346. Which of the following areas did NOT experience a social system based on feudalism?
(A) France
(B) Japan
(C) Spain
(D) Germany
(E) Great Britain
347. The Great Schism from 1378 to 1417 involved
(A) rival popes
(B) Christianity and Islam
(C) Guelphs and Hohenstaufens
(D) Catholics and Protestants
(E) Franciscans and Dominicans
348. Monasticism was
(A) only practiced by Christians
(B) limited to men
(C) common in Buddhism
(D) opposed to education as a deterrent to religious faith
(E) a complete withdrawal of the religious from the secular community
349. All of the following were results of the Black Death that swept through Europe in the 1300s EXCEPT
(A) social unrest
(B) an increase in wages
(C) more rigidity between social classes
(D) labor shortages
(E) population loss
350. Under the code of chivalry, a knight was committed to defending
(A) his lord on earth and his lord in heaven
(B) his king and the king’s entire family
(C) his lover and all her relatives
(D) his fellow knights and their servants
(E) whoever paid him the most money in advance
351. “It is also not without great rashness that he dares to dispute about those things which do not pertain to philosophy but are matters of pure faith, for example that the soul may suffer hellfire, and that he dares to say the teachings of the [Catholic Church] on this point should be rejected. With equal reasoning, he could argue about the Trinity.”
—Thomas Aquinas
In this quotation, Aquinas is arguing with
(A) Siger de Brabant and Latin Averroists
(B) Duns Scotus and Franciscan theology
(C) William of Ockham and conciliarism
(D) John Wycliffe and Bogomilism
(E) Paul of Samosata and the Paulician movement
352. The Saxons
(A) lived in present-day Sicily
(B) held regular meetings of freemen
(C) eventually defeated Charlemagne to preserve their independence
(D) were converted to Arian Christianity
(E) were unknown to the Romans
353. The standard for monastic life in western Europe that influenced many aspects of Catholic worship is called
(A) the Monastic Code
(B) the Columban Rule
(C) the Rule of Saint Benedict
(D) the Rule of Saint Basil
(E) the Rule of the Master
354. “Now’s the time for pleasure,
Lads and lasses take your joy together
Before it passes.
With the love of a maid aflower
With the love of a maid afire,
New love, new love,
Dying of desire.”
This quotation is from
(A) Carmina Burana
(B) the Summa Theologica of Thomas Aquinas
(C) the Bayeux Tapestry
(D) the Decretum Gratiani
(E) The Song of Roland
355. All of the following are true of a late medieval guild EXCEPT that it
(A) regulated prices and work hours
(B) set quality standards
(C) generally did not accept women
(D) served social as well as economic needs
(E) usually avoided religious activities as outside its organizational purpose
356. The murder of Thomas Becket was the culmination of a dispute between Henry II and the church over
(A) royal taxes
(B) the Investiture Controversy
(C) the right to appoint bishops
(D) the jurisdiction of the courts
(E) Becket’s role in Henry’s coronation
357. Which event occurred in the 13th century?
(A) The Fourth Lateran Council was held.
(B) Gutenberg introduced the printing press.
(C) The Hundred Years’ War began.
(D) The First Crusade captured Jerusalem.
(E) Archbishop Thomas Becket was murdered in Canterbury Cathedral.
358. Clovis’s law code established the wergild to defuse feuds between clans through
(A) imprisonment
(B) loss of property
(C) compensation
(D) executions
(E) vassalage to the king
359. All of the following are true regarding the three-field system EXCEPT that it
(A) began in Europe during the Carolingian Empire
(B) was more efficient than the older two-tier system
(C) depended on heavy plows and always used oxen as draft animals
(D) rotated the crops planted on each field
(E) had a seasonal basis
360. Before 1215, polyphony
(A) was primarily sacred in nature
(B) was mainly written in French
(C) was always committed to memory
(D) did not exist in Europe
(E) was most prevalent in Gregorian chants
361. Which of the following statements is true regarding Gothic sculpture and architecture, as opposed to the Romanesque style?
(A) Gothic sculpture was expressed on a flat surface.
(B) Gothic sculpture was renowned for its naturalistic, three-dimensional depiction of the human figure.
(C) Gothic architecture replaced the massive stained-glass windows common in 11th-century churches with flying buttresses.
(D) Gothic sculpture never appeared in cathedrals, which were meant to be austere places.
(E) Gothic sculpture was pioneered by Gian Lorenzo Bernini.
