abandonment 53, 61, 65, 103, 127, 135, 147
abuse 38, 116, 145, 190–1; borderline personality disorder 177; clinical examples 141; disorganised attachment 58, 98; impaired mentalising capacity 100–1; personality disorders xxi; professionalisation of child care 29; suppression of family context 174; unrelated father-figures 187
adult attachment 56, 65–8, 101–3
Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) xxii, 93, 97–8, 102, 105, 130, 200; autobiographical competence 168; borderline personality disorder 179; mentalisation 99; parental coherence 107; social competence 166–7; vulnerability to psychiatric disorder 166
affect regulation 61, 66, 71, 90, 106–7, 151–3, 178, 206; see also emotions
‘affectionless control’ 173, 180
‘affectionless psychopaths’ 11, 27, 37, 71, 198
affiliative relationships 157, 158–9
agency 146
aggression 11–12, 71–2, 106, 118, 120, 135, 187; adult attachment 103; bereavement 75; Freud on 188; interpretation of 138; Kleinians xix; as response to frustration and loss 118; secondary attachment 91; towards ‘object mother’ 126
agoraphobia 67, 68, 164, 169, 173–5
Ainsworth, M. D. S. xv–xvi, 15, 16, 18, 105; appropriateness of maternal response 100; attachment patterns 64, 69, 89; secure base 56, 206; ‘Strange Situation’ 58, 86–8, 92, 207
Alford, John 8
ambivalent attachment 64, 67, 120, 172, 188, 190, 200; adult attachment 101, 166; affect regulation 152; autobiographical competence 143; clinical aspects of 147; continuity of 105; enmeshed families 161; expressed emotion 176; ‘false self’ 106; internal working models 54; lack of maternal attunement 90; male and female patterns 34; maternal interaction 89; practice of psychotherapy 138, 158; secondary attachment 91; social adjustment 92–3; ‘Strange Situation’ 87, 207; strategies 135
ambivalent grief syndrome 169
Anderson, J. 56
anger 57, 65, 71–2, 79, 90–1, 104; acceptance of 149; adultattachment 103; anxious attachment 126, 127; bereavement 75, 76; borderline personality disorder 177, 178; loss of mother 172; see also rage
antisocial behaviour 36–7, 38, 123
anxiety 61, 62, 120, 147; adult attachment 101–2; defensive exclusion 64; drive theory 49; persecutory 77; separation 57, 73, 106, 120, 173–4; stranger 60
anxious attachment 126, 127, 183, 188, 190, 203; agoraphobia 173; expressed emotion 176, 203; internal working models 204; male and female patterns 34; vulnerable personality patterns 172; see also insecure attachment
Arend, R. A. 92
assumptions 63–4, 131, 132, 146, 155, 157
Attachment and Loss trilogy xv, 18
attachment behaviour 53–4, 58, 62, 121, 157, 201
attachment style, definition of 53
Attachment Theory xx, 47–69, 85–110, 132, 198; adult attachment 56, 65–8, 101–3; birth of xix; contemporary psychoanalytic approaches 131, 132; definitions 53–8; development of the attachment system 58–62; developmental pathways 79, 116; implications 104–10; Lorenz's influence 7–8; maternal bond 10; mental health 162–84; mentalisation 98–101; mourning 73; observable behaviours 121; practice of psychotherapy 134–61; psychoanalysis and 110, 113, 116–17, 118, 119–20; psychobiology of 163–5; society and 187–8, 189; ‘Strange Situation’ 86–8, 92–3, 95, 98; systemic nature of 207; see also Adult Attachment Interview; insecure attachment; secure attachment
attunement 69, 89–90, 95, 110, 129, 140–2, 183, 187
autobiographical competence 106, 130, 142–4, 167–8
autonomous-secure attachment 97–8, 107
