Abou Jahjah, Dyab, 190, 231
Abu Ghraib prison, 15, 17, 18, 19
Abu Sayyaf, 135
Adams, Gerry, 155
Adams, John, 212
Afghanistan:
democratization and pacification of, 16, 25, 27, 188, 197, 207
“safe provinces” of, 23
Soviet occupation of, 106–7, 154
Taliban control of, 59, 61, 80, 95, 104, 106, 126, 134–35, 146, 154, 203
UN role in, 188–89
U.S. aid to, 188, 222
Afghanistan War:
al-Qaeda forces in, 106–7, 126, 134–35, 154
Bush’s policy on, 106–7
cost of, 15, 19, 188
international coalition for, 63
Iraq War compared with, 59, 61, 84, 104–7, 134, 135, 189
as preventive war, 26n, 104, 106–7
reconstruction after, 166, 174
Russian response to, 106–7
U.S. invasion in, 34, 38, 42, 54, 61, 63, 84, 126, 156
warlords in, 146
war on terrorism and, 16
Afghans for Civil Society, 189
Africa, 27, 95, 155, 190, 197
Against All Enemies (Clarke), 18n
Aidid, Mohammed Farah, 105n
AIDS, 35, 64, 226, 230
al-Qaeda:
cells of, 59n
September 11th attacks planned by, 42–43
state sponsorship of, 130–31, 155
as terrorist organization, 26n, 42, 103
U.S. interests as target of, 42–43, 80, 103, 150
“America the Beautiful,” 236–37
Amnesty International, 199, 229
Annan, Kofi, 232
Ansar al-Islam, 169
anthrax, 44, 47, 48–49, 154
Arroyo, Gloria M., 135
Ashcroft, John, 92
Assad, Bashar al-, 111
assassination, 105, 122
Aum Shinrikyo, 44, 136
“axis of evil,” 26, 35, 36n, 39, 56, 58, 78, 79, 93, 108–9, 112, 130
Aziz, Anwar, 40
Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC), 229
Baratiya Janata Party (BJP), 202
Bates, Katharine Lee, 236–37
Beastie Boys, 226
Bechtel Corp., 165
“Benito Cereno” (Melville), 71–72
Bentham, Jeremy, 146, 148–49
Berman, Paul, 86, 206
Bill of Rights, 197, 201, 209, 211–12
Billy Budd, Sailor (Melville), 70–71
bin Laden, Osama:
family of, 165
hunt for, 16, 23, 25, 106, 107, 126, 146
terrorist activities of, 92, 126, 134, 188
biological weapons, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 83, 113, 125n, 140–41, 154, 182
Birth of a Nation, The, 94
Black, Cofer, 106–7
Blackwater, 20
Blair, Tony, 143, 190
Blix, Hans, 134
Bolton, John, 55, 59n, 97
Bono, 226
Boot, Max, 142
Bosnia, 213
Bové, José, 225
Boyer, Peter, 50
Bremer, Lewis Palmer, III, 175–76
Bremer, Paul, 24–25
British Empire, 116, 148, 149, 176, 193–94, 197
Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 21
Burke, Edmund, 63
Bush, George H. W., 114
Bush, George W.:
antiballistic missile shield proposed by, 83–84, 109
conservatism of, 57, 79–80, 208
foreign policy of, 27–28, 77–80, 186, 209–10, 232
inarticulate comments of, 157–58
Iraq strategy of, 16, 22, 47n, 56, 58–59, 62, 77–78, 86, 104, 110, 112, 115, 123–24, 132–33, 141–42, 152–53, 157–58, 212, 230–31, 234–35
Korean policy of, 107–10, 112, 131–33, 152–53, 231
moralism of, 17, 36, 57–60, 75, 77–80, 83, 151, 152, 158, 209–10
personality of, 36, 151
preventive war doctrine of, 18, 26, 96–119
privatization and, 24
September 11th attacks and, 18, 43n, 50, 58, 121, 122–23, 153, 209–10, 234
unilateralism of, 38, 53–56, 78
war on terrorism by, 15–16, 35, 42, 50, 57–58, 62, 79–80, 96, 121–24, 151, 169
Bush at War (Woodward), 40n, 58
Butterfield, Fox, 19n
Byrd, Robert C., 226n
Caligula, Emperor of Rome, 53
capitalism, 87, 103, 173–86
Capone, Al, 42
Carter, Jimmy, 109n, 163, 208
Castro, Fidel, 155
chemical weapons, 44, 46, 47, 48, 83, 113, 125n, 133, 140–41, 182
Cheney, Richard, 55, 57, 114, 126, 151–52, 153, 165, 194
Chile, 223–24
China, 25
Choice, The: Global Domination or Global Leadership (Brzezinski), 21n
Christianity, 201, 202, 204–5, 207, 208–9
Chua, Amy, 174, 175, 176
Churchill, Winston S., 100, 150
Citizens’ Declaration, 227
Civicus, 229
civil liberties, 34, 42, 92–93, 111–12, 163–64, 231
Civil War, U.S., 69–70, 72, 92, 176, 191
CivWorld, 167–68, 217, 218–32
CivWorld Global Citizens Campaign, 229n
Clansman, The (Dixon), 94
Clark, Wesley, 218
Clarke, Richard, 18n
Clinton, Bill, 109n, 112–14, 129, 173–74, 180–81, 187, 234n
