{266} Index
Page number citations refer to the print edition.
abortion, 48, 66, 102
Achmed II, 22–23
Agis, 238
agriculture, 75–76
Albans, 230–31
Alexander of Pherae, 63
Alexander the Great, 135, 144
Alexandria, 22
American Revolution, ix, x, xxx
Americas, 75, 98
amour de soi, xxi, 117
amour propre, xxi, xxiii, xxv, xxxiii, 62–63, 74, 77, 88, 90, 91, 117, 122, 134, 138. See also pride
Amsterdam, xvi
anarchy, 214
Annecy, xiii
Appius Claudius, 232
Arabia Petraea, 96
Arcesilaus, 12
Archimedes, 202
aristocracy, 86, 197–98, 200–01, 207, 212–13, 222, 229
Aristodemus, 263
Aristotle, 29, 125, 158, 201, 214, 265
arts, xxxiii, 4–6, 8, 11–12, 14–15, 17–18, 21, 23–24, 43, 54–55, 76, 89, 100, 104, 129, 189. See also Discourse on the Sciences and the Arts
assemblies, popular, 216–18, 223, 226, 230–35
Astyages, 20
atheism, xi, xvi–xvii, 15
Athens, 6, 10–12, 25, 33, 120, 127, 134, 175, 190
Augustus, 213
Bacon, Francis, 23–24
Bahamas, 97
Balboa, Nuñez, 168
Barbeyrac, Jean, xxvi, 83, 172
Battel, Andrew, 106–9
Bayle, Pierre, xi, xxxvi, 191, 246
Beaufort, duke of, 225
benevolence, 80
Berkeley, George, 22
Berne, 200, 225
bipedalism, 94–95
Bodin, Jean, 142, 146, 152, 165
Brasidas, 82
Buenos Aires, 98
Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc, count of, 94, 96, 98
Burlamaqui, Jean-Jacques, 40–41
Cadiz, 98
Caesar, Julius, 134, 213, 240, 250
Caligula, 158, 181, 243
Calvin, John, xiii, 182
Cape of Good Hope, 97–98, 119
Caribs, 49, 55, 65, 91, 94, 98
carnivores, 96–97, 99, 112–14, 209
Carrières, Father de, 244
Carthage, 12, 165, 190
Catholicism, xiii, 251
Catiline, 240, 248
Cato the Elder, 12, 142, 161
Cato the Younger, 90, 134, 250
Catullus, Gaius Valerius, 9
celebrity, xv, 4
Celsus, 50
censors, Roman, 120, 232–33, 241–42
{267} censorship, xv–xvii, xix, 154, 166
Ceres, 76
Chambéry, xiii
Chardin, Jean, 111, 149, 209
Charles VIII, 18
children, wolf, savage (enfants sauvages), 94, 109–10
China, 9, 111, 131, 150
Choiseul, duke of, 203
Christianity, xi–xii, xvi, xx, 118–19, 244–49. See also Catholicism; Protestantism
Cicero, Marcus Tullius, 24, 237, 241
Cineas, 13
citizens, 21, 165–66, 174–75, 217–18, 221–22, 224, 246
city, xxxii, 165, 217, 220. See also polis
classes (of Rome), 232–34
Cleomenes, 238
climate, 54, 66, 70, 73, 106, 207–10, 219 –20
Clusium, 161
comitia. See assemblies, popular
compassion. See pity
Condillac, abbot de, 56, 94, 111
Confessions (Rousseau), ix, xvii, xix, xxii, xxviii, xxxvii–xxxviii
Congo, the, 106–8
conquest, 80, 144, 159, 162, 186–87. See also war
conscience, xxi
Constantinople, 6, 9, 22
consuls, 217, 241
Conti, Prince of, xvi, xxxvii
contract, not foundation of government, 220–21
contract, social. See social contract
Coreal, Francisco, 49, 51, 97
Corsica, 188
Crete, 139, 184
Cromwell, Oliver, 225, 248
Crusoe, Robinson, 159
Ctesias, 106
Cuba, 97
Cumae, 263
Cumberland, Richard, xxvi, 48
Cyrus, 16, 20, 263
d’Alembert, Jean, xii, xiv–xv, xxxvii, 165
