad, and the Arab Roots of Capitalism, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 2006, p. 66.
4 Abū Sa‘īd al-Sīrāfī, Tim Mackintosh-Smith (trans.), «Accounts of China and India», in Tim Mackintosh-Smith e James E. Montgomery (eds.), Two Arabic Travel Books, New York University Press, New York 2014, p. 87.
5 Gene W. Heck, op. cit., pp. 98, 111.
6 Warren Treadgold, The Byzantine Revival, 780-842, Stanford University Press, Stanford 1988, p. 118.
7 Abū Sa‘īd al-Sīrāfī, Tim Mackintosh-Smith (trans.), op. cit., p. 51.
8 Mark Edward Lewis, China’s Cosmopolitan Empire: The Tang Dynasty, Belknap Press, Cambridge 2009, p. 158.
9 Abū Sa‘īd al-Sīrāfī, Tim Mackintosh-Smith (trans.), op. cit., pp. 67, 71.
10 Thomas F.X. Noble e Thomas Head (eds.), Soldiers of Christ: Saints and Saints’ Lives from Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages, Pennsylvania State University Press, University Park 2000, p. 171.
11 Pierre Riché, Daily Life in the World of Charlemagne, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia 1978, p. 17. In italiano, La vita quotidiana nell’impero carolingio, trad. it. di P. Manes, Jouvence, Roma 1994, p. 30.
12 Zhenping Wang, Ambassadors from the Islands of Immortals: China-Japan Relations in the Han-Tang Period, University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu 2005, p. 158.
13 John Makeham (ed.), China: The World’s Oldest Living Civilization Revealed, Thames & Hudson, London 2008, p. 218.
14 Qizhi Zhang, An Introduction to Chinese History and Culture, Springer, Heidelberg 2015, pp. 59-60. L’Anxi era il protettorato istituito dai Tang nel 640 per controllare il bacino del Tarim.
16 Cyril Birch (ed.), Anthology of Chinese Literature, Grove Press, New York 1965, vol. i, pp. 240-241.
17 Martin Slobodnik, «The Early Policy of Emperor Tang Dezong (779-805) towards Inner Asia», in Asian and African Studies, 1997, vol. 6, n. 2, p. 193.
18 Chen-hua Keng, «The Impact of Tang-Tubo War on the Transformation of Military System and Heqin Politics in Tang Dynasty», in Mongolian and Tibetan Quarterly, 2012, vol. 21, n. 1, p. 20; Xinjiang Rong, «A Study of Yang Liangyao’s Embassy to the Abbasid Caliphate», in Victor H. Mair e Liam C. Kelley (eds.), Imperial China and Its Southern Neighbours, Iseas, Singapore 2015, p. 245.
19 Chong Wu, «Drought Blamed for Tang Collapse», in China Daily, 8 gennaio 2007; Ka-Wai Fan, «Climatic Change and Dynastic Cycles in Chinese History: A Review Essay», in Climatic Change, 2010, vol. 101, nn. 3-4, pp. 565-573.
20 Glen Dudbridge, A Portrait of Five Dynasties China: From the Memoirs of Wang Renyu (880-956), Oxford University Press, Oxford 2013, p. 156.
21 F.W. Mote, Imperial China, 900-1800, Harvard University Press, Cambridge 2003, p. 46.
22 Peter H. Lee et al. (eds.), Sources of Korean Tradition, Columbia University Press, New York 1997, vol. i, pp. 154, 156.
24 Bennet Bronson e Jan Wisseman, «Palembang as Srivijaya: The Lateness of Early Cities in Southern Southeast Asia», in Asian Perspectives, 1976, vol. 19, n. 2, p. 222.
25 S.Q. Fatimi, «Two Letters from the Maharaja to the Khalifah: A Study in the Early History of Islam in the East», in Islamic Studies, 1963, vol. 2, n. 1, p. 127.
26 Bijan Raj Chatterjee e Niranjan Prasad Chakravarti, India and Java: Inscriptions, Greater India Society, Calcutta 1933, p. 43.
27 Bhavabhuti, John Pickford (trans.), Maha-Vira-Charita: The Adventures of the Great Hero Rama, Trübner & Co., London 1871, p. 75.
28 Nitish Sengupta, Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahābhārata to Mujib, Penguin India, New Delhi 2011, p. 40.
30 Shanta Rami Sharma, «Evolution of Deities and Syncretism in Rajasthan, c. A.D. 600-1000: The Dynamics and Material Implications», in Indian Historical Review, 2001, vol. 28, p. 20.
31 F. Kielhorn, «Khalimpur Plate of Dharmapaladeva», in E. Hultzsch (ed.), Epigraphia Indica, Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, Calcutta 1896-1897, vol. iv, p. 248.
32 Steven Judd, «Reinterpreting al-Walid b. Yazid», in Journal of the American Oriental Society, 2008, vol. 128, n. 3, pp. 439-458.
33 Teofilo di Edessa, Robert G. Hoyland (trans.), Theophilus of Edessa’s Chronicle and the Circulation of Historical Knowledge in Late Antiquity and Early Islam, Liverpool University Press, Liverpool 2011, p. 246.
37 Al-Shaybani, Majid Khadduri (trans.), The Islamic Law of Nations: Shaybani’s Siyar, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore 2001.
38 Al-Mawardi, Asadullah Yate (trans.), Al-Akham as-Sultaniyyah: The Laws of Islamic Governance, Ta-Ha, London 1996, p. 28.
39 Andrew Bostom (ed.), The Legacy of Jihad: Islamic Holy War and the Fate of Non-Muslims, Prometheus, Amherst 2008, p. 193.
41 Michael Cooperson, Al-Ma’mun, Oneworld, London 2005, pp. 40-41.
42 Talab Sabbar Mahal, The Manners, Norms, and Customs (Rusoom) of the House of Governance in the First Age (Era) of the Abbasid Caliphate, 750-865 ad, Xlibris, New York 2015, p. 94; «Amir al-Muminin», o «comandante dei fedeli», era un titolo tradizionale adottato da molti califfi.
43 C.E. Bosworth (trans.), The History of at-Tàbarī, State University of New York Press, Albany 1989, vol. xxx, p. 100.
46 C.E. Bosworth (trans.), op. cit., vol. xxxii, pp. 55-56.
47 David Waines, «The Third Century Internal Crisis of the Abbasids», in Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 1977, vol. 20, n. 3, p. 285.
48 David Waines (trans.), The History of at-Tàbarī, State University of New York Press, Albany 1992, vol. xxxvi, p. 132.
49 Maya Shatzmiller, Labour in the Medieval Islamic World, Brill, Leiden 1994, pp. 56-57; Gareth Stansfield, Iraq: People, History, Politics, Polity Press, Cambridge 2007, p. 96.
50 G. Vigo, «La popolazione europea dal 500 al 1500», in Storia economica d’Europa, a c. di Carlo M. Cipolla, Utet, Torino 1979, vol. i, pp. 13-56.
51 Clifford J. Rogers, «Carolingian Cavalry in Battle: The Evidence Reconsidered», in Simon John e Nicholas Morton (eds.), Crusading and Warfare in the Middle Ages: Realities and Representations, Ashgate, Farnham 2014, pp. 1-12.
