146. All of the following helped to spread Christianity EXCEPT
(A) its acceptance as the official religion of Rome in the third century CE
(B) the Pax Romana
(C) the Silk Road
(D) the missionary efforts of Paul of Tarsus
(E) Roman roads
147. The last Hellenistic kingdom to fall to the Romans was the
(A) Antigonid kingdom
(B) Seleucid kingdom
(C) Ptolemaic kingdom
(D) Anatolian kingdom
(E) Etruscan kingdom
148. Defeat at which battle marked the end of the Roman Empire’s expansion into northern Europe?
(A) Teutoburg Forest
(B) Pharsalus
(C) Beth-horon
(D) Milvian Bridge
(E) Pydna
149. The First Triumvirate consisted of
(A) Jupiter, Diana, and Neptune
(B) Julius Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus
(C) Livy, Ovid, and Virgil
(D) Octavian, Marc Anthony, and Lepidus
(E) Julius Caesar, Pompey, and Catiline
150. Which group invaded Rome in 410 CE and sacked the city?
(A) Huns
(B) Visigoths
(C) Gauls
(D) Ostrogoths
(E) Vandals
151. Hypatia was
(A) a mathematician who was murdered by a Christian mob
(B) the head of a guardian cult that was sacred to Roman women
(C) the daughter and only biological child of Augustus
(D) the first notable female architect to publish a book that survived
(E) the most noted Christian martyr from Diocletian’s Great Persecution
152. The Romans dated their city’s founding to the year
(A) 753 BCE
(B) 509 BCE
(C) 600 BCE
(D) 44 BCE
(E) 31 BCE
153. All of the following are true of Augustus’s reign EXCEPT that he
(A) was a patron of the arts and literature
(B) initiated a period of relative peace known as Pax Romana
(C) dramatically enlarged the empire
(D) reformed the Roman system of taxation
(E) dismantled the principate and replaced it with a new system of government
154. The Metamorphoses was written by
(A) Virgil
(B) Horace
(C) Ovid
(D) Hypatia
(E) Martial
155. All of the following are true of homosexuality in ancient Rome EXCEPT that
(A) it was regarded as an ordinary part of the range of human experience
(B) men’s acceptance of a passive role was considered worthy of contempt
(C) Roman emperors remained heterosexual to bolster the family structure of the Roman state
(D) male writers of books and legal codes were not as interested in lesbianism as in male love
(E) legislation against homosexuality did not become common until the reign of the Christian emperors
156. All of the following are true of the Etruscans EXCEPT that
(A) their culture peaked about 500 BCE
(B) they were famous for their gold work and pottery
(C) they had a tremendous influence on Roman religious beliefs and architecture
(D) their alphabet was based on Greek models
(E) they were especially influential southeast of the Tiber River
157. Roman policy toward granting citizenship differed from Greek policy in that Roman citizenship
(A) included slaves
(B) included children of freedmen
(C) excluded women
(D) excluded freed slaves
(E) included all foreigners
158. A man climbing the ladder of Roman political office, from least powerful to most powerful, would progress according to the following order:
(A) quaestor, aedile, praetor, consul
(B) quaestor, praetor, aedile, consul
(C) aedile, quaestor, consul, praetor
(D) consul, praetor, aedile, quaestor
(E) aedile, quaestor, praetor, consul
159. The Gracchi were
(A) Roman deities who supposedly protected the emperor when he traveled outside the Roman city limits
(B) reformers who wanted to expand the insulae
(C) decurions under the principate
(D) curiales who became Christian ascetics in the late 400s CE
(E) brothers who tried to limit the size of the latifundia
160. In 404 CE, Emperor Honorius established the new capital of the western empire in
(A) Milan
(B) Byzantium
(C) Ravenna
(D) Naples
(E) Avignon
161. The Edict of Milan in 313 CE
(A) outlawed polytheism
(B) included Jesus in the imperial cult
(C) made Christianity the official state religion
(D) tried to avoid angering traditional believers
(E) made the Lord’s day a holy occasion each week
162. Eventually, Christianity became the religion of the overwhelming majority of people in the empire for all of the following reasons EXCEPT that
(A) it offered the social advantages and security of belonging to the emperor’s religion
(B) it drew believers from women as well as men of all classes