Cold War, 38, 46, 61, 76, 98, 100–103, 111, 120–21, 137, 139, 140, 142, 143–45, 149–50, 167n, 208
Colossus: The Price of American Empire (Ferguson), 22n
Columbia shuttle explosion, 150–51
communism, 76, 83, 100–103, 130, 144, 155, 173–74, 177–78, 197–200
Confucius, 196n
“Considerations on the Government of Poland” (Rousseau), 212
Constitution, U.S., 20, 69, 94, 100, 191, 193, 197, 201, 209, 211–12
containment:
armed force and, 56, 61, 91, 98, 103, 109, 120–21, 125, 137–38
deterrence and, 56, 91, 98, 103
by preventive war, 129–30, 137–39, 141, 142, 218
of Soviet Union, 139, 142, 143
Corddry, Rob, 19
Crèvecoeur, J. Hector St. John de, 68–69
crime, 179, 192, 216, 230
Cuba, 39, 75, 102–3, 120, 130, 136, 137, 155, 210
Daily Show, 19
Declaration of Independence, 67–68, 78, 79–80, 86, 193, 203, 211, 227
Declaration of Interdependence, 227–29
Defense Department, U.S., 48n, 55, 128, 192n
democracy, 173–217
adaptation of, 187–217
building of, 167–68, 170–72, 187–217, 222–23
citizenship in, 181–85, 191–92, 211–17, 222–23, 229–32, 233–38
consensus in, 90–91, 217, 221–22
dissent in, 225–26, 231
doubt and, 156–57
economic basis of, 35, 173–86, 217
fear vs., 50, 60, 63, 163–64, 172, 235–36
free choice in, 65–68, 181–83, 190, 221
globalization and, 167–68, 189–90, 217, 223–29
governance in, 67–69, 177–80, 190–200, 202, 222–27, 229, 232
interdependence and, 35–36, 93–94, 95, 217, 218–32, 235–38
Islam and, 16, 192–93, 200–209, 213–15
liberalism and, 174–78, 184, 187, 207–8
majority rule in, 205–6
mythology of, 65–66
national institutions for, 165–66, 177–78
neighborhood effects in, 182–83, 223
patience and, 198–200, 221–22
democracry (continued)
preventive, 35, 50, 54, 163–71, 186, 194, 208, 217, 218–24, 237–38
private vs. public realms of, 178–86, 194–95, 202, 207–8
privatization and, 24–25
religion and, 200–209
security and, 76, 79, 163–64, 186, 187–88, 216–17, 221–22
self-determination in, 176–78, 199–200, 207, 221, 230, 232
“shock and awe” as incompatible with, 21
terrorism opposed by, 163–72, 194, 211–24, 233–38
U.S. system of, 33, 35–36, 50, 65–68, 103, 116, 186, 187–217, 231–32
wars waged for, 22, 27, 158–59, 164, 230–31, 234–35
Democracy in America (Tocque-ville), 201
Democratic Party, 75, 108n, 113
Dershowitz, Alan, 112
deterrence, 120–59
active, 107–8, 139–40, 145
arms buildups and, 139–40
containment and, 56, 91, 98, 103
credibility and, 139–43
failure of, 141–42, 148–53
logic of, 139–40, 143
mutual, 101, 140, 143–45
nuclear, 45n, 125n, 127–29, 137–40, 143–45
passive, 140–41, 143
by preventive war, 45n, 120–59
rational basis of, 125n, 146–50
Dewey, John, 212–13
Dixie Chicks, 226
Dixon, Thomas, 94
Doolittle, James H., 101
“eagles,” 55–64, 90, 237
education, 156, 165, 166, 211–17, 222, 228, 230, 237
Egypt, 39, 46, 56, 93, 135, 155, 203, 204, 213
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 120, 237
elections, U.S.:
of 2000, 113, 209, 210
of 2002, 56
Émile: or, On Education (Rousseau), 212
Enron Corp., 181
Europe:
conventional warfare in, 139
integration of, 54, 74, 91, 94–95, 223
military intervention by, 115, 116, 213
postwar reconstruction of, 166–67
religion in, 208
U.S. relations with, 38–39, 69, 70, 73–74, 76, 89, 166–67, 210–11, 235
see also specific countries
Fallujah, 15, 20
fear:
anarchy and, 87–88, 92–93, 95
consumerism and, 181–82
democracy vs., 50, 60, 63, 163–64, 172, 235–36
empire of, 33, 35–36, 37, 50, 53, 62, 99–100, 172, 233–38
lawlessness and, 63, 99–100
liberty eroded by, 36, 92–95
power of, 33, 35–36, 89–95, 172, 233–38
strategic response to, 33, 36, 37, 41–42, 48–49, 60–61, 62, 231, 234–35
as terrorist weapon, 29, 33, 34, 39–44, 48–50, 124, 171, 233–38
Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), 43n
Federalist Papers, 69, 186, 196–97
Ferguson, Niall, 22n
Fleischer, Ari, 105, 151
foreign policy:
idealism in, 61–62, 64, 75
interventionist, 75–76, 79, 81–82
moralism in, 77–80