52 Bernhard Walter Scholz e Barbara Rogers (trans.), Carolingian Chronicles: Royal Frankish Annals and Nithard’s Histories, University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor 1970.
53 Roy C. Cave e Herbert H. Coulson, A Source Book for Medieval Economic History, Bruce Publishing, Milwaukee 1936, p. 151.
54 A.J. Grant (ed.), Early Lives of Charlemagne by Eginhard and the Monk of St. Gall, Chatto and Windus, London 1907, p. 111.
57 Warren Treadgold, A History of the Byzantine State and Society, Stanford University Press, Stanford 1997, p. 436.
58 Paul Lunde e Caroline Stone (trans.), Ibn Fadlan and the land of Darkness: Arab Travellers in the Far North, Penguin, London 2012.
59 Janet L. Nelson (trans.), The Annals of St-Bertin: Ninth-Century Histories, Manchester University Press, Manchester 1991, vol. i, p. 50.
60 James Harvey Robinson (ed.), Readings in European History, Ginn & Company, Boston 1904, vol. i, p. 159.
61 Janet L. Nelson (trans.), op. cit., p. 52.
62 Richard Landes, «The Fear of an Apocalyptic Year 1000: Augustinian Historiography, Medieval and Modern», in Speculum, 2000, vol. 75, n. 1, p. 103.
63 Hing Ming Hung, Li Shi Min, Founding the Tang Dynasty: The Strategies That Made China the Greatest Empire in Asia, Algora, New York 2013, p. 176.
10. L’onda d’urto dei mongoli
1 Gang Deng, Chinese Maritime Activities and Socioeconomic Development, c. 2100 B.C.-1900 A.D., Greenwood Press, Westport 1997, p. 70.
2 Jung-pang Lo e Bruce A. Elleman, China as a Sea Power, 1127-1368: A Preliminary Survey of the Maritime Expansion and Naval Exploits of the Chinese People during the Southern Song and Yuan Periods, nus Press, Singapore 2012, p. 57; Jung-pang Lo, «The Emergence of China as a Sea Power during the Late Sung and Early Yuan Periods», in The Far Eastern Quarterly, 1955, vol. 14, n. 4, pp. 489-503; Kenneth R. Hall, A History of Early Southeast Asia: Maritime Trade and Societal Development, 100-1500, Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham 2011, pp. 331-332; Shou Chenzhen, Tushuo zhongguo haijun shi [An Illustrated History of the Chinese Navy], Fujian Education Press, Fuzhou 2002, pp. 17-30.
3 James Anderson, The Rebel Den of Nuùng Trí Cao: Loyalty and Identity along the Sino-Vietnamese Frontier, University of Washington Press, Seattle 2007, pp. 88-118.
4 Stephen Broadberry, «China, Europe and the Great Divergence: A Study in Historical National Accounting, 980-1850», in University of Oxford Discussion Papers in Economic and Social History, 2017, n. 155. Consultabile alla pagina: https://www.economics.ox.ac.uk/materials/working_papers/2839/155aprilbroadberry.pdf.
5 Guanwei Chen e Shuguo Chen, «State Rituals», in John Lagerwey e Pierre Marsone (eds.), Modern Chinese Religion i: Song-Liao-Jin-uan (960-1368 ad), vol. 1, Brill, Leiden 2015, p. 152.
6 Yuan-kang Wang, Harmony and War: Confucian Culture and Chinese Power Politics, Columbia University Press, New York 2011, p. 34.
10 Frederick W. Mote, Imperial China, 900-1800, Harvard University Press, Cambridge 2003, p. 71.
11 Denis Twitchett e Klaus-Peter Tietze, «The Liao», in Herbert Franke e Denis Twitchett (eds.), The Cambridge History of China, vol. 6, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1994, p. 122.
12 Yuan-kang Wang, op. cit., p. 63.
13 Paul J. Smith, «Taxing Heaven’s Storehouse: Horses, Bureaucrats, and the Destruction of the Sichuan Tea Industry», in Council on East Asian Studies, Harvard University, Cambridge 1991, p. 16.
14 Kevin Manyard, «Yuan Haowen’s June 12th, 1233 – Crossing North: Three Verses», in Welling out of Silence, vol. 2, n. 2., 2013. Consultabile alla pagina: http://poetrychina.net/wp/welling-magazine/yuan-haowen-three-verses.
15 Anne McLaren, «Challenging Official History in the Song and Yuan Dynasties: The Record of the Three Kingdoms», in Lucille Chia e Hilde de Weerdt (eds.), Knowledge and Text Production in an Age of Print: China, 900-1400, Brill, Leiden 2011, p. 333.
16 Stephen Broadberry et al., op. cit, p. 26.
17 Christopher Dawson, Mission to Asia, University of Toronto Press, Toronto 1980, p. 86.
18 Roger of Apulia, János M. Bak e Martyn Rady, Master Roger’s Epistle to the Sorrowful Lament upon the Destruction of the Kingdom of Hungary by the Tatars, Central European University Press, Budapest 2010, pp. 201-209.
19 Eckhard Müller-Mertens, «The Ottonians as Kings and Emperors», in Timothy Reuter (ed.), The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume iii, c. 900-c. 1024, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1999, pp. 233-267.
20 Jay T. Lees, «David Rex Fidelis? Otto the Great, the Gesta Ottonis, and the Primordia Coenobii Gandeshemensis», in Phyllis R. Brown e Stephen L. Wailes (eds.), A Companion to Hrotsvit of Gandersheim (fl. 960): Contextual and Interpretive Approaches, Brill, Leiden 2013, p. 215.
21 Paolo Squatriti, The Complete Works of Liudprand of Cremona, The Catholic University of America Press, Washington dc 2007, p. 219. In italiano, Liutprando da Cremona, Tutte le opere, a c. di Cutolo, Bompiani, Milano 1945, p. 205.
23 Tomaž Mastnak, Crusading Peace: Christendom, the Muslim World, and Western Political Order, University of California Press, Berkeley 2002, p. 37.
24 Raymond D’Aguilers, Historia Francorum Qui Ceperunt Iherusalem, trans. with introduction and notes by J. Hill and L. Hill, American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia 1968, pp. 127-128.
25 David Coleman, «Migration as a Primary Force in Human Population Processes», in Graziella Caselli et al. (eds.), Demography: Analysis And Synthesis. A Treatise in Population Studies, Elsevier, Amsterdam 2006, pp. 34-35.
26 Aleksander Gieysztor, «Trade and Industry in Eastern Europe before 1200», in M.M. Postan e Edward Miller (eds.), The Cambridge Economic History of Europe, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1987, vol. 2, pp. 485-492.
27 Constantine vii Porphyrogenitus, R.J.H. Jenkins (trans.), De Administrando Imperio, Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies, Washington dc 1967.
