Page numbers listed correspond to the print edition of this book. You can use your device’s search function to locate particular terms in the text.
Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA), 160, 167
Agriculture: truck farming, 58, 62; dry-land, 107–112, 148, 160, 174, 193; sugar-beet farming, 124, 148. See also Irrigation
Air Force Academy, 173
Anasazi. See Indians: Anasazi
Anglos. See Colorado: ethnic groups
Aquifers, 193
Arapahoes. See Indians: Arapahoe
Armijo, Manuel: governor of New Mexico, 15, 23, 30, 69. See also Land Grants
Aspen: as mining town, 91, 101; Hotel Jerome at, 140–141; during World War II, 177; as resort, 177–179; mentioned, 113
Aspen Health Center, 180
Aspen Institute for Humanistic Studies, 180
Atlas of Colorado. See Hayden, Ferdinand Vandeveer.
Atomic Energy Commission, 174, 175
Automobiles: in Colorado, 142–143, 144, 146
Ballad of Baby Doe, 101
Beaubien, Charles. See Land Grants
Benton, Thomas Hart: urges expansion, 10–11; sends Frémont west, 12, 13; and Manifest Destiny, 20, 21; sends Frémont to find railroad route, 24; mentioned, 8, 32
Bent’s Fort: as trading post, 10; mentioned, 18, 20, 21, 25, 161
Berthoud, Edward Louis, engineer, 48
Big T. See Colorado-Big Thompson Project
Bimetallism, 113–114, 118
Bird, Isabella Lucy: writer, 138–139, 191
“Black blizzards,” 160
Black Kettle (Cheyenne chief), 40–42
Blacks. See Colorado: ethnic groups
Blue, Virginia, 193
Boettcher, Charles, 123, 134, 148
Bridger, Jim: mountain man, 9, 48
Brown, Henry C, 104
Brunot Treaty, 87–88
Bryan, William Jennings, 115, 117, 118, 122
Buckley Field, 174
Bureau of Land Management, 166, 187
Byers, William M.: as editor, 31, 33; organizer of Colorado Agriculture Society, 59; Meeker and, 60; on Longs Peak, 79; as resort builder, 93; mentioned, 76, 92, 105
Cameron, Robert A., 61, 82
Camp Carson, 171, 172, 173
Camp Hale, 171–172, 176
Canals. See Irrigation ditches
Carpenter, Farrington, 165–166
Carson, Kit, 9, 18–19, 20, 54, 171
Cattle industry: beef and dairy, 58; open-range, 64–71, 107; longhorns, 65; effect of barbed wire on, 70; and grazing act, 165
Central City: founding of, 28; defense of, 34–35; Teller’s power in, 72; Teller’s hotel in, 140; opera house in, 163, festival, 163
Central Pacific Railroad, 48
Chaffee, Jerome: slated for senator, 46; and railroad, 48; and political power, 72–74; as senator, 75; and Little Pittsburg mine, 90; mentioned, 46, 50, 54, 131
Cheyennes. See Indians: Cheyenne
Chicanos. See Colorado: ethnic groups
Chivington, John M., 34–35, 36, 38–40, 42
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), 160
Cliff Dwellers Association, 127
Cliff dwellings, 4, 84, 88, 126–128
Coal, 80, 185, 189–190
Colony Development Operation, 188
Colorado: meaning of name of, 3; nickname of, 74; size and shape of, 31, 105–106;climate of, 9,24,55,109,110, 111; present water problems of, 180, 181, 183–184; fuel problems of, 185; oil-shale industry problems of, 188–190
—Exploration: by Spanish, 4, 5, 79; by Pike, 6–8; by fur trappers, 9; by Long, 11–12; by Frémont, 12–20, 24
—Settlement: by ancient Indians, 3, 4; by New Mexican families, 23; by gold seekers near Pikes Peak, 28; by Union Colony, 61; by gold seekers near Leadville, 88; by homesteaders on reservation, 99; along railroads, 107–111
—Government: by Bent brothers, 10; by county authority, 29; Territory created, 30–31; Gilpin as governor, 33–35; Evans as governor, 36; townships platted, 43–44; statehood denied, 45, 46; statehood achieved, 71–72, 73–77; land surveyed, 77; counties laid out, 106–107, 111; populism, 113, 157; bimetallism, 113–118; political fraud, 134