realism in, 61–62, 64, 75, 84, 98–99, 119, 164
rhetoric of, 79–80, 152–53
U.S. approach to, 35–36, 54–55, 69, 70, 72–73, 76, 77n, 81–82, 91–92, 97–105, 110, 119
Fragos-Townsend, Frances, 85
France, 63, 66, 93, 95, 116, 129n, 150, 189, 190–91, 193, 195, 210, 211
Franks, Tommy R., 175
free markets, 173–74, 176, 183–86
French Revolution, 63, 93, 150, 190–91
Friedman, Milton, 182–83
Friedman, Tom, 74, 86
Frum, David, 36n
Fuerth, Leon, 127n
Gandhi, Mohandas K., 197
Garner, Jay, 175
Geneva Conventions, 18
genocide, 92, 115, 116
Germany, 38–39, 42, 46, 66–67, 74, 95, 100, 119, 136, 164, 166, 167n, 189, 190, 199–200, 207, 210
Ghani, Ashraf, 222
globalization:
anarchy in, 40, 177, 179
civil society and, 218–32
democracy and, 167–68, 189–90, 217, 223–29
economic, 40–41, 64, 173–86, 205, 230
interdependence and, 39, 40–41, 64, 119, 218–32
liberty and, 64, 86, 173–86, 210
opposition to, 225–26
sovereignty and, 40–41
of terrorism, 40–41, 135–36, 164–65, 171, 220–21
U.S. power as basis of, 36–38, 53–54, 64, 74, 76–82, 86–87, 97–98, 178–79, 186, 209–17, 220
Gore, Al, 209
government:
authoritarian, 39, 101–2, 174, 203–4, 207, 212, 222–23
bureaucracy of, 180–81, 190–91
democratic, 67–69, 177–80, 190–200, 202, 222–27, 229, 232
economic regulation by, 176–77, 178, 179–81
independence and, 87–91
transparency in, 179
world, 223–27
Graham, Franklin, 188, 204
Grameen Bank, 229
Great Britain, 42, 116, 129n, 148, 149, 176, 193–94, 197, 207, 223–24
Greene, Graham, 65, 72
Gregg, Donald, 132
Gregory I, Pope, 202
Griffith, D. W., 94
Guantánamo Bay detention center, 18, 165
Gulf War, 125n, 140–41, 147, 151–52, 153
Guns of August, The (Tuchman), 147
Halliburton Corp., 165, 175
Hamas, 145
Haq, Seraj ul-, 202–3
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 55, 154, 155
Hersh, Seymour M., 26n–27n
Hinduism, 201–2, 204, 206, 207
Hobbes, Thomas, 85, 87–89, 92, 122, 146, 227
Hoge, Warren, 27n
Homeland Security Department, U.S., 182
Horowitz, Adam, 226
human rights, 130, 155, 210, 228, 229
Huntington, Samuel, 192, 200
Hussein, Saddam:
assassination attempt against, 105n
as dictator, 16, 21, 115, 117, 130–31, 133, 135, 137, 149, 151–52, 192, 224n, 230–31
overthrow of, 43, 47–48, 56, 63, 81, 104, 115, 123–24, 132–33, 135, 212, 219–20, 230–31
U.S. support of, 47–48, 56, 154
weapons of mass destruction controlled by, 47–48, 56, 113–14, 125n, 132–34, 138, 140–41, 157–58, 230–31
ICBL (International Campaign to Ban Landmines), 224
Ignatieff, Michael, 37, 82n, 115
Ikenberry, G. John, 178, 179
independence, 65–84
democracy and, 65–68
government and, 87–91
individualism and, 195
interdependence vs., 34, 35, 60–62, 64, 82
isolationism and, 81–82
moral innocence and, 67–76, 82–83
as natural state, 87–91
India, 115, 117, 197–98, 201–2, 204, 206
Indonesia, 42, 56, 59, 93, 135, 231
interdependence, 218–32
declaration of, 227–29
democratic, 35–36, 93–94, 95, 217, 218–32, 235–38
European model for, 54, 74, 91, 94–95, 223
global, 39, 40–41, 64, 119, 218–32
independence vs., 34, 35, 60–62, 64, 82
multilateralism and, 54–55, 56, 91, 103, 114–15, 178–79, 218–19
realism of, 61–62
security and, 36–37, 54, 172, 186, 235–38
sovereignty and, 53–55, 93–95
International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL), 224
International Criminal Court, 99, 135
International Land Mine Ban Treaty, 45
International Monetary Fund (IMF), 179, 180, 225
Internet, 136, 165, 225, 226n–27n, 229n
Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation (Bentham), 148n
Iran:
in “axis of evil,” 56, 58n, 93
nuclear weapons program of, 110–11, 154
as terrorist state, 42, 98
U.S. relations with, 42, 59, 138, 203, 231
Iran-Iraq War, 47, 133n
Iraq:
armed forces of, 81, 126, 219–20
in “axis of evil,” 56, 58n, 93
Baath party of, 24, 152, 203
Clinton’s policy toward, 113–14
democratization of, 16, 24–25, 27, 86, 174, 175–76, 188, 207, 212
as international threat, 74, 128–34