28 Anna Comnena, E.R.A. Sewter (trans.), The Alexiad, Penguin, Harmondsworth 1969, p. 157.
29 Harry J. Magoulias (trans.), O City of Byzantium: Annals of Niketas Choniates, Wayne State University Press, Detroit (mi) 1984. In italiano, segnaliamo l’edizione a c. di A. Pontani, Niceta Coniata, Grandezza e catastrofe di Bisanzio, 3 voll., Fondazione Lorenzo Valla, Arnoldo Mondadori Editore, Milano 2017.
30 Jean-Pierre Poly, «Europe in the Year 1000», in Robert Fossier (ed.), The Cambridge Illustrated History of the Middle Ages: Volume ii, 950-1250, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1997, p. 23.
31 Savvas Neocleous, «Is the Contemporary Latin Historiography of the First Crusade and Its Aftermath “Anti-Byzantine”?», in Savvas Neocleous (ed.), Papers from the First and Second Postgraduate Forums in Byzantine Studies: Sailing to Byzantium, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, Newcastle 2009, pp. 32-50.
32 A.C.S. Peacock, The Great Seljuk Empire, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh 2015, p. 46.
34 Dimitri Korobeinikov, «“The King of the East and the West”: The Seljuk Dynastic Concept and Titles in the Muslim and Christian Sources», in A.C.S. Peacock e Sara Nur Yildiz (eds.), The Seljuks of Anatolia: Court and Society in the Medieval Middle East, I.B. Tauris, London 2013, p. 73.
35 Marius Canard, «L’impérialisme des Fatimides et leur propaganda», in Annales de l’institute d’études orientales, 1947, vol. 6, pp. 180-186.
36 Antony Black, The History of Islamic Political Thought: From the Prophet to the Present, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh 2011, p. 46.
37 A.C.S. Peacock, op. cit., p. 61.
39 Efraim Karsh, Islamic Imperialism: A History, Yale University Press, New Haven 2006, p. 73.
40 A. Meenakshisundararajan, «Rajendra Chola’s Naval Expedition and the Chola Trade with Southeast and East Asia», in Hermann Kulke et al. (eds.), Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the Chola Naval Expeditions to Southeast Asia, Iseas, Singapore 2009, pp. 174-175.
41 Georg Bühler Bilhana, The Vikramankadevacharita: A Life of King Vikramaditya-Tribhuvanamalla of Kalyana Composed by his Vidyapati Bilhana, Government Central Book Depôt, Bombay 1875, p. 12.
42 Jogesh Chunda Dutt Kahlana, Kings of Kashmira: Being a Translation of the Sanskrita Work Rajatarangini of Kahlana Pandita, J.C. Dutt, Calcutta 1887, vol. 2, p. 17.
44 George W. Spencer, «The Politics of Plunder: The Cholas in Eleventh-Century Ceylon», in Journal of Asian Studies, vol. 35, n. 31976, pp. 405-419.
45 Jung-Pang Lo e Bruce A. Elleman, op. cit., 2012, p. 11.
46 Georg Bühler Bilhana, op. cit., p. 15.
48 André Wink, Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World, vol. 2, The Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest, 11th-13th Centuries, Brill, Leiden 1997, p. 146.
49 K.A. Nizami, «The Ghurids», in M.S. Asimov e C.E. Bosworth (eds.), History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Unesco, Paris 1998, vol. 4, part 1, p. 188.
50 F. Hirth, China and the Roman Orient: Researches into Their Ancient and Mediaeval Relations as Represented in Old Chinese Records, Georg Hirth, Leipzig 1885, p. 62.
51 I.S. Robinson, The Papal Reform of the Eleventh Century: Lives of Pope Leo ix and Pope Gregory vii, Manchester University Press, Manchester 2004, pp. 8, 11.
52 Oliver J. Thatcher e Edgar H. McNeal, A Source Book for Mediaeval History: Selected Documents Illustrating the History of Europe in the Middle Age, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York 1905, p. 516.
53 Joinville e Villehardouin, Caroline Smith (trans.), Chronicles of the Crusades, Penguin, London 2008, p. 10.
54 M.E. Martin, «The Venetian-Seljuk Treaty of 1220», in English Historical Review, 1980, vol. 95, n. 375, pp. 321-330.
55 Peter Jackson, The Mongols and the West, 1221-1410, Longman, Harlow 2005, p. 131.
56 Christopher Dawson, op. cit., p. 76.
57 Christian Lamouroux, «Geography and Politics: The Song-Liao Border Dispute of 1074/75», in Sabine Dabringhaus e Roderich Ptak (eds.), China and Her Neighbours, Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden 1997, pp. 1-28.
58 Yachin Chang, Chenkuo yu Song Liao hua jie jiaoshi [Shen Kua and the Border Negotiations between Sung and Liao], Shihi, 1975, vol. 12, pp. 10-25.
59 Jonathan Fenby, The Dragon Throne: China’s Emperors from the Qin to the Manchu, Quercus, London 2015, p. 167.
60 Shi-Yee Liu, «Epitome of National Disgrace: A Painting Illuminating Song-Jin Diplomatic Relations», in Metropolitan Museum Journal, 2010, vol. 45, pp. 55-82.
11. Rannicchiati nell’oscurità
1 Erwin Panofsky, Renaissance and Renascences in Western Art, Almqvist & Wiksell, Stockholm 1960, vol. 1, p. 10; trad. it. di M. Taddei, Rinascimento e rinascenze nell’arte occidentale, Feltrinelli, Milano 2009, p. 26.
2 Weihong Qian e Zhu Yafen, «Little Ice Age Climate near Beijing, China, Inferred from Historical and Stalagmite Records», in Quaternary Research, 2002, vol. 57, n. 1, pp. 109-119; George D. Sussman, «Was the Black Death in India and China?», in Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 2011, vol. 85, n. 3, pp. 319-355.
3 L.T. Topsfield, Troubadours and Love, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, p. 251.
4 Arthur Stephen McGrade et al. (eds.), The Cambridge Translations of Medieval Philosophical Texts, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2001, vol. 2, p. 331.
5 Bede Jarrett, Social Theories in the Middle Ages, 1200-1500, Frank Cass, London 1968, p. 185.
6 Garrett Mattingly, Renaissance Diplomacy, Houghton Mifflin, Boston 1955, p. 42.
7 Philippe de Commynes, The Historical Memoirs of Philip de Comines, J. Davis, London 1817, pp. 54-55; trad. it. di M.C. Daviso di Charvensod, Einaudi, Torino 1960, p. 46.
8 Rebecca Ard Boone, War, Domination, and the «Monarchy of France»: Claude de Seyssel and the Language of Politics in the Renaissance, Brill, Leiden 2007, p. 53.
9 James Der Derian, On Diplomacy: A Genealogy of Western Estrangement, Blackwell, Oxford 1987, p. 2.
10 George e Sylvia Modelski, Documenting Global Leadership, Macmillan, Basingstoke 1998, pp. 27, 20-21.
11 Riccardo Fubini, «The Italian League and the Policy of the Balance of Power at the Accession of Lorenzo de’ Medici», in Julius Kirshner (ed.), The Origins of the State in Italy, 1300-1600, University of Chicago Press, Chicago (il) 1996, p. 195. In italiano, Lorenzo de’ Medici, Lettere, vol. i (1460-1474), a c. di Riccardo Fubini, Giunti-Barbera, Firenze 1977, p. 322.