avoidant attachment 64, 104, 120, 188, 201; adult attachment 101–2, 166; affect regulation 152; aggression 106; autobiographical competence 143; clinical aspects of 147; continuity of 105; delayed grief 169; disengaged families 161; expressed emotion 176; internal working models 64; male and female patterns 34; maternal interaction 89; practice of psychotherapy 138–9, 158; secondary attachment 91; social adjustment 92; ‘Strange Situation’ 87, 207; strategies 135
Balint, Michael 52, 119, 121, 138, 139, 144, 205
Bateson, Gregory 160
Beebe, B. 94
bereavement 48, 69, 73–8, 165–6; abnormal grief 168–70; poetry 80–4; see also loss; mourning
Bick, Esther 15
biographers xxiii
biological psychiatry 162
Bion, Wilfred xxii, 12, 40, 117, 148; affect regulation 71; containment 60; group therapy 159; interactive view of self and object xxi; Object Relations Theory 119, 121, 205
bonding xvi, 48, 50, 162, 164, 165, 193
borderline personality disorder (BPD) 107–9, 120, 138, 145, 177–82, 201; disorganised attachment 95, 106, 180; mentalisation 204; metacognitive monitoring 205; Parental Bonding Instrument 206
Boston, Mary 15
Bowlby, John: aggression 188; agoraphobia 173–4; Attachment Theory 47–69, 119; biographical background xvii, 3–24; CAT 131; chronology of his life 208–9; contrasted with Freud 193; critics of xviii, 29, 32–5; critique of psychoanalysis 50–2, 84, 113–14, 115–16, 117–18; and Darwin 22–3, 148; epigenetic process 173; family life 4–7, 13–14; family therapy 159–61; farewell letter to 194–9; influence of xvi; internal working models 109, 155, 204; Kohut and 126–8; loss 70–80, 84; the man 19–22; maternal deprivation 25–44, 190, 204; mental health 164–5, 175; monotropy 205; negative affect 104; perceptual defence 206; practice of psychotherapy 134, 153; and the psychoanalytical establishment xvi, xvii–xxii, 114–18; psychobiology 162, 163, 164; rejection of ‘stage’-based models of development 138; scientific approach to psychoanalysis 130; ‘simple theory’ 154; on society 185–8; splitting 202; as a theorist 113; trauma 145–6; vulnerable personality patterns 172; and Winnicott 121–6, 148–50
Brazelton, T. xxi, 52, 90, 141
Bretherton, I. 94, 105, 109–10, 130, 161
British Psychoanalytical Society xviii, 7, 15–17, 114–15; female dominance xxii; war years 12–13; warring factions xvii, xix, 12, 114, 202; Winnicott and Bowlby 122, 123
Bryer, J. 177
Bufalino, Gesualdo 193
Burlingham, Dorothy 27
Cambridge University 7
care workers 184
Charles Darwin: New Life3
child care: professionalisation of 29; quality of 35
Child Care and the Growth of Love15–16, 26–32, 35
Children Act (1989) 28
Chodorow, N. 34
chronic grief 169
‘circumplex’ model 103
clinging 37, 52, 58, 64, 72, 146, 207
co-constructionism xxiii
cognitive analytic therapy (CAT) 131, 132, 194
cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) 42, 121, 131
cognitive therapy 63, 121, 128, 130–1, 132, 155, 174, 201–2
companionable interaction 56, 66, 131, 157–9
compliance 147
compulsive care-giving 172
containment 60, 128–9, 147, 148–9
‘Controversial Discussions’ 9, 202
counter-transference 24, 109, 147, 178
Crittenden, P. M. 103
cross-cultural studies 88
Crowell, J. A. 103
cultural differences 88
‘cupboard love’ theory of relationships 48, 49, 58
Current Relationship Interview (CRI) 103
cycles of disadvantage 38
Darwin, Charles 3, 18, 22–3, 75, 86, 122, 146–8, 198
David, M. 33
day-care 35
death 68, 168; of a parent 37, 38, 40, 41; see also bereavement