362. All of the following are true of the Hussites EXCEPT that
(A) Jan Zizka was a military genius
(B) they combined theological radicalism with fervent nationalism
(C) John Huss was burned at the stake despite receiving the promise of safe conduct from the Council of Constance
(D) they organized Mount Tabor according to Hussite beliefs, including strict separation of church and state
(E) they challenged papal authority
363. Papal prestige was greatly increased in early medieval Europe through the work of
(A) Pelagius
(B) Gregory the Great
(C) Leo III
(D) Saint Columba
(E) Pope Zachary
364. The Vikings
(A) established colonies in present-day Newfoundland
(B) took part in the invasions of the Roman Empire in the fifth century
(C) traded with western Europe but not with Russia
(D) failed to establish permanent colonies on Iceland
(E) wore horned helmets
365. The Great Famine of 1315–1317 was caused by overpopulation and
(A) a dramatic drop in wages
(B) an increase in warfare, banditry, and piracy in the early 1300s
(C) the Hundred Years’ War
(D) the Black Death
(E) a succession of severe winters and rainy summers
366. The Waldensians were condemned by the church because
(A) the church disagreed with their theology
(B) they advocated giving away all belongings for the benefit of the poor
(C) they allowed their lay members to preach
(D) they refused to acknowledge papal supremacy
(E) they were encouraging dualistic heresies
367. All of the following are true of the great English peasant revolt of 1381 EXCEPT that
(A) peasants complained about the Hundred Years’ War
(B) it was triggered by attempts to collect the poll tax of 1377
(C) King Richard II originally agreed to their demand to abolish serfdom
(D) it was the last major peasant revolt in England in the Middle Ages
(E) Wat Tyler emerged as one of the leaders
368. All of the following are true of the coronation ceremony on Christmas Day in 800 EXCEPT that
(A) it implied a privileged position for the pope
(B) Pope Leo III gave Charlemagne the title of Byzantine emperor
(C) the rulers in Constantinople were upset with the pope’s actions
(D) it took place in Rome
(E) Charlemagne was displeased with the way things transpired
369. A unique system of rule in the sixth and seventh centuries that linked churchmen, the king, and the great landowners was created by
(A) Byzantium
(B) the Lombards
(C) the Visigoths
(D) the Anglo-Saxons
(E) the Jutes
370. In the papal bull Unum sanctam, Pope Boniface VIII declared that
(A) the actions of the French Estates General were not binding
(B) Philip IV was excommunicated
(C) kings had the right to tax their clergies in times of national emergency
(D) Christians, whether clergy or secular, represented one sacred world and should try to work together
(E) it was necessary for the salvation of every person to be subject to the pope
371. All of the following are true of Joan of Arc EXCEPT that
(A) she was accused of witchcraft and burned at the stake
(B) she referred to herself as La Pucelle
(C) she helped lift the siege of Orléans
(D) she strengthened Charles VII’s legitimacy by standing with him at his coronation in Rheims in 1429
(E) Charles VII tried desperately to save her
372. All of the following were medieval historians EXCEPT
(A) Gregory of Tours
(B) Boethius
(C) Bede
(D) Einhard
(E) Geoffrey of Monmouth
373. All of the following are true of Frederick II EXCEPT that
(A) he revamped the government of Sicily in the Constitutions of Melfi in 1231
(B) his participation in the Sixth Crusade was a success, even though he never won a battle
(C) he is associated with the quarrels between the Guelphs and the Ghibellines
(D) he intervened in northern Italian affairs with the support of the pope
(E) he was fascinated by science and philosophy
374. All of the following are true regarding Pope Innocent III EXCEPT that he
(A) worked to unify the German states as a counterbalance to French power and interference in Italy
(B) presided over the Fourth Lateran Council
(C) supported the Franciscans and Dominicans, even though some of their beliefs were similar to those of heretical groups
(D) insisted that Christians confess their sins to a priest at least once a year
(E) preached a crusade against the Albigensian heretics in Languedoc
375. In 1215, England’s Magna Carta
(A) guaranteed individual liberties to all Englishmen
(B) established England as a constitutional monarchy under King Richard
(C) intensified the conflict between church and state
(D) increased the wealth of the English nobility
(E) never specifically mentioned habeas corpus or trial by jury
376. All of the following are true of Beguines EXCEPT that
(A) their male counterparts were known as Beghards
(B) they were particularly popular in northern Europe
(C) they lived in religious communities without permanent vows or an established rule
(D) they devoted their lives to philanthropy such as the care of lepers, the sick, and the poor
(E) although they were declared heretical at the Fourth Lateran Council of 1215, it did not stop their growth
377. What was the anticlerical movement of John Wycliffe called by its opponents?
(A) Lollardy
(B) The Brethren of the Free Spirits
(C) Albigensianism
(D) Proto-Protestantism
(E) Humanism
378. In northern Germany, towns on the Baltic and North Seas were linked in a powerful trading alliance called the
(A) Swabian League
(B) Swiss Confederation
(C) Hohenstaufen League
(D) Hanseatic League
(E) Teutonic Knights
379. The Magyar advance into western Europe was checked at the battle of
(A) Poitiers (Tours)
(B) Bouvines
(C) Stamford Bridge
(D) Nicopolis
(E) Lechfeld
380. All of the following are true of troubadours EXCEPT that
(A) they were patronized by Eleanor of Aquitaine
(B) one of the first and most noteworthy was Duke William IX of Aquitaine
(C) they sang their poetry unaccompanied by music
(D) they celebrated the doctrine of fin’amors
(E) their poetry had an Islamic origin
381. Charlemagne’s empire was split into three sections in the Treaty of Verdun because
(A) the economic burden of managing such a large empire was too great
(B) he could not decide which of his sons should inherit the empire
(C) his grandsons were fighting with each other over who should succeed him
(D) after the feudal system was established, powerful local lords refused to allow a distant king
(E) a single ruler could no longer meet the myriad demands of the aristocrats for land and rewards
382. All of the following are true of the Franciscans EXCEPT that
(A) they refused to allow women into their order
(B) they ministered to the sick
(C) they originally advocated a harsh life of poverty
(D) they often lived and preached in urban areas
(E) their success can be viewed as paradoxical
383. Slavery in Europe in the early Middle Ages was
(A) practiced so rarely it was insignificant
(B) eliminated by Charlemagne’s time
(C) discussed in the New Testament
(D) vehemently supported by the church
(E) inherited from both German and Roman traditions
384. Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding the payment of interest in the Middle Ages?