12 Philippe de Commynes, op. cit., p. 211.
13 Aleksander Gieyztor, «The Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, 1370-1506», in Christopher Allmand (ed.), The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume vii, c. 1415-c. 1500, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1998, p. 728.
14 Franz Babinger, Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time, Princeton University Press, Princeton (nj) 1978, p. 235; trad. it. di E. Polacco, Maometto il Conquistatore e il suo tempo, Einaudi, Torino 1967, p. 250.
15 Tamás Kiss, Cyprus in Ottoman and Venetian Political Imagination, c. 1489-1582, Central European University, tesi di dottorato non pubblicata, 2016, p. 155, consultabile alla pagina: www.etd.ceu.hu/2016/kiss_tamas.pdf.
16 Kenneth M. Setton, The Papacy and the Levant (1204-1571), The American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia 1978, vol. 2, p. 301.
17 Charles T. Riggs Kritovulus, History of Mehmed the Conqueror, Greenwood Press, Westport 1970, p. 185.
18 John Francis Guilmartin, Gunpowder and Galleys: Changing Technology and Mediterranean Warfare at Sea in the Sixteenth Century, Conway Maritime, London 2003, pp. 102-104.
19 Pika Gosh, Temple to Love: Architecture and Devotion in Seventeenth-Century Bengal, India University Press, Bloomington 2005, p. 86.
20 Kaushik Roy, Warfare in Pre-British India, 1500 bce to 1740 ce, Routledge, Abingdon 2015.
21 Robert Sewell, A Forgotten Empire (Vijayanagar): A Contribution to the History of India, Swan Sonnenschein & Co, London 1900, p. 88.
23 Phillip B. Wagoner, «“Sultan among Hindu Kings”: Dress, Titles, and the Islamicization of Hindu Culture at Vijayanagara», in Journal of Asian Studies, 1996, vol. 55, n. 4, pp. 851-880.
24 H.N. Verma e Amrit Verma, 100 Great Indians through the Ages, gip Books, Campbell 1992, p. 163.
25 Burton Stein, «Vijayanagara, c. 1350-1564», in Tapan Raychaudhuri e Irfan Habib (eds.), The Cambridge Economic History of India: Volume 1, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1982, pp. 117-118.
26 Anon., Great Monuments of India, Dorling Kindersley, London 2009, p. 133.
27 Burton Stein, op. cit., p. 117.
28 John D. Langlois Jr, «Introduction», in John Langlois (ed.), China under Mongol Rule, Princeton University Press, Princeton 1981, pp. 3-4.
29 Morris Rossabi, «The Reign of Khublai Khan», in Herbert Franke e Denis Twichett (eds.), The Cambridge History of China, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1994, vol. 6, pp. 455, 457.
30 Shane McCausland, Zhao Mengfu: Calligraphy and Painting for Khubilai’s China, Hong Kong University Press, Hong Kong 2011, pp. 287-288.
31 Herbert Franz Schurmann, Economic Structure of the Yüan Dynasty: Translation of Chapters 93 and 94 of the Yuan Shih, Harvard University Press, Cambridge 1956, pp. 325-330.
32 Louise Levathes, When China Ruled the Seas: The Treasure Fleet of the Dragon Throne, 1405-1433, Oxford University Press, New York 1996, p. 88.
33 Shih-shan Henry Tsai, The Eunuchs in the Ming Dynasty, State University of New York Press, New York 1996, p. 142.
34 Alex Roberto Hybel, The Power of Ideology: From the Roman Empire to Al-Qaeda, Routledge, Abingdon 2010, p. 39.
35 Louise Levathes, op. cit., p. 169.
36 Kangying Li, The Ming Maritime Trade Policy in Transition, 1368 to 1567, Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden 2010; Louise Levathes, op. cit.
37 Patricia Ebrey e Anne Walthall, Pre-Modern East Asia to 1800: A Cultural, Social, and Political History, Wadsworth, Boston 2006, p. 257.
38 Helen Craig McCullough, The Taiheiki: A Chronicle of Medieval Japan, Columbia University Press, New York 1959, p. 214.
39 Evelyn S. Rawski, Early Modern China and Northeast Asia: Cross-Border Perspectives, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2015, pp. 211-212.
40 Franz Amadeus Dombrowski, Ethiopia’s Access to the Sea, Brill, Leiden 1985, p. 14.
41 Oliver Roland e Anthony Atmore, Medieval Africa, 1250-1800, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2001, p. 199.
42 Ross E. Dunn, The Adventures of Ibn Battuta: A Muslim Traveler of the 14th Century, University of California Press, Berkeley 2005, p. 127; trad. it. di M.T. Marenco, Gli straordinari viaggi di Ibn Battuta. Le mille avventure del Marco Polo arabo, Garzanti, Milano 2005, pp. 160-162.
43 Alois S. Mlambo, A History of Zimbabwe, Cambridge University, Cambridge 2014, pp. 22-23; Shula Marks e Richard Gray, «Southern Africa and Madagascar», in Richard Gray (ed.), The Cambridge History of Africa: Volume 4, from c. 1600 to c. 1790, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1975, pp. 385-393.
44 Oliver Roland e Anthony Atmore, op. cit., p. 141.
45 Pierre de Maret, «Recent Farming Communities and States in the Congo Basin and its Environs», in Peter Mitchell e Paul Lane (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of African Archaeology, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2013, pp. 876-878.
46 Nehemia Levtzion, «The Western Maghrib and Sudan», in Roland Oliver (ed.), The Cambridge History of Africa: Volume 3, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1977, p. 421.
47 Gordon F. McEwan, The Incas: New Perspectives, abc-Clio, Santa Barbara 2006, pp. 95-96.
48 John Bierhorst, «Translating an Esoteric Idiom: The Case of Aztec Poetry», in Brian Swann (ed.), Born in the Blood: On Native American Translation, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln 2011, p. 383. «Fiamme» era un’espressione poetica azteca per indicare «battaglia».
49 R. Alan Covey, How the Incas Built Their Heartland: State Formation and the Innovation of Imperial Strategies in the Sacred Valley, Peru, University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor 2006, p. 169.
50 María Rostworowski de Diez Canseco, History of the Inca Realm, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1999, p. 41.
51 Garcilaso de la Vega, Clements R. Markham (trans.), First Part of the Royal Commentaries of the Yncas, Hakluyt Society, London 1869, vol. 1, p. 90; trad. it. a c. di F. Saba Sardi, Garcilaso de la Vega, Commentari reali degli Inca. La testimonianza formidabile di un passato glorioso, Bompiani, Milano 2011, p. 185.
52 Brian S. Bauer, The Development of the Inca State, University of Texas Press, Austin 1992.
12. Una nuova epoca di conquiste islamiche
1 Stephen Broadberry, «The Great Divergence in the World Economy: Long-Run Trends of Real Income», in Joerg Baten (ed.), A History of the Global Economy: From 1500 to the Present, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2016, p. 37; Robert C. Allen, «The Great Divergence in European Wages and Prices from the Middle Ages to the First World War», in Explorations in Economic History, 2001, vol. 38, n. 4, pp. 411-447; Jan De Vries, European Urbanization, 1500-1800, Methuen, London 1984.