—Ethnic groups: blacks, 4–5, 28, 74, 96, 192; Mexican-Americans, 23, 24, 124, 194; Anglos, 28, 167, 192; Cornish, 52
—Culture: early Spanish influence on, 3, 5; Denver architecture, 104–105; preservation of antiquities, 127–128; Central City Festival, 162–163; art academy, 163; Aspen, 179–180
Colorado Agricultural Society, 59
Colorado-Big Thompson Project, 63–64, 167, 169, 174
Colorado Central and Pacific Railroad, 48, 53
Colorado Fuel and Iron Company, 134, 135, 150
Colorado Midland Railroad, 132, 139
Colorado Mountain Club, 190
Colorado Open Space Council, 189, 192
Colorado River, 19, 79, 149, 167, 181
Colorado Springs, 57, 164, 171, 172, 173
Combat Operations Center (the Cave), 172, 174
Company D, Ninth Cavalry, 96
Conservation: Roosevelt and, 120, 123; forest reserves for, 121, 125–126; Big T and, 168; Elizabeth Paepcke and, 177; Echo Park and, 182–183; oil shale and, 188–190; Colorado Mountain Club and, 191–192
Continental Air Defense Command (CONAD), 172
Copper. See Minerals
Costigan, Senator Edward P., 158–159
“Cousin Jacks,” 52
Cripple Creek, 115–116, 159–160
Cronin, Mary: mountain climber, 191
Dean, Emma: at Pikes Peak, 79
Denver, 29, 47, 53, 103–105, 154, 174
Denver and Rio Grande Railroad: begun, 56–57; Moffat and, 131–132; tourism and, 139, 140, 141; threatened, 152; and tunnel route, 154
Denver Federal Center, 174
Denver Pacific Railroad, 53–54, 60, 61
Department of Public Welfare, 158
Depression, 156, 158–159, 162, 167, 170
Dinosaur National Monument, 19, 30, 182–183
Dominguez-Escalante expedition, 4,19,79
Douglas, Chief, 93, 96–97, 98
Dresser, Frank, 93, 96, 97
Dry-landers. See Agriculture
Echo Park dam, 182–183
Edbrooke, Frank, 103–104, 105
Eighty-seventh Mountain Infantry, 176–177
Eighty-ninth Infantry Division, 172
Elbert, Sam, 32, 36, 43, 72, 82
Elbert, Mount, 6, 79
Energy Research and Development Administration (ERDA), 185, 186
Ent Air Force Base, 172
Environment, 183, 188–192
Escalante. See Dominguez-Escalante expedition
Evans, Anne, 162–163
Evans, John: background of, 32–33; as territorial governor, 36–38,42; and Sand Creek, 43; work of for statehood, 45–46; and railroad, 48, 53, 100, 131; and farming, 59; supports Chaffee, 72; at statehood day, 76; treaty with Utes, 86–87; death of, 153; mentioned, 32,42, 54,76, 82, 102, 105, 131, 186
Evans, William Gray, 133, 151–152
Farming. See Agriculture
Federal dams, 183–184
Feminist movement, 74, 127–128,.190–191, 193
First Regiment of Colorado Volunteers, 34–35
Fitzpatrick, Tom (Broken Hand): mountain man, 9; with Fremont, 15,18, 20; Indian Bureau agent, 22, 23, 29, 37
Flood control, 153
Fort Carson. See Camp Carson
Fort Massachusetts (Fort Garland), 23
Forty-Niners, 24, 27, 47
Foundations: establishment of, 162
Frémont, Jessie Benton, 13, 14, 20
Frémont, John Charles: heads expeditions, 12–20, seeks railroad route, 24; heads railroad, 48; mentioned, 59, 78, 171
Fur trade, 9, 10
Garden of the Gods, 55, 75
Gilpin, William: with Fremont, 15–16; in Missouri, 31–32; as Lincoln’s bodyguard, 33; as territorial governor, 34–35; tries for governor, 46; at statehood day, 76–77; and land grant, 49; survey by, 79; mentioned, 54, 57, 59, 105, 186
Gilpin’s Lambs, 34–35
Glidden, Joseph: and barbed wire, 70
Goethe Festival, 179
Gold: discovery of, 21; effect of, 25–26; near Pikes Peak, 27; at Gregory Gulch, 28; speculation in, 49; concentrates of, 50; areas of, 80; on Ute land, 87; at Cripple Creek, 116–118, 134. See also Minerals
Gold standard, 113, 114, 115, 118
Government. See Colorado: government
Granby Reservoir, 169
Grand Lake, 169
Grasslands industry. See Cattle industry
“Great American desert.” See Long, Stephen H.