defence mechanisms 106, 114, 120, 134–5, 164
defensive exclusion 64, 65, 120, 131, 152, 155
defensiveness 62
delayed grief 169
delinquency 8, 27, 37, 48, 71, 123, 186, 191, 204
democracy 187
dependency 66, 68, 76, 103, 126, 138, 169, 185
depression 40, 68, 120, 157, 170–3, 180; assumptions 146; clinical examples 107, 141, 150; cognitive therapy 131, 201; loss 165, 166, 202; neurotic 164; recovery from 168; women 34
depressive position 55, 117, 119, 120, 125, 128, 129, 151, 172, 202
developmental pathways 38–9, 79, 116–17, 202–3
developmental psychology xvi, xx, xxii, 59, 86
‘differential susceptibility’ hypothesis 96
disengaged families 161
dismissive-detached parents 98, 103, 105, 180
Disorganised Attachment xx, xxi, 58, 64–5, 93–5, 135, 188; affect regulation 151; parent-child mis-attunements 106; practice of psychotherapy 138; ‘Strange Situation’ 87; unresolved-disorganised adults 98, 179–80
distance-regulation 61
Dixon, N. 64
Dozier, M. 163
Durbin, Evan 9, 11–12, 14, 197
Dynamic Interpersonal Therapy (DIT) 132
Dynamic Maturational Model 103
dyslexia 14
Early Child Care Study (NICHD) 35
Eder, David 10
ego control and resiliency 93
ego-strength 167
emotions 20, 21–2; affective processing 146–55; bonding 162; co-regulation of 41, 107, 152, 153; defensive exclusion 155; expressed emotion 176, 203; mourning 78; toleration of positive and negative 79, 152; vulnerability to psychiatric disorder 166; see also affect regulation
enmeshed families 161
‘environment mother’ 124–5, 153
environmental factors xxi, 10, 25–6, 41, 51; Bowlby’s critique of psychoanalysis 115–16; disorganised attachment 94; loss 79; trauma 145; Winnicott 149
Epictetus 167
epigenesis 38, 51, 161, 163, 173, 202–3
ethology xviii, xxii, 17, 47, 110, 121, 203; aggression 188; mother-infant bond 34, 48, 50; mourning 70; origins of Attachment Theory 16; stress 58
evolutionary theory 50–1, 164, 165
Experience in Close Relationships Questionnaire (ECR) 102
expressed emotion (EE) 176, 203
face, mother's 59
Fairbairn, Ronald 52, 66, 119, 205
‘false self’ 106, 124, 147, 156
family care, compared to institutional care 27–9
family therapy 34, 42, 159–61, 207
fathers 57, 69, 98, 145; absent 187; Freud's preoccupation with 24; as principle attachment figure 55; quality of interaction with 89; role in family attachment patterns 161; see also parents
fear 57, 62, 64, 102, 145, 172
feeding 50
Feeney, B. C. 103
Ferenczi, S. 52
Figlio, K. 5
Fonagy, P.: Adult Attachment Interview 98, 105, 130, 168; borderline personality disorder 178, 180, 181–2; coherence 107; Dynamic Interpersonal Therapy 132; mentalisation 99, 100, 139; metacognitive monitoring 205
‘Forty-four juvenile thieves, their characters and home life’ 11, 37, 68, 70–1
Fraiberg, P. 104
Frank, J. 136
Freud, Anna xvii–xviii, xix–xx, xxii, 9, 12, 27, 52, 106, 114, 119, 202
Freud, Sigmund xvi, 11, 33, 52, 80, 119, 148, 196; affection 66; British psychiatrists 10; childhood trauma 115; contrasted with Bowlby 193; depression 170; destructiveness and aggression 188; drive theory 34, 48–9; fathers and sons 24; hallucinatory wish-fulfilment 59; ‘homuncular’ model 51; mourning 74, 77; natural beauty 191; Oedipal situation 190; primary and secondary processes 132; scientific approach to psychoanalysis 128, 130; search for happiness 191–2; therapeutic attachment 137; ‘training analyses’ 157; trauma 145; view of Klein 114; visual incorporation 60