2 Mustafa Serdar Palabiyik, «The Changing Ottoman Perception of War: From the Foundation of the Empire to Its Disintegration», in Avery Plaw (ed.), The Metamorphosis of War, Rodopi, Amsterdam 2012, p. 130.
3 Idris Bostan, «Ottoman Maritime Arsenals and Shipbuilding Technology in the 16th and 17th Centuries», in Foundation for Science, Technology and Civilization, Manchester 2007, p. 3. Consultabile alla pagina: http://muslimheritage.com/article/ottoman-maritime-arsenals-and-shipbuilding-technology-16th-and-17th-centuries.
4 Edward Seymour Forster, The Turkish Letters of Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq, Imperial Ambassador at Constantinople, 1554-1562, Louisiana State University Press, Baton Rouge 2005.
5 Suraiya Faroqhi, Travel and Artisans in the Ottoman Empire: Employment and Mobility in the Early Modern Period, I.B. Tauris, London 2014, pp. 129-142; Madeline C. Zilfi, Women and Slavery in the Late Ottoman Empire: The Design of Difference, Cambridge University Press, New York 2010.
6 Fernand Braudel, The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip ii, University of California Press, Berkeley 1995, vol. 2, p. 882. In italiano, F. Braudel, Civiltà e imperi del Mediterraneo nell’età di Filippo ii, trad. it. di C. Pischedda, Einaudi, Torino 1953, p. 964.
7 Hakan Berument e Asli Günay, «Inflation Dynamics and Its Sources in the Ottoman Empire, 1586-1913», in Turkish Economic Association Discussion Paper 2004/32004, consultabile alla pagina: https://ideas.repec.org/p/tek/wpaper/2004-3.html.
8 Roger Savory, Iran under the Safavids, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1980, p. 29. Gli sciiti duodecimani credono che Allah abbia nascosto il dodicesimo e ultimo imām (i leader spirituali e politici successori del profeta Maometto per ordinamento divino), il quale in seguito tornerà in qualità di Mahdī per liberare il mondo nel Giorno del giudizio.
9 Stephen F. Dale, The Muslim Empires of the Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals, Cambridge University Press, New York 2010, p. 78.
10 Roger Savory, op. cit., pp. 2-3, 33.
11 Donald Rayfield, «The Greatest King among Poets, the Greatest Poet among Kings», in Hans-Christian Günther (ed.), Political Poetry across the Centuries, Brill, Leiden 2016, p. 55.
12 Colin P. Mitchell, The Practice of Politics in Safavid Iran: Power, Religion and Rhetoric, I.B. Tauris, London 2009, pp. 94, 89.
13 Fergus Nicoll, Shah Jahan, Penguin, New Delhi 2009, p. 168.
14 H. Chick, A Chronicle of the Carmelites in Persia: The Safavids and the Papal Mission of the 17th and 18th Centuries, I.B. Tauris, London 2012, vol. 1, p. 74.
15 Eskandar Beg Monshi e Roger M. Savory, History of Shah Abbas the Great, Westview Press, Boulder 1978.
16 Abul Fazl-i-Allami, H.S. Jarrett (trans.), The Ain I Akbari, Asiatic Society of Bengal, Calcutta 1894, vol. 3, p. 382.
19 Andrea Major, Slavery, Abolitionism and Empire in India, 1772-1843, Liverpool University Press, Liverpool 2012, pp. 26-27.
20 S.M. Edwardes e H.L.O. Garrett, Mughal Rule in India, Atlantic Publishers, New Delhi 1995, p. 265.
21 Philip MacDougall, Naval Resistance to Britain’s Growing Power in India, 1660-1800: The Saffron Banner and the Tiger of Mysore, Boydell Press, Woodbridge 2014, p. 30.
22 William Dalrymple, «The Beautiful, Magical World of Rajput Art», in New York Review of Books, 24 novembre 2016.
24 Kenneth M. Swope, «Bringing in the Big Guns: On the Use of Artillery in the Ming-Manchu War», in Kaushik Roy e Peter Lorge (eds.), Chinese and Indian Warfare: From the Classical Age to 1870, Routledge, Abingdon 2015, p. 136.
25 John W. Dardess, «The Late Ming Rebellions: Peasants and Problems of Interpretation», in Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 1972, vol. 3, n. 1, pp. 103-117.
26 Huiying Meng, «Characteristics of Shamanism of the Tungusic Speaking People», in Xisha Ma e Huiying Meng (eds.), Popular Religion and Shamanism, Brill, Leiden 2011, p. 402.
28 Kenneth M. Swope, The Military Collapse of China’s Ming Dynasty, 1618-44, Routledge, Abingdon 2014, pp. 214-215.
29 Frederic Wakeman Jr, The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China, University of California Press, Berkeley 1986, pp. 175-225.
30 Huiying Meng, op. cit., p. 405.
31 Angela Schottenhammer, «Characteristics of Qing China’s Maritime Trade Policies, Shunzi through Qianlong Reigns», in Angela Schottenhammer (ed.), Trading Networks in Early Modern East Asia, Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden 2010, p. 111.
32 Xiaoyuan Liu, Frontier Passages: Ethnopolitics and the Rise of Chinese Communism, 1921-1945, Woodrow Wilson Center Press, Washington 2004, p. 16.
33 Alastair Iain Johnston, Cultural Realism: Strategic Culture and Grand Strategy in Chinese History, Princeton University Press, Princeton 1995, pp. 217-230.
34 C. Patterson Giersch, Asian Borderlands: The Transformation of Qing China’s Yunnan Frontier, Harvard University Press, Cambridge 2006, pp. 49-50.
35 D. Norman Geary et al., The Kam People of China: Turning Nineteen, RoutledgeCurzon, London 2003, p. 13.
36 Guo-rong Li, «Archives of the Qing Dynasty: Emperor Yongzheng and Taiwan», in paper presented at the First International Symposium Organized by the Palace Museums across the Strait: The Complexities and Challenges of Rulership – Emperor Yongzheng and His Accomplishments in Time, Taipei, 4-6 novembre 2009.
37 Walter Dening, A New Life of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, Kyöbun-Kwan, Tokyo 1904, p. 320.
38 Ronald P. Toby, State and Diplomacy in Early Modern Japan: Asia in the Development of the Tokugawa Bakufu, Princeton University Press, Princeton 1984, p. 11.
39 Stanley L. Engerman e João César das Neves, «The Bricks of an Empire, 1415-1999: 585 Years of Portuguese Emigration», in Journal of European Economic History, 1997, vol. 26, n. 31997, pp. 471-509.
40 Kaushik Roy, War, Culture and Society in Early Modern South Asia, 1740-1849, Routledge, Abingdon 2011, p. 29; William T. Rowe, China’s Last Empire: The Great Qin, Belknap Press, Cambridge 2009, p. 91.
41 Margaret Spufford, «Literacy, Trade and Religion in the Commercial Centres of Europe», in Karel Davids e Jan Lucassen (eds.), A Miracle Mirrored: The Dutch Republic in European Perspective, 1995, p. 238.