Kurdish population of, 133n, 152, 192
Kuwait invaded by, 125n, 140–41, 147, 153
North Korea compared with, 98, 131–33, 152–53
nuclear capability of, 128–29, 168–69
oil resources of, 56
regime change in, 86, 105–6, 138, 151–52, 189
Republican Guard of, 81, 153
“safe cities” in, 23
Shia vs. Sunni populations of, 152, 192, 206
sovereignty of, 119, 141, 194
as terrorist state, 39, 123–24, 129–34, 153, 169, 190, 219
tribal loyalties in, 192
UN weapons inspections in, 134, 137–38, 141–42
U.S. military occupation of, 151–52, 175–76, 192, 194
Iraq War:
Afghanistan War compared with, 59, 61, 84, 104–7, 134, 135, 189
British support for, 142, 143
Bush’s strategy for, 47n, 56, 58–59, 62, 77–78, 86, 104, 110, 112, 115, 123–24, 132–33, 141–42, 152–53, 157–58, 212, 230–31, 234–35
containment in, 137–38
cost of, 19, 38, 153, 181–82, 215
deterrence in, 128–34, 137–38
European opposition to, 38–39, 153, 210–11
intelligence reports used in, 133–34, 156–57, 159
international coalition for, 16, 104, 189
Iraqi defeat in, 149, 219–20
media coverage of, 141–42, 167, 191–92
as preventive war, 18, 98, 102, 104, 110, 123–24, 132–33, 141–42, 151–53, 189, 194, 211, 219–20, 230–31
public opposition to, 125, 225–26, 227
public support for, 55, 181–82, 219–20, 234–35
reconstruction after, 165–66, 174, 175–76, 189
Saddam Hussein overthrown in, 43, 47–48, 56, 63, 81, 104, 115, 123–24, 132–33, 135, 212, 219–20, 230–31
September 11th attacks and, 56, 104, 112, 115, 153, 219, 234–35
“shock and awe” campaign in, 20, 21, 61, 219–20
unintended consequences of, 15, 150, 152–59
UN role in, 55, 62, 77, 131, 134, 137–38, 153, 165n, 169, 189, 194, 210, 225
U.S. invasion in, 34, 38–39, 42, 54, 55, 84, 126, 128, 137–38, 157–58, 165, 230–31
war on terrorism and, 16, 58–59, 111, 123–24, 133–34, 153–54, 220–21
weapons of mass destruction in, 47–48, 49, 56, 62, 110, 113–14, 115, 123–24, 125n, 128–34, 138, 140–41, 153, 154, 156–59, 219, 230–31
Irish Republican Army (IRA), 136, 155, 164
Islam:
anti-Americanism in, 16, 20, 213–15
democracy and, 16, 26, 192–93, 200–209, 213–15
education in, 156, 213–15
fundamentalist, 26, 40, 80–81, 155–56, 188, 192–93, 202–3, 213–14
Jihad in, 41, 111–12, 135, 213–14, 219
laws of (sharia), 202–3, 206–7
Shiite, 21, 152, 192, 202–3, 206
Sunni, 21, 152, 192, 206
Wahhabi, 155, 213–14
Israel, 48, 56, 110, 120, 128–29, 147–48, 155, 168–69, 204
Italy, 136, 164, 200
Jamaat-e-Islami, 202
James, Henry, 67, 70
James, William, 75–76, 118
Japan, 44, 46, 166
Jefferson, Thomas, 66, 67–68, 78, 87, 211
John Paul II, Pope, 173, 177, 185, 218
Johnson, Lyndon B., 76
Joint Chiefs of Staff, U.S., 55, 61
Judaism, 66–67, 201, 204, 207
Judt, Tony, 131
Juergensmeyer, Mark, 90
Julie: or, The New Eloise (Rousseau), 212
Kagan, Robert, 74, 88, 89, 90, 97, 210–11
Kahn, Herman, 101
Kant, Immanuel, 118–19
Karzai, Qayum, 189
Kaufman, Marc, 222
Keller, Bill, 109
Kellogg, Brown & Root, 165
Kennan, George F., 75, 98–99
Kennedy, John F., 76, 102–3
Key, Francis Scott, 236
Khrushchev, Nikita, 102–3
Kim Jong Il, 108–9
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 201
King, Neil, Jr., 165n
Kipling, Rudyard, 116
Kirkpatrick, David D., 28n
Kissinger, Henry, 75, 224n
Klemperer, Victor, 67
Kondracke, Morton, 211
Korean War, 92, 100
Krauthammer, Charles, 128, 145
Kristof, Nicholas D., 57n, 105n
Kristol, William, 97
Krugman, Paul, 110, 227n
Kuomintang, 24
Kuwait, 125n, 140–41, 147, 153, 188
land mines, 45, 46, 224, 230
Latin America, 27
law:
anarchy vs., 87–88, 92–93, 95, 179
common, 195
contract, 176–77
enforcement of, 62–64, 223–24
international, 18, 34–35, 41, 53–54, 61–62, 63, 91, 99–100, 103, 114–15, 118–19, 120, 129n, 136, 163, 166–67, 171, 178–79, 186, 218, 223–24, 230, 237–38
Islamic (sharia), 202–3, 206–7
justice and, 178, 195–96
natural, 67–69, 78, 87–91, 92, 122, 147n, 203, 227
peace and, 91–92, 237–38
Roman, 195
rule of, 63, 64, 68–69, 87–95, 99–100, 176–77, 223–24
sumptuary, 206–7