Greeley, Horace, 60, 70
Greeley, 61, 63, 70, 82
Green Mountain Reservoir, 168
Griffith, Emily, 193
Guadalupe Hidalgo Treaty, 21
Gunnison, John W., 24, 78
Gunnison River, 9, 130, 183–184
Hansen, Charles, 166–167, 168, 169
Hayden, Ferdinand Vandeveer: and Atlas of Colorado, 78, 79–80; mapped Colorado Rockies, 82–84; mapped Ute land, 85, 88; mapped gold fields, 116; found cliff dwellings, 126–127; showed Colorado River, 149
Health spas, 141–142
High Speed Ground Test Center, 174
Highways, 15, 146, 161
Hill, Nathaniel P., 49–51, 81, 105
Hispanos. See Colorado: ethnic groups
Holmes, Julia A., 26–27, 74, 79, 191
Homestead Act of 1862, 43, 68, 108, 129, 165
Homesteaders, 63, 99–100; 109–112
Hunt, Helen: writer, 138–139
Hydroelectric: power, 132, 181, 186; power plants, 168, 189; turbine, 124
Iliff, John W., 65–66, 67–68, 106
Iliff School of Theology, 68
Indians: ancient Anasazi, 3, 4
—Arapahoe: hunting grounds, 10; and Western expansion, 22–23, 29; dispossessed, 37; Evans’s treaty with, 38; Sand Creek Massacre, 39, 40, 41; uprising of, 42–43
—Cheyenne: on Colorado plains, 10; and gold-rush travelers, 22; lost lands, 37; sent to reservation, 38; and Sand Creek massacre, 39–41; uprising of, 42–43; mentioned, 29
—Comanche, 5, 9
—Paiute, 24
—Ute: trading post for, 9; and Western expansion, 22–23, 24; as fraud victims, 45–46, 73; Powell’s study of, 79; cliff dwellings of, 84; history of northern bands, 85–86; treaty with whites, 86–88; reservation of, 88–89, 91; Chief Douglas as leader, 93; unrest of, 94; at Milk Creek Massacre, 95–97; moved to Utah, 98; southern bands and Mesa Verde, 128–129; self-governing, 192; mentioned, 120, 187
Irrigation: importance of, 59, 60; development of, 61, 64, 120; needs for, 62, 63, 123; Newlands Reclamation Act, 129; Uncompahgre Project, 129–131; Hansen and, 166–167; by-products of, 169; expense of, 186. See also Water
Irrigation ditches: Nettleton’s principle of, 62–63; for Gunnison water, 131; mentioned, 123, 167, 169
Jackson, Helen Hunt, 138
Jackson, William H.: photographer, 84–85
James, Edwin: botanist, 11, 18, 78
Jefferson, Thomas, 3, 5, 10, 30, 44
Jefferson Territory, 29–30
Johnson, Edwin Carl, 157–158, 159, 182
Kansas, 25, 26, 30
Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854, 32
Kansas Pacific Railroad, 48, 53, 54, 55, 60
Kearny, Stephen W., 14, 21
Kerogen, 186
Ku Klux Klan, 149–150
Labor relations: unions, 134–136, 154
Land grants: Beaubien’s, 15, 23; for purchase, 30; Gilpin’s, 49; Maxwell’s, 56–57
Law of apex, 47, 90
“Little London,” 57, 172–173
Little Pittsburg mine, 90, 100, 101
Locke, John Galen, 149–150, 157
Lodore Canyon, 19, 182
Long, Stephen H., 11–12, 13, 64, 137
Longhorns, 65. See also Cattle industry
Longs Peak, 11, 79, 80, 143–145, 191
Louisiana Purchase, 3, 5, 21, 25
Loveland, William, 47, 52–53, 76, 100, 131
Lowry Field, 174
McClurg, Virginia, 128
McCook, Edward, 72–74, 87
Manifest Destiny. See Benton, Thomas Hart
Manitou Springs, 11, 18, 27, 138, 141
Massive, Mount, 7, 79
Matchless mine. See Tabor, Horace
Maxwell, Lucien, 9, 15, 17, 57
Mears, Otto, 87, 100, 132, 139
Medicine Lodge Creek Treaty, 42