42 Sui cambiamenti climatici, vedi: David D. Zhang et al., «The Causality Analysis of Climate Change and Large-Scale Human Crisis», in Pnas, 2011, vol. 108, n. 42, pp. 17296-17301.
43 Ursula Vollerthun, The Idea of International Society: Erasmus, Vitoria, Gentili and Grotius, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2017, p. 44.
44 Thomas More, Robert M. Adams (trans.), Utopia, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2016, p. 14. In italiano, Tommaso Moro, Utopia, trad. it. di D. Sala, Giunti, Milano 2010, p. 30.
45 Mark Lamster, Master of Shadows: The Secret Diplomatic Career of the Painter Peter Paul Rubens, Anchor, New York 2010, p. 169.
46 Sergio Moratiel Villa, «The Philosophy of International Law: Suárez, Grotius and Epigones», in International Review of the Red Cross, 1997, vol. 37, n. 320, pp. 539-552.
47 Izaak Walton, Walton’s Lives of Dr. John Donne, Sir Henry Wotton, Mr. Richard Hooker, Mr. George Herbert, and Dr. Robert Sanderson, Henry Washbourne and Co., London 1858, p. 134.
48 Gordon A. Craig e Alexander L. George, Force and Statecraft: Diplomatic Problems of Our Time, Oxford University Press, Oxford 1990, p. 13.
49 Abraham de Wicquefort e John Digby, The Embassador and His Functions, B. Lintott, London 1716, p. 294.
50 Michael John Cailes, «Renaissance Ideas of Peace and War and the Humanist Challenge to the Scholastic Just War», tesi di dottorato non pubblicata, University of Exeter, 2012, p. 87. Consultabile alla pagina: https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/handle/10036/3683.
51 Hans Küng, A Global Ethic for Global Politics and Economics, Oxford University Press, New York 1998, p. 17. In italiano, Niccolò Machiavelli, Il principe, Rizzoli, Milano 2014, p. 167.
52 Peter Schröder, Trust in Early Modern International Political Thought 1598-1713, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2017, p. 62.
53 Teresa Corzo, «Behavioral Finance in Joseph de la Vega’s Confusion de Confusiones», in Journal of Behavioral Finance, 2014, vol. 15, n. 4, p. 342.
54 J.G.A. Pocock, The Machiavellian Moment: Florentine Political Thought and the Atlantic Republican Tradition, Princeton University Press, Princeton 2016, p. 438.
55 George Louis Beer, The Origins of the British Colonial System, 1578-1660, Macmillan, New York 1908, p. 8.
56 George W. Wilson, Classics of Economic Theory, Indiana University Press, Bloomington 1964, p. 19.
57 David Coleman, «Spain», in Andrew Pettegree (ed.), The Reformation World, Routledge, London 2000, p. 296.
58 R.J. Knecht, Francis i, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1982.
59 Cornel Zwierlein, «The Thirty Years’ War – A Religious War? Religion and Machiavellism at the Turning Point of 1635», in Olaf Asbach e Peter Schröder (eds.), The Ashgate Research Companion to the Thirty Years’ War, Ashgate, Farnham 2014, p. 237.
60 Nicholas V. Riasanovsky, Russian Identities: A Historical Survey, Oxford University Press, New York 2005, p. 82.
61 Christopher Clark, Iron Kingdom: The Rise and Downfall of Prussia, 1600-1947, Allen Lane, London 2006, p. 48.
62 C.A. Macartney, The Habsburg and Hohenzollern Dynasties in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries, Macmillan, London 1970, p. 311.
63 Mark Lamster, op. cit., p. 137.
13. Il primato dell’Occidente
1 Popolazione europea in milioni: Germania: 55; Isole Britanniche: 50; Impero austriaco: 47; Francia: 41; Italia: 34; Spagna: 22; Scandinavia: 12; Paesi Bassi 7,5; Belgio: 7; Portogallo: 5. Fonte: Colin McEvedy e Richard Jones, Atlas of World Population History, Facts on File, New York 1978. Popolazione delle colonie espressa in milioni: Gran Bretagna: 309; Francia: 56; Paesi Bassi: 29; Spagna: 8,4; Belgio: 8; Portogallo: 6,3; Italia: 5,4; Germania: 3,3. Fonte: Stanley L. Engerman e Kenneth L. Sokoloff, «Five Hundred Years of European Colonization: Inequality and Paths of Development», in Christopher Lloyd et al. (eds.), Settler Economies in World History, Brill, Leiden 2013, pp. 70-77.
2 Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities, Chapman and Hall, London 1859, p. 1; trad. it di M. Domenichelli, Una storia tra due città, Mondadori, Milano 2012, p. 7.
3 Stime di Angus Maddison dollari internazionali Geary-Khamis del 1990: 566 dollari nel 1500, 666 dollari nel 1820 e 6038 dollari nel 2000. Stime di Bradford De Long in dollari internazionali nel 1990: 138 dollari nel 1500, 195 dollari nel 1800 e 6539 dollari nel 2000. Fonti: Angus Maddison, Historical Statistics of the World Economy, 1-2008 ad, tabella 1, 2010, consultabile alla pagina: www.ggdc.net/maddison/historical_statistics/horizontal-file_02-2010.xls; J. Bradford. De Long, Estimating World gdp: One Million B.C.-Present, 1998, consultabile alla pagina: https://delong.typepad.com/print/20061012_LRWGDP.pdf.
4 Robert Cooper, The Breaking of Nations: Order and Chaos in the Twenty-First Century, Atlantic Books, London 2004, p. 78; trad. it. di S. Castoldi e M. Passarello, La fine delle nazioni. Ordine e caos nel xxi secolo, Lindau, Torino 2004, pp. 115-116.
5 Nel 1800, la popolazione mondiale ammontava a circa 900 milioni di persone, di cui almeno 300 milioni vivevano nella Cina dei Qing. William T. Rowe, China’s Last Empire: The Great Qing, Belknap Press, Cambridge 2009, p. 91.
6 Peter C. Perdue, China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia, Belknap Press, Cambridge 2005, p. 501.
7 James A. Millward, Beyond the Pass: Economy, Ethnicity, and Empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759-1864, Stanford University Press, Stanford 1998, p. 38.
8 Joanna Waley-Cohen, The Culture of War in China: Empire and Military under the Qing Dynasty, I.B. Tauris, London 2006, p. 19.
9 Alain Peyrefitte, L’empire immobile, ou le choc des mondes, Fayard, Paris 1989, trad. it. di M.G. Meriggi e E. Romano, L’impero immobile ovvero lo scontro dei mondi, Longanesi, Milano 1990.
10 E. Backhouse e J.O.P. Bland, Annals and Memoirs of the Court of Peking: From the 16th to the 20th Century, Houghton Miffl, Boston 1914, pp. 326, 331.
11 Ying-shih Yü, Chinese History and Culture, vol. 2, Seventeenth Century through Twentieth Century, Columbia University Press, New York 2016, p. 157.