universal precepts in, 54, 69, 99–100, 118–19, 186, 189, 230
Lawrence, T. E., 187, 189
Lelyveld, Joseph, 111–12
Letters from an American Farmer (Crèvecoeur), 68–69
Leviathan, The (Hobbes), 87–89
Lewis, Bernard, 192
lex humana, 54, 69, 99–100, 186, 189, 230
liberty:
abuses of, 186, 199, 221
civil, 34, 42, 92–93, 111–12, 163–64, 231
commitment to, 20, 104, 200–201, 212–13, 221–22
defense of, 59–60, 97–98, 148, 163–64
democracy and, 205–6
economic, 173–86
fear and erosion of, 36, 92–95
globalization and, 64, 86, 173–86, 210
irrational defense of, 148–49
legal basis of, 67–69
municipal nature of, 223
natural rights and, 67–69, 78, 87–89, 93
security and, 34, 42, 63–64, 85–87, 90–93, 163–64, 231, 237–38
social contract for, 87–91, 92, 95, 99, 217
Western tradition of, 192–96, 205–6, 210
Libya, 25, 39, 98, 130, 155, 210
Lieberman, Joe, 17n
Lifton, Robert Jay, 145
Lincoln, Abraham, 72, 75, 92, 94, 201
Lindberg, Tod, 45n, 127
Locke, John, 68, 87, 227
Loya Jirga, 197
Lurie, Ranan, 110
Luther, Martin, 78
Machiavelli, Niccolò, 33, 34, 62
McKinley, William, 76–77
McWorld, 40–41, 173–86, 205, 208, 217
Madison, James, 20, 65–66, 69, 186, 196–97, 211–12
Manichaeanism, 57
Mao Tse-Tung, 24
Marshall Plan, 60, 84, 166–67
Matthews, Francis P., 100
Maude, Stanley, 22
Mead, Walter Russell, 37–38
Mearsheimer, John J., 129–30
Médecins Sans Frontières, 229
Melville, Herman, 67, 70–72
Mexico, 75, 76, 77
Middle East, 86, 151, 190, 192
Milgram, Stanley, 19n
Mill, John Stuart, 148
Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, 203
monarchy, 150, 155, 191, 198
Monroe Doctrine, 69, 76, 77n
Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de La Brède et de, 66
Moore, Michael, 231
Morgenthau, Hans, 75
MoveOn, 225–26, 227
Musharraf, Pervez, 214
mutual assured destruction (MAD), 101, 140, 143–45
Myers, Richard B., 126
Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 203
National Security Strategy of the United States, 96–98, 104, 105, 120, 121
nation-states:
assets of, 124–25
building of, 86, 165–66, 186, 187–88, 192
capitalism and, 176, 179–80
development of, 89–90
dissolution of, 94–95
“ending” of, 105
power of, 217
self-interests of, 118–19
sovereignty of, 34, 40–41, 45, 53–55, 74, 89, 93–95, 122, 124, 130–31, 141, 163, 167, 168–69, 172, 176, 177–78, 180, 194, 236
terrorism and, 39, 40–41, 123–27, 155–56
Nazism, 100, 121, 149, 167n, 190, 208
neoliberalism, 174–78, 184, 187
9/11 attacks, see September 11th attacks
Nixon, Richard M., 76
nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), 165, 175, 188–89, 199, 214, 222, 224, 225, 229, 230
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 95
North Korea:
“Agreed Framework” arrangement for, 109n, 129
in “axis of evil,” 25, 56, 58n, 93, 108–9, 130
Bush’s policy toward, 107–10, 112, 131–33, 152–53, 231
Iraq compared with, 98, 131–33, 152–53
leadership of, 108–9
negotiations with, 138–39
nuclear weapons program of, 45, 101, 107–10, 111, 112, 127–33, 154
sovereignty of, 117, 119
as terrorist state, 42, 74, 98, 124, 130, 137
U.S. relations with, 39, 42, 59, 107, 127–29, 131–33, 138–39, 152–53
nuclear weapons:
deterrence and, 45n, 125n, 127–29, 137–40, 143–45
development of, 45–46, 48, 101, 107–10, 111, 112, 127–33, 154, 168–69
first use of, 100–103, 143–45
proliferation of, 101, 107–11, 112, 113, 128–29, 131–33, 154, 168–69
retaliation with, 101, 120–21, 125n, 127, 140, 143–45
Soviet arsenal of, 101–3, 139–40, 143–45, 155
tactical, 33, 34n, 57, 158, 171
treaties on, 107, 131
U.S. arsenal of, 33, 45n, 107, 125n, 131, 139–40, 158, 171
Nye, Joseph, 221
Obedience to Authority: An Experimental View (Milgram), 19
oil, 49, 56, 155, 183
Omar, Mullah, 25, 107, 134
O’Neill, Paul, 226
Osirak nuclear facility, 128–29, 168–69
“owls,” 55–64, 99, 186, 237
Packer, George, 189
Paine, Thomas, 67
Pakistan, 23, 25, 39, 42, 56, 93, 115, 117, 119, 135, 155–56, 202–3, 213, 214–15, 231