friendship 80–1; see also companionable interaction
funding for child care 29–30, 33, 35
Gallwey, P. 181
Gathorne-Hardy, J. xxiii
gender 34
Goldfarb, W. 27
Goldwyn, R. 98
Greenson, R. 137
grief xvi, 73, 77, 148, 188, 199; abnormal 164, 168–70; poetry 80–4; see also mourning
Grosskurth, P. 11
Hadzi-Pavlovic, D. 40
Hallam, Arthur 81
Hamilton, Victoria 21
Harlow, Harry 50, 58, 86, 96–7, 163
Harris, Mattie 14
Hart, Bernard 10
Heard, Dorothy 18, 56, 80, 131, 157, 160
Heimann, Paula xxii
hermeneutics xxii, 130, 132, 197
Hinde, Robert 16, 36, 53–4, 86
Hofer, M. A. 163
Holden, Hyla 19
holding/holding environment 77–8, 95, 106, 108–9, 110; in therapy 140; Winnicott 60, 123, 129
Hopkins, Juliet 5
Horney, K. 34
human face 59
Humphrey, N. 132
‘Hungarian School’ 52
Huxley, Julian xviii
‘hydraulic’ models 52
identity 34
imprinting 54
‘The influence of the environment in the development of neuroses and neurotic character’ 10
inner cities 39
insecure attachment xxii, 35, 68, 104, 157; adult attachment 101, 103; affect regulation 151, 152; aggression 188; brain processes 164; causal links 174; clinical aspects of 147; continuity of 105; definition of 53; hopelessness 171; internal working models 63, 109, 204; maternal insecurity 98; metacognitive monitoring 205; narrative incompetence 130; parental responses to infant distress 106; practice of psychotherapy 136–7, 138–9; psychopathology 180; roots of 88–91; severity of 96; social adjustment 92–3; societal level 189; splitting 202; ‘Strange Situation’ 87, 207; strategies 64–5, 135; vicious circles of neurosis 160; see also ambivalent attachment; anxious attachment; avoidant attachment
Insel, T. R. 163
‘insightfulness’ 100
institutional care 27–9, 31, 33, 36, 37; mentally ill patients 182, 183; Oliver Twist42
intelligence 36
intergenerational transmission 9, 96–7, 98–9, 160
internal secure base 137
internal working models 54, 61, 63–4, 109–10, 118, 119, 204; adult attachment 65–6, 68, 98; cognitive therapy 131, 132, 155; consistency and coherence 104; Donne's poetry 83–4
International Psychoanalytical Association 113
Isaacs, Susan xxii
jealousy 175
Jones, Ernest xxii, 114, 115, 129
Jung, Carl xvi
Kant, Immanuel 128
Keats, John 117
Kernberg, O. 138
Klein, Melanie xvii–xix, xxi–xxii, 8, 12–13, 16, 24, 63, 145, 196; affect regulation 71; bereavement 77; Bowlby's critique of 116; ‘Controversial Discussions’ 9, 202; depressive position 55, 202; early stages of development 114; ethical theories 128; mother-infant bond 49; Neill on 11; Object Relations Theory 119, 205; opposition to Bowlby's appointment as Training Secretary 115; Scott on 194; Winnicott's ambivalence about 149
Kleinians xviii, 12, 15, 17, 52, 123, 128; aggression xix; Bowlby's critique of 116; conflict with the the British Psychological Society 114; depressive position 129; environmental factors 10; neo-Kleinians 121; symbol formation 59–60
Koren-Karie, N. 100
Kuhn, Thomas 48
Lacanian psychoanalysis 128, 129
Laing, R. D. 16
Lake, B. 56, 80, 131, 157, 167
‘Lamarckian’ view 51
Leupnitz, D. 34
Lewin, Kurt 186
Lewis, Aubrey 9
Lewis, C. S. 76
London Child Guidance Clinic 8, 9, 10, 11, 115
Lorenz, K. xviii, 7–8, 16, 50, 205
loss xxi, 24, 55, 59–60, 70–84, 106, 120, 197; aggression as response to 118; antisocial behaviour 37; as cause of neurosis 196; clinical examples 143; coping with 140; Darwin’s 146–8; depression 202; emotional response to 146; mental health and 165–6; of mother 170–2; mourning 73–8; perceptual defence 206; poetry 80–4; practice of psychotherapy 153