(C) it assured people of personal salvation
(D) it nourished a strong sense of community
(E) it was popular among Roman soldiers and spread with the legions across the empire
163. A free marriage was one in which
(A) a wife could freely divorce her husband
(B) a husband and wife owned all their property in common
(C) a wife could conduct business without a male guardian
(D) a wife lived under her father’s power rather than her husband’s
(E) a woman had to wait for her father to die before marrying
164. The doctrine of Cicero that combined strands of Greek philosophy and Roman values is called
(A) pax deorum
(B) humanitas
(C) Stoicism
(D) mos maiorum
(E) paideia
165. The Council of Nicaea met in 325 CE to settle the controversy over
(A) the position of women in the church
(B) marriage
(C) Donatism
(D) the celibacy of priests
(E) Arianism
166. Emperor Nero
(A) modeled familial harmony as a way of connecting with mos maiorum
(B) encouraged religious tolerance in the empire
(C) supported deflation of the currency, which angered the masses
(D) was the first emperor of the Julio-Claudian Dynasty
(E) embarked on an ambitious building program after the Great Fire
167. All of the following are true regarding Augustine’s position on sexual desire EXCEPT that
(A) it influenced western Christianity for more than a thousand years
(B) it ennobled virginity and sexual renunciation as the highest virtues
(C) it praised sexual intercourse between loving spouses
(D) it led to calls for celibate priests and bishops
(E) it blamed events in the Garden of Eden for the disconnect between human will and passions
168. All of the following reasons have been given for the decline of the Roman Empire EXCEPT that
(A) military dictatorship failed to provide protection from invaders
(B) the population increased beyond the empire’s ability to support it
(C) large estates at the fringe became self-sufficient and broke away
(D) debasement of the currency helped ruin the economy
(E) citizens stopped participating in government
169. Under Diocletian’s tax reforms, the coloni (tenant farmers)
(A) were forced to serve in the military
(B) had to pay for shortfalls in tax collection out of their own pockets
(C) had to leave the farm to seek menial work in the city
(D) lost the freedom to move from one plot of land to another
(E) moved farther from urban areas to avoid higher taxes
170. The Anglo-Saxons invaded Britain in the fifth century CE after the Romans
(A) withdrew their army from Britain in order to defend Italy from the Visigoths
(B) taxed the Angles and Saxons on the continent to the point of starvation
(C) refused to grant the Anglo-Saxons asylum from the marauding Huns
(D) drove the Anglo-Saxons from their homelands north of the Danube River
(E) made an agreement with the Jutes and Celts to divide England into three parts
171. The concept of patria potestas meant
(A) the Roman Republic had priority in the Roman value system
(B) constant vigilance was required to keep the Roman legions strong
(C) a Roman father had complete ownership and control of his household’s property
(D) it was the duty of Roman citizens to protest if they thought the republic was wrong in its policies
(E) it was an honor to die for one’s country
172. All of the following are true of the reign of Marcus Aurelius EXCEPT that
(A) he wrote The Meditations
(B) he had to defend the empire from invaders from the north and east
(C) he was the last of the so-called Five Good Emperors
(D) Pax Romana essentially came to an end with his death
(E) he imposed new tax burdens on the curiales
173. All of the following were battles of the Punic Wars EXCEPT
(A) Cannae
(B) Lake Trasimeno
(C) Metaurus River
(D) Zama
(E) Actium
174. All of the following were popular belief systems of the Roman Empire except
(A) Mithraism
(B) the Eleusinian mysteries
(C) the cult of Isis
(D) Waldensianism
(E) Stoicism
175. Which of the following is true of the coinage of the Roman Empire?
(A) Roman coinage steadily gained in value as the empire matured.
(B) Roman coins were almost worthless by 300 CE.
(C) Roman emperors often deflated the currency to keep prices under control.
(D) Counterfeit coins helped reduce governmental expenses in the later Roman Empire.
(E) Gold coins gradually replaced silver coins after 229 CE.