Palestinians, 23, 81, 147, 188
Patriot Act (2001), 42
patriotism, 37, 69, 198, 212–13
Pax Americana, 53–54, 58, 86–87, 145–46, 163, 209–10
Pearl Harbor attack, 73n, 76
Perle, Richard, 55, 166n
Philippines, 42, 56, 59, 75, 93, 135, 231
Pinochet, Augusto, 142, 223–24
Plan of Attack (Woodward), 22n
politics:
balance of power in, 74, 78, 93–94, 217
education and, 216–17
morality and, 73–74, 79–80
necessity of, 88–89
religion and, 200–209
stability in, 89–90, 187–88, 192
“Politics as a Vocation” (Weber), 73
Pollack, Kenneth, 125n
Powell, Colin, 47, 55, 60–61, 62, 63, 131–32, 139, 153, 169
power:
abuse of, 62–64, 68, 185–86
balance of, 74, 78, 93–94, 140, 142, 143–45, 217
corruption and, 166, 173, 180–81, 199, 229, 230
distribution of, 180–81, 184–85
exercise of, 36–37, 74, 178–79, 219–20
of fear, 33, 35–36, 89–95, 172, 233–38
hubris and, 68–69, 80, 209–11, 219–20, 231–32
limits to, 205–7
Powers, Thomas, 110
Presidential Decision Directive 62, 112–13
preventive war, 107–59
antecedents for, 112–19
civil liberties curtailed in, 111–12
containment by, 129–30, 137–39, 141, 142, 218
costs of, 144–45, 171
democracy-building component of, 22, 167–68, 170–72, 189
deterrence by, 45n, 120–59
diplomacy and, 103, 114–15, 131–33, 141–42
exceptionalist argument for, 116–18
failure of, 15–16, 141–42
humanitarian rationale for, 114–16
imminent attack as basis of, 121–23
Iraq War as, 18, 98, 102, 104, 110, 123–24, 132–33, 141–42, 151–53, 189, 194, 211, 219–20, 230–31
legal argument for, 18, 99–100, 103, 112, 114–15, 118–19
liberal critique of, 142, 167
logic of, 45, 110, 118–19, 123–27, 137, 139–40, 153, 156–59, 170–71
morality of, 114–16, 141, 144n
against nonstate entities, 124–26, 167–70, 171
nuclear war and, 100–103, 107–11, 127–29
official formulation of, 96–98, 104, 105, 120–22
preemptive strikes in, 38, 56, 97–103, 128–29, 143–45, 168–69, 171
preventive democracy compared with, 50, 166–68, 218–24
regime change and, 34–35, 86, 151–52, 172, 189
rules for, 171–72
as self-defense, 98–99, 100, 107, 111–12, 118–23, 137, 158–59, 168–70, 190
September 11th attacks and, 100, 104–7, 122–23
as strategic doctrine, 34–35, 38, 40, 45, 50, 56, 64, 96–119
preventive war (continued)
threat of, 107–11, 138–41
unintended consequences of, 150, 152–58, 171
war on terrorism as, 121–23
Prince, The (Machiavelli), 33, 34
Principles of Morals and Legislation (Bentham), 147n
Project for a New American Century, 96–97
Qaddafi, Muammar al-, 105n, 155
Quiet American, The (Greene), 65, 72
Rangel, Charles B., 235
Reagan, Ronald, 82–83, 105n, 129n, 173–74
“Rebuilding America’s Defense,” 96–97
religion:
democracy and, 200–209
education and, 213–15
fundamentalist, 177, 201–5, 213–14
Republican Party, 56, 57, 75, 108n, 166
Rice, Condoleezza, 96, 104, 105, 137
Ridge, Tom, 106
Rieff, David, 115
Rockefeller, Jay, 156–57
Rogin, Michael, 94n
rogue states, 35, 39, 57, 83, 98, 105, 121, 123–27, 129–31, 135–36, 155, 190, 235
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 50, 73n, 92, 177, 208
Roosevelt, Theodore, 54, 76–77, 116, 177
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 69, 90–91, 212
Rumsfeld, Donald, 17n, 18, 40, 42, 50, 55, 57, 61, 105, 107, 124, 126, 131, 154, 158n, 210, 235
Russia, 93, 119, 180, 197–98
see also Soviet Union
Rwanda, 115, 116
St. John, Warren, 226n–27n
Sanger, David E., 111n
Saudi Arabia, 39, 56, 93, 135, 155, 213
Scowcroft, Brent, 55
Second Treatise of Civil Government (Locke), 68
security:
civil rights and, 34, 42, 92–93, 111–12, 163–64, 231
collective, 34, 43–44, 74, 91, 136, 187–88
democracy and, 76, 79, 163–64, 186, 187–88, 216–17, 221–22
homeland, 34, 42–43, 84, 92–93, 163–64, 219
interdependence and, 36–37, 54, 172, 186, 235–38
liberty and, 34, 42, 63–64, 85–87, 90–93, 163–64, 231, 237–38
national, 35–36, 57, 58–59, 62, 64, 86, 88, 163–64, 170–72, 213
realistic analysis of, 34, 54, 61–62, 64, 86
Sen, Amartya, 192–93, 196
September 11th attacks:
Afghanistan War and, 106–7
aviation grounded after, 42–43
Bush’s reaction to, 18, 43n, 50, 58, 121, 122–23, 153, 209–10, 234
celebrations of, 20
economic impact of, 43
fear as result of, 34, 233–38
Iraq War and, 56, 104, 112, 115, 153, 219, 234–35
Pentagon as target in, 43, 233n
preventive war and, 100, 104–7, 122–23
security measures as result of, 42–43, 84, 219
victims of, 233–34
World Trade Center as target in, 43, 233–34
shah of Iran (Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi), 203
Sharon, Ariel, 23, 110, 147–48
slavery, 70, 71–72, 75, 94, 191
Slotkin, Richard, 65n
Smith, Adam, 185
Smith, Lance, 17n
society:
authoritarian, 101–2, 164–65, 174, 177–78, 192–93
civil, 218–32
communal, 195, 228
modern, 202, 205–6
open, 97–98
pluralistic, 35, 192, 196, 201, 205–9, 228, 231–32
secular, 200–209
tribal, 95, 115, 188, 192, 197
Sokolski, Henry, 45–46
Somalia, 15, 39, 93, 155
Soros, George, 173
South Korea, 38, 46, 117, 131
Soviet Union:
Afghanistan invaded by, 106–7, 154
collapse of, 38, 91, 120, 149–50, 155, 180
Communist system of, 102, 173–74, 197–98
containment of, 139, 142, 143
as “evil empire,” 76, 102, 144, 208
nuclear threat of, 101–3, 139–40, 143–45, 155
U.S. as adversary of, 100–103, 120–21, 125n, 137
see also Russia
Spain, 46, 95, 116, 136, 224
Stalin, Joseph, 137
Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 201
“Star-Spangled Banner, The,” 236
Star Wars program, 82–83
State Department, U.S., 55, 136, 164, 192n, 199
Stead, William T., 211
Stiglitz, Joseph E., 179
Straw, Jack, 224
Sudan, 25, 42, 93, 112, 136, 155
Summers, Lawrence, 166
Switzerland, 66, 195
Syria, 24, 42, 46, 56, 59, 93, 98, 111, 136, 139, 154, 203, 231
Tenet, George, 58, 59n, 110
Tennyson, Alfred Lord, 221
Terror and Liberalism (Berman), 206
terrorism, terrorists:
anarchy and, 35, 40, 41, 87–88, 92–93, 95
balance of power and, 140, 142, 143–45
cells of, 39–40, 59n, 122, 126, 136–37, 164–65, 167, 169, 231
democratic opposition to, 163–72, 194, 211–24, 233–38
disenfranchisement and, 80–81, 89–90
“eagles” vs. “owls” on, 55–64, 90, 99, 186, 237
evil of, 20, 57–58, 72, 80, 84, 130, 145
fear as weapon of, 33, 34, 39–44, 48–50, 124, 171, 233–38
global operations of, 40–41, 135–36, 164–65, 171, 220–21
intelligence on, 24, 43–44, 169, 214, 220–21
international vs. national, 135–36, 164–65, 171
irrationality of, 146–50
terrorism, terrorists (continued)
media coverage of, 48–49
military response to, 22, 24, 34–35, 39–40, 96–119, 126–27
multinational cooperation against, 53–54, 25–26
nation-states and, 39, 40–41, 123–27, 155–56
networks of, 39–41, 59n, 97, 122, 126, 134–37, 164–65, 167–68, 169, 220–21, 231
in nonstate entities, 124–26, 167–70, 171
parasitic nature of, 134–35, 169–70
political impact of, 89–90, 187–88, 192
as prisoners of war, 99, 111–12, 165
safe zones for, 22–23
state-sponsored, 42, 123–27, 134–36, 147–48
threat posed by, 43–45, 48–49, 50, 80, 96–98, 103, 121–23, 135–36, 150, 220–21
training of, 165, 169, 213–14, 216
U.S. interests as target of, 42–45, 48, 49, 80, 96–98, 103, 121–23, 135–36, 150, 164–65, 220–21
war on, see war on terrorism
weapons of mass destruction (WMDs) available to, 44, 46–47, 112–13, 121, 140–41
theocracy, 202–4, 206, 213–14
Third World, 42, 72, 89–90, 135
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 66, 69, 190–91, 201, 207, 212, 223
Trollope, Frances, 81
Truman, Harry S., 46n, 96, 100, 149
Tuchman, Barbara, 147
Turkey, 46, 189, 192, 214
Tyler, Patrick E., 58n
United Nations, 27, 47, 54–55, 61n, 62, 77, 91–92, 100, 103, 115, 131, 134, 135, 137–38, 141–42, 153, 154, 155, 165n, 169, 188–89, 194, 210, 214, 225, 232
United States:
allies of, 38–39, 104, 189
arrogance of, 209–11, 219–20
borders of, 85–86
colonial period of, 148, 149, 190, 193–94, 196–97, 211–12
color-coded warning system of, 43–45, 48, 49
consumerism in, 35, 40–41, 173–86, 201, 202, 204, 205, 207