Meeker, Nathan Cook: career of, 59–60; and Union Colony, 61,91–92; and irrigation ditches, 62, 63, 76; as head of Indian agency, 92–97; mentioned, 187
Mesa Verde National Park, 4, 30, 84, 127–128, 162
Mexican-Americans. See Colorado: ethnic groups
Migration westward, 14, 20, 23
Mills, Enos, 143–144, 145, 159, 178, 190
Minerals: copper, 50; gold and silver, 88; silver lode, 90; vanadium, 148; molybdenum, 148, 175; plutonium, 174; uranium, 175–176; wealth in, 186
Mining: in Central City, 34; difficulties of, 37; slump in, 49; and smelting process, 50–51, 67; silver, 88–89; at Little Pittsburg, 90; boom camps for, 91, 106–107; production from, 113; at Independence, 116; decline of, 133–134, 157; labor problems in, 134–136; revival of, 159, 160; coal, 190
Moffat, David H., 48, 90, 131–133
Moffat Tunnel, 151–153
Molybdenum. See Minerals
Mormons, 20, 22, 25, 30, 60, 63
Mountain men, 9
Muir, John: naturalist, 143, 144
National Bureau of Standards, 174
National Center for Atmospheric Research, 174
National Ski Patrol, 176
National Wilderness Preservation Bill, 191–192
Nettleton, E. S.: hydrographer, 61, 62
New Deal, 158–161, 167
Newlands Reclamation Act, 129–131
North American Air Defense Command (NORAD), 172
Northern Colorado Water Conservancy District, 168
Nuclear physics research, 174
Observatories: orbiting solar, 174
Oil industry, 154
Oil shale industry, 185, 186–188, 189–190
Open range. See Cattle industry
Open Space Council, 189
Oregon Trail, 13, 14, 18, 22, 34
Ouray, Chief, 84, 86–88, 93, 97–98, 105
Paepcke, Elizabeth, 177–178
Paepcke, Walter, 177, 178, 179–180
Paiutes. See Indians: Paiute
Palmer, William J.: railroad builder, 53–54, 56–57, 100; resort builder, 57, 137–139; and Meeker, 60; at statehood day, 75; mentioned, 102, 105, 134, 186
Panics: of 1857, 26; of 1873, 57; of 1893, 103, 112
Pearce, Richard B., 51
Penrose, Spencer, 145–146, 147, 162, 171
Peterson Field, 172
Pike, Zebulon M., 6–8, 14, 137
Pikes Peak: seen by Pike, 6; Frémont at, 18; gold rush to, 26–28; climbed by women, 27, 79; gold on, 115; automobiles on, 142; and Penrose, 145–147; Hill Climb, 146; art academy at, 163, army camp at, 171; mentioned, 44, 54, 80, 137, 174
Pikes Peakers: and Colorado Territory, 29, 30–31, 32; and Indians, 39; at Washington, 170, 173
Pinchot, Gifford, 120, 123, 125–126, 145, 178
Plains Indians, See Indians
Plutonium. See Minerals
Populist party, 113
Powell, John W., 78–79, 83, 93, 119–120, 182
Prairie Land Company, 69
Project Independence, 185, 189–190
Prospectors: Spanish, 4; and mountain men, 9; in 1859, 28, 86, 194; at Cripple Creek, 116; for uranium, 175–176
Prowers, John Wesley, 68–69, 106
Public Works Administration (PWA), 167
Pueblos. See Indians: ancient Anasazi
Race relations: sheepmen and cattlemen, 70; Utes and army, 95–96; effect of KKK, 149; improvement in, 192–193
Railroads: Gilpin’s dream of, 16, 32; transcontinental, 47–48, 131; development of, 52–53; construction of, 56–57; narrow-gauge, 57,100, 132, 139; fenced right-of-way, 70–71; effect of on science, 85; expansion of, 100; and land development, 107–108; and townsites, 110–111; and tourism, 139; mentioned, 87. See also individual railroads by name.