12 In questa sua interpretazione, Rousseau riprese il Progetto di pace perpetua dell’Abbé de Saint-Pierre. Vedi Céline Spector, «Le Projet de paix perpé tuelle: De Saint-Pierre à Rousseau», in Jean-Jacques Rousseau, B. Bachofen e C. Spector (eds.), Principes du droit de la guerre: Écrits sur la paix perpé tuelle, J. Vrin, Paris 2008, pp. 229-294.
13 Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, W. Strahan and T. Cadell, London 1776, vol. 2, p. 84; trad. it. a c. di A. e T. Bagiotti, La ricchezza delle nazioni, 2 voll., Istituto Geografico De Agostini/Il Sole 24 Ore, Torino 2010, vol. 2, p. 628.
14 Anon., A Collection of All the Treaties of Peace, Alliance, and Commerce, between Great-Britain and Other Powers: From the Treaty Signed at Munster in 1648 to the Treaties Signed at Paris in 1783, J. Debrett, London 1785, vol. 3, p. 179.
15 Anon., op. cit., vol. 2, p. 5.
16 Thomas Paine e Moncure Daniel Conway, The Writings of Thomas Paine, G.P. Putnam’s Sons, New York 1894, vol. 1, p. 170.
17 James Howard Harris third Earl of Malmesbury, Diaries and Correspondence of James Harris, 1st Earl of Malmesbury, Richard Bentley, London 1844, vol. 3, p. 353.
18 Andrea Wulf, The Invention of Nature. The Adventures of Alexander von Humboldt, the Lost Hero of Science, Hodder & Stoughton, London 2015, p. 44; trad. it. di L. Berti, L’invenzione della natura. Le avventure di Alexander von Humboldt, l’eroe perduto della scienza, Luiss University Press, Roma 2017, p. 49.
19 William Pitt e R. Coupland, The War Speeches of William Pitt the Younger, Clarendon Press, Oxford 1915, pp. xi-xii.
20 Barry E. O’Meara, Napoleon in Exile; or, A Voice from St. Helena: The Opinions and Reflections of Napoleon on the Most Important Events of His Own Life and Government, in His Own Words, W. Simpkin and R. Marshall, London 1822, vol. 1, p. 263; Anon., Manuscript Transmitted from St. Helena, by an Unknown Channel, John Murray, London 1817, p. 45.
21 M.A. Thiers e D. Forbes Campbell (trans.), History of the Consulate and the Empire of France under Napoleon, Henry Colburn, London 1845, vol. 4, p. 157.
22 Susan Vandiver Nicassio, Imperial City: Rome under Napoleon, University of Chicago Press, Chicago 2009, p. 31.
23 Jakob Walter e Marc Raeff, The Diary of a Napoleonic Foot Soldier, Doubleday, New York 1991.
24 Adam Zamoyski, Rites of Peace: The Fall of Napoleon and the Congress of Vienna, HarperPress, London 2007, p. 221.
25 Harold Nicolson, The Congress of Vienna: A Study in Allied Unity, 1812-1822, Constable, London 1946, p. 292; trad. it. di E. Enriques Agnoletti, Il Congresso di Vienna. Saggio sull’unità degli Alleati: 1812-1822, La Nuova Italia, Firenze 1952, p. 168n.
26 Adam Zamoyski, op. cit., p. 250.
28 Jonathan Steinberg, Bismarck: A Life, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2011, pp. 180-181.
29 A.J.P. Taylor, Bismarck, Vintage, New York 1967, p. 264; trad. it. di F. Socrate, Bismarck. L’uomo e lo statista, Laterza, Bari 2003, p. 268.
30 A.J. Butler, Bismarck, the Man and the Statesman: Being the Reflections and Reminiscences of Otto Prince von Bismarck, Smith, Elder &. Co., London 1898, vol. 2, p. 289.
31 Christopher Blattman et al., «Who Protected and Why? Tariffs the World Around, 1870-1938», articolo presentato in occasione della Conference on the Political Economy of Globalization, Trinity College, Dublin 2002, consultabile alla pagina: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/50d9/32085c399cf4913423846d54b690ff01d186.pdf.
32 J.A. Hobson, Imperialism: A Study, James Nisbet & Co., London 1902, p. 85.
33 Oscar Wilde, The Collected Poems of Oscar Wilde, Wordsworth Editions, Ware 2000, p. 5; trad. it. di M. D’Amico, Tutte le opere, Newton Compton Editori, Roma 2010, p. 773.
34 Bernhard von Bülow e Richard Hacken (trans.), «Hammer and Anvil Speech before the Reichstag», in Richard Hacken (ed.), World War i Document Archive, 11 dicembre 1899, consultabile alla pagina: http://net.lib.byu.edu/estu/wwi/1914m/buloweng.html.bak.
35 A.T. Mahan, The Interest of America in Sea Power, Present and Future, Little, Brown and Company, Boston 1918, p. 4.
36 In realtà, in un primo momento l’Italia rimase neutrale quando scoppiò la Prima guerra mondiale, poi si schierò con Gran Bretagna, Francia e Russia nel 1915. La Germania, per parte sua, fece leva su prestiti e investimenti mastodontici nelle infrastrutture per convincere l’Impero ottomano a stringere un’alleanza che fu firmata all’inizio dell’agosto 1914.
37 H.G. Wells, «The Peace of the World», in The Daily Chronicle, London 1914, p. 9.
38 John K. Rieth, Imperial Germany’s «Iron Regiment» of the First World War: War Memories of Service with Infantry Regiment 169, 1914-1918, Badgley Publishing, Canal Winchester 2014, pp. 101, 100.
39 M. de Pradt, The Congress of Vienna, Samuel Leigh, London 1816, p. 21.
40 Elihu Burritt, Thoughts and Things at Home and Abroad, Phillips, Sampson, and Company, Boston 1854, pp. 329-333.
41 Asa Briggs e Peter Burke, A Social History of the Media: From Gutenberg to the Internet, Polity Press, Cambridge 2009, p. 133; trad. it. di E. Joy Mannucci, Storia sociale dei media. Da Gutenberg a Internet, Il Mulino, Bologna 2002, p. 164.
42 Richard Cobden, The Political Writings of Richard Cobden, William Ridgway, London 1867, vol. 1, p. 264.
43 Frank J. Lechner e John Boli, The Globalization Reader, Wiley Blackwell, Chichester 2015, p. 18.
44 Giuseppe Mazzini, Address of the Council of the Peoples’ International League, Palmer and Clayton, London 1847, p. 12. In italiano, Giuseppe Mazzini, Scritti editi ed inediti, Cooperativa Tipografico-Editrice Paolo Galeati, Imola 1922, vol. xxxvi, p. 12.
45 Leo Tolstoy, Louise e Aylmer Maude (trans.), The Russian Revolution, The Free Age Press, Christchurch 1907, p. 1; Giuseppe Mazzini, Pensieri sulla democrazia in Europa, trad. it. di S. Mastellone, Feltrinelli, Milano 2005, pp. 128 e 133.
46 Leo Tolstoy, Louise e Aylmer Maude (trans.), op. cit., p. 31.
47 Laird Easton (trans.), Journey to the Abyss: The Diaries of Count Harry Kessler, 1880-1918, Alfred A. Knopf, New York 2011, p. 867.