as democracy, 22, 33, 35–36, 50, 65–68, 103, 116, 186, 187–217, 231–32
economic system of, 35, 40–41, 176–77, 186
exceptionalism of, 17n, 59–60, 65–67, 75–76, 78, 97–98, 104, 116–18, 139, 163, 171, 197, 219, 231–32
fear as weapon of, 33, 36, 37, 41–42, 48–49, 60–61, 62, 231, 234–35
foreign aid by, 165–66, 216–17, 222
foreign policy of, 35–36, 54–55, 69, 70, 72–73, 76, 77n, 81–82, 91–92, 97–105, 110, 119
founding of, 67–68, 78, 79–80, 86, 99
as global power, 36–38, 53–54, 58, 64, 74, 76–82, 86–87, 97–98, 114, 125–26, 145–46, 163, 178–79, 186, 209–17, 220
hegemony of, 45n, 53–54, 61, 62, 64, 73–74, 78–79, 82n, 86, 91, 97–98, 107, 114, 126–27, 209–11, 218, 219–20, 231–32
homeland security measures in, 34, 42–43, 84, 92–93, 163–64, 219
hypocrisy of, 19–20, 21–22
isolationism in, 35, 53–54, 69, 72–73, 78–79, 81, 85–86, 99
legal system of, 69, 176–77
military power of, 24, 34, 36–37, 38, 39–40, 41, 53–54, 62, 81–84, 86, 97–98, 110, 112–13, 114, 126–27, 216–17, 219–20, 234–35
moral innocence of, 67–76, 81, 82–83, 84
multiculturalism in, 35, 231–32
national security, 35–36, 57, 58–59, 62, 64, 86, 88, 163–64, 170–72, 213
nuclear weapons of, 33, 45n, 107, 125n, 131, 139–40, 158, 171
popular culture of, 40–41, 173–86, 201, 208
public opinion in, 55, 125, 181–82, 219–20, 225–26, 227, 234–35
religious belief in, 201, 203, 204–5, 208–9
reputation of, 21, 37, 72, 74, 231–32
as sole superpower, 38, 91, 114, 120, 125–26, 149–50, 155, 180
sovereignty of, 54, 55–56, 61, 62, 89, 93–95, 163
terrorist threat to, 42–45, 48, 49, 80, 96–98, 103, 121–23, 135–36, 150, 164–65, 220–21
unilateralism of, 28, 34, 38, 53–56, 61, 78, 139, 172, 178–79
weapons of mass destruction of, 38, 117
Vietnam War, 15, 75, 76, 100, 130, 147, 155, 224n, 235
violence:
apocalyptic, 145
innocent victims of, 144–45
irrational, 146–50
systematic, 170
Voltaire, 68
Walt, Stephen M., 129–30
Walzer, Michael, 86
warfare:
asymmetrical, 219–20
conventional, 121, 123, 124–25, 139–40, 171, 218
democracy protected by, 22, 27, 158–59, 164, 230–31, 234–35
just, 103, 114–16, 144n
as last resort, 91–92, 158–59, 171, 235
nuclear, 100–103, 107–11, 120–21, 125n, 127–29, 143–45
opposition to, 225–26
preventive, see preventive war
selective, 56–58, 61, 109
unconventional, 50, 123, 154
unpredictability of, 98–99, 149–50, 171
war on terrorism:
Afghanistan War and, 16
Bush’s strategy for, 22, 35, 42, 50, 57–58, 62, 79–80, 96, 121–24, 151, 169
civil liberties and, 92–93
commencement of, 122–23
gradualist approach to, 58–59, 61
international coalition for, 62
war on terrorism (continued)
Iraq War and, 16, 58–59, 111, 123–24, 133–34, 153–54, 220–21
moralism in, 77–78, 114–18
as preventive war, 22, 26–27, 121–23
self-defense in, 154
weapons of mass destruction (WMDs):
casualties from, 44–45, 46, 121, 133n
deployment of, 48n, 83, 171
development of, 44–48
disarmament of, 133–34, 157–58
fear of, 181–82
inspections for, 133–34, 137–38, 156–57, 159
in Iraq War, 47–48, 49, 56, 62, 110, 113–14, 115, 123–24, 125n, 128–34, 138, 140–41, 153, 154, 156–59, 219, 230–31
missile systems for, 82–84, 98, 109
preemptive strikes against, 128–29, 168–69, 171
proliferation of, 98, 106, 107–8, 113–14
retaliation and, 140–41
as term, 44, 46, 47
terrorist use of, 44, 46–47, 112–13, 121, 140–41
U.S. arsenal of, 38, 117
Weber, Max, 73
Whitman, Walt, 67, 69–70
Williams, Jody, 224
Wilson, Woodrow, 76, 177
Wirda, Howard J., 189n
Wolfowitz, Paul, 45, 55, 61, 104–5, 107, 112, 121–22
Woodward, Bob, 22n, 40n, 58, 63, 79n, 105, 126, 151
World Bank, 166, 199, 225
World Economic Forum, 139, 225
World Trade Organization, 180, 225
World War I, 46, 72, 76, 80, 91, 147
World War II, 46, 72–73, 76, 80, 91, 92, 166–67, 190
Wright, Fanny, 81
Yauch, Adam, 226
Yeats, William Butler, 236
Yemen, 42, 132, 135, 168, 231
Yongbyon nuclear processing plant, 112, 128–29
Yugoslavia, 54, 95, 192
Zakaria, Fareed, 174–75
Zarqawi, Abu Musab al-, 23, 169
Zimbardo, Philip, 19n