d’Argenson, marquis, 172, 189, 249
d’Holbach, baron, xi
Damiens, Robert, xv
Dapper, Olfert, 107, 109
de Retz, Cardinal, 212
decemvirs, 182, 223, 241
deism, xi, xvi–xvii
Delphi, 39
Demades, 100
democracy, xvii, 32, 86, 127, 197–200, 207, 212–13, 222, 226–29, 236
Democritus, 14
Demosthenes, 9
Descartes, René, xi, 14, 23
despotism, x–xii, xix, 82, 89–90, 160, 163, 207, 214. See also tyranny
Diagoras, 22
Dicaearchus, 96
dictators (Roman), 239–41
Diderot, Denis, xi–xii, xiv–xvi, xxviii, xxxii, xxxiv, xxxvi–xxxvii, 2, 19, 122, 126, 154
Dijon, Academy of, xiv, xxxiii, xxxvii, 2–3, 5, 28, 44
Diogenes, 90
Dionysius, the Younger and the Elder, 204
Discourse on Political Economy, xv, xxviii, xxxvii, 121–52, 154
Discourse on the Origin of Inequality, xv, xviii, xix, xxxvii, 29–120
Discourse on the Sciences and the Arts, xiv, xviii, xix, xxxvii, 1–25
Du Tertre, Jean Baptiste, 55, 98
{268} Duchesne, Nicolas-Bonaventure, xvi
duels, 242
Dupin, Louise-Marie-Madelaine, xiv, xxvi, xxxvi, 230
East Indies, 111
education, 138–39
Egypt, 8, 14, 54
elections. See voting; representatives
electricity, 14
Émile, ix, xv–xviii, xxii, xxxvii, 154
Encyclopédie, xiv–xv, xxviii, xxxii, xxxvii, 122, 154
England, 16, 206, 219, 245
Enlightenment, enlightenment, xi, 5, 7, 23, 35, 41, 54, 56, 66, 69, 104–5
ephors, 238, 242, 265
Epicurus, 12
equality, 31, 40, 74, 78, 120, 129, 157, 169, 183, 188–89, 199, 221
Ermenonville, xvii, xxxviii
executive, 192, 194–97, 220, 222. See also government
Fabius (Marcus Fabius Buteo), 248
Fabricius (Gaius Fabricius Luscinus), 2, 12–13
family, 56–57, 72, 112–15, 123–25, 141, 157
federalism, xxvii, 220
fertility, agricultural, 54, 95–96, 187, 189, 207–10
Filmer, Robert, 83, 125, 158
Fontenelle, Bernard le Bovier de, 243
Franks, 16, 216
Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange, 107
free riders, xxv
French Revolution, ix, x, xxviii–xxix, xxxviii
Fronde, the, 212
frugivores. See carnivores
Galba, Servius Sulpicius, 142
Gauls, 16
Gautier, Jacques-Fabien, 98
general will, xv, xxiv–xxv, xxviii, xxx, 122, 126–35, 138, 140, 146, 166–67, 170–75, 178–80, 182, 192, 194, 215, 218–19, 224–28, 239–41, 262
Geneva, ix, xii–xiii, xv, xvii–xviii, xxii, xxviii–xxx, xxxvi–xxxvii, 28, 122, 143–44, 154, 165–66, 182, 223–26, 229
Geneva, Citizen of, xvii, xxxvii, 3, 29, 155–56
Geneva, letter to the Republic of, 31–39
Genoa, 213, 227
George I, 172
Germans, 10
goodness, natural, of mankind, 100
government, xxxii, 33, 45–46, 125, 130–33, 135, 136–37, 152, 191–97, 199–201, 207–8, 210–14, 221–23, 228, 234
government, mixed, 206, 229
Gracchi, the, 219
Greece, 8–10, 12, 14, 19, 54, 215, 217, 219, 263. See also Athens; Sparta
Greenlanders, 106
Gregory I, pope, 23
Grotius, Hugo, xxvi, 36, 76, 158, 160–63, 172, 224, 246
Guinea, 263
gunpowder, 145
Habsburgs (house of Austria), 16, 217
happiness, 99–105
helots, xxvii, 265
Helvétius, Claude Adrien, xv, xxxvii