Main, Mary xxii, 87, 93–5, 97–8, 105 130, 178–9, 180, 205
The Making and Breaking of Emotional Bonds xv, 18
Malan, D. 141
Marx, Karl 11
Matas, L. 92
Maternal Care and Mental Health 15, 26–7
maternal deprivation xvi, 8, 24, 25–44, 89, 197, 204; ambivalence 190; developmental pathways 38–9; feminist critique 32–5; implications for psychotherapy 39–41; Oliver Twist 42–4; reassessment of 36–8; see also parents
maternal insecurity 98
maternal responsiveness 69, 89, 95, 96, 110, 123, 179, 183
maternal sensitivity 59, 99, 100
Maudsley Hospital 8
McGilchrist, I. 132
Mead, Margaret 33
Meaney, M. J. 163
Meares, R. 139
Medical Research Council 17–18
mental health 162–84, 191; abnormal grief 168–70; agoraphobia 173–5; attachment styles and vulnerability to psychiatric disorder 166–7; autobiographical competence 167–8; community psychiatry 182–4; loss 165–6; schizophrenia xxii, 165, 175–7; trauma 145; see also anxiety; borderline personality disorder; depression
mentalisation 98–101, 104, 110, 139, 167, 204–5; Adult Attachment Interview 97; borderline personality disorder 178, 179, 181–2; maternal holding 106
Mentalisation Based Therapy (MBT) 139, 181–2
metacognitive monitoring 95, 178, 205
Middleton, P. 192
Mikulincer, M. 102–3, 152, 189, 192
Minuchin, S. 161
mis-attunement 142
monotropism 32, 55, 56, 76, 205
Mostyn, May (Lady Bowlby) 4–5, 6
motherhood 28, 29, 33, 34, 197; see also maternal deprivation
mourning 18, 70, 73–8, 153, 199; abnormal grief 168–70; adult psychopathology 79–80; pathological 65; see also bereavement; loss
narcissism 48, 120, 127 narrative 44, 129–30, 132–3, 135, 143–4, 147, 151, 197–8
National Institute of Child Health and Development (NICHD) 35
‘The nature of the child’s tie to his mother’ 16
‘negative capability’ 117
neglect 38, 98, 100–1, 145, 146, 177
Neill, A. S. 11
neo-Darwinism 50
neo-Kleinians 121
neurosis xix, 48, 128; borderline personality disorder 201; environmental factors xviii:, 10; intergenerational transmission of 9; loss as cause of 196; maternal deprivation 42; trauma 145; vicious circle of 30, 41, 42, 160; see also insecure attachment
New, C. 33
numbing 74
Object Relations Theory xix, xxii, 49, 52, 85, 119–20, 121, 134, 205–6
‘ocnophils’ 139
Oedipus complex xvii, xix, xxii, 52, 55, 114, 120, 145
Oppenheim, D. 100
paradigm shifts 48
paranoid-schizoid position xxi, 119, 120, 151, 202
Parent Development Interview (PDI) 99
Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) 172–3, 179, 206
parents 10–11, 19–20, 26–7, 44, 68–9, 190; Adult Attachment Interview 97; attachment patterns 88–9; coherence 107; death of 37, 38, 40, 41; disorganised attachment 93, 95; divorce 37; family therapy 159–61; mentalisation capacity 99–100; need for security 187; own childhood 38; practice of psychotherapy 139–40; responses to infant distress 104–6; role in normal development 119; see also fathers; maternal deprivation; motherhood
Parker, G. 40, 172–3, 179, 206
Parkes, Colin Murray 18, 73, 76, 168
Parris, J. 179
Payne, Sylvia xxii, 12, 16, 114
Pedder, J. xix, 153, 171, 172, 180
Pereg, D. 152
Personal Aggressiveness and War 11
personality disorders xxi, 104
Peterfreund, E. 117
phantasy xvii, xviii, xix, xx, 10, 52, 116, 137, 145
‘philobats’ 139
physical abuse xxi, 38, 116, 145, 190–1; borderline personality disorder 177; clinical examples 141; disorganised attachment 58; unrelated father-figures 187; see also abuse