Raton Pass, 4, 9, 21, 35, 67
Resort industry, 55–56, 140, 141, 144, 146–147
Rio Blanco Oil Shale Project, 187, 188
Roche, Josephine: and the UMW, 154, 159
Rocky Mountain Arsenal, 170
Rocky Mountain National Park, 30, 63, 143–145; 169
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 158–159, 169, 182
Roosevelt, Theodore: and conservation, 119–121, 123; becomes president, 125; and forest reserves, 125, 126; mentioned, 158, 190
Routt, John L.: governor, 74, 75
Sand Creek Massacre, 40–41, 42
Santa Fe Trail, 9, 10, 31
Schroeder, Nell: congresswoman, 193
Schwayder, Jesse, 150
Shadow Mountain Reservoir, 169
Shale oil industry. See Oil shale industry
Sheep industry, 69–70, 126
Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890, 113
Short Line Railroad, 124
Sierra Club, 191
Silver: smelting, 50; at Silverton, 80; at Leadville, 88–89; Little Pittsburg mine, 89, 90; overproduction, 112, 113, 117. See also Minerals.
Silver Purchase Act of 1934, 159
Ski industry, 176, 178–179
Soddy, 109
Solar heating, 188, 194
Spanish-Americans. See Colorado: ethnic groups
Stanley, Freelan, 142–144
Steamboat Springs, 19, 99, 133, 179
Stewart, Philip B., 121–122, 128
Stratton, Winfield S., 116–117, 124
Strip-mining, 186, 190
Sugar-beet industry, 123–124, 148
Tabor, Horace: early career of, 44–45; at statehood day, 75; as storekeeper, 89–90, 100; story of, 101–103; contribution of to Denver, 104–105; mentioned, 50, 131, 174
Taylor, Alice Bemis, 163, 164
Taylor, Edward, 164, 165, 168
Taylor Grazing Act, 165
Teller, Henry M.: defeats Evans, 46–47; political power of, 72,74; as senator, 75; helps Meeker, 92; as Cabinet member, 102; and bimetallism, 113–115; and forest reserves, 121
Tenth Mountain Infantry Division, 171, 176–179
Thatcher, Luna, 128
Third Colorado Cavalry, 40, 41
Thornburgh, Thomas T., 95–96, 122
Timber Culture Act of 1878, 108
Tourism: and short-termers, 138–139; and luxury hotels, 140–141; evolution of, 142, 154, 156, 171
Transmountain water diversion. See Colorado-Big Thompson Project
Transportation: by merchant caravan, 27; public, experiment in, 57; on toll roads, 80, 87; on stage roads, 100; by covered wagons, 108; by luxury trains, 140; by airlines, 154; by helicopter, 176. See also Highways
Trinchera, 23
Uncompahgres. See Indians: Ute
Uncompahgre Valley Project, 130–131
Union Colony, 60–61, 69, 82, 167
Union Pacific Railroad, 48, 52, 53, 92, 93
United Mine Workers, 135–136, 154, 159
United States Geological Survey, 79, 165, 185, 191
University of Colorado, 72, 174
University of Denver, 45
Unorganized Territory, 3, 8, 10, 25
Uranium. See Minerals
Vail, 179
Vanadium. See Minerals
Vickers, William B., 91,94
Wagner Act of 1935, 136
Waite, Davis H.: populist, 113–114
Water: distribution of, 180–181; problems of, 184; shortage of, 189–190. See also Irrigation
Western Federation of Miners, 135
Western Slope Protective Association, 168
Wilderness Society, 191
Wolle, Muriel Sibell, 154–155
Womack, Bob, 115–116, 118
Women, status of. See Feminist movement
Wootton, Dick, 9, 67
Works Progress Administration (WPA), 160–161
World War I, 147–148
World War II, 169–172,174–175,176–177