Henry IV, 251
Hermitage, The, xv, xxxvii
Herodotus, 93, 106, 149
Hippocrates, 50
{269} history, conjectural, xx, 43, 46, 67–69, 71–72
Hobbes, Thomas, ix, xxvi–xxvii, 22–23, 48, 61–62, 115, 158, 245–46, 254, 256–57
Homer, 244
Horace, 5
Hottentots, 52, 94, 97–98, 119
Hume, David, x, xii, xvii, 28, 243
identification, xxiv, xxxii, 137
imagined communities, xxiii, xxv
industrieux, xxxi, 35
inequality, xix, xxi–xxii, 31, 39–40, 42, 44–45, 67–68, 73–74, 76–79, 87–89, 91, 136, 147, 150, 170, 200, 255, 260. See also Discourse on the Origin of Inequality
inheritance, 140–41
integrity, 8, 21
intolera nce, xxvii, 243, 250–51
Isocrates, 120
Jacobins, ix, xxix–xxx
James II, 172
Japan, 111, 246
Jaucourt, Louis de, 243
jealousy, 65–66, 73
Jephthah, 244
Jerome, St., 96
Jesus, 244
Jugurthine War, 144
Julie, or the New Héloïse, xv, xviii, xxii, xxviii, xxxvii
justice, 76, 126, 167
justice, distributive, 120
Kaempfer, Engelbrecht, 111
Kolbe, Peter, 97–98
La Condamine, Charles-Marie de, 111
Lacedaemonia. See Sparta
Laët, Jean, 51–52
Lamas, 246
language, origin of, 56–60, 71–72, 108–9, 116
Laplanders, 106
Lausanne, xiii
law, natural, law of nature, 41–42, 44, 80, 83, 126, 168, 174, 178, 246, 258
League, The, 4
legislator, 81, 130, 180–83, 187, 190–91
Letter to d’Alembert on the Theater, xv, xxxvii, 242
letters, republic of, 25
Letters Written from the Mountain, xviii, xxxvii
Leucippus, 22
Levasseur, Thérèse, xiv, xxxvi–xxxviii, 251
liberty, 6, 12, 32–33, 36, 38, 81–87, 90, 128–29, 136–37, 146, 156–57, 164, 167, 176, 184, 188, 189, 193, 200, 207, 215, 218–20, 227
Locke, John, ix, xi–xii, xxi, xxiii, xxvi–xxvii, xxxvi, 74, 82, 84, 112–15, 140, 168, 174, 227, 250
London, 100, 209
Louis IX, 161, 259
Louis XIII, 172
Louis XIV, x, 21, 83
Louis XV, x, xv
Louis XVI, xxxviii
Lucan, 89
Luxembourg, duke of, xvi, xxxvii
luxury, opulence, xx, 13–18, 103–4, 137, 150–51, 199, 208 –9, 220
Lycurgus, 20, 81, 87, 173, 180–81, 184, 263
Lydians, 263
Lyons, xiii, xxxvi
{270} Macedonia, 135, 216, 263
Machaon, 50
Machiavelli, Niccolò, 128, 173, 183, 203, 212–13, 230, 249
Madrid, 209
Mandeville, Bernard de, xx, xxvii, xxxvi, 22, 62–63
Marcellus, Marcus Claudius, 263
Marius, Gaius, 144, 233, 240
marriage, xxxvii, 250–51
Martial (Marcus Valerius Martialis), 9
Maupertuis, Pierre-Louis Moreau de, 99, 111
Medici, the, 18
medicine, 50–51
Melon, Jean-François, xx
mercenaries, 144, 145, 218
Merolla, Girolamo, 108–9
metallurgy, 75–76
Mexico, 188, 263
Minos, 184
Mohammed, 245
monarchy, xvii, 86, 93, 198, 201–5, 207, 212–13, 222, 235. See also despotism
Montaigne, Michel de, 8, 10, 18, 20, 100
Montesquieu, xiv, xxvi, xxxvi, 31, 48, 146, 162, 178, 181, 190, 199, 203, 206–7, 228, 237–38
mores, moeurs, morals, xxxiii, 3, 7–10, 12, 15–18, 21, 23, 32, 38, 42, 45, 63–66, 73–74, 87, 89, 91, 101, 110–11, 118, 120, 123, 130–33, 139, 141, 152, 191, 193, 199, 231, 233, 236, 240–42, 257, 263