Piaget, Jean 121
post-Bowlbians xvi, 52–3, 104, 105, 116, 125, 179
predation, protection from 50–1
preoccupied-entangled parents 98, 103, 180
primary home experience 31, 183
projection xxi, 120, 137, 149, 179
projective identification xxi, 57, 114, 120, 151, 178, 179
psychiatry 10, 162, 164–5; community 182–4; social 25, 39, 167, 168, 176; see also mental health
psychoanalysis xvi–xxii, 52, 85, 113–33, 196; Attachment Theory and 110, 113, 116–17, 118, 119–20; Bowlby's critique of 50–2, 84, 113–14, 115–16, 117–18; Bowlby's training 8–12; Child Care and the Growth of Love 30–1; compared with cognitive therapy 155; contemporary approaches 128–33; contradiction of 41; developmental stages 51, 203; ‘good internal object’ 171; historical developments 114–18; ‘Hungarian School’ 52; mother-infant bond 48–9; mourning 70; past trauma 39, 40; ‘secondary drive’ models 48, 50; work ethic 63; see also Object Relations Theory; psychotherapy
‘Psychology and democracy’ 187 psychopathology 55, 58, 85–6, 128, 135, 180; Disorganised Attachment 94, 95, 106; environmental failure 116; fearful avoidance 102; mourning 79; roots of 120; severity of insecurity 96; vicious circles of 64
psychopathy 11, 27, 30, 37, 68
psychosis 201; see also schizophrenia
psychotherapy 25–6, 39–41, 44, 86, 96, 197–8; affective processing 146–55; autobiographical competence 168; borderline personality disorder 180–1; cognitions in 155–7; companionable interaction 157–9; mentalisation 205; narrative 129, 130; practice of 134–61; secure base 136–44; separation 58; touch in 153–4; trauma 145–6; see also family therapy
quality of care 35
Quinton, D. 40
rage 71, 126, 145, 187; acceptance of 147; grief response 188; narcissistic 127; parent-child mis-attunements 106; see also anger
Rees, J. R. 13
relational neuroscience xxiii
relational psychoanalysis xxi, 52, 117, 131
Relationship Questionnaire 101
relationships 39, 40, 62, 93, 121, 191; affiliative 157, 158–9; attachment patterns 88–9; mental health 165; see also Object Relations Theory
Rivers, W. H. 10
Riviere, Joan xxii, 8, 16, 63, 114, 122, 196
Robertson, James xviii, 15, 54, 69, 72–3
role reversal 65, 116, 135, 190
‘romantic attachments’ 101–3, 166
Rutter, M. xxi, 26, 35, 36–7, 40, 79
schemata 156
schizophrenia xxii, 165, 175–7
Scott, Clifford 194
search for the lost object 74–5
Second World War 12–13, 24, 33
secondary attachment 57, 64, 91
‘secondary drive’ models 48
secure attachment xxii, 68, 95, 104, 132, 192, 199; adult attachment 97–8, 101, 103, 130, 180; affect regulation 151, 152; assuagement 200; autobiographical competence 168; bereavement 168–9; brain processes 164; continuity of 105; coping with separation 140; definition of 53; exploratory behaviour 157; internal working models 63; mentalisation 99; metacognitive monitoring 205; Oliver Twist 43; parental responses to infant distress 104–6; practice of psychotherapy 153; primary defence 134; psycho-physiological protection 52; roots of 88–91; rupture-repair skills 142; social adjustment 92, 93; story-telling 198; ‘Strange Situation’ 87, 207; toleration of positive and negative emotions 79, 152; truthfulness 185
secure base xvi, xx, 22, 56–9, 68, 104, 129, 206; borderline personality disorder 180; ‘environment mother’ 125; internal 137; mourning and loss 77, 80; practice of psychotherapy 134, 136–44; ‘set-goals’ 61; society 191, 192–3
self-agency 100
self-confidence 62