176. Spartacus was
(A) the leader of an unsuccessful slave revolt against the Roman Republic
(B) the Roman general who reformed the republic’s armies
(C) the richest man in Rome, who influenced politics between the triumvirates
(D) one of a pair of brothers who advocated giving land to poor Romans
(E) the pontifex maximus who ordered Julius Caesar to surrender his command in 53 BCE
177. All of the following are true of Constantine EXCEPT that
(A) he evolved the idea of an ecumenical council
(B) he subdivided the Roman Empire into a tetrarchy
(C) he was the first Roman emperor to convert to Christianity
(D) he was a superb general
(E) he issued the Edict of Milan
178. At the time of Jesus, the Jewish religious sect that believed in a communal life dedicated to asceticism and abstinence was the
(A) Essenes
(B) Bar Kohbites
(C) Pharisees
(D) Sadducees
(E) Zealots
179. Voting procedures in the assemblies of the early Roman Republic permitted
(A) each individual to receive one vote
(B) large groups to receive more votes than smaller ones
(C) each group, defined by status and wealth, to receive one vote
(D) the crowd to vote by applauding or hissing after the public speeches
(E) the Plebeian Council to have much more power than the Tribal Assembly
180. An unintended effect of Diocletian’s Great Persecution was
(A) the elimination of Christianity in the eastern empire
(B) that Christians began to outnumber polytheists
(C) the conversion of Constantine to Christianity
(D) that many polytheists became sympathetic toward the persecuted Christians
(E) that the empire suffered severe economic dislocations from the removal of Christians from influential mercantile positions
181. The Vestals
(A) were one of many female priesthood groups
(B) were responsible for checking the virginity of the emperor’s wife
(C) had no power in the republic because they were women
(D) tended the eternal flame of Rome
(E) could not own property or make a will
182. Which of the following statements is true of curiales in the fourth century CE?
(A) Roman citizens competed to join the curial class.
(B) The burdens of the position discouraged socially minded volunteers.
(C) Reforms by Domitian and Constantine lightened the tax-collecting problems of the curiales.
(D) The situation of curiales was transformed as Christians and soldiers filled the previously inaccessible positions.
(E) Constantine and Valens abolished the positions because of the difficulties in filling them.
183. To get rid of their enemies, the Second Triumvirate used
(A) proscription
(B) indictments
(C) popular mobs
(D) trial before assembly
(E) star chambers
184. The immediate cause of the end of the Roman Empire was
(A) poor harvests
(B) the vastness of the empire, which made efficient rule impossible
(C) non-Roman members of the army
(D) inefficient leadership
(E) the movement of Germanic tribes through the empire to Rome
185. Which of the following ancient cultures used a postal service?
(A) Ancient Egypt
(B) Ancient China
(C) The Persian Empire
(D) The Roman Empire
(E) All of the above
186. All of the following are true of Julius Caesar EXCEPT that
(A) he was the only member of both the First and Second Triumvirates
(B) he was adored by his army
(C) his power as dictator offended the optimates
(D) his victory at Pharsalus in 48 BCE ended his rivalry with Pompey
(E) his victories over Vercingetorix established Roman dominance in Gaul for the next 500 years
187. All of the following were noted scientists of the Roman Republic or Empire EXCEPT
(A) Gerard of Cremona
(B) Hero of Alexandria
(C) Galen
(D) Ptolemy
(E) Pliny the Elder
188. Plautus and Terence are associated with Roman
(A) philosophy
(B) epic poetry
(C) comedy
(D) tragedy
(E) science
189. Roman baths were
(A) open only to members of the elite
(B) an effective way to fight the spread of communicable disease
(C) often used as centers for exercising and socializing
(D) open only to men
(E) common in Rome but rare in the provinces
190. “Arms and the man I sing, the first who came,
Compelled by fate, an exile out of Troy,
To Italy and the Lavinian coast …
Till he should build his town
And bring his gods to Latium, whence, in time,
The Latin race, the Alban fathers rose
And the great walls of everlasting Rome.”
These words were written by
(A) Homer
(B) Aeneas
(C) Virgil
(D) Lucan
(E) Lucretius
191. All of the following were important philosophical thinkers during the time of the Roman Empire EXCEPT
(A) Origen
(B) Philo
(C) Plotinus
(D) John Scotus Eriugena
(E) Porphyry
192. The excavation of Pompeii reveals what life was like in a Roman city in about
(A) 170 BCE
(B) 70 BCE
(C) 70 CE
(D) 170 CE
(E) 270 CE
193. The plebeians ultimately won their demands during the so-called Struggle of the Orders by
(A) staging a revolt
(B) threatening the safety of patrician citizens
(C) speaking in the public assemblies
(D) refusing military service
(E) amending the Twelve Tables to allow them to make laws
194. The temporary office to which the Roman Senate appointed Sulla and which he then used to reorganize the government in favor of his own social class was
(A) senator
(B) consul
(C) dictator
(D) emperor
(E) aedile
195. The hierarchical system that imposed mutual obligations on members of Roman society was called the
(A) mos maiorum
(B) patron-client
(C) patria potestas
(D) decurion