Moses, 243
music, xix
Nantes, Edict of, 251
Naples, 209
Narcissus, ix
nations, law of, 80, 83, 251–52, 256
natural law. See law, natural
nature, state of, 28, 39–41, 45, 47–49, 51–57, 61–68, 73–75, 80, 82, 86, 88–90, 97, 101, 115, 118–19, 129, 163–64, 167, 200, 256, 258
Nepos, Cornelius, 214
Nero, 12
Netherlands, 16, 184, 217
Neuchâtel, xiii, xvii, xxxvii
Newton, Isaac, xii, 23
Nicole, Pierre, xxxvi
Numa, 173, 230
numbers, invention of, 116–17
ochlocracy, 214
oligarchy, 214
Omar, caliph, 22–23
opinion, public, 191, 241–42
orangutans, 106–9
Otanes, 93
Otho (Marcus Salvius Otho), 226
Ovid (Publius Ovidius Naso), xviii, 2–3, 9, 78
Paine, Thomas, xxx
Palamedes, 116
paradoxes, x, 2, 15–16, 116
Paris, xiii–xix, xxiii, xxix–xxx, xxxvi–xxxvii, 122, 209
parlement of Paris, xvi
passions, 54, 64
paternal, paternel, parental, xxxii, 72, 82–83, 123–25, 139, 157
patriotism, love of homeland, 6, 31, 33, 134, 137–38, 218
patrons and clients in Rome, 235
Peace of God, 259
peoples, 183–88
perfectibility, xxxii, 53, 59, 68, 109
Persia, 10, 16, 20, 82, 93, 111, 139, 149
{271} Persius (Aulus Persius Flaccus), 43
Peter the Great, 184–85
Petronius (Gaius Petronius Arbiter), 9
Phidias, 18
Philo of Alexandria, 158
philosopher, philosophe, xi, xvi, 4, 7, 12, 14–15, 22, 25, 40, 56–57, 63, 82, 93, 257
Phocian War, 244
Pigalle, Jean-Baptiste, 18
pity, 62–64, 80, 133, 257
Plato, 10, 20, 39, 46, 50, 83, 116, 130, 181, 183, 205
Pliny the Elder, 40, 232
Pliny the Younger, 82
Plutarch, 36, 158
Podalirius, 50
Poland, xvii, 206
polis, politie, xxiii, xxxii–xxxiii, 208
Pompey (Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus), 134, 240
Popilius (Marcus Popilius Laenas), 161
Praxiteles, 18
prerogative, 235
Prévost, abbot, 52
pride, 6, 9, 13, 14, 24, 46, 60, 70, 100–01, 111, 133, 183, 209. See also vanity; amour propre
printing press, 22
progress, xi–xii, xx, 13, 69, 74
property, 69, 71, 74, 76–80, 84, 87, 102, 126, 140, 145, 147, 167–69
Protestantism, xv, xxxvii
Pufendorf, Samuel von, xxvi, 48, 84, 140
punishment, 130, 132, 176–78, 191
Purchas, Samuel, 107–9
pygmies, 105
Pyrrhonism, 8
Rabelais, François, 160
religion, civil, xix, xxvi–xxvii, xxxii–xxxiii, 182–83, 190, 243–50
representatives, 218–19
republic, 16, 19, 89, 93, 165, 179–81, 203. See also state, size of
revenue, government. See taxation
Reveries of the Solitary Walker, xvii–xviii, xxxvii
revolutions, ix–x. See also American Revolution; French Revolution; William III
Rey, Marc-Michel, xvi, 28, 154, 249
Rhodes, 190
rights, inviolable, 134–36
Robespierre, Maximilien, ix, xxix–xxxi, xxxviii
Rome, xx, 6, 9–10, 12–13, 18, 32, 86, 90, 120, 135–36, 139, 142, 144, 161, 182, 18 4, 190, 198, 213, 215, 217, 219, 226, 230–42, 244, 248, 263. See also assemblies, popular; censors; classes; consuls; decemvirs; dictators; senate; tribunes
Romulus, 142, 213, 230, 234, 235
Roosevelt, Grace G., 254
Rousseau, Isaac, xii, xxxvi, 36, 37