self-esteem 23, 39–40, 42, 92, 126, 127, 171, 173
self-fulfilling prophecies 64, 131
self-injury 106, 108, 109, 177
self-regulation 107
separation xxi, 10, 15, 20, 24, 48, 68; ‘affectionless psychopaths’ 27; angry response to 90–1; antisocial behaviour 36–7; anxiety 57, 73, 106, 120, 173–4; attachment behaviour 54; autobiographical competence 143; Bowlby's outrage at 31–2; capacity to separate 55; children's experience of 94; clinical examples 143; coping with 104, 140, 192; depression 202; early studies 70–2; emotional response to 146; hospitalised children 72–3; impact on the brain 79; practice of psychotherapy 153; protest at 58–9, 61, 64, 72, 73; psychobiology 163; reassessment of maternal deprivation 36; spatial 60; ‘Strange Situation’ 207; Winnicott on 123; see also loss
‘set-goals’ 61
sexual abuse xxi, 29, 116, 145, 190–1; borderline personality disorder 177; clinical examples 141; suppression of family context 174; unrelated father-figures 187; see also abuse
sexuality 10, 52, 66, 84, 118, 157
Sharpe, Ella 9
Shaver, P. R. 101, 102–3, 152, 166, 189, 192
Sherif's Boys Camp Experiment 192
siblings 9
social cohesion 103
social psychiatry 25, 39, 167, 168, 176
social referencing 61
Solomon, J. 87
splitting xxi, 109, 114, 117, 120, 128, 147, 149, 202
spouses or partners 40–1, 103, 157
stage-based models of development 51, 119, 126, 138, 203
Steiner, R. 182
Stern, Daniel xxi, 59, 89–90, 119, 123, 125, 129, 140–1, 179
‘Still Face’ procedure 90
Strachey, James 114
‘Strange Situation’ 58, 86–8, 90, 95, 207; Adult Attachment Interview 98; as predictor of social adjustment 92–3
stranger anxiety 60
Strathearn, L. 164
stress 58
‘The study and reduction of group tensions in the family’ 159
‘superconscious’ principles 156
Sutherland, Jock 12, 14, 15, 21–2
Suttie, Ian 10, 13, 40, 48, 51
Symington, N. 145
Target, M. 99
Tavistock Clinic 5, 13, 14, 15–17, 18, 73, 159, 160
teenage motherhood 38
therapeutic alliance 134, 137–9
therapeutic co-constructionism xxiii
therapeutic relationship xxi, 113, 136, 137–9, 142, 144, 157–9, 178; see also psychotherapy
‘three person’ stage of therapy 138
time-limited therapy 42
transference xxiii, 117, 142, 156; erotic 127; insecure attachment 147; internal working models 204; therapeutic alliance 137, 138; touch in therapy 154; Winnicott 149
transitional objects 55
trauma xxi, 39, 40, 73, 115, 145–6, 180; borderline personality disorder 177, 178; clinical examples 151; phobias 174; therapeutic relationship 138; Winnicott on 149, 150, 153
Tulving, — 142
‘two person’ stage of therapy 138
A Two-year-old Goes to Hospital 15
unexpected grief syndrome 168–9
unresolved-disorganised adults 98, 103, 179–80
Van Ijzendoorn, M. H. 99
verbal environment 36
vulnerability factors 37
vulnerable attachment styles 171
Waddington, C. 202
Waters, H. S. 103
Winnicott, Donald xxii, 16, 17, 24, 28, 63, 181; ‘alone in the presence of the mother’ 43; analyst's failures 154; and Bowlby 121–6, 148–50; developmental processes 86; history-taking 142; holding environment 60, 129; institutional care 33, 182; interactive view of self and object xxi; mother's face 59; Object Relations Theory 119, 121, 205; primary home experience 31, 183; ‘stage of concern’ 55, 125–6; trauma 153
women 29, 33–4, 35, 63; depression 170–1; exploitation of 191; spouses or partners 40, 41, 157
World Health Organisation 15
Young, L. J. 163
Young, R. 5
Zetzel, E. 137
‘zone of proximal development’ 125
Zweig-Frank, H. 179