48 Laird McLeod Easton, The Red Count: The Life and Times of Harry Kessler, University of California Press, Berkeley 2002, p. 221.
49 Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000, Random House, New York 1987, p. 208; trad. it. di A. Cellino, Ascesa e declino delle grandi potenze, Garzanti, Milano 1999, p. 299.
50 Sadao Asada, Culture Shock and Japanese-American Relations: Historical Essays, University of Missouri Press, Columbia 2007, p. 107.
51 Ronald E. Powaski, Toward an Entangling Alliance: American Isolationism, Internationalism, and Europe, 1901-1950, Greenwood Press, Westport 1991, p. xvi.
52 James D. Richardson, A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents, 1789-1897, Government Printing Office, Washington 1896, vol. 2, p. 218.
53 Thomas Jefferson Randolph, Memoir, Correspondence, and Miscellanies, from the Papers of Thomas Jefferson, F. Carr and Co., Charlottesville 1829, vol. 4, p. 282.
54 Daniel Mallory, The Life and Speeches of the Hon. Henry Clay, Robert P. Bixby & Co., New York 1844, vol. 1, p. 17.
55 Ray Stannard Baker, Woodrow Wilson and World Settlement: Written from His Unpublished and Personal Material, William Heinemann, London 1923, vol. 1, p. 19; Richard Striner, Woodrow Wilson and World War i: A Burden Too Great to Bear, Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham 2014, p. 113.
56 Ray Stannard Baker, op. cit., 1923, p. 112.
57 James C. Humes, Presidents and Their Pens: The Story of White House Speechwriters, md: Hamilton Books, Lanham 2016, p. 48.
58 Tota Ishimaru, Japan Must Fight Britain, Hurst & Blackett, London 1936, p. 161.
59 John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of the Peace, Macmillan, London 1919, pp. 3-4.; trad. it. di F. Salvatorelli, Le conseguenze economiche della pace, Adelphi, Milano 2007, p. 19.
61 William Appleman Williams, «The Legend of Isolationism in the 1920s», in Science & Society, 1954, vol. 18, n. 1, p. 16.
62 us Department of Commerce, Statistical Abstract of the United States, Department of Commerce, Washington 1930, p. 486.
63 Studs Terkel, Hard Times: An Oral History of the Great Depression, New Press, New York 2005, pp. 461-462.
64 Norman H. Baynes, The Speeches of Adolf Hitler: April 1922-August 1939, Oxford University Press, London 1969, vol. 2, p. 1343.
65 United Nations, Charter of the United Nations and Statute of the International Court of Justice, preamble, 1945, consultabile alla pagina: https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/CTC/uncharter-all-lang.pdf. In italiano, Lo Statuto dell’Onu, consultabile alla pagina https://www.unric.org/it/informazioni-generali-sullonu/lo-statuto-dellonu.
66 us Congress, Congressional Record. Proceedings and Debates of the 79th Congress, Government Printing Office, Washington 1945, vol. 91, part 11, p. A3125.
67 John Charmley, «Churchill and the American Alliance», in Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 2001, vol. 11, p. 368.
68 us Departments of State and Defense, A Report to the National Security Council by the Executive Secretary on United States Objectives and Programs for National Security, nsc 68, 14 aprile 1950, p. 9, consultabile alla pagina: https://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/study_collections/coldwar/documents/pdf/10-1.pdf.
69 Robert Service, Lenin: A Political Life, Macmillan, Basingstoke 1995, vol. 3, p. 201; Max Shachtman, «Stalin in 1921: More about the Theory of Socialism in One Country Before Lenin’s Death», in The Militant, 1931, vol. 4, n. 18, p. 4, consultabile alla pagina: https://www.marxists.org/archive/shachtma/1931/08/stalin1921.htm.
70 George Kennan, Telegram, George Kennan to George Marshall, Harry S. Truman Administration File, Elsey Papers, Harry S. Truman Presidential Library, 22 febbraio 1946, consultabile alla pagina: https://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/study_collections/coldwar/documents/pdf/6-6.pdf.
71 Winston Churchill e David Cannadine, Blood, Toil, Tears and Sweat: The Great Speeches, Penguin, London 2007, p. 301.
72 Nicholas J. Spykman, America’s Strategy in World Politics: The United States and the Balance of Power, Routledge, Abingdon 2017.
73 Francis Fukuyama, «The End of History?», in The National Interest, n. 16, 1989, p. 3.
74 White House, «National Security Strategy of the United States», 1991, consultabile alla pagina: http://nssarchive.us/national-security-strategy-1991/.
75 us Department of State, Transcript of Secretary of State Madeleine K. Albright Interview on nbc-tv «The Today Show» with Matt Lauer, 19 febbraio 1998, consultabile alla pagina: https://1997-2001.state.gov/statements/1998/980219a.html.
76 Richard Rosecrance, The Rise of the Virtual State: Wealth and Power in the Coming Century, Basic Books, New York 1999.
77 Joseph S. Nye Jr, «Soft Power», in Foreign Policy, n. 80, 1990, pp. 153-171.
78 Secretariat of the Commission of the European Communities, «Declaration on European Identity», in Bulletin of the European Communities, n. 121973, p. 120.
79 Dorothy Meadow Sobol, «Foreign Ownership of U.S. Treasury Securities: What the Data Show and Do Not Show», in Federal Reserve Bank of New York: Current Issues in Economics and Finance, 1998, vol. 4, n. 5, p. 2.
80 Patrick J. Buchanan, A Republic, Not an Empire: Reclaiming America’s Destiny, Regnery, New York 1999, p. 4.
81 Dati relativi agli Stati Uniti. Carroll Roop Daugherty, «The Development of Horsepower Equipment in the United States», in C.R. Daugherty et al., Power Capacity and Production in the United States, Department of the Interior, Washington 1928, p. 45; Robert A. Ristinen e Jack J. Kraushaar, Energy and the Environment, John Wiley, New York 2006, p. 6.
82 J. Bradford De Long, op. cit.
83 James C. Riley, «Estimates of Regional and Global Life Expectancy, 1800-2001», in Population and Development Review, 2005, vol. 31, n. 3, pp. 537-542.
85 Peter J. Hugill, World Trade since 1431: Geography, Technology, and Capitalism, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore 1993, p. 128.
86 Unione delle associazioni internazionali, «Historical Overview of Number of International Organizations by Type, 1909-2013», 2013, consultabile alla pagina: https://www.uia.org/sites/uia.org/files/misc_pdfs/stats/Historical_overview_of_number_of_international_organizations_by_type_1909-2013.pdf.
87 Voltaire, Œuvres complètes de Voltaire, vol. 12, Essai sur les moeurs, Garnier Frères, Paris 1878, p. 430. In italiano, Voltaire, Saggio sui costumi e lo spirito delle nazioni, trad. it. di D. Felice, L. Passarini, F. Fraulini e P. Venturelli, 2 voll., Einaudi, Milano 2017, tomo secondo, p. 319.
Conclusione: Amici dell’orrore
1 Stijn Streuvels, In oorlogstijd: Het volledige dagboek van de Eerste Wereldoorlog, dbnl, Den Haag, 1916, p. 540.