Rousseau, Judge of Jean-Jacques, ix, xvii, xxxvii–xxxviii
Russia, 184–85, 245
Sabines, 230–31
Saint-Pierre, abbot of, xxvi–xxvii, 229–30
Samuel, 203
Santo Domingo, 97
savage man. See nature, state of
Saxons, 16
sciences, xxxiii, 4–6, 8–15, 18–19, 21–24, 89, 100. See also Discourse on the Sciences and the Arts
Scythians, 10
{272} self-government, 244
self-love. See amour de soi; amour propre
senate, Roman, 217, 219, 226, 235–36, 240–41
Servius Tullius, 173, 231–35
sexuality, 64–66, 69, 72, 115
Sidney, Algernon, 82, 89
Sigonius, Carolus, 230
slavery, 6, 9, 13, 32, 51, 68, 75, 77–78, 81–82, 84, 89, 91, 124, 156–63, 219–20, 227, 249, 259, 263
Smerdis, 93
social, xxxii, xxxiv
Social Contract, ix, xv, xvii, xxii–xxiii, xxviii–xxxii, xxxvii, 153–252
social contract, 85, 148, 163–68, 174–76, 182, 221, 223–24, 227, 249, 264–65
society, civil, xxxii–xxxiii, 83, 220
Socrates, 11–13, 134
Solon, 173
sovereign, sovereignty, xxiii, xxxii, 31, 33, 125, 152, 165–66, 170–76, 192, 194, 200, 213, 215–17, 219–20, 222, 226–28, 264
Sparta, xx, xxviii, 10, 11, 16, 20, 25, 48, 54, 81–82, 86–87, 126, 135, 139, 180–81, 184, 190, 198, 201, 220, 236, 238–39, 242, 248, 263, 265
Spinoza, Baruch de, xi, 22, 23
standing armies, 145
state, size of, xxii, xxiii, 31, 185–87, 192–95, 197–99, 203–4, 210, 220, 261
State of War, xxvi, xxvii, 253–65
Stoicism, 90
strongest, law of. See conquest
Sulla, Lucius Cornelius, 63, 213, 240
Switzerland, 10, 184, 217, 224. See also Geneva; Neuchâtel
Sybaris, 16
Syracuse, 263
Tacitus, Publius Cornelius, 10, 36, 205, 211–12, 226
Tarentines, 244
Tarentum, 263
Tarquins, the, 32, 184, 213, 235
Tartars, 185
taxation, 89, 141–43, 145–46, 148–52, 207, 218
third estate, 219
Tiberius, 213
Tlaxcala, 188
Toland, John, xi
Trajan, 82
travel literature, 110–12
tribes of Rome, 230–32, 235
tribunes, 213, 217, 219, 234–39
Troy, 50
Turin, xiii, xviii
tyranny, 32, 83, 131, 135, 144–45, 210, 214. See also despotism
Tyre, 190
Ulysses, 158
valor, 19
van der Stel, Simon, 119
vanity, 13, 64, 66, 73, 138, 151, 199, 248. See also pride; amour propre
Varro (Marcus Terentius Varro), 231
veils of ignorance, xxiv–xxv
Venice, xiii, xxviii, xxxvi, 154, 192, 200, 212–13, 226, 228–29, 237–38
Vertot, René-Aubert de, x
vice, xxi, 7–8, 10, 14, 18, 22, 61, 88, 103, 105, 137
Villars, Louis-Hector, duke of, 120
Virgil, 155
virtue, xii, xv, xx, xxii, xxv, xxix, xxxiii, xxxiv, 5–8, 10, 12–16, 18, 20–22, 24–25, 31, 34–35, 61–64, 68, 88–89, 103, 132–34, 136, 142, 190, 199
{273} Vitellius, Aulus, 226
Voltaire, xi–xii, xvi, xviii, xx, xxxvi–xxxvii, 17, 65, 243, 251
Vossius, Isaac, 116
voting, 226–30, 236–37. See also democracy
war, xxvii, 78, 80, 161–62, 253–65. See also State of War
Warburton, William, 183, 246
Warens, Mme de, xiii, xxxvi
William III, 172
women, subordination of, xviii, 17, 38, 65, 124
Wootton (Staffordshire), xvii, xxxvii
Xenocrates, 46
Xenophon, 20, 214
Zeno, 12