(A) Interest of any kind is forbidden in Islam.
(B) Medieval Jews forbid collecting interest from other Jews but not from Christians.
(C) Thomas Aquinas believed that usury was a violation of natural moral law.
(D) The Council of Vienne (1311) declared that usury could be permitted if it was a “reasonable” rate.
(E) Christians pushed Jews into moneylending by forcing them out of other occupations.
385. The Mabinogion is
(A) the earliest extant troubadour song
(B) a tale of courtly love by Christian of Troyes
(C) an oral epic from Scandinavia that is still occasionally performed in Norway
(D) a collection of medieval Welsh stories
(E) the Scottish stone on which medieval Scottish kings were crowned
386. The papal reform movement of the 11th and early 12th centuries is most closely associated with
(A) Pope Leo IX
(B) Pope Alexander II
(C) Humbert of Silva Candida
(D) Pope Gregory VII
(E) Pope Stephen IX
387. During the Inquisition, unrepentant heretics were
(A) killed and buried
(B) burned at the stake
(C) banished from the area
(D) quarantined in their homes
(E) imprisoned until they recanted
388. All of the following are true of Hildegard of Bingen EXCEPT that she
(A) was a student and lover of Peter Abelard and later became a respected abbess
(B) was respected by Bernard of Clairvaux and Frederick Barbarossa
(C) produced major works of theology, mysticism, and visionary writings
(D) wrote one of the earliest examples of liturgical drama
(E) wrote treatises about the medicinal uses of plants, animals, trees, and stones
389. According to Pope Urban II, the goal of the First Crusade was to
(A) drive out the Jews living in Christian lands
(B) provide assistance to the struggling armies of the Byzantine emperor Alexius I
(C) obtain land and booty by sacking Constantinople
(D) reclaim the Holy Land from the Muslims
(E) rid western Europe of the surplus young, landless males who were constantly stirring up trouble
390. All of the following are true of the Domesday Book EXCEPT that
(A) it was commissioned by William I years after the Battle of Hastings
(B) it consulted Anglo-Saxon tax lists
(C) it revealed that slavery was extinct in England
(D) there was theoretically no appeal against its judgment
(E) it was unique among medieval European records in its completeness
391. “Whan that Aprill, with his shoures soote
The droghte of March hath perced to the roote… .
Thanne longen folk to goon on pilgrimages
And palmeres for to seken straunge strondes
To ferne halwes, kowthe in sondry londes;
And specially from every shires ende
Of Engelond, to Caunterbury they wende,
The hooly blisful martir for to seke
That hem hath holpen, whan that they were seeke.”
This passage was written by
(A) William Langland
(B) John Gower
(C) Julian of Norwich
(D) Geoffrey Chaucer
(E) John Wycliffe
392. All of the following are true regarding the Cistercians EXCEPT that they
(A) developed as a response to calls for greater asceticism
(B) experienced their greatest expansion under Saint Bernard of Clairvaux
(C) transformed marginal European lands into productive agricultural estates
(D) worried constantly about whether they were saved, and worshipped a distant and judgmental God
(E) gave ordinary men from nonaristocratic backgrounds an opportunity to lead monastic lives
393. Which statement is true regarding the First Crusade?
(A) It marked the first time that Jews were systematically persecuted in Europe.
(B) The Crusaders’ worst attacks on Jews took place in Poland and the Ukraine.
(C) The Crusaders attacked the Jews because of their reputation as moneylenders.
(D) Until this time, Jews had integrated well into European society.
(E) Attacks on Jews were an aberration, as European attitudes toward heterodox people were becoming more liberal by the century.
394. The Concordat of Worms dictated that during the investiture ritual,
(A) the secular and spiritual symbols of the ceremony would be separated
(B) a churchman would touch the bishop’s head with a scepter
(C) the emperor or his representative would give the symbols of the ring and the staff to the bishop
(D) emperors were forbidden to be present
(E) churchmen would receive a legal document in place of a ring and a staff
395. Frederick Barbarossa overcame the limits that German princes traditionally placed on royal authority by
(A) handing out duchies to princes
(B) requiring the princes to publicly acknowledge his primacy
(C) allowing the pope to name bishops
(D) seizing the castles and territories of the most powerful princes
(E) forcing them to go on the Third Crusade and so eliminating them temporarily from internal German politics